Handout 27-1Handout 27-1

Formation of the Solar SystemFormation of the Solar System

11

The sun and all of the planets and other The sun and all of the planets and other bodies that revolve around it make up the bodies that revolve around it make up the ____________________. ____________________. solar systemsolar system

22

Any primary body that orbits the sun, or a Any primary body that orbits the sun, or a similar body that orbits another star, is similar body that orbits another star, is called a ______________. called a ______________. planetplanet

33

In 1796, the French mathematician Pierre-In 1796, the French mathematician Pierre-Simon, marquis de Laplace, advanced the Simon, marquis de Laplace, advanced the ___________________to explain the ___________________to explain the origins of the solar system. origins of the solar system. nebular hypothesisnebular hypothesis

THE NEBULAR THE NEBULAR HYPOTHESISHYPOTHESIS

44

Laplace’s hypothesis states that the sun Laplace’s hypothesis states that the sun and the planets condensed at about the and the planets condensed at about the same time out of a rotating cloud of dust same time out of a rotating cloud of dust and gas called a and gas called a B. nebulaB. nebula

55

The rotating cloud of dust and gas from The rotating cloud of dust and gas from which our solar system is thought to have which our solar system is thought to have formed is called the formed is called the A. solar nebulaA. solar nebula

66

Energy from collisions and pressure from Energy from collisions and pressure from gravity caused the center of the solar gravity caused the center of the solar nebula to become nebula to become D. hotter and denserD. hotter and denser

77

Which of the following formed when the Which of the following formed when the temperature at the center of the nebula temperature at the center of the nebula reached about 10,000,000 reached about 10,000,000 ooC and C and hydrogen fusion began?hydrogen fusion began? the sunthe sun

88How much of the matter that was How much of the matter that was

contained in the solar nebula makes up contained in the solar nebula makes up the sun? the sun? B. about 99%B. about 99%

FORMATION OF THE FORMATION OF THE PLANETSPLANETS

99

Small bodies from which a planet Small bodies from which a planet originated in the early development of the originated in the early development of the solar system are called solar system are called B. planetesimalsB. planetesimals

1010

Some planetesimals joined together Some planetesimals joined together through collision and through the force of through collision and through the force of gravity to form larger bodies called gravity to form larger bodies called A. protoplanetsA. protoplanets

1111

The smaller bodies that orbit the planets The smaller bodies that orbit the planets are calledare calledB. moons.B. moons.

1212

Why are Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars Why are Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars called the called the inner inner planets?planets?They contained large percentages of heavy They contained large percentages of heavy

elementselementsIronIronnickelnickel

1313

Why did the inner planets, which Why did the inner planets, which contained large percentages of heavy contained large percentages of heavy elements such as iron and nickel, lose elements such as iron and nickel, lose their less dense gases? their less dense gases? Gravity of the inner planets was not enough to Gravity of the inner planets was not enough to

hold the gases.hold the gases.

1414

How do the surfaces of the inner planets How do the surfaces of the inner planets compare with that of Earth today? compare with that of Earth today? They have solid surfaces that are similar to They have solid surfaces that are similar to

Earth’s surface.Earth’s surface.

1515

How do the inner planets differ from the How do the inner planets differ from the outer planets? outer planets? The inner planets are smaller, rockier, and The inner planets are smaller, rockier, and

denser than the outer planets.denser than the outer planets.

1616

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are referred to as_______________ planets.referred to as_______________ planets.outerouter

1717

How did distance from the sun affect the How did distance from the sun affect the formation of the outer planets? formation of the outer planets? They were far from the sun and therefore They were far from the sun and therefore

were cold.were cold.

1818

Name the three reasons why the outer Name the three reasons why the outer planets are referred to as planets are referred to as gas giantsgas giants. .

1.1. they are composed mostly of gasesthey are composed mostly of gases

2.2. they have low densitythey have low density

3.3. they are huge planetsthey are huge planets

1919

Which outer planet is farthest from the Which outer planet is farthest from the sun?sun?PlutoPluto

is it still considered a planet today?is it still considered a planet today?

2020

In what way does Pluto differ from the In what way does Pluto differ from the other outer planets?other outer planets? it is very smallit is very small

smaller than the Earth’s moonsmaller than the Earth’s moon

it’s an ice ball that is made of frozen gases it’s an ice ball that is made of frozen gases and rock.and rock.

2121

In what way is Pluto similar to the other In what way is Pluto similar to the other outer planets? outer planets? it is very cold like the other outer planetsit is very cold like the other outer planets

2222

Why do many scientists believe that Pluto Why do many scientists believe that Pluto should not be classified as a major planet?should not be classified as a major planet?There are hundreds of objects that are similar There are hundreds of objects that are similar

to Pluto that exist beyond Neptune’s orbit.to Pluto that exist beyond Neptune’s orbit.Scientists think that Pluto is just one of these Scientists think that Pluto is just one of these

objects.objects.

FORMATION OF SOLID FORMATION OF SOLID EARTHEARTH

2323

When Earth formed, its high temperature When Earth formed, its high temperature was NOT due to was NOT due to

D: D: an irregular orbit that brought it closer to the an irregular orbit that brought it closer to the sun.sun.

2424

Dense materials such as molten iron sank Dense materials such as molten iron sank to Earth’s center and less dense materials to Earth’s center and less dense materials were forced to the outer layers in a were forced to the outer layers in a process called process called B. differentiation.B. differentiation.

2525

Which of the following did NOT form as Which of the following did NOT form as one of Earth’s layers when differentiation one of Earth’s layers when differentiation occurred? occurred? THESE are the CORRECT layers of Earth’s THESE are the CORRECT layers of Earth’s

interiorinteriora. a. corecoreb. b. mantlemantled. d. crust crust

2626

Which of the following elements is NOT Which of the following elements is NOT present in large amounts in Earth’s three present in large amounts in Earth’s three layers?layers?THESE elements ARE FOUND in large THESE elements ARE FOUND in large

amounts in Earth’s three layers.amounts in Earth’s three layers.core:core: iron and nickeliron and nickelmantle:mantle: iron and magnesiumiron and magnesiumcrust:crust: silicasilica

SO it is A: goldSO it is A: gold

2727

Earth’s surface continued to change as a Earth’s surface continued to change as a result of result of A. the heat in Earth’s interior.A. the heat in Earth’s interior.

as well as through impactsas well as through impactsand through interactions with the newly formed and through interactions with the newly formed

atmosphere.atmosphere.

FORMATION OF EARTH’S FORMATION OF EARTH’S ATMOSPHEREATMOSPHERE

2828The original atmosphere of Earth The original atmosphere of Earth

consisted of consisted of B: hydrogen and heliumB: hydrogen and helium

2929

Today, hydrogen and helium occur mainly Today, hydrogen and helium occur mainly in thein the

D: the upper atmosphere.D: the upper atmosphere.

3030

Earth’s early atmosphere formed when Earth’s early atmosphere formed when volcanic eruptions released gases in a volcanic eruptions released gases in a process called process called A: outgassing.A: outgassing.

3131What is the molecule that contains three What is the molecule that contains three

oxygen atoms and collects in Earth’s oxygen atoms and collects in Earth’s upper atmosphere upper atmosphere C: ozoneC: ozone

3232

Which byproduct of photosynthesis was Which byproduct of photosynthesis was released into the atmosphere? released into the atmosphere? OxygenOxygen

3333

Comet collisions may have contributed a Comet collisions may have contributed a significant amount of ______________to significant amount of ______________to Earth’s surface.Earth’s surface.waterwater

3434

The first ocean was probably made of The first ocean was probably made of ______________________water. ______________________water. freshfresh

3535

Earth’s atmosphere and surface cooled Earth’s atmosphere and surface cooled because ocean water also dissolved much because ocean water also dissolved much of the _____________in the atmosphere.of the _____________in the atmosphere.carbon dioxidecarbon dioxide

The EndThe End