harlem renaissance...•billie holliday (jazz club singer) •chick webb (one of the best regarded...
TRANSCRIPT
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Harlem Renaissance
English 3, Period 4
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Overview
• When-1920s and 1930s
• Where- Harlem, New York
• Why- African Americans felt disenfranchised - Opportunity to stand up for themselves
http://www.jcu.edu/harlem/index.htm
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About Harlem
• What is it: - It has been called a state of mind -But it is also a real place • Where is it: - New York City – Upper Manhattan • Why was it built: - It was a neighborhood for minorities. http://www.columbia.edu/cu/iraas/harlem/
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African American Artists
•Harlem inspired novelists, poets, musicians, and actors because:
The New York City pace
The blend of backgrounds
The struggles of the people who live there
• http://kottke.org/08/02/harlem-rent-parties-and-fats-waller
• http://xroads.virginia.edu/~ug97/blues/watson.html
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Rent Parties in Harlem
• A rent party is a social occasion where tenants hire a musician or band to play in order to raise money to pay their rent.
• Originated during the 1920s in Manhattan but spread throughout Eastern United States.
• The host would stand at the door to collect money from the guests.
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Rent Parties in Harlem
• The rent party played a major role in the development of jazz and blues music.
• Famous pianists from the period included Speckled Red, James P. Johnson and Fats Waller.
• Rent parties began as a way of helping someone pay off debt, but soon became a popular social event many people attended.
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Rent Parties in Harlem
• Churches and local diners would encourage their community to go to these social gatherings.
• In order to attract a large number of paying guests, hosts advertised their parties using "rent party tickets,” which were given the nickname “boogies.”
• Rent parties gave the African American community of Harlem a chance to pay off debts while still enjoying their social lives.
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Economy of Harlem
• The social thought of African Americans
• The prosperous North
• “Culture of poverty”
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Real Estate
• High concentration of blacks
• Money on glamour
• Exciting and fun-filled place
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Businesses
• Bobby’s Happy House Records
• First black business
• Launched series of record labels
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Works Cited
• http://chnm.gmu.edu/loudountah/resources_files/abk/harlem-renaissance-presentation.ppt
• http://www.columbia.edu/cu/iraas/harlem/dkv/tools/0746/web/s5/s5_2.html
• http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1988/2/88.02.02.x.html
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Education
• African American’s education has always been perceived as the greater level.
• The supreme court had set the stage for flagrant discrimination on education.
• New York promised throughout the nation by law prohibited segregated schools.
• After WWII America built separate schools to accommodate the influx of African Americans.
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Black Population
• The two populations of African Americans moving to Harlem influenced leadership.
• A number of schools maintained an all black population.
• African Americans took advantage of the free public education.
• Schools quickly became crowded.
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• Some principals did not welcome African Americans to their schools.
• Many African American students became victims of racial slurs, teachers and students.
• The Harlem YWCA (Young Women's Christian Association) was established the first decade of the 20th century.
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Black Universities and Colleges
• Booker T. Washington’s doctrine of education for African Americans.
• He created the educational philosophy for African Americans proposed by W.E.B. Dubois.
• Washington did not deprecate the study of history, mathematics, or science.
• He viewed these subjects as impractical for the education of African Americans.
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• Washington believed African Americans should be trained to become farmers, mechanics, or domestic servants.
• They would provide many of the services and much of the produce that the white community needed.
• Until his death in 1915 most African Americans recognized him as their leader, and few whites had serious discussions about race relations without his counsel.
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Black Association Clubs
• The numbers among the talented tenth (physicians, educators, lawyers, ministers, morticians, dentists, and business people).
• The populations were small, only about 10,000 out of a total population of more than 10,000,000 in 1920.
• Jump-started the new Negro Movement, known as the Harlem Renaissance, through organizations, such as the American Negro Academy, and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.(NAACP)
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African American Clubs cont’d.
• In spite of its limited vocational vision for African Americans, the Harlem YMCA came to be one of Harlem’s most important educational recreational and cultural centers.
• Langston Hughes and other literati of the Harlem Renaissance often found temporary housing at the Harlem YMCA.
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The Beginnings of Communism
• The communist party had its affect on the African American community in 1919 and was led by Cyril Briggs
• The the presences of the white power was to prominent and race became an issue
• The communist party flourished in areas like the ghettos and slums, especially Harlem
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Later on…
• In 1935, at Howard University the National Negro Congress was formed
• The communist party tried to humanize themselves in their associations with African Americans
• During the 1940’s the membership began to dwindle amongst blacks
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Who was involved?
• Cyril Briggs – he was the founder of the ABB and joined the communist party in 1921
• W.E.B. Du Bois – founding father of of NAACP but later joined the communist party
• Richard Nathaniel Wright- revolutionist poet and joint the communist party in 1934
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NAACP
• The NAACP stands for the National Advancement of Colored People.
• The NAACP was founded in 1909 partially in reaction to the continuing practice of public lynching performed by white Americans on black Americans.
• It is the oldest, largest, and arguably most recognized civil rights organization.
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Impact of NAACP
• The NAACP still has a lasting effect to this day
• NAACP right now is striving to bring justice to the slain teenager, Trayvon Martin, and push to raise the amount of black voters in US elections.
• Examples of the things the NAACP advocates is: health, civic engagement, justice, economic opportunity, and climate justice.
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Key Players
• Early members of the NAACP include Jane Addams, Florence Kelley, W.E.B. Du Bois, Mary Talbert, and many more.
• The most famous “player” of the NAACP is arguably W.E.B. Du Bois, who founded The Crisis magazine as the main voice for civil rights.
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National Urban League • Founded in 1910
• Headquarters in New York City
• Historical civil rights organization dedicated to economic empowerment.
• Works for educational opportunities.
Mission
• Enable African Americans to secure economic gain.
• The League played a pivotal role in the 20th century.
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Important Players
• One important player was Mark H. Morial
• He was the League’s 18th president and chief executive officer.
• http://www.naacp.org/pages/naacp-history • http://www.nul.org/who-we-are/mission-and-history
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Literary Movement During the Renaissance
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Themes
Promoting Racial Pride
Embracing Pan-African Sentiment
Feelings of Alienation and Marginality
http://www.prattlibrary.org/locations/afam/index.aspx?id=8590
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Harlemese
Vernacular
Ex: A man who sells stolen goods is known as a “hot man.”
http://theharlemrenaissance.org/harlem_renaissance_slang.html
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Writers
Langston Hughes
Zora Neale Hurston
Jessie Redmon Fauset
http://www.prattlibrary.org/locations/afam/index.aspx?id=8590
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Visual Arts
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Subject Matter •Wanted to create a new black identity
• Bring a new ethnic consciousness into art
• Inspire African Americans to create art with an identifiable style and aesthetic
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Inspiration
• African culture and African American folk life
• Urban scenes depicting citizens’ daily life
• Previous history as slaves
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Artists’ Rejections • Rural and figurative images
• White and European influences
• The “social norm” of the art in this time
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/aaworld/arts/artfocus_03.html http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/2000/4/00.04.01.x.html
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Speakeasies
• Popular during Prohibition years
• Bars, Hangouts, where alcohol was served
illegally
• One base of Organized crime operations
Speakeasy: Cotton Club and Savoy Ballroom
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The Cotton Club
• Run by white gangster, Owney Madden
• Segregated
• Shows at the Cotton Club were musical
reviews featuring all types of entertainers.
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Savoy Ballroom Owned by Moe Gale, a Jewish man, and
managed by Charles Buchanan, a black man
The first racially integrated public places in the country
Was the “Cotton Club” of minorities.
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Works cited
• "About the Savoy Ballroom." Savoy Ballroom 1926-1958. Web. 18 Apr. 2012. <http://www.savoyplaque.org/about_savoy.htm>.
• “Jazz Age Culture." Harlem Renaissance. Web. 18 Apr. 2012. <http://faculty.pittstate.edu>.
• "The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed." | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed. Web. 18 Apr. 2012. <http://www.blackpast.org>.
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and
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• 1926, Savoy Ballroom
• Started as a team
• Drifted toward entertainment
• January 1952; Lost to Seattle Chieftains
• Only lost two games in 38 years
• Still active
Harlem Globe Trotters
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Harlem Rens
• All black professional basketball team
• February 13, 1923
• Renaissance Casino and Ballroom
• 1st Game Nov. 3, 1923 vs. an all white team
• Record 1932/33 120-8
• Disbanded in 1949
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The Great Depression’s impact on the Harlem Renaissance
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Great Depression ends the Harlem Renaissance
• Many African Americans went to war
• People were no longer interested in art
• Could no longer work in the arts
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Great Depression changes the arts
• Affected the style of art
• Work began reflecting broad range of African Americans’ heritage
• Yet, African Americans lost their
jobs at a faster rate
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Harlem Renaissance influence
• Reemerged in the Black Arts movement in 1960’s
• Oppressed the Renaissance but did not end it
• Also influenced the creation of the blues
http://www.pbs.org/newshour/forum/february98/harlem5.html http://www.ushistory.org/us/46e.asp
Works Cited
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Harlem Race Riots of 1930’s
• Caused when a store keeper claimed a 16 yr. old black
teenager stole a pocket knife
• Crowd gathered when boy was led away by police, crowd believed they were going to beat him
• When an ambulance (for the injured shopkeeper) arrived and a hearse appeared across the street, the crowd became furious over police brutality,
fueled by previous tension with police
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• A group of civil rights activists known as the young liberators organized a demonstration outside the store
The story of the beating grew and after someone threw a rock at the storefront, followed by police resistance, a riot
broke out that spread for blocks
The riot began to settle when photo of an unbeaten Riviera with a police officer was released
What happened?
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• Millions of dollars in public property was produced
• 3 people died, many others were injured
• Many whites visited the city
to witness the damage done
by the riot
The Riots’ Aftermath
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• The Jazz age brought a interest in African American culture, especially music and painting
• It brought social change and an end to legal, institutional, and social racism
• It allowed jazz, blues, and ragtime as original American art forms.
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• Thousands of black and white people went nightly to see the same performers and musicians
• Billie Holliday (jazz club singer)
• Chick Webb (one of the best regarded band leaders and drummers of new “swing” style)
• Louis Armstrong (One of the most famous musicians in the Harlem Renaissance.)
• White people tried to steal blacks’ ideas and use them as their own.
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• It helped to bring black and white people
together who had a common interest in music
• It provided women motivation and opportunity in society to become artists.
• The culture of the minority became the desire of the majority.
http://www.ushistory.org/us/46e.asp http://public.wsu.edu/~campbelld/engl494/harlemren.htm