harkness2e chap14 ppt
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 14: Risk of Infectious and Communicable
Diseases
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Chapter Highlights• Infectious versus communicable
disease• Outbreak investigation: person, place,
time• Public health surveillance• Foodborne and waterborne illnesses• Sexually transmitted diseases
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Question
Is the following statement true or false?A carrier is a person or animal who harbors an infectious organism and transmits the organism to others while having no symptoms of the disease.
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Answer
TrueRationale: A carrier is a person or animal who harbors an infectious organism and transmits the organism to others while having no symptoms of the disease.
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Infectious Disease• Presence and replication of an
infectious agent in the tissues of a host, with manifestation of signs and symptoms
• Pathogenicity—ability of the agent to produce an infectious disease in a susceptible host
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Communicable Disease• For a disease to be communicable, or
contagious, there must be a portal of exit from the infected person (or animal), a means of transmission, and a portal of entry to a susceptible host.
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Epidemiology of the Infectious Process: The Chain of Infection
• Agent• Host
• Portals of entry and exit• Incubation period
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• Environment: Reservoir• Transmission
• Airborne• Direct• Indirect• Droplet
Epidemiology of the Infectious Process: The Chain of Infection
(cont.)
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Carrier
A person or animal who harbors an infectious organism and transmits the organism to others while having no symptoms of the disease
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Colonization
The presence and multiplication of infectious organisms without invading or causing damage to tissue
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Incubation Period
Time period between initial contact with the infectious agent and the appearance of the first signs or symptoms of the disease
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Question
Is the following statement true or false?An infectious disease is not contagious or communicable.
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Answer
FalseRationale: An infectious disease may or may not be contagious or communicable.
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Question
Is the following statement true or false?Epidemic is the constant or usual prevalence of a specific disease or infectious agent within a population or geographic area.
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Answer
FalseRationale: Endemic—the constant or usual prevalence of a specific disease or infectious agent within a population or geographic area. Epidemic—significant increase in the number of new cases of a disease than past experience would have predicted for that place, time, or population; an increase in incidence beyond that which is expected
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Outbreak Investigation• Establishing the existence of an
outbreak• Describing cases by person, place, and
time
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Types of Outbreaks• Endemic—the constant or usual
prevalence of a specific disease or infectious agent within a population or geographic area
• Epidemic—significant increase in the number of new cases of a disease than past experience would have predicted for that place, time, or population; an increase in incidence beyond that which is expected
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Healthcare-Associated Infections
Nurses play an important role in the prevention of healthcare-associated infection and represent the first line of defense for such adverse outcomes.
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Public Health Surveillance
Surveillance—a continual dynamic method for gathering data about the health of the general public for the purpose of primary prevention of illness
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Specific Communicable Diseases
Foodborne diseases• Noroviruses• Campylobacter enteritis• Listeria monocytogenes • Nontyphoid Salmonella • Escherichia coli O157:H7
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Waterborne Diseases• Waterborne diseases associated with
drinking/potable water• Waterborne diseases associated with
recreational water
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Question
Is the following statement true or false?The CDC reports indicate that more than one-fourth of new HIV cases were heterosexually acquired.
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Answer
FalseRationale: The CDC reports indicate that more than one-third of new HIV cases were heterosexually acquired.
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Sexually Transmitted Diseases• Chlamydia• Gonorrhea• Syphilis• Human Papillomavirus• Human Immunodeficiency Virus• Herpes Simplex Virus• Hepatitis B
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Prevention and Control of Specific Infectious Diseases
• Foodborne diseases• Waterborne diseases• Sexually transmitted infections
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CDC• Provides an effective system for STD
prevention to assist community/public health professionals in the design, implementation, and evaluation of STD prevention and control programs