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armony in Composi-on ds & their functions

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Page 1: Harmony in Composition - Cotham School Music · Harmony(in(Composi-on ... Harmony(in(Composi-on(Chopin - Prelude No.4 in E Minor! ... Harmony in Composition.ppt Author: Ben Jose Created

Harmony  in  Composi-on  Chords & their functions!

Page 2: Harmony in Composition - Cotham School Music · Harmony(in(Composi-on ... Harmony(in(Composi-on(Chopin - Prelude No.4 in E Minor! ... Harmony in Composition.ppt Author: Ben Jose Created

Harmony:  The  Mark  Scheme  

Page 3: Harmony in Composition - Cotham School Music · Harmony(in(Composi-on ... Harmony(in(Composi-on(Chopin - Prelude No.4 in E Minor! ... Harmony in Composition.ppt Author: Ben Jose Created

The  Diminished  7th  chords  

✤  A  diminished  triad  (two  minor  3rds  above  the  root)  with  an  added  diminished  7th.    For  example:  

A  diminished  7th  will  always  form  two  tritones  

This  chords  can  also  be  describes  as  “a  stack  of  minor  thirds”  

Page 4: Harmony in Composition - Cotham School Music · Harmony(in(Composi-on ... Harmony(in(Composi-on(Chopin - Prelude No.4 in E Minor! ... Harmony in Composition.ppt Author: Ben Jose Created

Using  the  Diminished  7th  chord  -­‐  Minor  keys:  ✤  In  a  minor  key  the  diminished  7th  chords  is  typically  found  on  the  raised  7th  degree  of  the  scale.      

✤  Here  the  root  note  rises  to  the  tonic  while  the  others  fall    (as  a  result  this  basically  func-ons  as  a  dominant  chord).  The  following  example  show  this  use  in  the  key  of  A  minor:  

Page 5: Harmony in Composition - Cotham School Music · Harmony(in(Composi-on ... Harmony(in(Composi-on(Chopin - Prelude No.4 in E Minor! ... Harmony in Composition.ppt Author: Ben Jose Created

Using  the  diminished  7th  chord  -­‐  Modula-on  

✤  The  diminished  7th  chord  is  regularly  used  by  composers  as  a  tool  for  modula-on,  due  to  it  being  a  tonally  unstable  chord.  

✤  A  common  technique  is  to  use  a  diminished  7th  chord  based  on  the  tonic  note,  lower  the  root  note  by  half  a  step  which  in  turn  creates  a  V7  chord  &  leads  to  the  new  key  (the  next  in  the  circle  of  5ths).    This  technique  creates  a  smooth  modula-on  from  C  Major  to  E  Major  (via  Bmaj7):  

Tonic Key!(C Maior)!

Diminished !7th chord!

Root note lowered!by 1 semi tone !

Resolves to !

Page 6: Harmony in Composition - Cotham School Music · Harmony(in(Composi-on ... Harmony(in(Composi-on(Chopin - Prelude No.4 in E Minor! ... Harmony in Composition.ppt Author: Ben Jose Created

Harmony  in  Composi-on  Chopin - Prelude No.4 in E Minor!

Page 7: Harmony in Composition - Cotham School Music · Harmony(in(Composi-on ... Harmony(in(Composi-on(Chopin - Prelude No.4 in E Minor! ... Harmony in Composition.ppt Author: Ben Jose Created

✤  How  many  harmonic  devices  can  you  iden-fy  in  opening  8  bars  of  

Page 8: Harmony in Composition - Cotham School Music · Harmony(in(Composi-on ... Harmony(in(Composi-on(Chopin - Prelude No.4 in E Minor! ... Harmony in Composition.ppt Author: Ben Jose Created

a  7th  is  added  to  the  A  minor  

chord    (iv  Subdominant)  

ii  degree  chord  

C#  Diminished  7th  (C#  -­‐E  -­‐G  -­‐Bb)  

✤  Listen  to  the  excerpt  again  &  iden-fy  

Page 9: Harmony in Composition - Cotham School Music · Harmony(in(Composi-on ... Harmony(in(Composi-on(Chopin - Prelude No.4 in E Minor! ... Harmony in Composition.ppt Author: Ben Jose Created

Neapolitan  Sixth  

✤  The  Neapolitan  Sixth  (bII)  is  a  first  inversion  of  the  major  triad  (usually  -­‐  unless  you’re  Beethoven)  built  on  the  fla]ened  2nd  degree  of  the  scale  

✤  It  usually  precedes  V  -­‐  I  in  a  cadence  and  there  fore  func-ons  as  the  sub  dominant  chord.  

✤  The  Neapolitan  Sixth  is  a  long  way  from  the  tonic  on  the  circle  of  fi_hs  which  creates  an  expected  tension.    The  result  is  an  intensified  resolu-on  of  the  perfect  cadence  

✤  The  name  comes  from  the  ‘Neapolitan’  school  of  composers,  which  included  Scarlaa,  who  made  use  of  this  chord.    However  many  famous  composers,  including  Corelli  &  Purcell  have  also  made  use  of  the  device  in  their  work.  

Page 10: Harmony in Composition - Cotham School Music · Harmony(in(Composi-on ... Harmony(in(Composi-on(Chopin - Prelude No.4 in E Minor! ... Harmony in Composition.ppt Author: Ben Jose Created

Schubert:  Augmented  Sixth  

✤  Schubert’s  “Der  Doppelgänger”  has  examples  of  Neapolitan  sixth  chords.  

✤  The  composi-on  also  uses  German  &  French  Augmented  sixth  chords.  

✤  A  German  augmented  sixth  chord  uses  a  major  3rd,  perfect  5th  &  augmented  6th  intervals,  most  commonly  built  upon  the  6th  degree  of  the  scale  (fla]ened  in  major  keys).    

✤  A  French  augmented  sixth  chord  uses  a  major  3rd,  augmented  4th  &  augmented  6th  intervals  most  commonly  built  upon  the  6th  degree  of  the  scale  (fla]ened  in  major  keys).  

✤  Name  the  chord  found  at:  A)  bar  32  B)  bar  51  C)  bar  41  of  “Der  

Page 11: Harmony in Composition - Cotham School Music · Harmony(in(Composi-on ... Harmony(in(Composi-on(Chopin - Prelude No.4 in E Minor! ... Harmony in Composition.ppt Author: Ben Jose Created

“Der  Doppelgänger”  Augmented  Sixth  

✤  The  following  chords  are  neapolitan  chords  with  added  German/French  sixths.    Match  the  chords  with  their  correct  labels,  you  must  be  able  to  explain  why:  

B)! C)!

Page 12: Harmony in Composition - Cotham School Music · Harmony(in(Composi-on ... Harmony(in(Composi-on(Chopin - Prelude No.4 in E Minor! ... Harmony in Composition.ppt Author: Ben Jose Created

“Der  Doppelgänger”  Answer  A  Neapolitan  Chord  with  an  added  French  6th  

Built on the flattened second

(c natural)!

Major 3rd (e)!

Augmented 4th (F#)!

Augmented 6th (A#)!

Page 13: Harmony in Composition - Cotham School Music · Harmony(in(Composi-on ... Harmony(in(Composi-on(Chopin - Prelude No.4 in E Minor! ... Harmony in Composition.ppt Author: Ben Jose Created

“Der  Doppelgänger”  Answer  C  German  Augmented  6th  Chord  

Built on the 6th degree of the

scale (G natural)!

Major 3rd (B)!Perfect 5th (D)!

Augmented 6th (F natural)!

Page 14: Harmony in Composition - Cotham School Music · Harmony(in(Composi-on ... Harmony(in(Composi-on(Chopin - Prelude No.4 in E Minor! ... Harmony in Composition.ppt Author: Ben Jose Created

Neapolitan  Chord  with  an  added  German  6th  

Built on the flattened second

(c natural)!

Major 3rd (e)!Perfect 5th (G)!

Augmented 6th (A#)!