harappan civilization, indus valley
DESCRIPTION
PPT about the Harappan civilization that existed around 2600 - 1900 BC in the Indus Valley ( parts of modern day India and Pakistan)TRANSCRIPT
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Harappans
Indus Valley
Harappa
Mohenjo-Daro
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Indus Valley The Harappan culture existed along the
Indus River in what is present dayPakistan
It was na!ed a"ter the city o" HarappaHarappa and the city o" Mohenjo-Darowere i!portant centers o" the Indus valleycivili#ation
This Indus Valley $civili#ation% "lourishedaround &'''-(''' )*
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Old World Civilizations
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Comparative Timeline
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Chronology
Ancient Indus Chronology
Period Phase Yrs. (B.C.E.)
5 Late Harappan (Cemetery H) ?1700-1300
4 Harappan/Late Harappan Transitional 1900-?1700
3C Harappan Phase c. 00-1900
3B Harappan Phase c. !"0-00
3A Harappan Phase c.#00-!"0
2 $arly Harappan/%ot &i'i Phase c. 00-#00
1AB $arly Harappan/a*i Phase c. 3300-00
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Early Harappan-Ravi Phase33-!" #C This distinctive+ regional culture which e!erged is
called ,arly or Pre-Harappan
Trade networks linked this culture with relatedregional cultures and distant sources o" raw!aterials+ including lapis la#uli and other!aterials "or ead-!aking
Do!esticated crops included peas+ sesa!e seeds+dates and cotton
Do!estic ani!als also used+ such as the wateru""alo
Mud rick "or uilding
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Earliest Phase-Ravi $33-
!" #%C%&
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'iddle Harappan-IntegrationEra!(-)* #C )y ./'' )*,+ co!!unities had een turned into
uran centers 0integration1
2ix such uran centers have een discovered+including3 Harappa+ Mohenjo Daro and Dicki inPakistan+ along with 4onorreala+ Dokalinga! andMangalore in India
In total+ over ('/. cities and settle!ents haveeen "ound+ !ainly in the general region o" the
4haggar-5lorence River and its triutaries Irrigation used to increase crop production and
!ud rick structures
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Indus Valley-Integration Era
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+ate Harappan-Cemetery H),-)3 #C *re!ation o" hu!an re!ains The ones were
stored in painted pottery urial urns This isco!pletely di""erent to the Indus civili#ationwhere odies were uried in wooden co""ins
Reddish pottery+ painted in lack with antelopes+peacocks etc+ sun or star !oti"s+ with di""erentsur"ace treat!ents to the earlier period
,xpansion o" settle!ents into the east Rice eca!e a !ain crop
6pparent reakdown o" the widespread trade o"the Indus civili#ation+ with !aterials such as!arine shells no longer used
*ontinued use o" !ud rick "or uilding
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Indus Valley-Cemetery H$),-)3 #C&
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atural Resour.es The Indus Valley contained nu!erous
natural resources that were an i!portantpart o" Harappan civili#ation
Resources included3 5resh water and ti!er
Materials such as gold+ silver+ se!i-preciousstones
Marine resources
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Himalayan 'ountains 7anga Parat and
nu!erous other!ountains o" theHi!alaya+ 8arakoru!and Hindu 8ushprovide a continuoussource o" water "orthe Indus and itstriutaries
These !ountainranges also providedi!portant ti!er+ani!al products+ and!inerals+ gold+ silver+tin and se!ipreciousstones that weretraded throughout
the Indus Valley
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Valleys *edar in *hitral valley
is still used to !akehouses and co""ins+"ollowing a traditionthat dates ack to the"irst Indus cities
)eyond the !ountainsin the ackground isthe region o")adakhshan+6"ghanistan+ a sourceo" the deep lue lapisla#uli
This was !inedduring the Indusperiod and tradedthroughout the IndusValley and to "ar o""Mesopota!ia and,gypt
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Coast The coast o" 2indh
and Makran haveays and ancientHarappan siteshave een locatedalong the coast to
the order o"!odern Iran These coastal
settle!ents wereinvolved in "ishingand trading+ usingthe !onsoon winds
to travel ack and"orth to 9!an andthe Persian 4ul"region
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'a/or Cities0 'ohen/o-1aroand Harappa The cities are well known "or their
i!pressive+ organi#ed and regular layout
They have well laid our plu!ing and
drainage syste!+ including indoor toilets 9ver one thousand other towns and
villages also existed in this region
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'ohen/o-1aro and Harappa
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Cities
The si!ilarities in plan and construction etweenMohenjo-Daro and Harappa indicate that theywere part o" a uni"ied govern!ent with extre!eorgani#ation )oth cities were constructed o" the sa!e type and shape
o" ricks The two cities !ay have existed si!ultaneously and
their si#es suggest that they served as capitals o" theirprovinces
In contrast to other civili#ations+ urials "ound "ro!these cities are not elaorate: they are !ore si!plisticand contain "ew !aterial goods
Re!ains o" palaces or te!ples in the cities have noteen "ound
7o hard evidence exists indicating !ilitary activity+though the cities did contain "orti"ications and arti"actssuch as copper and ron#e knives+ spears+ andarrowheads were recovered
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'ohen/o-1aro This shows the high western !ound !ade up o" a !assive
!ud rick plat"or! and rick houses o" the Harappanperiod 0 .;'' to (<'' ) *1
9n top o" the Harappan structures is a )uddhist periodstupa !ade o" !ud rick that dates to the "irst century6D
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The 2reat #ath The =great ath= is the earliest pulic water tank The tank !easures approxi!ately (. !eters
north-south and > !eters wide+ with a !axi!u!depth o" .& !eters
Two staircases lead down into the tank "ro! thenorth and south and s!all sockets at the edges o"the stairs are thought to have held woodenplanks or treads
6t the "oot o" the stairs is a s!all ledge with a
rick edging that extends the entire width o" thepool
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2reat #ath
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treets 6t Mohenjo-Daro
narrow streets andalleyways are o"" o"the !ajor streets+leading into !ore
privateneighorhoods Many o" the rick
houses were twostories high+ withthick walls and high
ceilings to keep theroo!s cool in thehot su!!er!onths
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Wells Private wells were
reuilt over !anygenerations "or largehouseholds and
neighorhoods This well in D8 4
area at Mohenjo-daro stands like achi!ney ecause all
o" the surroundingearth has eenre!oved yexcavation
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Harappa The high !ound at Harappa 0Mound 6)1 is surrounded y a !assive
!ud rick city wall with large s?uare ra!parts
9ne o" these eroding ra!parts is visile through the underrush thatnow covers the site The "lags !ark the to! o" a Musli! saint
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Harappa ite
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2ranary The =granary= o" Harappa is "ound on Mound 5 It is a rick structure that was uilt on a !assive rick "oundation over &/ !eters
north-south and &/ !eters east-west Two rows o" six roo!s that appear to e "oundations are arranged along a central
passageway that is aout > !eters wide and partly paved with aked ricks ,ach roo! !easures (/. y ;( !eters and has three sleeper walls with air space
etween the!
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Well 6 large pulic well and pulic athing plat"or!s were "ound
in the southern part o" Mound 6) at Harappa
These pulic athing areas !ay also have een used "orwashing clothes as is co!!on in !any traditional cities inPakistan and India today
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Harappa0 'ound E and ET Inside the city is an area that has een identi"ied as a
cra"ts ?uarter @arge ?uantities o" !anu"acturing deris have een "ound
in this area indicating the presence o" workshops "or!aking stone eads+ shell orna!ents+ gla#ed "aience
orna!ents+ stone tools and possily even gold working
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'ound E 2ate4ay 5rtistsCon.eption6y Chris loan7 .ourtesy o8 9' :enoyer
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+anguage The Indus 0or Harappan1 people used a pictographic script 2o!e A/'' speci!ens o" this script survive in sta!p seals
carved in stone+ in !olded terracotta and "aience a!ulets+in "rag!ents o" pottery+ and in a "ew other categories o"inscried ojects
In addition to the pictographic signs+ the seals and a!uletso"ten contain iconographic !oti"s+ !ostly realistic pictureso" ani!als apparently worshipped as sacred+ and a "ewcultic scenes+ including anthropo!orphic deities andworshippers
This !aterial is i!portant to the investigation o" theHarappan language and religion+ which continue to e!ajor issues
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The origins o8 Indus 4riting
The origins o" Indus writing can now e traced to the RaviPhase 0c AA''-.B'' )*1 at Harappa
2o!e inscriptions were !ade on the otto! o" the potterye"ore "iring
This inscription 0c AA'' )*1 appears to e three plantsy!ols
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5n.ient Indus
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4harial eating "ish on !olded terra-cotta talet "ro! Mohenjo Daro
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eals
2ilver 2eal*lay 2eals
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E.onomy-Trade The Harappan civili#ation was !ainly
uran and !ercantile
Inhaitants o" the Indus valley traded with
Mesopota!ia+ southern India+6"ghanistan+ and Persia "or gold+ silver+copper+ and tur?uoise
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Trade
4old Disc
The central orna!ent worn onthe "orehead o" the "a!ous=priest-king= sculpture "ro!Mohenjo-daro appears torepresent an eye ead+ possily
!ade o" gold with steatite inlayin the center
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Trade
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E.onomy-5gri.ulture The Mesopota!ian !odel o" irrigated
agriculture was used to take advantage o"the "ertile grounds along the Indus River
,arthen walls were uilt to control theriverCs annual "looding *rops grownincluded wheat+ arley+ peas+ !elons+ andsesa!e
This civili#ation was the "irst to cultivatecotton "or the production o" cloth 2everalani!als were do!esticated including theelephant which was used "or its ivory
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Terra.ed ;ields
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Elephants
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E.onomy *uical weights in graduated si#es These weights con"or! to the standard Harappan inary
weight syste! that was used in all o" the settle!ents The s!allest weight in this series is 'B/; gra!s and the
!ost co!!on weight is approxi!ately (A> gra!s+ which
is in the (;th ratio These weights were "ound in recent excavations at Harappaand !ay have een used "or controlling trade and possily"or collecting taxes
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Harappan Astronomy 6lthough the translation o" the Harappan script is
still not co!plete+ there are nu!erous indicationsthat Harappans were well versed in astrono!y
The straight streets o" the Indus cities are orientedtowards the cardinal directions
6strono!ical evidence dates the co!pilation o" theVedic calendar at around the .Ard century )*+when the Indus civili#ation "lourished
@ike other uran civili#ations+ it undoutedlyneeded a calendar that adjusted to the lunar andsolar transitions
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Harappan Astronomycon’d The Pleiades hold a pro!inent place as the
!others or wet nurses o" the neworn in"antin one o" the !ost ancient and central Hindu!yths+ that o" the irth o" the war-god
Rudra2kanda The Pleiades are said to have een the wives
o" the seven sages+ who are identi"ied withthe seven stars o" the 4reat )ear
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The 2reat #ear The 4reat )earCs na!e 0Cseven-starE1
corresponds to the co!ination o" thepictogra!s C>C F C"ishC+ which alone constitutesthe entire text o" one "inely carved Indus seal
6nother !yth states that the six Pleiadeswere separated "ro! their husands onaccount o" their in"idelity: other texts speci"ythat only one o" the seven wives+ 6rundhati+re!ained "aith"ul and was allowed to stay with
her husand3 she is the s!all star 6lcor in the 4reat )ear andpointed to as a sy!ol o" !arital virtue o" the ridein Vedic !arriage cere!onies
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5stronomy ,vidence "or the Harappan origin o" this
!yth is provided y Indus seals whichshow a row o" six hu!an "igures
Their "e!ale character is suggested y theone long plait o" hair+ which has re!ainedcharacteristic o" traditional Indian wo!en
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<=ni.orn> This unicorn seal was also
discovered during the late(<.>-A( excavations atMohenjo-Daro
9ne theory holds that the
ull actually has two horns+ut that these have eenstyli#ed to one ecause o"the co!plexity o" depictingthree di!ensions
However the !anu"acturing
and design process ehindseals was so sophisticatedthat the depiction o" threedi!ensions !ight notnecessarily have een aprole!
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5rti8a.ts These egg shaped whistles !ay have een used "or !usic+
a tradition that is still present in rural areas o" Pakistan andIndia
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Clay .ulpture
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;igurines
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Cerami.s
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Copper *opper plate with vertical sides
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Ornaments This collection o" gold and agate orna!ents 0see
next slide1 includes ojects "ound at othMohenjo-Daro and Harappa
6t the top are "illets o" ha!!ered gold that wouldhave een worn around the "orehead
The other orna!ents include angles+ chokers+long pendant necklaces+ rings+ earrings+ conicalhair orna!ents+ and roaches
These orna!ents were never uried with thedead+ ut were passed on "ro! one generation tothe next
These orna!ents were hidden under the "loors inthe ho!es o" wealthy !erchants or golds!iths
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Ornaments
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e.?la.e 7ecklace "ro! Mohenjo-
Daro !ade "ro! gold+agate+ jasper+ steatite andgreen stone
The gold eads are hollow
and the pendant agateand jasper eads areattached with thick goldwire
2teatite eads with goldcaps serve to separate
each o" the pendanteads
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#urial The ody was placed inside a wooden co""in 0which later decayed1
and ento!ed in a rectangular pit surrounded with urial o""eringsin pottery vessels
The !an was uried wearing a necklace o" A&' graduated steatiteeads and three separate pendant eads !ade o" natural stone and
three gold eads 6 single copper ead was "ound at his waist
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#urial )urial o" wo!an and in"ant+ Harappa
This urial was distured in anti?uity+ possily y ancientHarappan grave roers
)esides the "act that the ody is "lipped and the pottery distured+the le"t ar! o" the wo!an is roken and shell angles that would
nor!ally e "ound on the le"t ar! are !issing The in"ant was uried in a s!all pit eneath the legs o" the
!other
C ll 8
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Collapse o8 Harappan<Civilization> The de-urani#ation period o" the
Harappan *ivili#ation saw the collapse anddisappearance o" the uran pheno!ena inthe 2outh 6sia
The the!e "or this period is locali#ation 6rchitectural and cera!ic "or!s changed
along with the loss o" writing+ planned
settle!ents+ pulic sanitation+!onu!ental architecture+ seaorne andexotic trade+ seals+ and weights
0McIntosh+ .''.1
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;our Theories o8 Collapse 6rchaeologists have o""ered "our explanations "or
the collapse o" the Harappan $*ivili#ation% Three are ased on ecological "actors3 intense
"looding+ decrease in precipitation+ and thedessication o" the 2arasvati River
The "ourth hypothesis is that o" the 6ryanInvasion+ proposed y 2ir R , Morti!er Gheelerand 2tuart Piggott I!age in text o" $!assacre% thought to support this
hypothesis @ater interpreted as $peace"ul% !ass urial
5ourth largely aandoned in the (<&'s in "avor o"a co!ination o" "actors "ro! ecological disasters
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Civilization@ *riticis! o" calling it a civili#ation ecause
even though the culture is "airlyho!ogenous+ there is a lack o" elite 0such
as high status urials1 Thus+ so!e researchers argue that it was
actually !ore o" a chie"do!+ rather than astate-level society
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Re8eren.es Cited http3wwwharappaco!harhar'ht!l
http3wwwharappaco!harindus-saraswati-geographyht!l
http3enwikipediaorgwikiIndusValley*ivili#ation
http3wwwgeocitiesco!look&harappancolapseht!
Mcintosh+ ane .''. A Peaceful realm)oulder3 Gestview Press