Survey on extent/Type of Survey on extent/Type of hardness of water in society hardness of water in society

using TDS meterusing TDS meter

STATISTICAL METHODS IN STATISTICAL METHODS IN ECONOMICSECONOMICS

GROUP MEMBERS GROUP MEMBERS KUSHAL BANSALKUSHAL BANSALASHU GIRIASHU GIRIAAYUSH KUMARAAYUSH KUMARPUSHPAK CHORARIAPUSHPAK CHORARIAARUN RAWATARUN RAWATSHUBHAM AGGARWALSHUBHAM AGGARWALAMIT BHATELEYAMIT BHATELEYGAGAN WASONGAGAN WASONYASH PRATAPYASH PRATAPMADHURESH MADHUKARMADHURESH MADHUKARARUN RAWATARUN RAWAT

70057005700770077011701170237023704170417042704270447044705770577058705870597059

• 70117011• 70427042

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION   This project means a lot to us. The aim of this This project means a lot to us. The aim of this

project is to analyze the type of hardness in project is to analyze the type of hardness in various water samples collected from different various water samples collected from different water purifiers and different regions i.e. ground water purifiers and different regions i.e. ground water sample, boring water, rain water, water sample, boring water, rain water, household water supply, mineral water and also household water supply, mineral water and also from the purifiers from the local peoples of our from the purifiers from the local peoples of our respective areas. In this project we are going to respective areas. In this project we are going to analyze major problems of hard water and also analyze major problems of hard water and also their solutions to improve the salt concentration their solutions to improve the salt concentration of water.of water.

The problems are l ike The problems are l ike

The problems are like-The problems are like-Which water is potable or non potable for drinking? Which water is potable or non potable for drinking?

Effects of hard waterEffects of hard waterMeasurementsMeasurements Regional informationRegional informationAnd also their solutionsAnd also their solutionsAnd their results And their results

This ppt includes-This ppt includes-

• INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION• MAJOR PROBLEMS/ISSUESMAJOR PROBLEMS/ISSUES• SUGGESTED SOLUTIONsSUGGESTED SOLUTIONs• OBSERVATIONSOBSERVATIONS• CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

In this ppt all data are primary data. We have done survey on this project.Survey is done in different area of delhi.

HARD WATERHARD WATER

• Hardness refers to the Hardness refers to the presence of calcium and presence of calcium and magnesium ions in water magnesium ions in water (and sometimes iron).(and sometimes iron).

• Ions come from dissolved Ions come from dissolved rock the water has rock the water has passed through.passed through.

• Affects properties of tap Affects properties of tap waterwater

• Minerals in hard water Minerals in hard water interact with soap.interact with soap.

• Interferes with soap’s Interferes with soap’s ability to lather.ability to lather.

SOFT WATERSOFT WATER

• Water with very low concentrations of minerals.Water with very low concentrations of minerals.• Soap lathers easily and is sometimes difficult to Soap lathers easily and is sometimes difficult to

rinse offrinse off..

Classification of WaterClassification of WaterHard waterHard water Soft waterSoft water

• Water that has high Water that has high mineral contents (Camineral contents (Ca2+2+ and Mgand Mg2+2+ ions) also ions) also bicarbonate and sulfates. bicarbonate and sulfates.

• Calcium usually enters Calcium usually enters the water as either the water as either CaCOCaCO33, in the form of , in the form of limestone and chalk, or limestone and chalk, or calcium sulfate (CaSOcalcium sulfate (CaSO44).).

• Hard water is generally Hard water is generally not harmful to one's not harmful to one's health.health.

• Water that contain few or Water that contain few or no calcium or magnesium no calcium or magnesium metal cations.metal cations.

• It has low mineral It has low mineral contentcontent..

MAJOR ISSUES AND MAJOR ISSUES AND PROBLEMSPROBLEMS

• HARD WATERHARD WATER• Water described as “hard” means it is high in dissolved Water described as “hard” means it is high in dissolved

minerals, specifically calcium and magnesium. Hard water is minerals, specifically calcium and magnesium. Hard water is not a health risk, but a nuisance because of its tendancy to not a health risk, but a nuisance because of its tendancy to cause mineral buildup in water pipe and heating systems, cause mineral buildup in water pipe and heating systems, and its poor soap and/or detergent performance when and its poor soap and/or detergent performance when compared with soft water.compared with soft water.

• SOFT WATERSOFT WATER• Soft water is neither healthy nor desirable for drinking! If you Soft water is neither healthy nor desirable for drinking! If you

were a steam iron or a washing machine it would be great, were a steam iron or a washing machine it would be great, but we are neither! There are good reasons you should not but we are neither! There are good reasons you should not be drinking soft water!be drinking soft water!

• Water is a universal solvent. Most materials, especially Water is a universal solvent. Most materials, especially metals, are partially soluble in water. metals, are partially soluble in water.

COMPOUNDS FOUND IN COMPOUNDS FOUND IN HARD WATERHARD WATER

• The obvious compound in hard water would The obvious compound in hard water would be water itself, Hbe water itself, H22O.O.

• Calcium (CaCalcium (Ca+2+2))

• Magnesium (MgMagnesium (Mg+2+2))

• These are picked up by water as it moves These are picked up by water as it moves down rivers and streams.down rivers and streams.

Potential health affectsPotential health affects• Hard water is not a health hazard. In fact, the National Hard water is not a health hazard. In fact, the National

Research Council (National Academy of Sciences) states that Research Council (National Academy of Sciences) states that hard drinking water generally contributes a small amount hard drinking water generally contributes a small amount toward the total calcium and magnesium needed in the human toward the total calcium and magnesium needed in the human diet. The Council further states that in some instances, where diet. The Council further states that in some instances, where dissolved calcium and magnesium are very high, water could dissolved calcium and magnesium are very high, water could be a major contributor of calcium and magnesium to the diet.be a major contributor of calcium and magnesium to the diet.

• Much research has been done on the relationship between Much research has been done on the relationship between water hardness and cardiovascular disease mortality. While water hardness and cardiovascular disease mortality. While numerous studies suggest a correlation between hard water numerous studies suggest a correlation between hard water and lower cardiovascular disease mortality, no firm conclusions and lower cardiovascular disease mortality, no firm conclusions have been drawn. The National Research Council has have been drawn. The National Research Council has recommended further studies be conducted. The World Health recommended further studies be conducted. The World Health Organization (WHO) is attempting to coordinate a worldwide Organization (WHO) is attempting to coordinate a worldwide study on the effect on cardiovascular disease before and after study on the effect on cardiovascular disease before and after changes in water supply hardnesschanges in water supply hardness..

WATER HARDNESS REFERENCE WATER HARDNESS REFERENCE TABLETABLE

S.NO. Calcium Carbonate (ppm) Degree of hardness

1. 0-43 Soft

2. 43-150 Slightly Hard

3. 150-300 Moderately Hard

4. 300-450 Hard

5. >450 Very Hard

ObservationObservationS.NO. NAME BRAND OF

PURIFIER

SPECIFICAT

IONS

TDS

MEASURE

TYPE OF

HARDNESS

1 Mr. Pradeep tiwari

Kent Ro+Uv 76 Slightly hard

2 Mr. k.c Sharma Varuna Ro+uv+tds 229 Moderately

hard

3 Mr kumar pal singh tomar

Kemfio Ro+uv 48 Slightly hard

4 Raj rani gola RO(aquafresh) Ro 112 Slightly hard

5 Suresh khurana aquaguard Ro+uv+tds 43 Soft water

6 Mrs sanjogta dutta

Tata swach Nano technology+Ro+uv+tsra tech

46 Slightly hard

7 Mrs satender kumar

Kent grand plus 3 stage of purfications

117 Slightly hard

8 Mrs meena bisht Alfaa purifier Ro+uv+nano technology

69 Slightly hard

9 Kripal singh Tata marvella Advanced nano tech+Ro+uv+uf

71 Slightly hard

10 Mrs duntipal pal

Xylem Wall mounted 5 stage purif ication

113 Slight ly hard

11 Ajay kumar aquaguard Ro+uv 92 Slightly hard

12 Usha chauraria Klone Uv+Ro 74 Slightly hard

13 Rashmi jain aquaguard Ro 113 Slightly hard

14 Promila thakur aquafresh Ro 162 Moderately

hard

15 Santosh nair Kent Uv+Ro 101 Slightly hard

16 Ankita jain Kent Ro+uv 77 Slightly hard

17 Josh vangue Kent Nano tec+Ro+uv 71 Slightly hard

18 Mr.arun rawat Tata swach RO+UV 53 Slightly hard

19 Mr.shubahm Aquafresh RO 41 Soft

20 Mrs. Pooja singh

aquaguard 3 satges of purif ication

67 Slight ly hard

21 Shyam lal college Ro purifier Ro 103 Slightly hard

22 Groundwater(s

angam vihar)

_________ _________ 859 Very Hard

23 Rain water _________ _________ 15 Soft water

24 Household

Water

_________ _________ 627 Very Hard

25 Bisleri 60 Slightly hard

MEAN OF THIS DATAMEAN OF THIS DATA

MEAN= Sum of all no.MEAN= Sum of all no. Total no. of observationTotal no. of observation X = X =

15+41+43+46+48+53+60+67+69+71+74+15+41+43+46+48+53+60+67+69+71+74+71+76+77+92+101+103+112+113+113+1171+76+77+92+101+103+112+113+113+117+162+229+627+8597+162+229+627+859

2525

X= 3439 25 = 137.56Mean value of TDS measure is 137.56

10% Trimmed mean10% Trimmed mean

10n n 10n n 100 10100 10Remove 15 and 859 from both cornerRemove 15 and 859 from both cornerThen find meanThen find mean =2565/23= 111.52=2565/23= 111.52

MEDIANMEDIAN

N=25 .This no. is odd no. and series is discrete. N=25 .This no. is odd no. and series is discrete. ThenThen

MEDIAN = n+1 th termMEDIAN = n+1 th term 22 Me=25+1 = 26Me=25+1 = 26 2 22 2 = 13 th term= 13 th term = 76= 76

15,41,43,46,48,53,60,67,69,71,71,74,76,77,92,101,103,112,113,113,117,162,229,627,859

TDS METERTDS METER

Conclusion and resultConclusion and result About 80% of people drink slightly hard water. About 80% of people drink slightly hard water.

10% of the people drink moderately hard water.10% of the people drink moderately hard water.

10% of the people drink soft water10% of the people drink soft water..

Data analysis of different water samples:-

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Slightly hard Soft Moderately Hard

Series 1

Series 1

THANK YOUTHANK YOU