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jynfwGif;a&G;aumufyGJrsm;jynfwGif;a&G;aumufyGJrsm;jynfwGif;a&G;aumufyGJrsm;jynfwGif;a&G;aumufyGJrsm; apmifhapmifhapmifhapmifh----unfhavhvma&;twGuf vufpGJunfhavhvma&;twGuf vufpGJunfhavhvma&;twGuf vufpGJunfhavhvma&;twGuf vufpGJ

(Translated by the Burma Fund)

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(OSCE) . 'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m&Hk; (ODIHR) rS xkwfa0jzef@csdonf? Al. Ujazdowskie 19, 00-557 Warsaw, Poland.

www.osce.org/odihr

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rlydkifcGifh? OSCE/ODIHR 2003 TpmtkyfESifhywfoufaom rlydkifcGifhudk xdef;odrf;xm;ygonf? Txkwfa0jzef@csdr_yg ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm toHk;ðy Edkif+yD;/ ynma&;qdkif&m&nf&G,fcsufESifh pD;yGm;a&;t&aqmif&Gufjcif;r[kwfaom udpPrsm;twGuf rdwWLyGm;Edkifygonf? odk@&mwGif Todk@wqifhul;,ljzef@csdr_rsm;udk (OSCE/ODIHR)odk@ tcsuftvufrsm;. rl&if; ydkif&Siftjzpf aus;Zl;wifa=umif; yl;wGJ azmfjy&ef vdktyfygonf? rl&if;'DZdkif;? Damla Suar, Frankfurt Main, Germany ydkvefEdkifiHwGif Polygrafus Andrzej Adamiak rS yHkESdyfonf? rl&if;pmtkyfyHkESdyfjzef@csdr_udk ,lEdkufwufuif;'rf;EdkifiH tpdk;&rS axmufyHhulnDr_ay;ygonf? taxGaxG jrifuGif;

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1? a&G;aumufyGJ tuJjzwfjcif; 2? apmifh=unfhavhvma&; tpDtpOfrsm; csrSwfaqmif&Gufjcif;? 3? Oya'a=umif;qdkif&m ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfjcif;? 4? a&G;aumufyGJtjiif;yGm;r_rsm;udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;? 5? rJqENay;olrsm; rSwfyHkwifjcif;udpPudk tuJjzwfjcif;ESifh a&G;aumufyGJ-c&dkif e,fajrowfrSwfr_rsm;ukd tuJjzwfjcif;? 6? a&G;aumufyGJ pDrHtkyfcsKyfyHkudk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;? 7? udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; rSwfyHkwifjcif;udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;? 8? a&G;aumufyGJ rJqG,fpnf;&Hk;r_udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;? 9? owif;rD'D,mrsm;udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;? 10? rJay;jcif;ESifh rJa&wGufjcif;udk apmihf=unfhjcif;? 11? pm&if;oGif;jcif;/ xyfqifhydk@aqmifjcif;ESifh xkwfjyefa=ujimcsuftm; apmifh=unfhtuJjzwfjcif;? 12? tpD&ifcHwifoGif;jcif;ESifh axmufcHt=uHðyjcif;?

rmwdum ed'gef; 1? a&G;aumufyGJ tuJjzwfjcif;1? a&G;aumufyGJ tuJjzwfjcif;1? a&G;aumufyGJ tuJjzwfjcif;1? a&G;aumufyGJ tuJjzwfjcif; u? a&G;aumufyGJESifh vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;qdkif&m EdkifiHwumpHE_ef;rsm; c? a&G;aumufyGJrsm; tuJjzwfjcif;wGif EdkifiHwumpHcsdefpHE_ef;rsm;udk toHk;ðyjcif; *? a&G;aumufyGJrsm;udk tuJjzwfjcif;wGif/ jynfwGif; pHcsdefpHE_ef;rsm;udk toHk;ðyjcif; C? ,cifu usif;ycJhaom a&G;aumufyGJESihf Ed_if;,SOfjcif;? 2? apmifh=u2? apmifh=u2? apmifh=u2? apmifh=unfhavhvma&; tpDtpOfrsm; csrSwfaqmif&Gufjcif;?nfhavhvma&; tpDtpOfrsm; csrSwfaqmif&Gufjcif;?nfhavhvma&; tpDtpOfrsm; csrSwfaqmif&Gufjcif;?nfhavhvma&; tpDtpOfrsm; csrSwfaqmif&Gufjcif;?

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u? vdktyfcsufrsm;udk tuJjzwfowfrSwfjcif;? c? tpDtpOfa&;qGJjcif;ESifh tzGJ@tpnf;qdkif&m udpPrsm; *? tpDtpOfzGJ@pnf;yHkESifh vkyfief;wm0efrsm;/ C? EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&maqmif&Gufaom pDrHcsufrsm;? i? a'otvdkufESifh Xmaetvdkuf pDrHcsufrsm;? p? bufrvdkufr_? q? todtrSwfðyr_ &,ljcif;? 3? Oya'a=umif;qdkif&m ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfjcif;?3? Oya'a=umif;qdkif&m ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfjcif;?3? Oya'a=umif;qdkif&m ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfjcif;?3? Oya'a=umif;qdkif&m ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfjcif;? u? Oy'a=umif;qdkif&mydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfjcif;.ta&;}uD;yHk c? Oy'a=umif;qdkif&mydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfjcif;twGuf tajccHrluef@owfcsuf *? a&G;aumufyGJtjiif;yGm;r_Z,m; a&;qGJjcif;? 4? a&G;aumufyGJtjiif;yGm;r_rsm;udk4? a&G;aumufyGJtjiif;yGm;r_rsm;udk4? a&G;aumufyGJtjiif;yGm;r_rsm;udk4? a&G;aumufyGJtjiif;yGm;r_rsm;udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;?apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;?apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;?apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;? u? tjiif;yGm;r_rsm;ajz&Sif;yHkudk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;? c? a&G;aumufyGJtjiif;yGm;r_rsm;udk ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfjcif; ? 5? rJqENay;olrsm; rSwfyHkwifjcif;udpPudk tuJjzwfj5? rJqENay;olrsm; rSwfyHkwifjcif;udpPudk tuJjzwfj5? rJqENay;olrsm; rSwfyHkwifjcif;udpPudk tuJjzwfj5? rJqENay;olrsm; rSwfyHkwifjcif;udpPudk tuJjzwfjcif;ESifh a&G;aumufyGJcif;ESifh a&G;aumufyGJcif;ESifh a&G;aumufyGJcif;ESifh a&G;aumufyGJ----c&dkif e,fajrowfrSwfr_rsm;ukd tuJjzwfjcif;?c&dkif e,fajrowfrSwfr_rsm;ukd tuJjzwfjcif;?c&dkif e,fajrowfrSwfr_rsm;ukd tuJjzwfjcif;?c&dkif e,fajrowfrSwfr_rsm;ukd tuJjzwfjcif;? u? rJqENay;olrsm;rSwfyHkwifjcif;ta&;}uD;yHk c? rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;§ rSwfyHkwifjcif;ESifhywfoufI tqifhtwef;ESifhwdusrSefuefr_udk tuJjzwfjcif;? *? rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;ESifh vlOD;a&qdkif&mtcsuftvufrsm;udk E_dif;,SOfvsuf ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfjcif;? C? rJay;olrsm;pm&if;ESifhywfoufaom ppfwrf;rsm;? i? uGefjyLwmjzifh ppfaq;jcif;? p? trsm;jynfolqdkif&m owif;jyef=um;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;? q? rJqENay;olrsm;rSwfyHkwif&mXmersm;udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;? Z? rJqENay;olrsm;rSwfyHkwifjcif;qdkif&m cHkorm"dtzGJ@rsm;udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;? ps? a&G;aumufyGJ-c±dkife,fajr owfrSwfr_rsm;udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;? 6? a&G;aumufyGJ pDrHtkyfcsKyfyHkudk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;?6? a&G;aumufyGJ pDrHtkyfcsKyfyHkudk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;?6? a&G;aumufyGJ pDrHtkyfcsKyfyHkudk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;?6? a&G;aumufyGJ pDrHtkyfcsKyfyHkudk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;? u? a&G;aumufyGJ pDrHtkyfcsKyfr_ wnfaqmufyHk c? tuJjzwf&rnfh tc&mudpPrsm; 7? udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; rSwfyHkwifjcif;udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;?7? udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; rSwfyHkwifjcif;udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;?7? udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; rSwfyHkwifjcif;udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;?7? udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; rSwfyHkwifjcif;udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;? u? EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; rSwfyHkwifjcif;? c? EdkifiHa&;,SOfòyifolrsm; rSwfyHkwifjcif; *? trsKd;orD;ESifh vlenf;pkwdkif;&if;om;rsm; rSwfyHkwifjcif; 8? a&G;aumufyGJ rJqG,fpnf;&Hk;r_udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;?8? a&G;aumufyGJ rJqG,fpnf;&Hk;r_udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;?8? a&G;aumufyGJ rJqG,fpnf;&Hk;r_udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;?8? a&G;aumufyGJ rJqG,fpnf;&Hk;r_udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;?

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u? EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;/ udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;ESifh awG@qHkjcif;? c? rD'D,mESifhawG@qHkjcif;? *? tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm;ESifh awG@qHkjcif;? C? rJqG,fyGJrsm;udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;? i? vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@0ifrsm;. vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;? p? rJqG,fpnf;±Hk;r_toHk;p&dwfrsm;/ tvSLaiGyrm%ESifh tvSLaiGZpfjrpfrsm;udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;? q? EdkifiHawmft&if;tjrpfrsm; tvGJoHk;pm;vkyfr_udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;? Z? yÉdyuQ umuG,fwmqD;jcif;ESifh a&G;aumufyGJumvt=urf;zufr_rsm;udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;? ps? tjcm;udpP&yfrsm;udk apmihf=unfhavhvmjcif;? 9? owif;rD'D,mrsm;udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;?9? owif;rD'D,mrsm;udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;?9? owif;rD'D,mrsm;udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;?9? owif;rD'D,mrsm;udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;? u? rD'D,m apmihf=unfhavhvmjcif;. ta&;ygr_ c? rD'D,mapmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;. &nf&G,fcsuf *? rD'D,mtwGufjyXmef;axm;aom Oya'a&;&muef@owfcsufudk tuJjzwfjcif; C? toHv$ifhrD'D,mESifhyHkESdyfrD'D,mudk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif; i? tca=u;aiGay;&aom EdkifiHa&;a=ujimjcif;rsm;ESifh rJqEN&Sif ynmay;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;? p? rD'D,mESifhowif;axmufrsm;tay: +cdrf;acsmufjcif;udk apmihf=unfhavhvmjcif; 10? rJay;jcif;ESifh rJa&wGufjcif;udk apmihf=unfhjcif;?10? rJay;jcif;ESifh rJa&wGufjcif;udk apmihf=unfhjcif;?10? rJay;jcif;ESifh rJa&wGufjcif;udk apmihf=unfhjcif;?10? rJay;jcif;ESifh rJa&wGufjcif;udk apmihf=unfhjcif;? u? rJay;jcif; ESifh rJa&wGufyHkudk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;? c? pifòyif rJ-Z,m;oGif;jcif;? 11? pm&if;oGif;jcif;/ xyfqifhydk@a11? pm&if;oGif;jcif;/ xyfqifhydk@a11? pm&if;oGif;jcif;/ xyfqifhydk@a11? pm&if;oGif;jcif;/ xyfqifhydk@aqmifjcif;ESifh xkwfjyefa=ujimcsuftm; apmifh=unfhtuJjzwfjcif;?qmifjcif;ESifh xkwfjyefa=ujimcsuftm; apmifh=unfhtuJjzwfjcif;?qmifjcif;ESifh xkwfjyefa=ujimcsuftm; apmifh=unfhtuJjzwfjcif;?qmifjcif;ESifh xkwfjyefa=ujimcsuftm; apmifh=unfhtuJjzwfjcif;? u? &v'fpm&if;oGif;jcif;tm; apmihf=unfhtuJjzwfjcif;. ta&;}uD;r_ *? a&G;aumufyGJt+yD;ae@ zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_rsm;tm; apmihf=unfhtuJjzwfjcif;? c? uGefjyLwmjzifh &v'frsm;ydk@aqmifjcif;udk apmihf=unfhtuJjzwfjcif;? 12? tpD&ifcHwifoGif;jcif;ESifh axmufcHt=uHðyjcif;? 12? tpD&ifcHwifoGif;jcif;ESifh axmufcHt=uHðyjcif;? 12? tpD&ifcHwifoGif;jcif;ESifh axmufcHt=uHðyjcif;? 12? tpD&ifcHwifoGif;jcif;ESifh axmufcHt=uHðyjcif;? u? tpD&ifcHpmwifoGif;jcif;. ta&;ygr_ c? a'oqdkif&mapmifh=unfhtuJjzwfolrsm;rS tpD&ifcHpmwifjcif; *? xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifr_qdkif&m tpD&ifcHpmrsm; C? xkwfjyefcsufrsm; i? aemufqHk;tpD&ifcHpm p? tpD&ifcHpm jzef@a0jcif;? (OSCE) ESifh ESifh ESifh ESifh (ODIHR) ta=umif;ta=umif;ta=umif;ta=umif;

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0gaqm/ 2003 ckESpf?

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aus;aus;aus;aus;Zl;wifv$mZl;wifv$mZl;wifv$mZl;wifv$m TvufpGJpmtkyfudk/ Oa&myvHkjcHKa&;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;tzGJ@ (OSCE) . a'otwGif;&Sd jynfwGif;a&G;aumuf yGJrsm;apmifh =unfhavhvma&;tzGJ@rsm;. yl;aygif; aqmif&Gufr_jzifh xkwfa0EdkifcJhjcif; jzpfygonf? Todk@a&;om;&eft=uHtpnfudk (2001) ckESpf/ arvwGif qvdkAufuD;,m;EdkifiH&Sd/ OD;aqmif aqmif&Gufae=uaomtzGJ@rsm;ESifh vkyfief;qdkif&m awG@qHkaqG;aEG;yGJ wpfckrS ay:xGufvmcJhjcif;jzpf+yD;/ xdkvaemufydkif;wGif/ 0gaqmòr@wGifusif;yaom (OSCE/ODIHR) uGefz&ifhwGif jynfwGif; a&G;aumufyGJrsm; apmifh=unfhavhvmaeol tzGJ@tpnf;aygif; (25) cku wufa&mufI xyfrHjznfhpGuf ðypkcJh=ujcif; jzpfygonf? 'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m&Hk; (ODIHR) taejzifh/ a&G;aumufyGJrsm;ðyjyif ajymif;vJa&; tjynfjynfqdkif&m 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;tzGJ@ (Electoral Reform International Services) . tr_aqmif'g&dkufwm qdkifrGef atmhbGef; (Simon Osborn) udk/ (ODIHR) . a&G;aumufyGJqdkif&mXmeESifh TvufpGJ pmtkyfudk yl;aygif;a&;om;EdkifcJh=u onfhtay: aus;Zl;wif&Sda=umif; azmfjyvdkygonf? (ODIHR) taejzifh/ TpmtkyftwGuf a&;om;taxmuftul ðycJh=u onfh Mark Stevens, Paul O'Grady, Jessie Pilgrim, Peter Eicher wdk@udk tvm;wl aus;Zl; wif&Sdygonf? aemufqHk; taejzifh/ (OSCE) taejzifh/ Tpmtkyfjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf wavsmufvHk; tultnDay;cJhonfh/ EdkifiHwuma&;&mrsm;qdkif &m trsKd;om;'Drdku&uf wpftifpwDusL (National Democratic Institute for International Affairs) udk aus;Zl;wif&Sd a=umif; azmfjyvdkygonf? txl;ojzifh (NDI) . yHkESdyfxkwfa0r_rsm;xJrS ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk aumufE_wfazmfjycGifhay;onfh tay: txl;aus;Zl;wif&Sdygonf? (Holly Ruthrauff) . axmufyHhulnDr_udkvnf; txl;aus;Zl;wif&Sd&ygonf?

ed'gef;ed'gef;ed'gef;ed'gef; r=umao;rDESpfrsm;wGif/ a&G;aumufyGJrsm;ESifh jynfol@qENcH,lyGJrsm;udk apmifh =unfhavhvmonfhvkyfief;rsm; xGef;um; vmcJh+yD;/ ‚if;wdk@udk 'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;a&;ESifh vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;udk axmufcHyhHydk;ay;&ef/ ta&;}uD;onfh vkyfief; aqmifwmrsm;tjzpf aqmif&GufvmcJh=uygonf? a&G;aumufyGJrsm;onf 'Drdkua&pDpepftwGuf r&Sdrjzpfta&;yg+yD;/ jynfolvlxk rsm;u tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tay: ,Hk=unfudk;pm;r_&Sdjcif;ESifh a&G;aumufyGJrsm;ESifh oufqdkifaomvkyfief;pOfrsm;onfvnf; rnfodk@ aom'Drdkua&pD tpdk;&rqdk. tm%mtajccHtkwfjrpftjzpf xlaxmifay;&ef ta&;}uD;ygonf? EdkifiHwum. }uD;=uyfapmifh =unfhr_onf vltrsm;. tm&Hkpl;pdkufr_t&&SdqHk;jzpf+yD;/ ydkrdkvlodrsm; xif&Sm;aponfhtcsdefwGif/ jynfwGif;Y apmifh=unfhavhvm aeolrsm;. tcef;u¾ onfvnf; ydkIta&;ygvmcJhygonf? ,ae@umvwGif/ Oa&myvHkðcHa&;ESifh yl;aygif; aqmif&Gufa&; (OSCE) a'otwGif;Y jynfwGif;Ya&G;aumufyGJrsm;udk apmifh=unfh}uD; =uyfae=uaomtkyfpkrsm;/ odk@r[kwf !Gef@aygif;tzGJ@rsm; (25) ckcef@ &Sdae+yDjzpfygonf?

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jynfwGif;Y a&G;aumufyGJapmifh=unfh}uD;=uyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;onf/ vltcGifhta&;rsm;udk jr‡ifhwifay;a&;ESifh umuG,f ay;a&;twGuf wdkuf&dkuftaxmuftulðyaeygonf? xdkr#ru/ yGifhvif;jrifomaom/ vGwfvyfyGifhvif;onfh a&G;aumufyGJ vkyfief;pOf rsm;udk wnfqJOya'rsm;/ EdkifiHwumpHcsdefpHE_ef;rsm;ESifhtnD aqmif&Gufjcif;onf/ 'Drdkua&pDvlr_ todkif;t0dkif; wpfck . r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfaomtcsufvnf; jzpfygonf? EdkifiHa&;t& yg0ifaqmif&GufcGifhonf ta&;}uD;ygonf? ta=umif;rSm ‚if;tcGifhta&;onf/ tjcm;aomtajccHvl@tcGifhta&;rsm;jzpfonfh vGwfvyfpGmxkwfazmfajymqdkcGifh/ v_yf&Sm;cGifh/ pka0;cGifh/ pnf;&Hk;toif;tyif;zGJ@pnf;cGifhrsm;ESifh cGJjcm;r&Edkifatmif qufpyfaeaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? jynfwGif;&Sdtkyfpkrsm;u a&G;aumufyGJapmifh=unfhavhvmr_ðy=ujcif;jzifh/ Oya'csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk umuG,fwm;qD;ay;Edkif+yD;/ a&G;aumufyGJvkyfief;pOfrsm; tay:Y &dk;om;oef@&Sif;r_ESifh wnf=unfcdkifrmr_tay: vlxk.,Hk=unfr_udk wdk;wufapEdkifygonf? Ttcsufonfyif/ wzefjyef I jynfolvlxk. yl;aygif;yg0ifr_udkvnf; tm;ay;&m a&mufapjyefygonf? a&G;aumufyGJrsm;udk apmifh=unfh}uD;=uyfjcif;vkyfief;rsm;onf/ vGefcJhaom (10) ESpfumvrSpI ododomom zGH@òz; wdk;wufvmcJhygonf? ,cktcsdefwGif todtrSwfðy xm;aomtcsufrSm/ a&G;aumufyGJwpfck. ,Hk=unfudk;pm;&r_rSm a&G;aumufyGJusif;yonfhae@&ufwGifomru/ a&G;aumufyGJrusif;yrD/ usif;y+yD;umvrsm;wGif jzpfysufr_rsm;ESifhqufpyftusKH;0if aeonfudk azmfjyvm=uygonf? tvm;wlyif/ tjynfjynfqdkif&mrS avhvmolrsm;a&m/ jynfwGif;rS avhvmolrsm;yg/ ydkIpepf uszGJ@pnf;r_&Sdaom/ ydkIbufpHk axmifpHkapmifh=unfhEdkifaom a&G;aumufyGJapmifh=unfhavhvma&;csnf;uyfyHkrsm; csrSwfaqmif&Guf =u&ef vdktyfygonf? TvufpGJpmtkyfwGif jynfwGif;&Sda&G;aumufyGJapmifh =unfhavhvmol tkyfpkrsm; toHk;csEdkifonfh enf;em rsm;udk ðypkwifjyxm;jcif;jzpf+yD;/ ydkI jynfhpHkaom/ ydkIpepfusaom a&G;aumufyGJapmifh=unfhavhvmcsOf;uyfr_rsm; jzpfap&ef yHhydk; ay;Edkifvdrfhrnf jzpfygonf? azmfjyxm;aomenf;vrf;rsm;rSm Ttwdkif;twdtusaqmif&Guf&rnf[k rqdkvdkouJhodk@/ txl;oD;oef@jzpfaom enf;emrsm;vnf; r[kwfyg? Tenf;rsm;rSm jynfwGif;Y a&G;aumufyGJapmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;twGuf vkyfief;oHk; u&d,m wpfck tjzpftoHk;ðyEdkif&efom &nf&G,fygonf? rdrdwdk@.&nf&G,fcsufrSm twdtusvdkufem aqmif&Guf&rnfh tao;pdwfenf; emrsm;csrSwfay;&ef r[kwfbJ/ vGefcJhaomq,fpkESpf twGif;/ EdkifiHwumESifh jynfwGif;&Sd a&G;aumufyGJapmifh=unfh avhvma&; tzGJ@rsm;u zGH@òz;ap&ef jznfhqnf;vmcJh=u+yD;/ xda&mufpGmaqmif&GufEdkifcJhaom/ enf;emrsm;udk azmfjyay;&efom jzpfygonf? TtwGufa=umifh TvufpGJpmtkyfudk a&G;aumufyGJrsm;apmifh=unfh avhvma&;wGif yg0ifywfoufaeonfh EdkifiHwumtzGJ@ tpnf;rsm;uvnf; toHk;ðyEdkif+yD;/ tvm;wlyif a&G;aumufyGJrsm; apmifh=unfhavhvmr_wGif wef;wlta&;ygonfh EdkifiHa&;ygwD rsm;ESifh udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk apmifh=unfhavhvmae=uolrsm;uvnf; toHk; ðyEdkif=uygonf? a&G;aumufyGJrsm;udk apmifh=unfh avhvmonfhenf;vrf;rsm; zGH@òz;wdk; wufvmonfESifhtr#/ a&G;aumufyGJrsm;udk apmifh=unfh}uD;=uyf&ef csOf;uyfyHkrsm;vnf;/ wdk;wufvm=uygonf? ar#mfvifh&onfrSm/ a&G;aumufyGJrsm; apmifh=unfhavhvmr_rsm; tawG@tñuHrsm;jym; ºu,f0vmonf ESifhtr#/ avhvmod&SdcJh&aom oifcef;pmrsm;udk EdkifiHwumESifh jynfwGif;&Sdavhvmolrsm;xHrS/ (OSCE) a'owGif;ESifh a'ojyify rS v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufae=uolrsm;xHrS ydkIzvS,fa0iSEdkif=uvdrfhrnf jzpfygonf? TvufpGJpmtkyfudk (OSCE) a'owGif;&Sd jynfwGif;Y a&G;aumufyGJapmifh =unfhavhvm=uonfh tkyfpk (20) ausmf. yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_jzifh ðypkEdkifcJhjcif; jzpfygonf? xdk@tjyif urBm.tjcm;aomae&mrsm;rS jynfwGif;Y a&G;aumufyGJapmihf=unfh avhvm=uonfhtkyfpkrsm;. tawG@tñuHrsm;udkvnf; xif[yfazmfjyxm;ygonf? xdk@tjyif TvufpGJpmtkyfonf/ (OSCE) . 'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m&Hk; (ODIHR) ESifh/ a&G;aumufyGJapmifh=unfhavhvma&;udpPrsm;wGif aqmif &GufcJh=uaom EdkifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. tawG@tñuHrsm;udkvnf;/ xkwf,loHk;oyfazmfjyxm;ygonf? txl;ojzifh/ EdkifiH wuma&;&mudpPrsm; aqmif&Gufaom trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pD tifpwDusL (NDI) ESifh a&G;aumufyGJrsm; ðyjyifajymif;vJa&; qdkif&m EdkifiHwum0efaqmifr_tzGJ@ (ERIS) wdk@jzpf+yD;/ TvufpGJpmtkyfwGif (OSCE/ODIHR) ESifh (NDI) wdk@. yHkESdyfxkwf a0r_rsm;rS tcsufrsm;vnf; yg0ifygonf? xdk@tjyif jynfwGif;Ya&G; aumufyGJavhvmapmifh=unfh=uonfh tkyfpkrsm;twGuf toHk;0ifEdkifonfhvrf;!$ef pmtkyfwpfckrSm (NDI) rS xkwfa0aom/ “jynfwGif;&Sd tzGJ@rsm;u a&G;aumufyGJrsm;udk rnfuJhodk@

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apmifh=unfh}uD;=uyf=urnfenf;? u-t vrf;!$ef” ("How Domestic Organizations Monitor Elections: An A-Z

Guide") jzpf+yD;/ TpmtkyfESifhyl;wGJI toHk;ðyEdkifygonf?

11

12

1? a&G;aumufyGJ tuJjzwfjcif;? 1? a&G;aumufyGJ tuJjzwfjcif;? 1? a&G;aumufyGJ tuJjzwfjcif;? 1? a&G;aumufyGJ tuJjzwfjcif;? u? a&G;aumufyGJESifh vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;qdkif&m EdkifiHwumpHE_ef;rsm; c? a&G;aumufyGJrsm; tuJjzwfjcif;wGif EdkifiHwumpHcsdefpHE_ef;rsm;udk toHk;ðyjcif; *? a&G;aumufyGJrsm;udk tuJjzwfjcif;wGif/ jynfwGif; pHcsdefpHE_ef;rsm;udk toHk;ðyjcif; C? ,cifu usif;ycJhaom a&G;aumufyGJESihf Ed_if;,SOfjcif;?

u? a&G;aumufyGJESifh vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;qdkif&m EdkifiHwumpHE_ef;rsm;1 yGifhvif;jrifomonfh/ vGwfvyfonfh a&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif aygif;pnf;yg0ifaeonfh tcef;u¾wpfckrSm/ tajccHusonfh/ vlwdkif; &&Sdap&rnfh tcGifhta&;jzpfaom/ 'Drdkua&pDusonfh vltrsm;yg0ifaqmif&GufEdkifcGifh&Sdonfh tpdk;&wpfck&&SdydkifcGifhESifh/ EdkifiHa&; qdkif&mtcGifhta&;rsm;udk av;pm;jcif;wdk@ jzpfygonf? Ttcsufrsm;udk EdkifiHwumrSwfwrf;trsm;tjym;wGif tav;ay;azmfjy xm;=u+yD;/ ‚if;wdk@rSm (OSCE) tzGJ@twGif; yg0ifaqmif&Gufae=uonfhEdkifiHrsm;u csrSwfusifhoHk;ae=uaomtcsufrsm;jzpfyg onf? txif&Sm;qHk;tcsufrSm tjynfjynfqdkif&mvl@tcGifhta&;a=ujimpmwrf;2. tydk'f (21) jzpfygonf? TtcsufwGifazmfjy xm;onfrSm- tjynfjynfqdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&;a=ujimpmwrf;/ tydk'f (21) 1? vlwdkif;onf/ ‚if;wdk@EdkifiH. tpdk;&qdkif&mvkyfief;rsm;wGif wdkuf&dkufjzpfap/ vGwfvyfpGma&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufxm;aom udk,f pm;vS,frsm;rS wqifhjzpfap/ yg0ifaqmif&Guf&ef tcGifhta&;&Sdonf? 2? vlwdkif;onf/ ‚if;wdk@EdkifiH. trsm;jynfolqdkif&m0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;udk nDr#pGm &,lcHpm;ydkifcGifh &Sdap&rnf?

1 (OSCE) a'otwGif;&Sd 'Drdkua&pDa&G;aumufyGJrsm;ESifhywfoufI EdkifiHwumpHE_ef;owfrSwfcsufrsm;udk ydkrdkjynfhpHkpGm tuJjzwfcsufrsm;udk od&Sdvdkyg u (Existing Commitment for Democratic Elections in OSCE Participating States: A Progress Report) tpD&ifcHpmudk =unfhyg? TtpD&ifcHpmESifh tjcm; toHk;0ifEdkifrnfh rSwfwrf;rsm;udk (OSCE/ODIHR) . tifwmeufpmrsufESm (http://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/standards.) wGif=unfh&_ Edkifygonf? 2 tjynfjynfqdkif&mvl@tcGifhta&;a=ujimpmwrf; (Universal Decleration of Human Rights) / EdkifiHom;tcGifhta&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m tjynf jynfqdkif&moabmwlnDcsuf (International Convenant on Civil and Political Rights) ESifh tjcm;aom ukvor*~.vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&mpHE_ef; rsm;udk urBmhukvor*~/ vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m r[mrif;}uD;&Hk;. tifwmeufpmrsufESm (http://www.unhchr.ch) wGif &&SdEdkifygonf?

� a&G;aumufyGJwpfckudk ‚if;EdkifiH.xm;&Sdaom EdkifiHwum uwdu0wfðycsufrsm;ESifh EdkifiH.Oya'a=umif;qdkif&m pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm;t& tuJjzwfjcif;?

� (1990) ckESpf/ “udkaya[*if rSwfwrf;” (Copenhagen Document) wGif yg0ifaom/ jynfwGif;a&G;aumufyGJrsm; qdkif&m (OSCE) .uwdu0wfðycsufudk txl;tav;xm;jcif;?

� rlvu usif;ycJhaoma&G;aumufyGJrsm;ESifh Ed_if;,SOfI a&G;aumufyGJtajctaewdk;wufr_ tedrfhtjrifhudk xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;jcif;?

13

3? jynfolrsm;. qENonf/ tpdk;& tm%mydkifpdk;r_. tajccHtkwfjrpfjzpfap&rnf? TqENrsm;udk yHkrSeftcsdeftydkif;tjcm;tvdkuf usif;yaom/ ppfrSefaoma&G;aumufyGJrsm;jzifh azmfjy&rnfjzpf+yD;/ Ta&G;aumufyGJrsm;udk vlwdkif;rcGJjcm;rJay;cGifh&SdI/ v#Kd@0SufrJ ay;pepfjzifh jzpfap/ odk@r[kwf tvm;wlnDr#aom vGwfvyfonfhrJqENay;Edkifonfh vkyfief;pOfrsm;jzifh usif;yay;&rnf? tjynfjynfqdkif&mvl@tcGifhta&;a=ujimpmwrf;onf/ aemufqufwGJjzpfay:vmrnfh vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&mpHxm;owfrSwfcsuf rsm;ESifh uwdu0wfrsm;. tajccHtkwfjrpfjzpf+yD;/ TtcGifhta&;rsm;wGif ukvor*~ EdkifiHom;tcGifhta&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tcGifh ta&;rsm;qdkif&m EdkifiHwumoabmwlnDcsuf 3/ Oa&myaumifpD. vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh tajccHvGwfvyfcGifhrsm; umuG,f apmihfa&Smufay;a&;qdkif&m Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;. oabmwlnDcsuf4 ESifh (1990) ckESpfwGif udkaya[*ifòr@Y usif;yaom Oa&my vHkðcHa&;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;twGuf nDvmcH5 wGif uwdu0wfðycsufrsm;vnf;yg0ifygonf? Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;. uwd u0wfðycsufrsm;udk aemufydkif;wGif udkaya[*ifrSwfwrf;rsm;[k vlodrsm;=uygonf?6 Tta&;ygaomrSwfwrf;rsm;u EdkifiHrsm; wGif EdkifiHom;rsm;u tpdk;&.vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;wGif yg0ifaqmif&GufEdkifcGifh tcGifhta&;twGuf/ a&G;aumufyGJrsm;. tcef; u¾udk tav;ay;azmfjyxm;ygonf? Oa&myvHkðcHa&;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;tzGJ@ (OSCE) .rSwfwrf;rsm;wGif EdkifiHrsm;vdkufem&rnfhtcsufrsm;udk tESpfcsKyf azmfjy&v#if-

� oifhavsmfaom umvtydkif;tjcm;wGif vGwfvyfaoma&G;aumufyGJrsm; usif;y&ef/

� tenf;qHk; Oya'ðyv$wfawmfwpfckwGif/ ae&mtm;vHk;udk vlxktrsm;pk.rJjzifh a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufcGifhðy&ef/

� vlwdkif;rJay;Edkifaom/ wef;wlnDr#aom tcGifhta&;&&Sdap&ef tmrcHcsufay;&ef/ � rJqENay;r_rsm;udk v#Kd@0Sufpepfjzifhaqmif&GufI/ ‚if;wdk@udk &dk;om;jzLpifpGmjzifh a&wGuf/ tpD&ifcHwifjy&ef/ &v'fudk jynfoltrsm; od&Sdap&ef a=ujimay;&ef/

� EdkifiHom;rsm;. tpdk;&ae&mXmersm;wGif a&G;cs,fcHydkifcGifhudk av;pm;vdkufem&ef/

� EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;wnfaxmifcGifhudk av;pm;vdkufem&ef/ xdk@tjyif ‚if;ygwDrsm;udk Oya'a&S@arSmufwGif wef;wlcHpm;cGifh &Sdaom tcGifhta&;/ tm%mydkifrsm;u wef;wlqufqHaom tcGifhta&;jzifh ,SOfòyifcGifh&Sdap&ef/

� vGwfvyfI r#wavsmfuefaom0ef;usifwGif/ EdkifiHa&;pnf;&Hk;r_rsm; aqmif&GufcGifh&Sdap&ef/ tm%mydkifrsm;. ta&;,l aqmif&Gufr_rsm;/ t=urf;zufr_rsm;/ +cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;/ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tay:/ EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;tay:/ rJay;ol jynf olrsm;tay: vufpm;acscH&rnfudk a=umuf&GH@ae&jcif;rsm; r&SdapyJ aqmif&GufEdkifap&ef/

� cGJjcm;qufqHr_uif;aomtaetxm;jzifh owif;rD'D,mrsm;udk uef@owfwm;qD;r_ r&SdapbJ toHk;ðycGifh&&ef/

� vdktyfaomrJta&twGuf tEdkif&aom udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk tpdk;&Xmersm;wGif tyfESif;&ef/ ponfhtcsufrsm; yg0if ygonf?

vlwpfOD;. tcGifhta&;rsm;udk umuG,fay;a&;twGuf/ Oya'a=umif;t& epfemr_rsm;udk jyefvnfukpm;ay;aomvkyfxHk;rsm;udk tjynfjynfqdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&;a=ujimpmwrf;wGif azmfjyxm;ygonf? (tydk'f 8/ 10 ESifh 11)? EdkifiHom;rsm;tcGifhta&;ESifh

3 (UN International Convenant on Civil and Political Rights) ICCPR .tydk'f (25) wGif/ EdkifiHom;wdkif;udk/ cGJjcm;uef@owfr_ r&Sdap&bJ/ rJay; cGifh tcGifhta&;ESifh tcGifhvrf;&Sdap&rnfjzpf+yD;/ a&G;cs,fcHydkifcGifhvnf; &Sdap&rnf[k azmfjyxm;onf? 4 Council of Europe's European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR) 5 CSCE aemufydkif;wGif OSCE tjzpf ajymif;zGJ@onf/ 6 Oa&myaumifpD. vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m oabmwlnDcsufrsm;ESifh pHxm;owfrSwfcsufrsm;udk aumifpD.tifwmeufpmrsufESmwGif &&SdEdkifygonf? (www.coe.int) Oa&my vHkðcHa&;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;qdkif&mtzGJ@. rSwfwrf;rsm;udk tdktufpfpDtD;. tifwmeufpmrsufESmwGif &&SdEdkifygonf? (www.osce.org)

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EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;qdkif&m EdkifiHwumoabmwlnDcsuf (tydk'f 2/ (3)/ tydk'f 9 ESifh tydk'f 140 wdk@wGif) aomfvnf; aumif;/ Oa&myaumifpD. vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh tajccHvGwfvyfcGifhrsm; umuG,f apmihfa&Smufay;a&;qdkif&m Oa&myEdkifiHrsm; . oabmwlnDcsuf (tydk'f 6/ 7 rS 13 txd) wGifvnf;aumif;/ udkaya[*ifrSwfwrf;. tydk'f (5) wGifvnf;aumif; T tcsufrsm;udk azmfjyxm;ygonf? EdkifiHtrsm;tjym;onf trsKd;orD;rsm;taejzifh tpdk;&ESifh jynfoltrsm;.vkyfief;rsm;wGif yg0ifaqmif&GufEdkifa&;udk ydkrdkwdk;wuf I pdwf0ifpm;r_&Sdvma=umif; azmfjyvm=uygonf? tjynfjynfqdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&;a=ujimpmwrf;ESifh tjcm;aomEdkifiHwum pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;/ (OSCE) . uwdu0wfðycsufrsm;wGif aocsm&Sif;vif;pGmazmfjyxm;onfrSm/ vlwdkif;onf EdkifiHa&;yg0if aqmif&GufcGifh tygt0if vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;udk cHpmEdkifcGifh&Sd+yD;/ vdiftygt0if tjcm;aomta=umif;jycsufrsm;jzifh cGJjcm;qufqH cH&jcif; r&Sdap&[k azmfjyxm;ygonf? Tta=umif;udpPESifh ywfoufaom tao;pdwftcsufrsm;udk/ ukvor*~. trsKd;orD; rsm;udk cGJjcm;qufqHcH&jcif;rS yaysmufapa&;qdkif&m EdkifiHwumoabmwlnDcsuf 7 (CEDAW) ESifh (OSCE) . 1991 ckESpf/ vlom;&_axmifhqdkif&m armfpudkrSwfwrf;rsm;8 (tydk'f 40/ 40-4/ 40-8) wdk@wGif awG@Edkifygonf? vlenf;pkwdkif;&if;om;rsm; umuG,fapmifha&Smufay;a&;ESifh vlenf;pktkyfpktwGif; yg0ifaom vlom;wdkif;. wef;wlEdkifiHa&; &ydkifcGifhrsm;rSm/ EdkifiHwumvl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m Oya'rsm;wGif yg0ifazmfjyxm;+yD; jzpfygonf? ‚if;tcGifhta&;rsm;udk ydkrdkwdk; wuftodtrSwfðyvm=u+yD;/ ydkI aqmif&Gufajz&Sif;ay;vm=uygonf? Todk@aom tcGifhta&;rsm;udkazmfjyxm;onfh EdkifiH wumOya'rsm;wGif/ ukvor*~. vlrsKd;a&;t&cGJjcm;zdESdyfjcif;qdkif&mudpPrsm;udk tqHk;owfa&;EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsuf 9 (tydk'f-2)/ ukvor*~. wdkif;&if;om; odk@r[kwf vlrsKd;EG,fpkwpfck/ bmoma&;t&/ bmompum;t& vlenf;pkwGif yg0ifol rsm;. tcGifhta&;qdkif&m xkwfjyefa=ujimcsuf10 (tydk'f-15)/ ESifh (OSCE) . armfpudkrSwfwrf;rsm;wGif azmfjyxm;ygonf? TpH xm;owfrSwfcsufrsm;udk tao;pdwfydkI EdkifiH.vlenf;pkrsm;udk tpdk;&ESifh trsm;jynfolqdkif&mvkyfief;rsm;wGif ydkrdkxda&mufpGm yg0ifaqmif&GufEdkifa&;qdkif&m vGef;'ft=uHðycsufwGif azmfjyxm;ygonf?11 xl;jcm;aomtcsufrSm/ udkaya[*ifrSwfwrf;rsm;. tydk'f (8) t&/ (OSCE) a'owGif;Y EdkifiHwumESifh jynfwGif;&Sd a&G; aumufyGJapmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;. tcef;u¾udk usKd;a=umif;jzifh azmfjyxm;ygonf? “EdkifiHjcm;rSaomfvnf;aumif;/ jynf wGif;rSaomfvnf;aumif;/ apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm; &Sdaejcif;tm;jzifh/ a&G;aumufyGJ. ,Hk=unfudk;pm;&r_udk jrifhwufaponf” [k azmfjyxm;ygonf? tydk'f (10) wGif/ EdkifiHom;rsm;. toif;tzGJ@rsm;taejzifh/ “jynfwGif;Yaomfvnf;aumif;/ ‚if;wdk@EdkifiH. jynfy&Sdtvm;wltzGJ@rsm;ESifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ EdkifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ qufpyfcGifh/ qufoG,f owif;&,lcGifh&Sdap&rnf/” “EdkifiHwGif;ESifh EdkifiHwumrS &if;jrpfrsm;&&Sd&ef pnf;&Hk;jcif;/ vufcH&,ljcif;/ toHk;csEdkifjcif; &Sdap& rnf”[k azmfjyxm;onf? xdk@tjyif tydk'f (12) wGif/ yg0ifaqmif&Guf=uaomEdkifiHrsm;taejzifh/ “tpdk;&r[kwfaomtzGJ@

7 UN Convention for the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) 8 1991 Moscow Document on the Human dimension

9 UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination

10 UN Decleration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious or Linguistic Minorities

11 vGef;'ft=uHðycsufrsm;udk (1999) wGifrl=urf;a&;qGJcJh+yD;/ (OSCE) . wdkif;&if;om;vlenf;pkrsm;qdkif&m r[mrif;}uD;&Hk;u cef@tyfwm0efay;aom u|rf;usifolynm&Sifrsm;u ðypkcJh=ujcif; jzpfygonf? Tt=uHðycsuf a&;om;aqmif&GufcJhyHkudk atmufazmfjyygpmtkyfwGif awG@&SdEdkifygonf? The Origin

andf Nature of the Lund Recommendations on the Effective Participation of National Minorities in Public Life, Helsinki Monitor, Volume II, No. 4,

2000. 2001ckESpfwGif (ODIHR) u a&G;aumufyGJvkyfief;pOfrsm;wGif wdkif;&if;om;vlenf;pkrsm;udk yg0ifaqmif&GufEdkifa&;twGuf ulnDyHhydk;ay;a&;qdkif &m vrf;!$efcsufrsm; (Guidelines to Assit National Minority Participation in the Electoral Process) udk xkwfa0jzef@csdcJhygonf? ‚if;udk (www.osce.org/odihr/documents/guidelines/gl_nmpa_eng.pdf) tifwmeufpmrsufESm wGif &&SdEdkifygonf?

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tpnf; (tJef*sDtdk) rsm;. udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk wnf&Sdapjcif;/ w&m;&Hk;rsm;a&S@wGif &Sdapjcif;jzifh/ ,Hk=unfr_wnfaqmufaom vkyf&yfwpfcktjzpf owfrSwfvufcH&rnf”[k azmfjyxm;ygonf? qvdkAufEdkifiH&Sd jynfqvdkAufEdkifiH&Sd jynfqvdkAufEdkifiH&Sd jynfqvdkAufEdkifiH&Sd jynfwGif;a&G;aumufyGJapmifh=unfhavhvma&;tkyfpkwGif;a&G;aumufyGJapmifh=unfhavhvma&;tkyfpkwGif;a&G;aumufyGJapmifh=unfhavhvma&;tkyfpkwGif;a&G;aumufyGJapmifh=unfhavhvma&;tkyfpkwpfcku a&G;aumufyGJapmifh=unfhavhvmcGifh &&SdcJhjcif;?wpfcku a&G;aumufyGJapmifh=unfhavhvmcGifh &&SdcJhjcif;?wpfcku a&G;aumufyGJapmifh=unfhavhvmcGifh &&SdcJhjcif;?wpfcku a&G;aumufyGJapmifh=unfhavhvmcGifh &&SdcJhjcif;? (1998) ckESpfwGif/ qvdkAufEdkifiHom;rsm;u (jynfol@rsufvHk;) (Obcianske Oko) [k trnf&aom a&G;aumufyGJapmifh=unfh avhvma&;tkyfpkwpfpkudk zGJ@pnf;cJh+yD;/ xdkESpf pufwifbmvtwGif;usif;yaom ygvDrefv$wfawmfa&G;aumufyGJrsm;udk apmifh =unfhavhvmcJhygonf? odk@aomfvnf;/ EdkifiHwuma&G;aumufyGJapmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;ESifh Ed_if;,SOfygu/ EdkifiHwumrStzGJ@rsm; udk rJ&Hkrsm;twGif;odk@0ifa&mufcGifhay;+yD;/ tqifhtoD;oD;&Sd a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sif}uD;=uyfolrsm;ESifhvnf; awG@qHkcGifhay;xm;yg onf? odk@aomfvnf; jynfolrsufvHk;tzGJ@rS avhvmolrsm;udk a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifu TtcGifhta&;rsm;ay;&ef jiif;qdkcJhyg onf? jynfol@rsufvHk;tzGJ@u TqHk;jzwfcsufudk zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'ESifh nD-rnDppfaq;&ef zGJ@pnf;yHkqdkif&mcHk&Hk;odk@ awmif;qdkcJh+yD;/ EdkifiHom;rsm;taejzifh a&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif olwdk@.yg0ifaqmif&Guf&ef tcGifhta&;&SdyHkudk wifjycJhygonf? xl;jcm;ajymifajrmuf aomqHk;jzwfcsuftjzpf/ zGJ@pnf;yHkqdkif&mcHk&Hk;u TtzGJ@udktomay;cJh+yD;/ qvdkAm;uD;,m;EdkifiHwGif a&G;aumufyGJrsm;Y jynfol rsm; avhvmapmihf=unfh&eftcGifhta&;&SdyHkudk tav;teufxm;azmfjyay;cJhygonf? (c)? a&G;aumufyGJrsm;udk tuJjzwf&mwGif EdkifiHwumpHcsdefpHE_ef;rsm;udk toHk;(c)? a&G;aumufyGJrsm;udk tuJjzwf&mwGif EdkifiHwumpHcsdefpHE_ef;rsm;udk toHk;(c)? a&G;aumufyGJrsm;udk tuJjzwf&mwGif EdkifiHwumpHcsdefpHE_ef;rsm;udk toHk;(c)? a&G;aumufyGJrsm;udk tuJjzwf&mwGif EdkifiHwumpHcsdefpHE_ef;rsm;udk toHk;ðyðyðyðyjcif;?jcif;?jcif;?jcif;? EdkifiHwumrS todtrSwfðyvufcHxm;aom pHcsdefpHE_ef;rsm;ESifh/ a&G;aumufyGJwpfck rnfr#vdkufemudkufnDr_&Sdonf qdkonfrSm/ EdkifiHwumESifh jynfwGif;&Sda&G;aumufyGJrsm;udk avhvmapmifh=unfhtuJjzwfolrsm; wdkif;wmEdkifaom pH/ aywH owfrSwfcsufjzpf ygonf? EdkifiHwumpHowfrSwfcsufrsm;onf/ ‚if;wdk@.oabmobm0t& ydkIa,bk,soabmqef+yD;/ EdkifiHtrsm;u vdkufem taumiftxnfazmfEdkifatmif us,fjyef@aomrlrsm;csrSwfxm;jcif; jzpfygonf? jynfwGif;&Sd a&G;aumufyGJrsm;udkavhvmapmifh =unfhonfh tkyfpkrsm;taejzifh/ Ta,bk,stajccHrlrsm;ESifh wdkuf=unfhtoHk;ðy&mY tao;pdwfusaomjy\emrsm;ñuHawG@& Edkifygonf? odk@aomfvnf;/ tajccHOya'ot&/ EdkifiHwumpHcsdefpHE_ef;rsm;onf jynfwGif;&Sda&G;aumufyGJapmifh=unhfavhvma&; tkyfpkwpfcktoHk;ðy&eftwGuf &Sif;vif;jynfhpHkr_&Sd+yD;/ olwdk@udkifwG,faqmif&Guf&rnfh udpPrsm;ESifh tenf;i,ftcuftcJ&SdEdkifyg onf? odk@aomfvnf;/ tcsKd@aomjzpf&yfrsm;wGif/ jzpfay:aeaom tajctaeonf wdus&Sif;vif;r_ r&SdbJ/ Todk@aomtajctae rsm;wGif EdkifiHwumpHcsdefpHE_ef;rsm;ESifh owdxm;cGJjcm;I tuJjzwf&rnf jzpfygonf? EdkifiHwumpHE_ef;rsm;rSm EdkifiHwdkif;u vdkufemaqmif&GufEdkif&eftwGufjzpf+yD;/ aumif;rGefaom usifhxHk;rsm;jzpfygonf? Tonfrsm;rSm vdkvm;qEN&SdaomudpPrsm;jzpf aomfvnf;/ twdtus rjzpfraevkyfaqmif&rnf[k rqdkvdkyg? atmufwGifazmfjyxm;aom pmydk'fonf/ jynfwGif;&Sd a&G;aumufyGJapmifh=unfhavhvma&;tkyfpkrsm; od&Sdvdkaom/ EdkifiHwum pHcsdefpHE_ef;tcsKd@ESifh ywfoufI/ tcsKd@aomjy\emrsm;udk tusOf;csHK;azmfjyxm;jcif;jzpf+yD;/ (OSCE) tzGJ@0ifEdkifiHrsm;uvnf; vufcHxm;=uygonf? Ttcsufrsm;rSm tcsdefyHkrSef a&G;aumufyGJusif;yjcif;/ ppfrSefaom a&G;aumufyGJrsm;/ vGwfvyfaom a&G; aumufyGJrsm;/ r#wr_&Sdaom a&G;aumufyGJrsm;/ vlwdkif;rJay; a&G;cs,fcHydkifcGifhESifh v#Kd@0SufrJay;pepfjzifh rJay;apjcif;wdk@ jzpfygonf? EdkifiHwdkif;. tpdk;&rsm;onf/ Todk@uwdu0wfðyxm;aom tcsufrsm;udk aocsmpGmvdkufemusifhoHk;&ef t"dutm;jzifh/ wm0ef &Sdygonf?

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tcsdefrSefusif;yaom a&G;atcsdefrSefusif;yaom a&G;atcsdefrSefusif;yaom a&G;atcsdefrSefusif;yaom a&G;aumufyGJrsm;umufyGJrsm;umufyGJrsm;umufyGJrsm; qdkonfrSm/ a&G;aumufyGJrsm;udk tcsdefyHkrSefusif;yay;jcif;jzpf+yD;/ Oya't&vnf; T tcsufudk jyXmef;xm;ygonf? a&G;aumufyGJwpfckESifh wpfck=um;umvonf/ rqDavsmf&avmufatmif =um&Snfaejcif; rjzpf oifhyg? 7-ESpfqdkonfrSm EdkifiH. t"duOD;aqmifoltwGuf a&G;cs,f&efusif;yaom a&G;aumufyGJrsm;t=um; =um&ef trsm;qHk; tcsdeftwdkif;twmjzpfoihf+yD;/ 5-ESpfwmumvqdkonfrSm atmufv$wfawmf/ ygvDrmefa&G;aumufyGJrsm;twGuf t=umoifhqHk; tcsdefjzpfygonf? tpdk;&.tkyfcsKyfa&;Xmersm;twGuf t&m&Sdrsm;udk a&G;aumuf&mwGif/ &moufyefa&G;aumufxm;jcif;rsKd; rjzpfapoifhyg? ppfrSefaoma&G;aumufyGJppfrSefaoma&G;aumufyGJppfrSefaoma&G;aumufyGJppfrSefaoma&G;aumufyGJ[k qdkjcif;rSm/ t"dutm;jzifh rJqEN&Sifrsm;. trSefwu,fa&G;cs,fr_jzpfapoifh+yD;/ jynfolrsm;. tpdk;& ajymif;vJcGifh tcGifhta&;udk xif[yfap&ygrnf? tu,fI tm;xm;EdkifaomtwdkuftcHudk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm; r&Sdygu/ EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;. zGJ@pnf;r_rsm;/ odk@r[kwf v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;/ udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;tay: usKd;a=umif;rqDavsmf aom uef@owfcsKyfcs,fr_rsm; csrSwfxm;ygu/ odk@r[kwf rJqEN&Sifrsm;taejzifh jyefvnfta&G;cs,fcHrnfh vuf&Sdtm%mydkifudk usKd;a=umif;qDavsmfpGm rJay;ðzwfcsEdkif&ef tvm;tvmr&Sdygu/ xdka&G;aumufyGJrsm;. tppftrSefjzpfr_udk ar;cGef;xkwfp&mjzpf vmaprnf jzpfonf? vGwfvyfaoma&G;aumufyGJrsm;vGwfvyfaoma&G;aumufyGJrsm;vGwfvyfaoma&G;aumufyGJrsm;vGwfvyfaoma&G;aumufyGJrsm; qdkonfrSm/ a&G;aumufyGJrwdkifrDumv/ a&G;aumufyGJtwGif;ESifh +yD;qHk;aomumvrsm;wGif/ vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh tajccHvGwfvyfcGifhrsm;udk apmifha&Smufvdkufem xdef;odrf;&efyif jzpfygonf? EdkifiHom;tm;vHk;/ EdkifiHa&; ygwDtm;vHk;/ udk,fpm;vS,favmif;tm;vHk;onf vGwfvyfpGmazmfjyajymqdkcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGm pka0;cGifh/ pk&Hk;cGifh/ v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; aqmif&GufydkifcGifh &&SdcHpm;Edkif&rnf jzpfonf? a&G;aumufyGJvkyfief;pOfrsm;onfvnf; +cdrf;ajcmufr_/ t=urf;zufr_/ tkyfcsKyfa&; tm%mt& ta&;,lcH&r_/ odk@r[kwf vufpm;acswkH@jyefcH&rnfh a=umuf&GH@r_rsm;rS uif;vGwfcGifh&Sd&ygrnf? owif;rD'D,mrsm; onfvnf; a&G;aumufyGJESifhywfoufI vGwfvyfpGmazmfjycGifh&Sd&rnf jzpf+yD;/ vlxktajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onfvnf;/ a&G; aumufyGJESifhywfoufaom v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;wGif vGwfvyfpGm aqmif&GufEdkifcGifh &Sd&ayrnf? Oyrmtm;jzifh- jynfwGif;&Sd a&G;aumufyGJapmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;onf/ rJay;r_/ rJa&wGufr_rsm;udk vGwfvyfpGmapmihf=unfhEdkifcGifh&Sd&rnf jzpf+yD;/ &v'frsm; pm&if;azmfjyr_onf jrifomap&rnfjzpf+yD;/ a&G;aumufyGJqdkif&m aumfr&Siftqifhtm;vHk;wGifvnf; jyefvnfppfaq;twnfðy EdkifcGifh &Sd&rnfjzpfonf? rJ&HktqifhrSonf/ =um;tqifh a&G;aumufyGJ tm%mydkifrsm;ESifh aemufqHk; A[dka&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sif txdyg qufoG,fppfaq; twnfðycGifh &&Sdap&rnf jzpfonf? r#waom a&G;aumufyGJrsm;r#waom a&G;aumufyGJrsm;r#waom a&G;aumufyGJrsm;r#waom a&G;aumufyGJrsm; taejzifh/ ,SOfòyif=uolrsm;. òyifyGJuGif;udk wajy;nDjzpfap&ef vdktyf+yD;/ Oya't&aomfvnf; aumif;/ tm%mydkifrsm;. qufqHa&;t&aomfvnf;aumif; wajy;nD&&SdcHpm;Edkif&ef jzpfygonf? Oya'ydkif;qdkif&mtaejzifh/ cGJjcm;qufqHr_r&Sdap&yJ/ r#wpGm taumiftxnfazmfoifhygonf? udk,fpm;vS,favmif;tjzpf 0ifa&mufta&G;cHvdkolrsm;onf vnf; ‚if;wdk@.qENtwdkif; aqmif&GufEdkifcGifh &Sdap&ygrnf? trsm;jynfolydkif t&if;tjrpfrsm;udkvnf; wpfzufapmif;eif;toHk;cs cGifh r&Sdap&yg? jynfoltrsm;. owif;rD'D,mXmersm;onfvnf;/ wef;wl&nfwl qufqH&ygrnf? a&G;aumufyGJOD;aqmifusif;y ay;rnfh tm%mydkifrsm;onfvnf;/ bufvdkufr_r&SdbJ aqmif&Guf=u&ygrnf? rJay;jcif;/ rJa&wGufjcif;/ rJpm&if;a&;oGif;jcif;udpP rsm;wGifvnf; vdrfvnfr_uif;pGm aqmif&Guf&ygrnf? vdktyfaomrJta&twGuf&&Sdonfh udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udkvnf;/ tkyfcsKyf a&;tm%m tyfESif;ay;&ygrnf? udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh rJqEN&Sifrsm;onf rauseyfzG,fudpPrsm;/ apm'ur_rsm;&Sdvmygu/ Oya' a=umif;t& ajz&Sif;EdkifcGifh&Sd&ef vdktyf+yD;/ vGwfvyfaom w&m;pD&ifa&;pepft&vnf; qHk;jzwfcH,lydkifcGifh &Sd&ygrnf? Oya'csKd; azmufr_rsm;twGuf wm0ef&Sdolrsm;udkvnf;/ ‚if;wdk@.tjypftwdkif; ta&;,lydkifcGifh &Sd&ef vdktyfygonf?

17

vlwdkif; rJay;a&G;cs,fydkifcGifhvlwdkif; rJay;a&G;cs,fydkifcGifhvlwdkif; rJay;a&G;cs,fydkifcGifhvlwdkif; rJay;a&G;cs,fydkifcGifh[k qdkonfrSm/ toufjynfhrDaomEdkifiHom;tm;vHk;onf cGJjcm;uef@owfjcif;r&SdbJ/ rJay;ydkifcGifh&Sdap &rnf jzpfygonf? xdk@tjyif xda&mufaom/ bufvdkufr_uif;aom rJqEN&Sif rSwfyHkwifjcif;pepf&Sd&ef vdktyf+yD;/ rJay;jcif;twGuf tcGef aumufcHcGifh r&Sdyg? roefpGrf;olrsm;ESifh jynfwGif;ae&ma&$@ajymif;ae=u&aom 'kuQonfrsm;tygt0if/ rJqEN&Siftm;vHk; rJ &Hkrsm;odk@ oGm;a&mufrJay;ydkifcGifhESifh a&G;aumufyGJ.tjcm;aomvkyfief;pOfrsm;odk@ yg0ifaqmif&GufcGifh &Sd&ygrnf? wdkif;&if;om;vl enf;pktkyfpkrsm;wGif yg0ifaom jynfolrsm;udkaomfvnf;aumif;/ trsKd;orD;rsm;udkaomfvnf;aumif;/ tjcm;tkyfpkrsm;udkaomf vnf;aumif; uef@owfcsKyfcs,fcGifhrsm; r&Sdoifhyg? vlwdkif;rJay; a&G;cs,fydkifcGifhqdkonfrSm/ qENrJjym;wdkif;onf wlnDaomwefzdk;&Sd &ygrnf? tcsKd;tpm;tvdkuf udk,fpm;ðycGifh&Sdaom pepf12 wGif/ c&dkif a'owdkif;. udk,fpm;vS,fta&twGufonf rJqENe,f. twdkif;twmudk vdkufI/ tcsKd;tvdkuf jzpfap&ygrnf? xdk@tjyif rJqEN&Siftrsm;pk.qENudk ypfy,fonfhES,fjzpfapavmufaom/ udk,fpm;vS,ftwGuf rJa&wGufaomtedrfhqHk;pHrsOf;onf/ usKd;a=umif;rqDavsmfavmufatmif jrifhrm;pGmowfrSwfxm;jcif; rðyoifhyg? vlrsm;pkrJt& tEdkifqHk;jzwfaompepf13 wGif/ vlOD;a&tvdkuf/ odk@r[kwf rJvmay;aomrJqEN&Sifrsm;. ta&twGuf tvdkuf/ owfrSwfaom rJqENe,frsm;onfvnf;/ a,bk,stm;jzifh nDr#pGm &Sdoifhygonf? (10) &mcdkifE_ef;xufausmfvGefI uGJ vGJr_jzpfaeygu/ pdk;&drfylyefp&m ta=umif;&Sdygonf? v#Kd@0SufrJay;pepfjzifh rJay;apjcif;v#Kd@0SufrJay;pepfjzifh rJay;apjcif;v#Kd@0SufrJay;pepfjzifh rJay;apjcif;v#Kd@0SufrJay;pepfjzifh rJay;apjcif; qdkonfrSm/ rJqEN&Sifrsm;u ‚if;wdk@.rJjym;rsm;udk wpfOD;wnf;oD;oef@a&;jcpfEdkifcGifh&Sd&rnf jzpf+yD;/ vHkðcHaom/ yk*~vdu vGwfvyfcGifh&SdaomrJ&HktwGif;/ trSwftom;ðyxm;aom rJjym;udk rJyHk;xJodk@ rxnfhcif=unfhcGifh&Sd aom/ aemufydkif;wGif ‚if;rJjym;ESifh rJay;oludk cGJjcm;azmfxkwfEdkifonfhtaetxm; r&Sdaom tajctaejzpf&ygrnf? tkyfpkvdkuf rJay;apjcif;/ eD;pyfr_t& rJay;apjcif;/ rJ&HkjyifyY rJay;apjcif;rsm; r&Sdap&yg? Ttcsufrsm;onf v#Kd@0SufrJay;pepfjzifh rJay;pepf udk xdcdkufapygonf? (*) a&G;aumufyGJrsm;udk tuJjzwf&mwGif jynfwGif;pHcsdefpHE_ef;rsm;udk toHk;(*) a&G;aumufyGJrsm;udk tuJjzwf&mwGif jynfwGif;pHcsdefpHE_ef;rsm;udk toHk;(*) a&G;aumufyGJrsm;udk tuJjzwf&mwGif jynfwGif;pHcsdefpHE_ef;rsm;udk toHk;(*) a&G;aumufyGJrsm;udk tuJjzwf&mwGif jynfwGif;pHcsdefpHE_ef;rsm;udk toHk;ðyðyðyðyjcif;?jcif;?jcif;?jcif;? a&G;aumufyGJrsm;udk EdkifiHwumpHcsdefpHE_ef;rsm;ESifh nD-rnD tuJjzwfjcif;tygt0if/ jynfwGif;&Sd a&G;aumufyGJapmifh=unfhaeol rsm;taejzifh/ aqmif&GufEdkifaomudpPrSm/ ‚if;EdkifiHtwGif;jyXmef;xm;aom zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'/ jynfwGif;&Sd jyXmef; xm;aom Oya'rsm;ESifh nD-rnDudkvnf; tuJjzwfEdkifygonf? xdkOya'rsm;. tm%mydkifcGifhudk tuJjzwf&efrSm zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyf yHk tajccHOya'yg rlrsm;twdkif;/ vdkufemr_ &Sd-r&Sdjzifh wdkif;xGmEdkifygonf? tvm;wlyif/ tkyfcsKyfa&;qdkif&m pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk vnf;/ oufqdkif&mOya'rsm;ESifh wdkufqdkifI udkufnDr_&Sd-r&Sd ppfaq;Edkifygonf? twdkcsKyfazmfjy&v#if/ EdkifiHwpfck. Oya'rsm;ESifh zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'wdk@rSm EdkifiHwumwGif xdkEdkifiH.uwdu0wfðyxm;csuf rsm;ESifh avsmfnDpGm jzpfoifh+yD;/ jynfwGif;&Sd a&G;aumufyGJapmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;taejzifh/ a&G;aumufyGJudk EdkifiHwumOya' jyXmef;csufrsm;ESihfa&m/ uwdu0wfðyxm;csufrsm;/ ESifh jynfwGif;&SdOya'rsm;ESifhyg wdkufqdkifppfaq;tuJjzwfoifhygonf?14 (C) ,cifu usif;ycJhaom a&G;aumufyGJESihf Ed_if;,SOfjcif;? (C) ,cifu usif;ycJhaom a&G;aumufyGJESihf Ed_if;,SOfjcif;? (C) ,cifu usif;ycJhaom a&G;aumufyGJESihf Ed_if;,SOfjcif;? (C) ,cifu usif;ycJhaom a&G;aumufyGJESihf Ed_if;,SOfjcif;?

12 Propotional representation

13 Majority voting system 14 (OSCE/ODIHR) tzGJ@taejzifh/ a&G;aumufyGJOya'rsm;ESifh ywfoufI/ yHkrSeftm;jzifhqdkovdk t=uHðycsufrsm;ay;ydk@avh&Sd+yD;/ (OSCE) a'o twGif; vlom;&_axmifhqdkif&mu¾tm;vHk;ESifh ywfoufI/ jynfwGif;a&G;aumufyGJrsm;qdkif&m yHkpHuufwavmufrsm;udk tifwmeuf0ufbfqdk'fwpfck ðypkxm;&Sdygonf? (ODIHR) . a&G;aumufyGJOya'rsm;ESifh a&G;aumufyGJtpD&ifcHpmrsm; avhvmoHk;oyfcsufrsm;udk www.osce.org/odihr. tifwmeufpmrsufESmay:wGif &&SdfEdkifygonf? a&G;aumufyGJqdkif&m yHkpHuufwavmufrsm;udk www.legislationline.org. tifwmeufpmrsufESmwGif &&SdEdkifygonf? Oa&myaumifpD. AD;epfaumfr&Sifuvnf; a&G;aumfyGJOya'rsm;ESifh ywfoufI t=uHðycsufrsm;udk ‚if;wdk@.tifwmeufpmrsufESm jzpf aom http://venice.coe.int. wGif azmfjyxm;ygonf?

18

a&G;aumufyGJrsm;udk tuJjzwf&mwGif/ jynfwGif;&Sd a&G;aumufyGJapmifh=unfholrsm;taejzifh ,cifusif;ycJhaoma&G;aumufyGJrsm; ESifh Ed_if;,SOfI/ wdk;wufvmr_tajctaeudk Ed_if;,SOfpOf;pm;Edkifygonf? Todk@aqmif&Gufjcif;udk EdkifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh jynfwGif;&Sd a&G;aumufyGJapmifh=unfh}uD;=uyfa&;tzGJ@rsm;u xkwfjyefxm;aom/ ,ciftpD&ifcHpmrsm;ESifh Ed_if;,SOftoHk;ðyEdkifyg onf? (OSCE/ODIHR) tzGJ@. a&G;aumufyGJapmihf=unfhavhvma&; tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk/ tzGJ@. tifwmeuf0ufqdk'fpmrsuf ESm (http:?www.osce.org/odihr.) wGif &&SdEdkifygonf?

19

20

2/ apmi 2/ apmi 2/ apmi 2/ apmi fhfh fhfh----unfhavhvma&; tpDtpOfrsm; csrSwfaqmif&Gufjcifunfhavhvma&; tpDtpOfrsm; csrSwfaqmif&Gufjcifunfhavhvma&; tpDtpOfrsm; csrSwfaqmif&Gufjcifunfhavhvma&; tpDtpOfrsm; csrSwfaqmif&Gufjcif;?;?;?;? u? vdktyfcsufrsm;udk tuJjzwfowfrSwfjcif;? c? tpDtpOfa&;qGJjcif;ESifh tzGJ@tpnf;qdkif&m udpPrsm; *? tpDtpOfzGJ@pnf;yHkESifh vkyfief;wm0efrsm;/ C? EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&maqmif&Gufaom pDrHcsufrsm;? i? a'otvdkufESifh Xmaetvdkuf pDrHcsufrsm;? p? bufrvdkufr_? q? todtrSwfðyr_ &,ljcif;?

u? vdktyfcsufrsm;udk tuJjzwfowfrSwfjcif;? u? vdktyfcsufrsm;udk tuJjzwfowfrSwfjcif;? u? vdktyfcsufrsm;udk tuJjzwfowfrSwfjcif;? u? vdktyfcsufrsm;udk tuJjzwfowfrSwfjcif;? a&G;aumufyGJonf wpf&ufwnf;wGifjzpfonfh jzpf&yfr[kwfaoma=umifh/ a&G;aumufyGJae@rwdkifrDuyif/ jynfwGif;&Sd apmifh=unfh avhvmaeolrsm;taejzifh óuwifI/ aqmif&Guf&efrsm;udk tpDtpOfrsm;a&;qGJxm;&ygrnf? oufqdkifaomEdkifiH. trsKd;om; Oya'rsm;udk a=unufpGm/ oHk;oyfavhvmxm;&efvdktyf+yD;/ tu,fI a&G;aumufyGJapmifh=unfhavhvma&;vkyfief;rsm;Y jynfwGif;&Sd tzGJ@rsm;tay: uef@owfcsKyfcs,fr_rsm;&Sdvmygu/ jyefvnf&ifqdkifEdkifap&ef jzpfonf? uef@owfcsKyfcs,frsm;[kqdk&mY Oyrmtm;jzifh-a&G;aumufyGJapmifh=unfhavhvma&; vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk tzGJ@tpnf;. zGJ@pnf;yHktwGif;xnfhoGif;a&;qGJxm;aom tzGJ@rsm;udk tm%mydkifrsm;xH rSwfyHkwifap&efvdktyfjcif;/ jynfwGif;&Sd a&G;aumufyGJapmifh=unfhavhvma&;tkyfpkrsm;udk EdkifiHjcm; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS &efyHkaiGrsm;vufcHcGifh ydwfyifjcif;wdk@ jzpfEdkifygonf? Todk@ Oya'rsm;udk oHk;oyf&mY/ a&G;aumufyGJapmifh=unfh avhvmoltjzpf tqifhtwef;owfrSwfcH&jcif; odk@r[kwf/ Todk@aomtqifhtwef;udk owfrSwfcH&apa&;twGufwifjy awmif;qdkonfhvkyfxHk;enf;rsm;Y vufawG@vdkufem&rnfh tcsufrsm;udkvnf; xnfhoGif;wGufcsuf&ygrnf? vlxktajcðytzGJ@ tpnf;rsm;rS a&G;aumufyGJapmifh=unfhavhvma&;twGuf/ toif;tyif;rsm;zGJ@pnf;&mY rnfodk@qHk;jzwfcsufay;rnfudk/ EdkifiH. Oya'wpfckckY vrf;!$efjyXmef;xm;EdkifouJhodk@/ ‚if;twGuf vdkufem&rnfhtcsufrsm;udkvnf; jyXmef;xm;Edkifygonf? Ttcsuf onf ta&;}uD;aomta=umif;udpPwpfckjzpf+yD;/ a&G;aumufyGJapmifh=unfhavhvma&;v_yf&Sm;r_ jzpfEdkifacs&Sd-r&Sdudkvnf; qHk;jzwf ay;Edkifygonf? odk@twGufa=umifh/ TOya'jyXmef;csufyg vdktyfcsufrsm;jynfhrDapa&;twGuf wifóuaqmif&Guf&aomtcsdef&Sd

� tuJjzwf&efvdktyfaom/ jyefvnfppfaq;&ef vdktyfaomudpPrsm;udk azmfxkwfowfrSwfjcif;? � &&SdEdkifaom vlESifh b¾mt&if;tjrpfrsm;udk azmfxkwfowfrSwfjcif;?

� pDrHcsufrsm; pwifraqmif&GufrDuyif/ tpDtpOfa&;qGJjcif;ESifh tzGJ@tpnf;qdkif&mudpPrsm;wGif ñuH&Edkifaom jy\emrsm;udk ajz&Sif;jcif;?

� a&G;aumufyGJESifh EdkifiHa&;tajctaetay:rlwnfI/ &&SdEdkifaom vlom;ESifh b¾mt&if;tjrpftay: rlwnfI aqmif&GufEdkifaom vkyfief;tpDtpOfESifh zGJ@pnf;yHkudk ðyvkyfjcif;?

� tpDtpOf taumiftxnfazmfEdkif&eftwGuf t&nftaoG;jr‡ifhwifay;jcif;? � bufrvdkufr_ESifh vdkufem&rnfhusifh0wfrsm;twdkif; wdwdususvdkufemapjcif;?

21

Edkif+yD;/ wpfESpf odk@r[kwf ‚if;xufydkaomtcsdeftwGuf/ vkyfief;aqmif&Guf&ef vHkavmufaom&efyHkaiG&&Sdxm;&efvnf; vdktyfyg onf? a&G;aumufyGJapmifh=unfhavhvma&;twGuf/ vkyfief;tpDtpOfrsm;a&;qGJ&mwGif yxrtqifhtaejzifh/ jynfwGif;Y v_yf&Sm;rnfh tkyfpkwpfcktwGuf rdrdwdk@aqmif&GufEdkifrnfh oifhavsmfaomtaetxm;/ twdkif;twmyrm%/ a&G;aumufyGJapmifh=unfhavh vma&;twGuf aqmif&Guf&rnfhtcsdefudkuf v_yf&Sm;r_ESifh/ rdrdwdk@.tqdkðyv$mrsm;tay: rnfodk@aomtaumif;qHk;&v'fxGuf atmif aqmif&GufEdkifrnfudk/ pOfpm;&ygrnf? TtwGuf vdktyfcsufrsm;udk tuJjzwfowfrSwfjcif; (need assessment) aqmif&Guf&ygrnf? vdktyfygu Tvdktyfcsufrsm;udk tuJjzwfxm;csufrsm;udkyif tajcðyI vHkavmufaom&efyHkaiG&&SdEdkifa&; twGuf wifjyaomtqdkðyv$m (proposals) rsm;a&;om;Edkifygonf? Todk@tuJjzwfowfrSwfjcif;wGif vkyfxHk;vkyfenf; enf;emydkif;t&a&m/ tkyfcsKyfpDrHa&;qdkif&mjy\emrsm;udkyg xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&efvdktyf+yD;/ ta&;t}uD;qHk;jzpfonfh a&G;aumuf yGJudk vHkavmufaomtm&Hkpdkufr_ ðyEdkifapa&;ESifh/ rdrd.vkyfief;rsm;udk axmufyHhay;Edkif&ef vHkavmufaomtkyfcsKyfpDrHr_/ b¾m a&;jynfhpHkaeap&ef vdktyfygonf? vdktyfcsufrsm;udk tuJjzwfowfrSwfjcif;vkyfief;. yxrOD;qHk;&nf&G,fcsufwGif/ rdrdwdk@v_yf&Sm;r_. twdkif;twmudk owfrSwf& ygrnf? t"dutm&Hkxm;rnfh ae&monf/ Oya'a=umif;qdkif&mudk cGJjcrf;oHk;oyfjcif;/ a&G;aumufyGJ tkyfcsKyfr_qdkif&mtzGJ@rsm;. zGJ@pnf;xm;yHk/ xda&mufxufjrufr_/ bufvdkufjcif;uif;r_/ apm'uwufjcif;ESifh arwWm&yfcHwifjyjcif;qdkif&m vkyfxHk;tqifhrsm;/ EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm; rSwfyHkwifjcif;/ rJqEN&Sifrsm; rSwfyHkwifjcif;/ owif;rD'D,mESifh a&G;aumufyGJ twGuf b¾maiG&SmazGjcif;tygt0if a&G;aumufyGJ rJqG,fpnf;&Hk;r_qdkif&mudpPrsm;/ vl@tcGifhta&; av;pm;vdkufemr_/ a&G; aumufyGJusif;yrnfhae@&ufESifh a&G;aumufyGJ&v'frsm;udk tpD&ifcHwifjyjcif;udpPrsm; jzpfEdkifygonf? odk@aomfvnf; a&G;aumufyGJ rwdkifrDumvrsm;ESifh a&G;aumufyGJ+yD;qHk;+yD;aemuf umvrsm;onfvnf;/ a&G;aumufyGJusif;yonfhae@uJhodk@yif ta&;ygygonf? odk@twGufa=umifh TtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;taejzifh/ Tvkyfief;pOfwpfckvHk;. tqifhwdkif;udkapmifh=unfhae&ef qdkonfrSm rjzpfEdkifyg? rdrd. OD;pm;ay;aqmif&GufEdkifonfhvkyfief;udk a&G;cs,fI/ ‚if;tay:tajccH+yD; vkyfief;pOfrsm;a&;qGJcsrSwf&ygrnf? tcsKd@aom apmifh=unfhavhvma&;tzGJ@rsm;u/ a&G;aumufyGJ. u¾wpfckudkom tm&Hkxm;aqmif&Gufrnf/ odk@r[kwf tcsKd@vkyfief;rsm;udk aqmif&Gufrnfudk owfrSwfEdkifygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh/ tkyfpkwpfcktaejzifh ‚if;.apmifh=unfhavhvma&;vkyfief;twGuf &nf &G,fcsufudk “trsKd;orD;rsm;/ vlenf;pkrsm;/ roefrpGrf;olrsm; a&G;aumufyGJwGif yg0ifEdkifr_tajctaeudk avhvm&ef” odk@r[kwf/ owif;rD'D,m/ Oya'a=umif;qdkif&mudpP/ odk@r[kwf Tvkyfief;pOf. wdusaomu¾wpfcktwGufom &nf&G,fI uef@owf aqmif&GufEdkifygonf? vkyfief;pwifaqmif&Gufrnfh tptaejzifh/ jynfwGif;&Sd a&G;aumufyGJapmihf=unfhavhvma&;tkyfpkwpfpkonf/ ,cifa&G;aumufyGJ rsm;ESifhywfoufI a&;om;azmfjyxm;=uaom/ EdkifiHwumESifh jynfwGif;&Sd tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. tpD&ifcHpmrsm;/ tjcm;vl@tcGifh ta&;apmihf=unfhavhvma&;tzGJ@rsm;. tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk tjynfhtpHkavhvmxm;oifhygonf? xdk@tjyif/ oufqdkif&m Oya' a=umif;udpPrsm;udkvnf; cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmoHk;oyfr_rsm; ðyoifhygonf? ‚if;uJhodk@avhvmr_wGif a&G;aumufyGJqdkif&m/ EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; qdkif&m/ owif;rD'D,mqdkif&mESifh tpdk;&r[kwfaomtzGJ@tpnf; (tJef*sDtdk) rsm;qdkif&m Oya'rsm;ESifh oufqdkifaomta=umif; udpPtwGuf Oya'rsm;udk okawoeðyxm;oifhygonf? ,ciftawG@tñuHrsm;udk jyefvnfoHk;oyfjcif;ESifh vuf&SdEdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm; a&;/ vlr_a&;tajctaersm;tay: oHk;oyfjcif;wdk@aygif;pyfum a&G;aumufyGJusif;yay;rnfh0ef;usiftaetxm;udk oHk;oyf&yg rnf? a&G;aumufyGJOya'ESifh tjcm;oufqdkifaomOya'rsm;udk=unfh+yD;/ a&G;aumufyGJapmifh=unfhavhvma&;vkyfief;pOfrsm; rpwifrD/ a&G;aumufyGJ. tcsdefZ,m;udk cef@rSef;wGufcsufxm;&ygrnf?

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a&G;aumufyGJtrsKd;tpm;tay:rlwnfI/ a&G;aumufyGJapmifh=unfhavhvma&; enf;emrsm;tay: rsm;pGmtusKd;oufa&muf ajymif;vJr_ &SdapEdkifygonf? xdk@tjyif a&G;aumufyGJrwdkifrDumv/ apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;udk wm0efay;ae&mcsxm;&mYvnf; tusKd;oufa&muf ajymif;vJr_ odompGm &SdapEdkifygonf? orwa&G;aumufyGJavm/ odk@wnf;r[kwf ygvDrefv$wfawmfa&G; aumufyGJavm/ a'oqdkif&m a&G;aumufyGJavm/ jynfol@qENcH,lyGJavm ponfhtajctaersm;tay:rlwnfI rwluGJjym;aom csOf;uyfr_enf;emrsm; vdktyfEdkifygonf? a'oqdkif&mtvdkuf a&G;aumufyGJapmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;udk pkpnf;pnf;&Hk;rnfqdkyg u/ t=uHðyvdkaomtcsufrSm xdkapmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;udk a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&SifzGJ@pnf;yHktwdkif; wm0efay;ae&mcsxm;&ef jzpfygonf? odk@rSom ,lepfwpfckcsif;pDudk owfrSwfxm;aomrJqENe,ftvdkuf/ tkyfcsKyfa&;e,fajra'o tvdkuf/ wm0ef,l apmifh=unfhapEdkifrnf jzpfygonf? a&G;aumufyGJpepfonf vlOD;a&tcsKd;tvdkuf udk,fpm;ðyapjcif;/ odk@r[kwf udk,fpm;vS,f wpfOD; odk@r[kwf trsm;udk,fpm;ðycGifh&Sdaom rJqENe,frsm; owfrSwfaompepf/ odk@r[kwf ‚if;pepfESpfckudk aygif;pyfoHk;jcif; vnf; &SdEdkifygonf? a&G;aumufyGJonf wpf}udrfwnf;,SOfòyifapjcif;/ odk@r[kwf ESpfcgxyfausmhòyif&jcif;vnf; &SdEdkifygonf? T tcsufrsm;onf ta&;ygaom rwluGJvGJr_rsm; jzpfygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh- wpfEdkifiHvHk;&SdrJrsm;rS pm&if;t&,laom ygvDrefa&G; aumufyGJqdkygu/ apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;taejzifh udk,fpm;vS,favmif; rSwfyHkwifjcif;qdkif&mudpPrsm;udk apmifh=unfhavhvm r_ ðyEdkifrnf r[kwfay? wpfEdkifiHvHk;tvdkufaqmif&Gufaom a&G;aumufyGJonf/ rJqENe,fajrrsm;tvdkuf a&G;aumufwif ajr‡mufr_xufpmv#if ydkIxif&Sm;r_ &Sdygvdrfhrnf? rwluGJjym;aomtcsufrSm/ tu,fI ygvDrefv$wfawmfa&G;aumufyGJudk vl trsm;pk.rJjzifh tEdkift&_H;qHk;jzwfaom pepfudk/ rJqENe,frsm;udk tajccHIusif;yygu/ odk@r[kwf a'oqdkif&mtpdk;&rsm;twGuf a&G;aumufyGJrsm; usif;yygu/ apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;twGuf wòyifeufwnf;aomtcsdefwGif/ vdkufvHapmifh=unfhp&m oD; jcm;,SOfòyifa&G;aumufyGJrsm; &SdaeEdkifygonf? Ttcsufrsm;udk vdktyfcsufrsm; tuJjzwfowfrSwfjcif;ðy&mwGif xnfhoGif;pOf; pm;&rnf jzpfygonf? Ttcsufrsm;u a&G;aumufyGJapmifh=unfhavhvma&; enf;emrsm;udk tqHk;tjzwfay;Edkifygonf? tcsKd@ aom a&G;aumufyGJyHkpHrsm;wGif/ ae&ma'orsm;tm;vHk;udk xda&mufpGm vdkufvHapmifh=unfh&ef qdkonfrSm rjzpfEdkifyg? xdktcg rdrdvltiftm;ae&mcsxm;r_onf/ tcsKd@pHerlemoabmxm; aumuf,lrnfhae&mrsm;wGifom wm0efay;Edkifygvdrfhrnf? odk@ r[kwf a'owpfcktwGif;om wm0efay;jcif;rsKd; jzpfEdkifygonf? aemufqHk; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnfhtcsufrSm/ jynfwGif;&Sd a&G;aumufyGJapmifh=unfhavhvma&;tzGJ@rsm;onf a&G;aumufyGJESifh ywfoufonfh tjcm;aomv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;Y yg0if ywfouf&ef oihf-roifh[laom udpPyifjzpfygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh-vlxktrsm; owif;tcsuftvufrsm; od&Sdap&efaqmif&Gufay;jcif;ESifh rJvmay;=u&ef v_H@aqmfr_ (get out the vote campaigns) rsKd;jzpf ygonf? odk@r[kwf a&G;aumufyGJtwGuf/ tm%mydkifrsm;twGuf tultnDaxmufyHhr_ wpfckckðyjcif;rsKd; jzpfygonf? odk@aomf Todk@aqmif&Guf&mwGif owd}uD;}uD;xm;I pOf;pm;qHk;jzwfoifhygonf? ta=umif;rSm rdrd.rl&if; a&G;aumufyGJapmihf=unfhavh vma&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifh Todk@yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;a=umifh/ tusKd;pD;yGm;t& yÉdyuQr_rsm;/ xdyfwdkufjzpfjcif; jy\emrsm;ay: aygufvmEdkifaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? &Hzef&HcgwGif Tvkyfief;pOfudk apmifh=unfhavhvmaer_ESifh Tvkyfief;pOftwGif; yg0if aqmif&Gufaer_wdk@udk cGJjcm;rsOf;om;aqmif&Guf&ef cufcJwwfygonf? c? tpDtpOfa&;qGJjcif;ESifh tzGJ@tpnf;qdkif&m udpPrsm;c? tpDtpOfa&;qGJjcif;ESifh tzGJ@tpnf;qdkif&m udpPrsm;c? tpDtpOfa&;qGJjcif;ESifh tzGJ@tpnf;qdkif&m udpPrsm;c? tpDtpOfa&;qGJjcif;ESifh tzGJ@tpnf;qdkif&m udpPrsm;15151515 Todk@ &_jrifr_twdkif;twm/ vkyfief;yrm%/ apmifh=unfha&;vkyfief;pOfrsm;twGuf tcsdefZ,m;rsm; csrSwfaqmif&Guf&mY/ &&Sd Edkifaom vltm;/ b¾ma&;tiftm;wdk@udk vufawG@uspGm ppfaq;=unfhoifhygonf? jynfwGif;Y a&G;aumufyGJapmifh=unfhavh vmolrsm;tzGJ@onf wpfzGJ@csif;tvdkufvnf;jzpfEdkifonf? pkaygif;xm;aom vlxktajcðy tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. r[mrdwftzGJ@/

15 (tJef'Dtdkif) tzGJ@. vrf;!$efpmtkyfwGif jynfwGif;&Sd a&G;aumufyGJapmifh=unfhavhvma&;tzGJ@rsm;twGuf tpDtpOfa&;qGJjcif;ESifh tzGJ@tpnf;qdkif&m udpPrsm;udk ydkI tao;pdwfavhvmEdkifygonf? The NDI Handbook How Domestic Organizations Monitor Elections: An A-Z Guide, 1995.

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uGef&ufvnf; jzpfEdkifygonf? rnfodk@aom yHkpHyifjzpfap xda&mufpGmtoHk;ðyEdkif+yD;/ (OSCE) a'owGif;ESifh EdkifiHwumwGif Tenf;ESpfckvHk;udk xda&mufpGm toHk;ðycJh=uygonf? 0efxrf;cef@xm;a&;qdkif&m udpPrsm;0efxrf;cef@xm;a&;qdkif&m udpPrsm;0efxrf;cef@xm;a&;qdkif&m udpPrsm;0efxrf;cef@xm;a&;qdkif&m udpPrsm; tajcwus wnf&Sd+yD;aom vlr_tajcðy tzGJ@tpnf;wpfckujzpfap/ vlxktajcðytzGJ@tpnf;trsm;ujzpfap a&G;aumufyGJudk apmifh =unfhavhvmrnf[k qHk;jzwfv#if/ vltiftm; xyfrHpkaqmif;&ef vdktyfaumif;vdktyfEdkifygonf? TudpPESifhywfouf I t"dujy\emESifh pOf;pm;&eftcsufrsm;rSm-

� rnfonfhwm0efrsm;udk vpmay;rnfenf;?

� vpmE_ef;xm;rsm; (Tvpmrsm;onf EdkifiHwGif;&Sd tjcm;aomvlxktajcðytzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh udkufnDr_&Sdap&rnf?) � cef@xm;rnfh pmcsKyfoufwrf;umv (‚if;wdk@udk wm0efay;rnfh apmifh=unfhavhvm&rnfhumv rwdkifrDwGif/ tenf; i,fóuwifI 0efxrf;trsm;udk pmcsKyfcsKyfqdkoihfonf? Oyrm-owif;rD'D,mrsm;udk apmifh=unfhrnfholrsm;udk/ a&G; aumufyGJ pnf;&Hk;r_ w&m;0ifrpwifrDumvwGif/ wm0efpwifay;oifhygonf? a&G;aumufyGJ+yD;onfESifh rsm;r=umrDwGif yif olwdk@wm0efudk &yfqdkif;oifhygonf?)

� a'owpfckwGif a&&Snf a&G;aumufyGJapmifh=unfhavhvmol xm;&Sdoifh-roifh?

� a'orsm;tvdkuf wm0efxrf;aqmifaeaom a&G;aumufyGJapmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;udk vpmay;tyf&ef vdk-rvdkESifh apwem0efxrf;rsm;udk pnf;&Hk;oifh-roifh pOf;pm;&ef?

� a&G;aumufyGJae@&ufwGif wm0efay;rnfh a&wdkapmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;udk tca=u;aiGay;&ef vdk-rvdkESifh apwem 0efxrf;tjzpf pnf;&Hk;rnfavm? owdðy&eftcsufrSm rnfonfhenf;jzifh tca=u;aiGay;onfrqdk/ apwem0efxrf; tjzpfxrf;aqmif=uonfhudpPudk ao;odrfr_jzpfapEdkif+yD;/ pdwftm;xufoefr_enf;aom/ &nf&G,fcsuftm;enf;aomol rsm;udk pkaqmif;wm0efay;rdwwfygonf? tu,fI “^m%fylaZmfc”tjzpf ay;rnfqdkygu/ TaiGa=u;yrm%onf rJ&Hktm%mydkifrsm;udkay;onfh tca=u;aiGxuf rydkapoifhyg?

� 0efxrf;rsm;ESifh apwem0efxrf;rsm;twGuf olwdk@tukeftuscH pdkufoHk;xm;aomtca=u;aiGrsm;udk jyefay;Edkif&ef twGuf oifhawmfaomE_ef;rsm;owfrSwfxm;&ef vdktyfygonf? (Oyrm-oifwef;rsm;wufa&muf&eftwGuf/ odk@ r[kwf rJ&Hkrsm;odk@ oGm;a&muf&eftwGuf c&D;pm;&dwfrsm;)

TqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;onf/ &efyHkaiGtwGuf tqdkðycsufudk rsm;pGmtusKd;oufa&mufr_&Sdap+yD;/ a&G;aumufyGJapmifh=unfhavhvm a&; vkyfief;rsm;twGuf &efyHkaiGaxmufyHhay;rnfh/ tvSL&Sifrsm;. pdwf0ifpm;r_tay:wGifvnf; =oZmoufa&mufr_&SdapEdkifyg onf? odk@twGufa=umifh txufazmfjyyg jy\emrsm;udkpOf;pm;qHk;jzwfxm;onfh/ vlpnf;&Hk;wm0efay;r_ rl0g'udkcsrSwfxm;&ef t=uHðyvdkygonf? 0efxrf;rsm; odk@r[kwf apwem0efxrf;tjzpfwm0ef,l=uolrsm; taejzifh/ tusKd;pD;yGm;t& yÉdyuQjzpfap rnfh rnfonfhvkyfief;udkr# raqmif&Gufap&ef (Oyrmtm;jzifh- a&G;aumufyGJ aumfr&SifwGif wm0efxrf;aqmifjcif;/ EdkifiHa&; ygwDwpfckckwGif tr_aqmif&mxl;/ acgif;aqmifwm0ef,ljcif;/ odk@r[kwf udk,fpm;vS,favmif;tjzpf rSwfyHkwifxm;jcif;) wdus pGm owfrSwfxm;&ygrnf? tu,fI vlxktajcðytzGJ@tpnf;rsm; pkaygif;I !Gef@aygif;tjzpfaqmif&Guf=uaomtajctaewGif/ yg0ifaqmif&Gufae=uaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm;vHk;taejzifh/ bufvdkufr_uif;ap&ef ta&;}uD;+yD;/ EdkifiHa&;t& bufvdkufr_ uif;onf[kvnf; vltrsm;u jrifap&ygrnf? TtzGJ@rsm;. tzGJ@0ifrsm;onfvnf;/ ‚if;wdk@.tjcm;aomv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifh tusKd;pD;yGm;t& yÉdyuQrjzpfap&ef vkdtyfygonf? jynfwGif;&Sd a&G;aumufyGJapmifh=unfhavhvmol tkyfpkrsm;taejzifh/ wpfEdkifiHvHk;tvdkuf/ a'otvdkuf apmifh=unfhol0efxrf;rsm; ESifh a&G;aumufyGJae@wGif apmifh=unfhrnfholrsm;udk/ pnf;&Hk;onfh enf;emrsm; csrSwfxm;oifh+yD;/ t"duwm0ef,lrnfholrsm;udk

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a=umfjimjzifh/ vlxkowif;rD'D,mrsm;wGif xnfhoGif;azmfjyjcif;jzifh pnf;&Hk;aqmif&GufEdkifygonf? apwem0efxrf;rsm;udk ‚if;wdk@. tvkyfrsm;twGuf t&nftcsif;jynfhrDr_ &Sd-r&Sd tuJjzwf&mY/ bufvdkufr_uif;&Sif;jcif; &Sd-r&Sd/ oufqdkif&mwm0eftwGuf oifh avsmfr_ &Sd-r&Sd tuJjzwf&ygrnf? xdk@tjyif vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;. u¾toD;oD;odk@ us,fjyef@pGmqufpyfEdkif&ef/ tcGifhtvrf;jzpfEdkif r_&Sd-r&Sdudkvnf; =unfh&ygrnf? 0efxrf;rsm;ESifh apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;udk pnf;&Hk;&mY/ jynfwGif;&Sd a&G;aumufyGJapmifh=unfhavhvma&; tkyfpkrsm;taejzifh/ jzpfEdkifor# usm;-r/ touft&G,f/ vlrsKd;pk/ bmompum;ajymqdkr_ pojzifh pHkvifatmif pnf;&Hk;oifhygonf? a'oqdkif&m tvdkuf apmihf=unfhavhvmolrsm;udk pnf;&Hk;jynfhpHk+yD qdkygu/ olwdk@udk aocsmoifwef;ay;&ygrnf? oifwef;qdkif&m pm&Guf pmwrf;vrf;!$efrsm;udkvnf;/ tjcm;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;odk@ jzef@a0ay;&eftwGuf pOf;pm;Edkifygonf? (Oyrmtm;jzifh/ A[dka&G; aumufyGJaumfr&Sifodk@ ay;ydk@Edkif+yD;/ rdrdvkyfief;. yGifhvif;jrifomr_udk xifay:atmif jyoEdkifygonf?) a&G;aumufyGJavhvm apmifh=unfholrsm;udk ae&mcsxm;&mwGif/ jynfwGif;&Sd apmifh=unfhavhvmonfhtkyfpkrsm;taejzifh olwdk@aexdkif&ma'otvdkuf apwem0efxrf;tjzpf apmihf=unfhavhvmay;rnfholrsm;. vkyftm;/ t=uH m%fudk &,lEdkif+yD;/ apmifh=unfhavhvmoludk rJay; cGifh&&Sdap&efvnf; aocsmap&ef aqmif&Gufay;&ygrnf? tzGJ@tpnf;qdtzGJ@tpnf;qdtzGJ@tpnf;qdtzGJ@tpnf;qdkif&m ta=umif;udpPrsm;kif&m ta=umif;udpPrsm;kif&m ta=umif;udpPrsm;kif&m ta=umif;udpPrsm; tzGJ@tpnf;wpfckwnf;taejzifh aqmif&Gufjcif;twGuf tm;aumif;csufwpf&yfrSm/ trsm;ESifh pkaygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;xuf/ pDrH cef@cGJr_ESifh qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwf&mY ydkrdkvG,fuljcif; jzpfygonf? tjcm;rwlaomtcsufrSm/ trsm;aqmif&Gufaom!Gef@aygif; tzGJ@taejzifh/ rwluGJjym;aom e,fy,frsm;wGif/ udpPwpfckcsif;tay: u|rf;usifr_&Sd=uaom vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;pkaygif;rd=ujcif; jzpfygonf? (Oyrm-owif;rD'D,mrsm;udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;/ odk@r[kwf a'owpfcktwGif;Y tajccdkifaejcif; jzpfonf?) odk@ twGufa=umifh avhvmapmifh=unfhr_udk ydkrdktm;aumif;ap+yD;/ u|rf;usifr_ t&nftaoG;jynfhpGmvnf; aqmif&GufEdkifygonf? !$ef@aygif;zGJ@pnf;r_rSefor#rSm wwfEdkifor# us,f0ef;pGm pnf;&Hk;&ef vdktyfygonf? vltrsm;&dkaoav;pm;cH&aom !Gef@aygif; tzGJ@rsm;pkpnf;jcif;jzifh/ tzGJ@tpnf;wpfckcsif; aqmif&Gufjcif;xuf ydkI ,Hk=unfudk;pm;r_ &&SdapEdkifygonf? tzGJ@i,fwpfckcsif; apmifh=unfhavhvmr_udk tzGJ@trsm;u aqmif&Gufae=uygu/ owif;rD'D,mrsm;. tav;ay;r_cH&apa&;twGuf tcsif;csif;òyif qdkifae=u&ygonf? a,bk,stm;jzifh/ jynfwGif;Y a&G;aumufyGJapmifh=unfhavhvma&; v_yf&Sm;ae=uaomtkyfpkrsm;onf/ tjcm;aom vlxktajcðy tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh vkyfief;csif;xyfI vkyfaqmifaer_udk a&Smif&Sm;&ef vdktyf+yD;/ txl;oD;oef@ tajc taersKd;rSom Todk@aqmif&Gufoifhygonf? xdk@tjyif owdðy&eftcsufrSm &efyHkaiGaxmufyHhay;rnfh tvSL&SiftzGJ@tpnf;wpfck taejzifh/ vltrsm;udk;pm;,Hk=unfr_ &Sd+yD;om;tzGJ@tpnf;wpfcku aqmif&Guf+yD;om;jzpfaeonfhae&mwGif/ a&G;aumufyGJudk apmihf=unfhrnfhtjcm;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;twGuf &efyHkaiGaxmufyHhay;&ef jzpfEdkifajcenf;ygonf? Todk@aomtajctaersKd;wGif/ v_yf &Sm;r_opfrsm;. tiftm;udk ydkrdktm;aumif;vmap&ef/ vuf&Sd&Sdaeaom v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk ydkrdktm;jznfhay;&efom jzpfoifhygonf? !Gef@aygif;tzGJ@twGif; yg0ifae=uaomtzGJ@0ifrsm;t=um; qufqHa&; wwfEdkifor# ajyjypfacsmarG@ap&ef vdktyfygonf? yg0if ywfoufaeaom vlxktajcðy tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. tm%mydkifudk,fpm;vS,frsm;u oabmwlnDcsufwpfck a&;qGJ/ vufrSwf a&;xdk;Edkif=u&ef t=uHðyvdkygonf? trsm;pka=uvnfEdkifaom qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwfyHkjzpfap&ef/ tzGJ@tpnf;qdkif&mjy\emrsm;udk ajz&Sif;Edkifap&ef/ b¾ma&;qdkif&m tpD&ifcHpmrsm;. yGifhvif;jrifomr_udk tm;aumif;ap&ef/ TtzGJ@taejzifh bkwftzGJ@/ odk@ r[kwf 'g&dkufwmrsm;.aumfrDwDwpfckudk zGJ@pnf;&mYpOf;pm&efrSm t"duusaom ae&mrsm;twGufqdkv#if trnftqdkðywif oGif;jcif;/a&G;aumufjcif;ðy&efjzpfygonf?odk@aomfvnf; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;. epP"l0aqmif&Guf&efudpPrsm;udkrl pDrHcef@cGJr_aqmif&Gufol rsm;ESifh t,f'DwmtzGJ@ (,lepf) rsm;ESifhom vufv$Jxm;oifhygonf? (atmufazmfjyxm;csufrsm;udk =unfhyg?)

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b¾ma&;qdkif&mudpPrsm;b¾ma&;qdkif&mudpPrsm;b¾ma&;qdkif&mudpPrsm;b¾ma&;qdkif&mudpPrsm; apmifh=unfhavhvma&;vkyfief;wpfcktwGuf vHkavmufaom&efyHkaiG&&Sdxm;&ef ta&;}uD;ygonf? odk@twGufa=umifh pDpOfxm; aomzGJ@pnf;yHkonf/ (1) &&Sdxm;aom vHkavmufonfh&efyHkaiG/ (2) tjcm; tydkaqmif;&&SdEdkifonfh &efyHkaiGrsm;tay:tajccHI zGJ@ pnf;oifhygonf? apmifh=unfhavhvmr_ vkyfief;rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf&ef/ aemufxyf&efyHkaiGrsm; vdktyfr_&Sdvmygu/ jynf wGif;&Sd apmihf=unfhavhvma&;tkyfpkwpfck taejzifh/ jynfwGif;ESifh EdkifiHwum&Sd tvSL&Sifrsm;xHodk@csnf;uyf&ef pOf;pm;oifhyg onf? odk@aomfvnf; tu,fI vdktyfaomb¾maiGa=u; wpdwfwydkif;/ odk@r[kwf wpfpHkvHk; ra&muf&Sdvmygu aqmif&GufEdkif &ef/ ta&;ay:tpDtpOfwpfck a&;qGJxm;&Sd&ef t=uHðyvdkygonf? xdk@tjyif tvSLaiGay;vmonfhtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;taejzifh/ ,ck uJhodk@ a&G;aumufyGJapmihf=unfhavhvm&jcif;twGuf tzGJ@tpnf;.vGwfvyfr_ESifh &nf&G,fcsufudk rxdyg;apa&;twGuf/ owd xm;aqmif&Gufoifhygonf? jzpfEdkifaom tvSL&Sifrsm;rSm tpdk;&rsm;pkzGJ@xm;onfhtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ (Oyrm Oa&myaumfr&Sif/ oH&Hk;rsm;/ zGH@òz;a&;ESifh enf; ynmyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_qdkif&m at*sifpDrsm;/ EdkifiHwum tpdk;&r[kwfaomtzGJ@tpnf; (tJef*sDtdk) rsm;ESifh azmifa';&Sif;rsm; jzpfygonf? &efyHkaiGawmif;cHr_udk taxmuftulðyap&eftwGuf/ tao;pdwfazmfjyxm;aom tqdkðyv$m (Proposal) wpfck vdktyfEdkifyg onf? tcsKd@aom EdkifiHwum&Sd tvSL&Sifrsm;u Todk@awmif;cHwifjyvmolrsm;twGuf/ vrf;!$efcsufrsm; a&;qGJxm;&Sd+yD;/ ‚if; wdk@. pHtwdkif; twdtus tqdkðycsufwifjy&rnfh yHkpHrsm; &Sdwwfygonf? Todk@ tqdkðyv$ma&;om;&mwGif/ t=uHðyvdkaom tcsufrSm &efyHkaiGaxmufyHhay;a&;twGuf OD;pm;ay;udpPrsm;/ r[mAsL[mrsm;/ pDpOfxm;aom v_yf&Sm;r_. u¾wpfpdwf wpf ydkif;pwifonfESifh/ rlvuwnf;u óuwif&&Sdxm;aomEdkifiHwum tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. axmufyHhxm;r_rsm;/ xnfhoGif;azmfjy&ef vdktyfygvdrfhrnf? a,bk,stm;jzifh tqdkðyv$mwGif/ pDrHcsufacgif;pOf (Project Title)/ t"du ta=umif;tcsufrsm; azmfjy csuf/ (Oyrm-'Drdkua&pDxGef;um;a&;/ yÉdyuQrsm; umuG,fwm;qD;a&;/ tJef*sDtdkrsm; t&nftaoG;jr‡ifhwifay;a&; pojzifh) yg&Sd&ef vdktyfygonf? xdk@tjyif tao;pdwfbwf*sufudkvnf; azmfjy&ef vdkygonf? (,l&dkaiGjzifh/ tar&duefa':vmjzifh/ a'ocH aiGa=u;jzifh) xdk@tjyif yef;wdkif/ &nf&G,fcsuf/ pDrHcsuftay: pOf;pm;r_aemufcHta=umif;/ ypfrSwfxm;aom tusKd;cHpm;&zG,f&Sd onfh jynfoltkyfpkrsm;/ tjcm;xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;csufrsm; tusOf; (Oyrm- yl;wGJI &efyHkaiGaxmufyHhEdkifonfh tajctae/ tcsdef Z,m; ponf) wdk@udk aocsm&Sif;vif;pGm azmfjyay;&ygrnf? rlt&/ tqdkðyv$mrsm;udk tvSL&Siftrsm;xH wwfEdkifor#jzef@a0 ay;ydk@&ygrnf? 0efxrf;rsm;. vpmESifh apwem0efxrf;rsm;. toHk;pm;&dwfrsm;udpPtjyif/ c&D;oGm;vma&;ukefuspm;&dwfrsm;omru/ bwf *sufxJwGif xnfhoGif;azmfjy&ef vdktyfrnfhudpPrsm;rSm/ &Hk;cef;iSm;&rf;ctwGuf ukefuspm;&dwf/ &Hk;ypPnf;rsm;/ 0efaqmifr_rsm;/ qufoG,fa&;pepfrsm;/ yHkESdyfxkwfa0pm;&dwfrsm;/ oifwef;pmapmifrsm;twGuf xkwfa0r_pm;&dwfrsm;/ ay:aygufvmEdkifaom wnf;cdkaexdkifa&;pm;&dwfrsm;/ vltrsm;od&Sd&atmif aqmif&Gufa&; (publicity) pm;&dwfrsm;/ apmifh=unfhavhvmoltjzpf owfrSwfazmfjy&ef ypPnf;rsm; (Oyrm-bufwHqdyfrsm;ESifh wD-&Syfrsm;) ponfwdk@vnf; xnfhoGif;azmfjy&ef vdktyfygvdrfhrnf? vdktyfcsufrsm;tm;vHk;twGuf bwf*sufwGifxnfhoGif;azmfjy&efvdktyf+yD;/ ta&;ay:udpPrsm;twGufvnf; yrm%tenf;i,f udk xnfhoGif;azmfjy&ygrnf? wifjyaom bwf*suf.taetxm;tay:=unfhI/ pepfwus&Sif;vif;pGmazmfjyxm;yHkESifh jynfwGif;&Sd apmifh=unfhavhvma&;tzGJ@taejzifh vGefuJpGm &nfrSef;csuf rxm;&SdyHk/ &&Sdvmrnfh &efyHkaiGtay: aumif;rGefpGm toHk;csEdkifrnfh t&nftcsif;&SdyHk/ wwfEdkifor# ac|wmpGm wifjyxm;yHkudk tvSL&Sifu txif}uD;av;pm;r_cH&Edkifygonf?

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ay;tyfvmrnfh b¾maiGudk rnfonfhae&mrsm;wGif OD;pm;ay;oHk;pGJrnfudk tvSL&Sifrsm;u odvdk=uygvdrfhrnf? odk@twGuf a=umifh pepfusaomb¾ma&;xdef;csKyfr_ESifh oifhavsmfaom b¾ma&;tpD&ifcHpmrsm;wifjyr_rsm;rSm txl;ta&;}uD;vSyg onf? tu,fI vlxktajcðytzGJ@tpnf;rsm;yl;aygif;I !Gef@aygif;tzGJ@ zGJ@pnf;aqmif&Gufygu/ oD;jcm; b%fpm&if;wpfckzGifhvSpf aqmif&Guf&ef vdktyfygvdrfhrnf? odk@aomfvnf; Todk@aqmif&Guf&ef vrf;!$efcsufudk tzGJ@rsm;. oabmwlnDcsuf/ vlxk tajcðy tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. zGJ@pnf;yHkpnf;rsOf;/ oufqdkif&m EdkifiH.Oya'rsm;ESifh pDrHcef@cGJa&;qdkif&m pnf;rsOf;rsm;t& aqmif&Guf &ef vdktyfygonf? *? tpDt*? tpDt*? tpDt*? tpDtpOfzGJ@pnf;yHkESifh vkyfief;wm0efrsm;/pOfzGJ@pnf;yHkESifh vkyfief;wm0efrsm;/pOfzGJ@pnf;yHkESifh vkyfief;wm0efrsm;/pOfzGJ@pnf;yHkESifh vkyfief;wm0efrsm;/ tu,fI jynfwGif;&Sd a&G;aumufyGJapmifh=unfhavhvma&;tzGJ@wpfcku/ ‚if;wdk@taejzifh rnfodk@ vufawG@ususapmifh=unfh }uD; =uyfEdkifrnfudk qHk;jzwfygu/ xda&mufaom tzGJ@tpnf; zGJ@pnf;yHkðy&ef udpPudk pOf;pm;&ygrnf? tawG@tñuHrsm;t&/ apmifh=unfh avhvmrnfhtzGJ@tpnf;. zGJ@pnf;yHkonf/ tydkif;u¾ (3) ck yg0ifoifhygonf? (1) vkyfief;tpDtpOfrsm;udk pDrHcef@cGJa&;ESifh vltrsm;odk@ xkwfjyefa=ujimcsufrsm;ESifh tpD&ifcHpmrsm;xkwfjyefay;rnfh tzGJ@,lepf/ (2) yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ESifh oHk;oyfr_vkyf ief;rsm; vkyfaqmifrnfhtzGJ@,lepf/ (3) b¾ma&;/ axmufyHha&;/ oifwef;udpPrsm;tygt0if tkyfcsKyfa&;vkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Guf rnfh tzGJ@,lepfwdk@jzpfygonf? yHkjznfh&ef? C? EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&maqmif&Gufaom pDrHcsufrsm;? C? EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&maqmif&Gufaom pDrHcsufrsm;? C? EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&maqmif&Gufaom pDrHcsufrsm;? C? EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&maqmif&Gufaom pDrHcsufrsm;? 1? pDrHcef@cGJa&;ESifh t,f'Dwmqdkif1? pDrHcef@cGJa&;ESifh t,f'Dwmqdkif1? pDrHcef@cGJa&;ESifh t,f'Dwmqdkif1? pDrHcef@cGJa&;ESifh t,f'Dwmqdkif&m tzGJ@,lepf&m tzGJ@,lepf&m tzGJ@,lepf&m tzGJ@,lepf TtzGJ@onf/ avhvmapmifh=unfha&;qdkif&m vkyfief; tpDtpOfrsm;tm;vHk;udk/ yl;aygif;nd‡Ed_if;r_ &Sdap&eftwGuf/ aqmif&Guf& rnfh wm0ef&Sdygonf? xdkwm0efrsm;wGif EdkifiHwum rdom;pkrsm;/ tvSL&Sifrsm;ESifh qufoG,fyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;&ef/ EdkifiH twGif; t"duusaom yg0ifywfoufaeolrsm;ESifh qufoG,f&ef/ avhvmapmifh=unfha&;qdkif&m rl0g'rsm;ESifh enf;emrsm;csrSwf &efESifh/ vltrsm;odk@ xkwfjyefrnfha=ujimcsufrsm;/ tpD&ifcHpmrsm;twGuf oabmwlnDr_ay;&eftwGuf wm0efrsm;tygt0if jzpfygonf? tu,fI vlxktajcjyK t&yfzufvlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh !Gef@aygif;tzGJ@udk zGJ@pnf;ygu/ tzGJ@toD;oD;rS udk,fpm; vS,fv$Jtyf ay;ydk@vmolrsm;udk/ TtzGJ@. tzGJ@0ifrsm;tjzpf owfrSwfEdkifygonf? tjcm;enf;vrf;wckrSm/ rnfonfhtzGJ@tpnf; rSvmonfjzpfap/ ta&;r}uD;vSbJ/ oifhavsmfaom u|rf;usifr_t&nftcsif;ESifh jynfhpHkoludk Tvkyfief;tpDtpOfrsm;udk pDrHcef@cGJ ap&eftwGuf wm0efay;&efjzpf+yD;/ t&yfzufvlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. udk,fpm;vS,frsm;yg0ifaom aqG;aEG;0dkif; zdk&rfudkoD;oef@zGJ@ I/ vltrsm;odk@ xkwfjyefaom a=ujimcsufrsm;/ tpD&ifcHpmrsm;twGuf oabmwlnDcsuf&,lap&ef jzpfygonf? ‚if;rSm 'g&dkufwmrsm;. bkwfaumfrDwDtjzpf zGJ@pnf;Edkifygonf? pDrHcef@cGJa&;ESifh t,f'Dwmqdkif&m tzGJ@,lepfodk@ 0efxrf;rsm;udk cef@xm; Edkif+yD;/ vltrsm;ESifh qufqH&rnfhvkyfief;rsm;tm;vHk;twGuf/ jyef=um;qufoG,fa&;t&m&Sdtjzpf/ xm;&SdEdkifygonf? 2? yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ESifh oHk;oyfr_vkyf ief;rsm; vkyfaqmifrnfhtzGJ@,lepf2? yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ESifh oHk;oyfr_vkyf ief;rsm; vkyfaqmifrnfhtzGJ@,lepf2? yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ESifh oHk;oyfr_vkyf ief;rsm; vkyfaqmifrnfhtzGJ@,lepf2? yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ESifh oHk;oyfr_vkyf ief;rsm; vkyfaqmifrnfhtzGJ@,lepf TtzGJ@onf a&G;aumufyGJqdkif&m ta=umif;udpPrsm;/ jy\emrsm;ESifh ywfoufI A[dktqifhwGif avhvmapmifh=unfhrnfh tzGJ@ ,lepf jzpfygonf? EdkifiHtwGif; t"duusaom yg0ifywfoufaeolrsm;ESifh qufqHI/ a'orsm;/ c&dkifrsm;rS wufvmaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk yl;aygif;qufpyfr_/ oHk;oyfydkif;jcm;r_ vkyfrnfjzpfonf? &&SdEdkifor#aom vltm;/ aiGtm;&if;jrpf

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tajctae/ owfrSwfxm;aom t"duusonfh ta=umif;udpPrsm;tay: rlwnfI/ TtzGJ@,lepf.vkyfief;rsm;onf/ atmuf azmfjyyg vkyfief;{&d,mrsm;udk aqmif&Guf=urnf jzpfonf? Oya'ydkif;qdkif&mOya'ydkif;qdkif&mOya'ydkif;qdkif&mOya'ydkif;qdkif&m? ? Oya'jyXmef;csufrsm;udk ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfjcif;? w&m;&Hk;rsm;/ w&m;a&;qdkif&m 0efxrf;rsm;ESifh qufoG,fr_ xm;&Sdjcif;ESifh ‚if;wdk@. vkyfief;rsm;udk apmifh=unfh}uD;=uyfaejcif;? tjiif;yGm;r_qdkif&m udpPrsm;tay: qHk;jzwfcsuf rsm;udk apmifh=unfhavhvmaejcif;rsm; yg0ifygonf? a&G;aumufyGJ tkyfcsKyfa&;a&G;aumufyGJ tkyfcsKyfa&;a&G;aumufyGJ tkyfcsKyfa&;a&G;aumufyGJ tkyfcsKyfa&;? ? EdkifiHawmf a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&SifrS 0efxrf;rsm;ESifh qufoG,fI/ a&G;aumufyGJESifh ywfouf I vkyfief;pDrHcef@cGJr_rsm;udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;/ a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sif. qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;qdkif&m vkyfief; qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk Ed_if;,SOfavhvmjcif;/ rJqEN&Sifrsm;pm&if; rnfr#wdusr_ &Sd-r&Sdudk avhvmjcif; ponfhvkyfief;rsm; yg0ifyg onf? owif;rD'D,mowif;rD'D,mowif;rD'D,mowif;rD'D,m? ? owif;rD'D,mXmersm;/ owif;axmufor*~rsm;§tpnf;t&Hk;rsm;ESifh qufoG,fxm;&Sdjcif;/ a&G;aumufyGJ umvtwGif; owif;rD'D,mrsm;. aqmif&GufyHkudk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;rsm; yg0ifygonf? v_yf&Sm;r_ urfydef; v_yf&Sm;r_ urfydef; v_yf&Sm;r_ urfydef; v_yf&Sm;r_ urfydef; (Campaign) rsm; rsm; rsm; rsm;? ? EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;/ udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;. pnf;&Hk;rJqG,fa&;tzGJ@rsm;ESifh qufoG,fxm;+yD;/ vGwfvyfpGm pk&Hk;cGifh/ pka0;cGifh/ azmfjycGifh &Sd-r&Sdudk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;/ owif;tcsufrsm; &,ljcif;vkyfief; rsm;tjyif/ a&G;aumufyGJ rJqG,fpnf;&Hk;v_yf&Sm;r_ 0ef;usif. r#wr_/ wef;wljzpfr_wdk@udkvnf; apmifh=unfhavhvm&ef vkyfief;rsm; tygt0if jzpfonf? EdkifiHwGif;&Sd vlenf;pkrsm;EdkifiHwGif;&Sd vlenf;pkrsm;EdkifiHwGif;&Sd vlenf;pkrsm;EdkifiHwGif;&Sd vlenf;pkrsm;? ? EdkifiHtwGif;&Sd trsKd;om;a&; vlenf;pk udk,fpm;vS,frsm;/ TudpPrsm;ESifh oufqdkifaomtpdk;& Xme/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ t&yfzufvlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh qufoG,fxm;&Sdjcif;/ apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;/ EdkifiHtwGif; a&G;aumuf yGJvkyfief;pOfrsm;wGif trsKd;om;a&; vlenf;pkrsm; yg0ifaqmif&Gufr_ taetxm;udk avhvmjcif;rsm; yg0ifygonf? vdifuGJjym;r_vdifuGJjym;r_vdifuGJjym;r_vdifuGJjym;r_? ? wef;wltcGifhtvrf;&&Sda&;twGuf aqmif&Gufay;ae=uaom tpdk;&Xmersm;/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ tpdk;& r[kwfaom tzGJ@rsm;ESifh qufoG,fI/ a&G;aumufyGJvkyfief;pOfrsm;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm; yg0ifaqmif&Gufr_ tcsuftvufrsm;&,l jcif;/ apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;tygt0if/ trsKd;orD;rsm; ta&;ESifh ywfoufaomta=umif;udpPrsm;udk azmfjyjcif;rsm;udk avhvm apmifh=unfh&ef jzpfonf? a'oqa'oqa'oqa'oqdkif&m apmifh=unfhavhvmaeolrsm;. yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_dkif&m apmifh=unfhavhvmaeolrsm;. yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_dkif&m apmifh=unfhavhvmaeolrsm;. yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_dkif&m apmifh=unfhavhvmaeolrsm;. yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_? ? vrf;!$efcsufrsm;/ !$ef=um;csufrsm; ay;jcif;tyg t0if/ a'oqdkif&mrsm;rS ay;ydk@vmaom tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk vufcHjcif;/ ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfjcif; vkyfief;rsm; tygt0ifjzpfygonf? TtzGJ@,lepfwGif oufqdkif&mu|rf;usifr_t&nftcsif;&Sdaom 0efxrf;rsm;jzifh pkzGJ@oifh+yD;/ Oyrmtm;jzifh- Oya'a=umif;qdkif&m u|rf;usifr_&Sdaom 0efxrf;rsKd; yg0ifoifhygonf? xdk@tjyif pm&if;tif;ESifh ywfoufI 0efxrf;rsKd;yg0ifoifh+yD;/ udef;*%ef;tcsuf tvufrsm;udk pm&if;ðypkavhvm&ef/ Ed_if;,SOfavhvm&ef/ pm&if;oGif;&ef/ udef;*%ef;qdkif&m cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm&eftwGuf aqmif&Guf apoifhygonf? 3? tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh avhusifhoifwef;ay;a&;tzGJ@ ,lepf3? tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh avhusifhoifwef;ay;a&;tzGJ@ ,lepf3? tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh avhusifhoifwef;ay;a&;tzGJ@ ,lepf3? tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh avhusifhoifwef;ay;a&;tzGJ@ ,lepf

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T,lepfonf/ tkyfcsKyfa&;qdkif&mudpPt00udk wm0ef,loifh+yD;/ aiG0if-xGufbwf*sufpm&if;ESifh pm&if;rsm;ðypkjcif;/ vlopfrsm; pnf;&Hk;pkaqmif;jcif;/ apwem0efxrf;rsm;qdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm; pkaqmif;xm;&Sdjcif;udpPrsm; tygt0ifjzpfygonf? apmifh =unfhavhvma&; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ESifh oHk;oyfr_vkyfief;rsm; vkyfaqmifrnfhtzGJ@,lepf (Observation Co-ordination and

Analysis Unit) ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&GufI/ oifwef;qdkif&m pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm; ðypkxkwfa0jcif;tygt0if/ yl;aygif; nd‡Ed_if;a&; qdkif&m oifwef;rsm;ay;jcif;/ oifwef;ay;rnfh q&mrsm;udk pnf;&Hk;jcif;/ tqifhqifhwdkif;wGif&Sdaeaom 0efxrf;rsm;ESifh apwemh 0efxrf;rsm;twGuf oifwef;rsm;pDpOfjcif;/ oifwef;rsm;udk tuJjzwfjcif;udpPrsm;twGuf wm0ef&Sdygonf? pDrHcef@cGJa&;ESifh t,f'Dwmqdkif&m tzGJ@,lepfESifh apmifh=unfhavhvma&; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ESifh oHk;oyfr_vkyfief;rsm; vkyfaqmif rnfhtzGJ@,lepf/ tzGJ@0ifrsm;udk oifwef;rsm;ay;&mY/ tqifhjrifhpGm pDrHaqmif&GufI ay;oifhygonf? tu,fI a'oqdkif&m twGif;wGif t&nftcsif;&Sdolrsm;/ tqifoifh&Edkifygu toHk;csoifhygonf? odk@r[kwfygu EdkifiHtwGif;&Sd apmifh=unfhavhvma&; tzGJ@rsm;onf/ EdkifiHwumrS u|rf;usifolrsm;. tultnDudk &,loifhygonf? Todk@&,l&mwGif/ tjcm;EdkifiHrS a&G;aumufyGJ apmifh=unfhavhvma&; tawG@tñuH&Sdaom/ jynfwGif;apmifh=unfhavhvma&; tzGJ@rsm;xHrSjzpfap/ odk@r[kwf EdkifiHwumtzGJ@ tpnf;rsm;xHrS jzpfap/ odk@r[kwf TudpPrsm;udk u|rf;usifaom tpdk;&r[kwfonfh (tJef*sDtdk) tzGJ@rsm;xHrS jzpfap &,lEdkifyg onf? tu,fI avhusifhoifwef;ay;r_rsm;+yD;ygu/ pDrHcef@cGJa&;ESifh t,f'Dwmqdkif&m tzGJ@,lepfESifh apmifh=unfhavhvma&; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ESifh oHk;oyfr_vkyfief;rsm; vkyfaqmifrnfhtzGJ@,lepfrsm;rS tzGJ@0ifrsm;udk/ 0efxrf;rsm;ESifh a'oqdkif&mtqifh/ atmufajctqifh0efxrf;rsm;udk oifwef;rsm; xyfrHay;&eftwGuf toHk;csEdkifygonf? i? a'otvdkufESifh Xmaetvdkuf pDrHcsufrsm;? i? a'otvdkufESifh Xmaetvdkuf pDrHcsufrsm;? i? a'otvdkufESifh Xmaetvdkuf pDrHcsufrsm;? i? a'otvdkufESifh Xmaetvdkuf pDrHcsufrsm;? t&if;tjrpfrsm;u tajctaeay;cGifhðyonfhtwdkif;/ jynfwGif;&Sd apmifh=unfhavhvma&;tzGJ@rsm;onf/ a'oqdkif&mtqifhrsm; wGifvnf; apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;csxm;Edkif+yD;/ a&G;aumufyGJrwdkifrD tóuumv/ rJay;pOf/ rJa&wGufpOf/ rJpm&if;a&;oGif;pOf umvrsm;Y apmifh=unfhavhvmapEdkifygonf? a'oqdkif&mtqifhrsm;wGif wnf&Sdapmifh=unfhEdkifjcif;tm;jzifh/ txl;ojzifh c&dkifrsm;/ jrLeDpDy,fòr@e,ftqifhrsm;wGif udk,fpm;vS,favmif;pm&if;ay;oGif;rSwfyHkwif=u&aom/ ygvDrefv$wfawmf a&G; aumufyGJrsm;ESifh a'oqdkif&mtpdk;&a&G;aumufyGJrsm;twGuf txl;ta&;}uD;vSygonf? xdk@tjyif a'oqdkif&mtqifhwGif tiftm;aumif;aumif;jzifh aqmif&GufEdkifjcif;tm;jzifh/ rJqEN&Sifpm&if;Z,m;rsm;. wdusr_/ a&G;aumufyGJrJqG,fpnf;&Hk;r_rsm;ESifh 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif; &Sd-r&Sdwdk@udk/ taumif;qHk;od&SdEdkif=uygonf? a'oqdkif&m apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;a'oqdkif&m apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;a'oqdkif&m apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;a'oqdkif&m apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm; (Regional Monitors) onf/ olwdk@tajcpdkuf&ma'otwGif;&Sd oufqdkifaeaom ta&;ygolrsm;tm;vHk;ESifh qufoG,fr_udk xdef;odrf;xm;oifhonf? olwdk@.wm0efrsm;wGif/ vGwfvyfpGmpnf;&Hk;cGifh/ pka0;cGifh/ vGwfvyfpGmazmfjyajymqdkcGifh tajctaeudk apmifh=unfhtuJjzwfjcif;/ a&G;aumufyGJvkyfief;pOfrsm;wGif a'oqdkif&mtpdk;&rsm;. tcef;u¾/ a&G;aumufyGJ tkyfcsKyfr_u¾ESifh tjcm;aomtkyfcsKyfa&;qdkif&mXmersm;/ w&m;a&;0efxrf;rsm;/ tpdk;& tr_vdkuf t&m&Sdrsm;/ vHkðcHa&;Xmersm;. pGrf;aqmifr_rsm;udk avhvmtuJjzwfjcif;/ a'oqdkif&m owif;Xmersm;. yg0ifywfoufaer_ESifh bufrvdkufr_rsm;udk avhvmtuJjzwfjcif;/ vdifuGJjym;r_ESifh wdkif;&if;om;vlenf;pkrsm;. ta=umif;udpPrsm;udk avhvmtuJ jzwfjcif;rsm; yg0ifygonf? xdkolrsm;udk rJqEN&Sifpm&if; ppfwrf;aumufr_rsm;twGufvnf;/ toHk;ðyavh&Sd=u+yD;/ vdktyfygu rJqEN&Sifrsm; rSwfyHkwif&mXmersm;Y/ vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk apmifh=unfhap&ef apcdkif;Edkifygonf? oifhavsmfaom oifwef;rsm;ay;+yD; aemufwGif/ a&G;aumufyGJqdkif&m tjiif;yGm;r_rsm;udk =um;emaomcHk&Hk;rsm;Yvnf;/ apmifh=unfhtuJjzwfapEdkif&ef/ apcdkif;Edkifyg onf? a'oqdkif&m apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;udk &ufowWywftcsKd@rS/ vtcsKd@wdkif vdktyfr_tajctaet&ESifh cGifhðyEdkifaom &if;jrpftajctaet& wm0efay;Edkifygonf? olwdk@.apmifh=unfhavhvm tuJjzwfr_wm0efrsm;tjyif/ a'oqdkif&mapmifh=unfh

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avhvmolrsm;udk/ vlopfrsm;pkaqmif;jcif;/ oifwef;ay;jcif;/ }uD;=uyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;udk ae&mcs jcif;vkyfief;rsm;twGufvnf; wm0efay;Edkifygonf? avhvmolrsm;avhvmolrsm;avhvmolrsm;avhvmolrsm; (Observers) udk/ rJ&Hkrsm;ESifh rJa&wGuf&mae&mrsm;wGif rJay;&mYvnf;aumif;/ rJa&wGuf&m/ rJpm&if;a&;oGif; &mY wm0efay;Edkifygonf? xdkolrsm;udk tòyifrJa&wGufr_vkyfief; (Parallel vote tabulation) Y yg0ifaqmif&Guf&efvnf; wm0efay;Edkifygonf? odk@r[kwf rJ&Hkrsm;rS&v'frsm;udk udk,fpm;ðyxm;onfherlemrsm;jzifh/ tjrefrJa&wGuf cef@rSef;r_ (Quick

count) twGufvnf; wm0efay;Edkifygonf? Tvkyfief;rsm;udk vkyfaqmifapEdkif&ef/ usKd;yrf;apoifhygonf? 16 p? bufrvdkufr_?p? bufrvdkufr_?p? bufrvdkufr_?p? bufrvdkufr_? jynfwGif;Y a&G;aumufyGJapmifh=unfhavhvm=uaom tkyfpkrsm;onf/ rdrdaqmif&Gufor#aom vkyfief;rsm;Y/ bufvdkufr_uif; &Sif;ap&ef/ aocsmaqmif&Guf&ef ta&;}uD;vSygonf? tkyfpkwckvHk; taejzifh jzpfap/ woD;yk*~vavhvmolrsm;taejzifh jzpfap/ owdðy&efrSm/ vltrsm;. xifjrifcH&r_onfvnf;/ vufawG@tajctaeuJhodk@yif ta&;}uD;a=umif; oabmaygufxm;&ygrnf? tcsdefwdkif;Y bufvdkufr_uif;&Sif;pGm aqmif&Gufaea=umif;/ vltrsm;u jrifap=u&ygrnf? tu,fI jynfwGif; a&Gl;aumufyGJ apmifh=unfhavhvma&;tzGJ@wck. bufvdkufr_uif;&Sif;jcif;tay:/ tajctae tqifhwpHkwckY oHo,&SdcH&ygu/ Ttcsuf a=umifh ‚if;.awG@&Sdcsufrsm;ESifh tpD&ifcHpmrsm;tay: xdcdkufysuf,Gif;apEdkifygonf? (OSCE) a'otwGif;wGif/ (OSCE/ODIHR) XmeatmufY&Sdaom EdkifiHwumapmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;onf/ usifh0wfrsm; udk av;pm;vdkufem=u&ygonf? jynfwGif;Y a&G;aumufyGJapmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;rSm/ Tusifh0wfrsm;twdkif; vdkufemaqmif &Guf&eftwGuf/ wm0efr&Sd=uyg? odk@aomfvnf;/ Tusifh0wfrsm;udk tajccHI/ ‚if;wdk@.udk,fydkif usifh0wfrsm;udk ðypkEdkif=uyg onf? tcsKd@aomEdkifiHrsm;wGif/ a&G;aumufyGJusif;yaom tm%mydkifrsm;u/ apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;twGuf usifh0wfrsm;udk a&;qGJjyXmef;&ef vdktyf=uonfvnf; &Sdygonf? odk@aomfvnf;/ Tusifh0wfpnf;urf;rsm;onf/ olwdk@. tajccHtcGifhta&;jzpf aom apmifh=unfhavhvmcGifhudk rxdyg;apoifhbJ/ xdktcsufrsm;a=umifhom a&G;aumufyGJ vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk ydkrdkwdk;wufap&ef tm;jznfhoifhygonf? (ODIHR) EdkifiHwum a&G;aumufyGJapmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;twGuf usifh0wfrsm;EdkifiHwum a&G;aumufyGJapmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;twGuf usifh0wfrsm;EdkifiHwum a&G;aumufyGJapmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;twGuf usifh0wfrsm;EdkifiHwum a&G;aumufyGJapmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;twGuf usifh0wfrsm;

� apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;onf/ olwdk@.wm0efxrf;aqmifaepOftwGif;/ bufvdkufr_ r&Sdap&ef wif;wif;usyfusyf vdkufem aqmif&Guf&rnf? xdk@tjyif EdkifiH. tm%mydkifrsm;/ EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;/ udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;ESifh ywfoufI tav;uJazmfjy jcif;/ rdrdpdwfóuufudk azmfjyjcif; rnfonfhtcsdefr# tvsOf;r&Sdap&? odk@r[kwf a&G;aumufyGJvkyfief;pOfESifh ywfoufI tjiif;yGm; zG,f vdyfcJwif;vif;jzpfaeaom rnfonfhjy\emtay: rqdk/ &nf!$ef;azmfjyjcif; r&Sdap&?

16 rJ&Hkrsm;rS&v'frsm;udk udk,fpm;ðyxm;onfherlemrsm;jzifh/ tjrefrJa&wGuf cef@rSef;r_ (Quick count) onf/ rJ&v'fwdusr_udk qHk;jzwfEdkif&ef twGuf txl;toHk;0ifvSygonf? txl;ojzifh rJ&&Sdr_tcsKd;tvdkuf a&G;cs,fcH&aom EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m a&G;aumufyGJrsm; (National propotional contest) wGif jzpfygonf? pifòyifrJa&wGufr_ (PVT) xuf wdusr_enf;aomfvnf;/ tjrefrJa&wGuf cef@rSef;r_enf;onf/ zGJ@pnf;aqmif&Guf&ef vG,ful+yD;/ (PVT) xuf pmv#if/ &v'fudk tjrefodapEdkifygonf? odk@aomfvnf; vdktyfaomtcsufrSm/ erlem&,lxm;rIrsm;onf/ aocsmudk,fpm;ðyr_ &Sdap&ef jzpfygonf? odk@ twGufa=umifh/ EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m vlr_a&;ESifh vlOD;a&qdkif&mudpPrsm;twGuf tawG@tñuH&Sdaom pm&if;tif;ynm&Sifu yg0ifaqmif&GufI/ t=uH m%f rsm; ay;oifhygonf?

30

� apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;onf/ owif;rD'D,mrsm;ESifh ywfoufIaomfvnf;aumif;/ odk@r[kwf tjcm;aompdwf0if pm;zG,f yk*~dKvfrsm;ESifh ywfoufIaomfvnf;aumif;/ olwdk@.avhvmawG@&Sdcsufrsm;udk/ yk*~dKvfa&;tjrif&jzpfap/ tcsdef rwdkifrD wifóuIjzpfap/ xifjrifcsufay;jcif;rsm; rðyvkyf&ef xdef;odrf;apmifhpnf;&rnf? olwdk@taejzifh apmifh=unfhavh vmoltjzpf aqmif&Gufv_yf&Sm;aomvkyfief;rsm;. oabmobm0ESifh ywfoufI a,bk,sowif;tcsuftvuf rsm;udk rSwfcsufcsjcif;udk uef@owfxdef;csKyf&rnf?

� apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;onf/ olwdk@. ed*Hk;csKyfqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk aumif;pGmrSwfwrf;wifxm;aom/ tcsuftvuf jynfhpHkaom/ twnfðyoufaojyEdkifaom taxmuftxm;rsm;tay:wGifom/ tajccHðyvkyf&rnf? oGm;a&muf=unfh &_cJhor#aom rJ&Hkrsm;wGif/ pm&if;tif;t& yHkpHpm&Gufrsm;jznfhoGif;jcif;udk txl;vdkvm;pGm aqmif&Gufoifhonf?

� apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;onf/ a&G;aumufyGJ+yD;umv jyefvnfpkpnf;ajz&Sif;r_ aqG;aEG;yGJwGif yg0if&efvdktyfonf? vdktyfygu zufpfydk@puf/ w,fvDzkef;rsm;rSwqifh yg0ifaqmif&GufEdkifonf?

� apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;onf/ tdrf&SifEdkifiH tpdk;&u/ odk@r[kwf a&G;aumufyGJ aumfr&Sifu xkwfay;xm;aom/ owfrSwfazmfjyxm;onfh oufaocHu'fjym;rsm;udk ,laqmifoGm;&rnf? pdwf0ifpm;aom tm%mydkifrsm;u awmif;cH vmygu/ olwdk@udk,folwdk@ azmfxkwfajymqdk&rnf?

� apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;onf/ ygwDwckckESifh yl;wGJazmfjyaom trSwftom;/ ta&mif/ acgif;pD;rsm;udk 0wfqifazmfjy jcif; rðy&?

� apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;onf/ olwdk@.wm0efxrf;aqmifaepOfumvtwGif;/ wm0ef0wW&m; raESmifh,Sufrdap&ef ðyrlaqmif&Guf&rnf? a&G;aumufyGJvkyfief;pOf/ a&G;aumufyGJusif;yonfhae@ vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;/ odk@r[kwf rJ a&wGufjcif;udk 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif; r&Sdap&?

� apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;onf/ rrSefuefr_rsm;udk a'oqdkif&m a&G;aumufyGJtm%mydkifrsm;odk@ today;/ od&Sdapvdkyg u/ aqmif&GufEdkifonf? odk@aomf !$ef=um;csufrsm;ay;jcif; rnfonfhtcgr# rðyvkyf&? odk@r[kwf a&G;aumufyGJt&m&Sd rsm;ESifh qef@usifI !$ef=um;csufrsm; ay;jcif; rðy&?

� apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;onf/ EdkifiH.wnfqJ Oya'rsm;ESifh pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk apmifhxdef;=u&rnf?

tjcm;apmifh=unfhavhvma&;qdkif&m pnf;urf;rsm;wGif/ atmufygtcsufrsm;vnf; yg0ifygonf?

� EdkifiHa&;ygwDtrsm; tygt0if/ jzpfEdkifor# tus,ftjyef@aom oufqdkif&mawG@qHkaqG;aEG;&rnfholrsm;ESihf awG@qHkoifhonf? apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;onf/ TaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;udk tkyfcsKyfaeaomEdkifiHa&;ygwDcsnf;ESifh jzpfap/ twdkuftcHygwDrsm;csnf;ESifh jzpfap/ aqmif&Guf&ef rnfonfhtcgr# uef@owfcsKyfcs,fxm;jcif; r&Sdap&? tvm;wlyif/ ygwDpHk a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifwnf&Sd aeygu/ apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;onf/ EdkifiHa&;a&mifpOfwef;toD;oD;rS tzGJ@0ifrsm;ESifh awG@qHk&rnf?

� rJqG,f pnf;&Hk;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif rnfonfhtcgr# yl;aygif;yg0ifjcif; r&Sdap&? odk@aomf apmifh=unfhavhvm&eftwGuf wufa&mufjcif;udk vufcHEdkifonf?

� tusKd;pD;yGm;t& yÉdyuQ&SdapEdkifonfh/ rnfonfhvkyfief;aqmif&Gufr_rsKd;wGifrS yg0ifywfoufjcif; r&Sdap&? TudpPrsm; wGif txl;ojzifh pD;yGm;a&;oabmwlnDcsufrsm;ðyjcif;jzpfonf? odk@aomf TudpPrwdkifrDwnf;u óuwif&SdaecJhaom/ qufvufaqmif&GufaeqJjzpfaom/ u|rf;usifr_ oufarG;0rf;ausmif;qdkif&m vkyfief;rsm;onfvnf;/ ‚if;.vkyfaqmif &rnfh tcef;u¾udk tjrif&_yfaxG;ap&ef jzpfygu/ tygt0if jzpfonf?

31

� rdrd yk*~dKvfa&;t& apmifh=unfhavhvmonfhjzpf&yfESifh/ tjcm;aom apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;u wifjytpD&ifcH=uonfh jzpf&yfrsm;ESifh &Sif;vif;uGJjym;pGm azmfjyoifhonf?

� tpD&ifcHwifjyr_onf r#w&efvdktyf+yD;/ Tvkyfief;pOftwGif; tðyoabmaqmifonfh jzpfay:wdk;wufr_rsm;ESifh &v'f aumif;rsm;udkvnf; azmfjyoifhonf? tvm;wl rrSefuefr_rsm;ESifh pnf;rsOf;csKd;azmufr_rsm;udkvnf; azmfjy&rnf?

� xdcdkufvG,faom ta&;}uD;owif;rsm; vufcH&&Sdvmygu/ v#Kd@0Suf apmifhxdef;&rnf? txl;ojzifh +cdrf;ajcmufonf/ odk@r[kwf t=urf;zufr_rsm; ywfoufaeonf[k pGyfpGJazmfjy=uonfh owif;rsm; jzpfonf?

� a&G;aumufyGJt&m&Sdrsm;u wrifwum&nf&G,fI Tvkyfief;pOf wckvHk;tay: ,Hk=unfr_enf;ap&efaqmif&Gufjcif; r[kwfaomfvnf;/ tawG@tñuHenf;r_/ Oya'ESifh ru|rf;0ifr_a=umifh/ trSm;rsm;ðyvkyfzG,f&Sdonfudkvnf; todtrSwf ðyxm;&ygrnf?

q? todtrSwfðyr_ &,ljcif;?q? todtrSwfðyr_ &,ljcif;?q? todtrSwfðyr_ &,ljcif;?q? todtrSwfðyr_ &,ljcif;? jynfwGif;Y a&G;aumufyGJapmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;ESifh/ EdkifiHwumavhvmolrsm;onf/ a,bk,stm;jzifh a&G;aumufyGJtkyfcsKyf a&;tm%mydkifrsm;xHrS todtrSwfðyr_ &,l&ef/ av#mufxm;&ef vdktyfygonf? a&G;aumufyGJavhvmrnfhol trsm;tjym; twGuf/ todtrSwfðyr_rsm; xkwfay;&efqdkonfrSm/ }uD;av;aomvkyfief; jzpfygonf? Oya't&jyXmef;xm;aom vdktyfcsuf rsm;ESifh avsmfnDonfh/ odk@r[kwf a&G;aumufyGJtkyfcsKyfa&; !$ef=um;csufrsm;ESifh avsmfnDonfh/ jynfwGif;avhvma&;tzGJ@rsm;udk om/ todtrSwfðyay;onfu rsm;ygonf? tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh avhusifhoifwef;ay;a&; tzGJ@,lepfrsm;u/ vdktyfaomtaxmuf txm;tjynfhtpHkudk/ tm%mydkifrsm;odk@/ tcsdefrD wifjyEdkif&ef aocsmaqmif&Guf&ygrnf? odk@rSom todtrSwfðyr_/ oufao u'fjym;rsm; csufcsif;xkwfay;&,l Edkif=urnf jzpfonf? tm%mydkifrsm;ESifh aumif;rGefaom vkyfief;qufqHa&;xdef;odrf;xm; jcif;onfvnf;/ Todk@ todtrSwfðy/ cGifhðycsuf &&Sda&;twGuf/ vG,fulacsmarG@apygonf?

32

3333? ? ? ? Oya'aOya'aOya'aOya'a----umif;qdkif&mudkydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfjcif;umif;qdkif&mudkydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfjcif;umif;qdkif&mudkydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfjcif;umif;qdkif&mudkydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfjcif; u? Oy'a=umif;qdkif&mydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfjcif;.ta&;}uD;yHk c? Oy'a=umif;qdkif&mydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfjcif;twGuf tajccHrluef@owfcsuf *? a&G;aumufyGJtjiif;yGm;r_Z,m; a&;qGJjcif;?

(u) Oy'a=umif;qdkif&mydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfjcif;.ta&;}uD;yH(u) Oy'a=umif;qdkif&mydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfjcif;.ta&;}uD;yH(u) Oy'a=umif;qdkif&mydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfjcif;.ta&;}uD;yH(u) Oy'a=umif;qdkif&mydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfjcif;.ta&;}uD;yHk a&G;aumu fyGJapmifh=unfhavhvmr_.ta&;}uD;aom &_axmifhwpfckrSm Oy't&pnf;urf;owfrSwfr_onf 'Drdkua&pDa&G;aumufyGJ rsm;udk/ rnfonfhtwdkif;twmtxd taxmuftulay;a=umif; ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfjcif;yif jzpfonf? tajccHOya'ESifh a&G;aumuf yGJ Oya'tm;vHk;yg0ifoifhaom Tydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfr_rsKd;udk apmifh=unfhr_nd‡E_dif;a&;tzGJ@ESifh ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfa&;tzGJ@wdk@rS Oy'a&;&m u|rf;usifolrsm;u apmpD;Edkifor#apmapmpD;pD;umvuwnf;yif vkyfxm;oifhygonf? ±dk;±dk;&Sif;&Sif;udpPrsm;udk tajccHOya'jzifh ajz&Sif;I &ygonf? odk@aomf A[dka&G;aumufyGJaumfr&SifrS xkwfjyefrnfh tkyfcsKyfr_qdkif&mvkyfxHk;vkyfenf; tqifhqifhyg0ifaom pnf;rsOf;/ pnf;urf;rsm;jzifh ajz&Sif;v#ifvnf; &ygonf? odk@jzpf&m pnf;rsOf; pnf;urf;rsm;udkyg ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfoifhygonf?

� a±G;aumufyGJESifh pyfqdkifaom Oy'rSefor#udk &SmazGaz:xkwfjcif;ESifh aumif;pGmtu|rf;w0if&Sdjcif;? � Oya'a=umif;qdkif&m ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfjcif;tm;jzifh/ TOya'rsm;u 'Drdkua&pDa±G;aumufyGJrsm;twGuf tusKd;ðyyHktwdkif;twmudk tuJjzwfjcif;?

� a±G;aumufyGJtwGif;rSm jzpfvmp&m&Sdaomjy\emrsm;udk axmufjy&efESifh a±G;aumufyGJt+yD;rSm ðyjyifajymif; vJa&; t=uHðycsufrsm;ay;&ef twGuf/ Oya'rsm;.csdK@,Gif;csufrsm;udk&SmazGaz:xkwfjcif;?

� Oya't&jyefvnfukpm;r_rsm;vkyfEdkifjcif;&Sd-r&SdESifh ‚if;wdk@onf Oy'qdkif&mtjiif;yGm;r_rsm;udk trsKd;tpm; cGJjcm;jcif;? ta=umif;&if;avhvmjcif;wdk@twGuf taxmuftulay;Edkifjcif;&Sd-r&Sd odEdkifatmif a±G;aumufyGJ tjiif;yGm;r_ pm&if;Z,m;udk a&;qGJjcif;?

33

Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;uef@owfr_rsm;udk ydkif;jcm;pdyfjzmr_onf vl@tcGifhta&;tygt0if EdkifwumtpOftvm/ tqifhtwef;ESifh udkufnDatmif/ odk@r[kwf Oya'rsm; ydkrdk uspfvpfodyfonf; (wenf;) ydkrdkxda&mufatmif/ t=uHðycsufrsm;a&;om;&mY ay: xGufvmEdkifygonf? t=uHðycsufrsm;a&;om;&mY a&m&mwdusatmif *±kðyoifhonf/ tb,fha=umifht=uHðy&a=umif;ESifh ywfoufIvnf; a&a&vnfvnf&Sif;jyoifhonf? a&G;aumufyGJrwdkifrDrSmjzpfap/ a&G;aumufyGJt+yD;rSm jzpfap/ a&G;aumufyGJ Oya'ajymifvJa&;ESifh ydkrdkaumif;rGefvma&;twGuf wifjyonfhoabmjzifh t=uHðycsufrsm;udka&;om;Edkifygonf?

(c) Oy'a=umif;qdkif&mydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfjcif;twGuf pnf;urf;uef@owfcsuf (c) Oy'a=umif;qdkif&mydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfjcif;twGuf pnf;urf;uef@owfcsuf (c) Oy'a=umif;qdkif&mydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfjcif;twGuf pnf;urf;uef@owfcsuf (c) Oy'a=umif;qdkif&mydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfjcif;twGuf pnf;urf;uef@owfcsuf (OSCE/ODIHR) u ðypkay;xm;aom jynfhpHkonfhvrf;!$efcsufrsm;onf a&G;aumufyGJOya' qdkif&mydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfjcif; twGuf pnf;urf;uef@owfcsuftjzpf taxmuftulay;ygonf?17 a&G;aumufyGJESifhywfoufaomta=umif;t&mrsm;udk jyefvnfpDppf&mY wnDwnmwnf;jzpfap&ef/ tm;xm;avmufp&mjzpfap&ef/ a±S@aemufnD!$wfap&efESifh rSefuefwdusap&ef &nf±G,fvsuf vrf;!$efcsufrsm;udk ðypkxm;jcif;jzpfonf?18 atmufrSm tusOf;csKyfudkaz:jyxm;ygonf? tydkif;toD;oD;Y vrf;!$efcsufwckpD ESifh xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;p&m ar;cGef;wpfpHkpD yg0ifygonf? Oya'a&;&m pnf;urf;uef@owfcsuf wnfaqmufOya'a&;&m pnf;urf;uef@owfcsuf wnfaqmufOya'a&;&m pnf;urf;uef@owfcsuf wnfaqmufOya'a&;&m pnf;urf;uef@owfcsuf wnfaqmufyyyyHkHk HkHk Oya'a&;&ma'pnf;urf;uef@owfcsufa&;qGJ&mY trsm;jynfoltvG,fwul em;vnfEdkif&rnf/ jrifomxifom&Sd&rnf/ 'Drdku a&pDa&G;aumufyGJjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf vdktyfaom t*Fg&yftm;vHk;ESifh pyfqkdif&rnf? xdk@jyif rJray;rD uwnf;uyif óuwifI t+yD;tjywf csrSwf+yD; jzpfae&rnf?

� Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;owfrSwfcsuf. &nf±G,fcsufonf &Sif;vif;jywfom;jcif;/ jrifomxifomjcif;/ESifh trsm;jynfol em;vnfEdkiffjcif; &Sdygovm;?

� vl@tcGifhta&;udk zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'ygjyXmef;csufrsm;jzifh umuG,fapmifh=uyfay;xm;ygovm;?

� (a&G;aumufyGJESifh) ywfoufqufpyfaeaom Oy'tm;vHk;(zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'/ taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJESifh tjcm;a&G;aumufyGJrsm;qdkif&mOya'/ Edkifom;/ EdkifiHa&;ygwD/ owif;rD'D,mESifh trsm;jynfolqdkif&mjyef=um;a&;Oya'/ a&G;aumufyGJOya' csKd;azgufr_ESifh pyfqdkifaom &mZ0wfOya'jyXmef;csufrsm;/&mZ0wfr_usifhxHk;Oya'rsm;/ ESifh A[dka&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sif. !$ef=um;csufrsm;tñuH;0ifygonf?) udk pDppf=unfh+yD;yg+yDvm;?

a&G;a&G;a&G;a&G;aumufyGJpepf aumufyGJpepf aumufyGJpepf aumufyGJpepf owfrSwfxm;aom a&G;aumufyGJpepfonf rnfonfhtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufoenf;/ESpfumvtydkif; tjcm; tvdkufa&G;aumufyGJusif;y}udrf/ a&G;aumufyGJusif;ya&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;zGJ@ pnf;jcif;udpP&yfrsm;wGif 'Drdkua&pDa&G;aumuf yGJt wGufvdktyfaom tedrfhqHk;pHcsdefrsm;&SdatmiftmrcH&rnf?

� a&G;aumufyGJpepfonf 'Drdkua&pDa&G;aumufyGJtwGuf tedrfhqHk;pHcsdefrsm;&Sdatmif tmrcHygovm;?

� tenf;qHk;/ Oya'ðyv$wfawmfw&yf. trwfae&mtm;vHk;twGuf 'Drdkua&pDa&G;aumufyGJt& a&G;aumufygovm;?

17 Guidelines for Reviewing a Legal Framework for Elections, OSCE/ODIHR, Warsaw, 2001, produced in colloboration with the

International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA). 18 Oya'qdkif&m tajccHrlrsm;udk ydkif;jcm;ppfaq;aomtcg/ pDppf ppfaq;olu/ aemufqHk;tpD&ifcHpmudk (OSCE/ODIHR) tzGJ@. a&G;aumufyGJ avhvmapmifh=unfha&; udk,fpm;vS,f tzGJ@rsm; (Election observation missions) . tpD&ifcHpmrsm;ESifh wdkifyift=uH&,lEdkifygonf? TtpD&ifcHpm rsm;udk/ OSCE/ODIHR . tifwmeufpmrsufESm http://www.osce.org/odihr wGif &,lEdkifygonf?

34

� 'Drdkua&pDa&G;aumufyGJrsm;udk oifhawmfaomumvtydkif;tjcm;tvdkufusif;yygovm;?

� Oya'a&;&m pnf;urf;uef@owfcsufonf a&G;aumufyGJusif;ya&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;zGJ@pnf;ay;yHkESifh pDppfyHkwdk@tay:rSm tm%mwnfygovm;?

� rJqENESifhtnDtm%mtyfESif;a&;twGufcsrSwfaom a&G;aumufyGJzGJ@pnf;yHkESifh/ wOD;csif;udk,fpm;vS,favmif; twGufvkyfydkifcGifhtyfESif;aom vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;tqifhqifhwdk@udk &Sif;vif;jywfom;pGmaz:jyxm;ygovm;?

� a&G;aumufyGJpepfonf vlenf;pkrsm;udk cGJjcm;r_r&SdbJ/ w&m;r#wpGm qufqHygovm;? a&G;a&G;a&G;a&G;cs,fwifcs,fwifcs,fwifcs,fwifajr‡mufajr‡mufajr‡mufajr‡mufcGifh cGifh cGifh cGifh Oya'a&;&m pnf;urf;uef@owfcsufonf vlrsm;pkudk,fpm;ðy touft±G,f&SdolEdkifiHom;tm;vHk;udk vlwdkif;rJay;cGifhESifh wef;wlrJay;cGifh &&Sdap&rnf?

� vlrsm;pkudk,fpm;ðy touft±G,f&Sdol EdkifiHom;tm;vHk;onf vlwdkif;rJay;cGifhESifh wef;wlrJay;cGifh &&Sdygovm;?

� Oya'a&;&m pnf;urf;uef@owfcsufonf Oya'a±S@arSmufwGif vlwdkif;wef;wljzpfonf [laomtajccHay:rSm cGJjcm;qufqHr_r&SdbJ/rJay;cGifh&&Sdatmif tmrcHygovm;?

� rJay;cGifhtay:rSm uef@owfr_rsm; odk@r[kwf csKyfcs,fr_rsm;&Sdygovm;? tu,fI&Sdonfqdkygu/ c|if;csufoabm aqmifaom ywf0ef;usiftajctaersm;a=umifhjzpfa=umif;/ &Sif;vif;jywfom;pGm &Sif;jyxm;ygovm;?

a&G;a&G;a&G;a&G;aumufyGJaumfraumufyGJaumfraumufyGJaumfraumufyGJaumfr&Sif&Sif&Sif&Sifrsm; rsm; rsm; rsm; /a&G;a&G;a&G;a&G;aumufyGJtm%mydkiaumufyGJtm%mydkiaumufyGJtm%mydkiaumufyGJtm%mydkiftzGJ@ftzGJ@ftzGJ@ftzGJ@rsm;rsm;rsm;rsm; Oya'a&;&m pnf;urf;uef@owfcsufonf a&G;aumufyGJqdkif&m oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom/ xdk@jyif ormorwfusaompDrHtkyfcsKyfr_ t& a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifrsm; /a&G;aumufyGJtm%mydkiftzGJ@rsm; zGJ@pnf;jcif;/v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufjcif;ðyap&rnf?

� Oya'a&;&m pnf;urf;uef@owfcsufonf a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifrsm;udk oD;jcm;vGwfvyfpGm ESifh ormorwfuspGm zGJ@pnf;apygovm;?

� Oya'a&;&m pnf;urf;uef@owfcsufonf a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifrsm;udk oD;jcm;vGwfvyfpGmESifh ormorwfuspGm v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufapygovm;?

� Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;uef@owfcsufonf a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifrsm;zGJ@pnf;jcif;ESifh v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;udk yGifhvif;jrifom apygovm;? wdk@jyif ‚if;wdk@.vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk avhvmolrsm; apmifh=unfhEdkifatmif óuwif pDrHay;xm;ygovm;?

� Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;uef@owfcsufonf a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&SiftoD;oD;rsm;. vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;ESifh wm0efrsm;udk jzpfap/ tpdk;&tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ wm0efvuf&Sdtm%mydkifrsm;ESifh aumfr&Sifrsm;.qufqHa&;ta=umif;udkjzpfap &Sif;vif;jywfom;pGm t"dyg,f zGifhqdkjyygovm;?

� Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;uef@owfcsufonf a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifw&yf. qHk;jzwfcsufwckudk y,fvSef&ef vHkavmufaom tcGifhtvrf;ay;ygovm;?

� Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;uef@owfcsufonf a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&SiftzGJ@0ifrsm; rw&m;ojzifh xkwfy,frcH&atmif umuG,fapmifh a&Smufay;ygovm;?

rJay;olrsm;rSwfyHkwifjcif;rJay;olrsm;rSwfyHkwifjcif;rJay;olrsm;rSwfyHkwifjcif;rJay;olrsm;rSwfyHkwifjcif;/rJay;olrsm;pm&if;rJay;olrsm;pm&if;rJay;olrsm;pm&if;rJay;olrsm;pm&if;

35

Oya'a&;&m pnf;urf;uef@owfcsufrsm;onf rJay;olrsm;pm&if;udk jrifomxifomatmifESifh rSefuefwduspGmxm;&Sdap&rnf? rJay;cGifh&SdaomEdkifiHom;rsm;. rSwfyHkwifcGifhudk umuG,fapmifha&Smufap&rnf? xdk@jyif vlrsm;udk Oya'ESifhrnDbJ odk@r[kwf rrSef ruef/ rSwfyHkwifay;jcif;/xkwfy,fjcif;rjzpfatmif óuwifumuG,fay;ap&rnf?

� rSwfyHkwifjcif;jzpfpOfonf rSefuefwdus+yD;/jrifomxifom&Sdaom rJay;olrsm;pm&if;udkóuwifpDrHxm;ygovm;? � rJay;olrsm;rSwfyHkwifjcif;twGuf jynfhpHk&efvdktyfaomtcsufrsm;udk &Sif;vif;jywfom;+yD;/wdusaompum;jzifh az:jyxm;ygovm;?

� rJqEN&SifwOD;taejzifh rSwfyHkwif&eftwGuf rnfonfhpm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;vdktyfonfudk Oya'u &Sif;vifjywfom;pGm az:jyay;xm;ygovm;?

� rSwfyHkwifjcif;ESifhywfoufaom qHk;jzwfcsufwcktay: apm'uwufEdkifa&;twGuf vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;tqifhqifhudk &Sif;vif;jywfom;aompum;jzifh az:jyxm;ygovm;?

� rSwfyHkwifjcif;ESifh ywfoufaom qHk;jzwfcsufwcktay: apm'uwufEdkifa&;twGuf aemufqHk;tcsdefowfrSwfcsufudk &Sif;vif;jywfom;pGm az:jyxm;ygovm;?

� rJqEN&SifwOD;. yk*~dKvfa&;tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh owif;tcsuftvufrsm; rw&m;ojzifhxkwfaz:jcif;rcH&atmif umuG,fapmifha&Smuf ay;xm;ygovm;?

EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm; EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm; EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm; EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm; Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;uef@owfcsufonff EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh udk,fpm;vS,favmif; rSefor# Oya'a±S@arSmufwGif vlwdkif;wef; wl jzpfonf[laomtajccHay:rSm wef;wlnDr# ,SOfòyifta&G;cHEdkifap&rnf?

� EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rSefor#udk Oya'a±S@arSmufwGif wef;wlnDr#atmif tmrcHcsufay;xm;yg ovm;?

� EdkifiHa&;ygwDtaeESifhjzpfap/oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom(woD;yk*~v)udk,fpm;vS,favmif;taeESifhjzpfap/ udk,fpm;vS,f avmif;rsm;udk ta&G;cHcGifh&atmiftmrcHcsufay;xm;ygovm;?

� Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;tm;vHk;twGuf nDnmaom òyifuGif;wckay;xm;ygovm;?

� a&G;aumufyGJESifhywfoufI udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;rSm jynfpHk&efvdktyfaomtcsuftvufrsm;udk pyfqdkifr_&Sdaom/ oifhavsmfaom/ wdusaom pHxm;csufrsm;ay:rSmtajccHI owfrSwfxm;+yD;/ Oya'rSm &Sif;vif;jywfom;pGm az:jy xm;ygovm;?

� udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;rSwfyHkwifjcif;qdkif&m vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;udk Oya'wGif cdkifrsmwdusaompum;jzifh usKd;a=umif;qDavsmfpGmESifh &Sif;vif;jywfom;pGm az:jyxm;ygovm;?

� Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rSwfyHkwifjcif;ESifhywfoufaom qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk w&m;Oya'tjrifjzifh jyefvnfpDppfapygovm;?

� Oya'onf rJqG,fv_yf&Sm;r_umvtwGif; EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;. vkyfaqmifcsufrsm; tay:rSmpnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;jzifhxdef;uGyfay;ygovm;? xdk@jyif tpdk;&pGufzufr_uif;+yD;/ wufºu/ yGifhvif;aom rJqG,fv_yf&Sm;r_twGuf óuwifpDrHay;xm;ygovm;?

� Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufcH&olyk*~dKvf. EdkifiHa&;ygwDul;ajymif;r_a=umifh oufwrf;raphbJ/ xdkyk*~dKvf. tcGifhtm%mtqHk;owfoGm;jcif;rjzpf&atmif umuG,fapmifha&Smuf ay;ygovm;?

36

owif;rD'D,owif;rD'D,owif;rD'D,owif;rD'D,mudk xdawG@cGifhESifh wef;wlcGifhmudk xdawG@cGifhESifh wef;wlcGifhmudk xdawG@cGifhESifh wef;wlcGifhmudk xdawG@cGifhESifh wef;wlcGifh Oya'a&;&m pnf;urf;uef@owfcsufonf EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tm;vHk; owif;rD'D,mxdawG@cGifh&Sdap&rnfjzpf onfhtjyif/tpdk;&ydkif odk@r[kwf tpdk;&csKyfudkifaom owif; rD'D,mwGif wef;wlnDr#pGm ESifhcGJjcm;r_r&Sd qufqHcHap&rnf? rJqG,f v_yf&Sm;r_umvtwGif; EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tm;vHk; rdrdwdk@tjrifrsm;ESifh xifjrifcsufrsm; vGwfvyfpGm xkwf az:cGifhtay: usKd;a=umif;rqDavsmfaomuef@owfcsufrsm; rxm;&Sdap&?

� Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm; tm;vHk;udk owif;rD'D,mESifh xdawG@ cGifh&Sdap+yD;/ tpdk;&ydkif odk@r[kwf tpdk;&csKyfudkifaom owif;rD'D,mwGif wef;wlnDr#cGifh&Sdapygovm;?

� Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf wef;wlnDr#qufqHr_&&Sda&;twGufw&m;r#waom/ ±dk;&Sif;aom/ trSefwu,ftoHk;csI&aom yHkpHwpf&yfcsrSwfxm;ygovm;?

� Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf rJqG,fv_yf&Sm;r_umvtwGif; EdkifiHom;rsm;/ udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;ESifh ‚if;wdk@. axmufcHtm;ay;olrsm;taejzifh rdrdwdk@.tjrifrsm;ESifh xifjrifcsufrsm;udk vGwfvyfpGmaz:jyEdkifatmif tmrcHygovm;?

rJqG,fv_yfrJqG,fv_yfrJqG,fv_yfrJqG,fv_yf&Sm;&Sm;&Sm;&Sm;r_r_r_r_b¾mb¾mb¾mb¾maiGESifh toHk;pm;&dwfrsm;aiGESifh toHk;pm;&dwfrsm;aiGESifh toHk;pm;&dwfrsm;aiGESifh toHk;pm;&dwfrsm; Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf rJqG,fv_yf&Sm;r_b¾maiGESifh toHk;pm;&dwfrsm;udpP&yfwGif EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh udk,f pm;vS,favmif;rsm;tm;vHk;udk Oya'a±S@arSmufrSmwef;wlnDr#jzpfap&rnf;?

� Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf rJqG,fv_yf&Sm;r_b¾maiGESifh toHk;pm;&dwfrsm;udpP&yfwGif EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; ESifhudk,f pm;vS,favmif;rsm;tm;vHk;udk Oya'a±S@arSmufrSmwef;wlnDr#jzpfapygovm;?

� Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf rJqG,fv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;twGuf jynfol@b¾maiGoHk;pGJcGifh odk@r[kwf tpdk;&ydkif t&if;tjrpfrsm;oHk;pGJcGifhtwGuf óuwifpDrHxm;ygu/ ToHk;pGJcGifhudk EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh udk,fpm;vS,frsm; tm;vHk; onf Oya'a±S@arSmufwGif wef;wlnDr#jzpfonf[laom tajccHay:rSmpDrHxm;ygovm;?

� udk,fydkif rJqG,fv_yf&Sm;r_&HyHkaiGrsm;tay:xm;&Sdaom uef@owfcsufrsm;onf usKd;a=umif;qDavsmfjcif;/ &Sif;vif; jywfom;jcif;&Sdonfhtjyif trSefwu,fusifhoHk;I&Edkifygovm;?

� Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf rJqG,fv_yf&Sm;a&;tvSLaiGrsm;/ toHk;pm;&dwfrsm; ta=umif;tpD&ifcHjcif; ESifh ywfoufI umvtydkif;tjcm;owfrSwfay;xm;ygovm;?

� Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf rJqG,fv_yf&Sm;a&;tvSLaiGrsm;/ toHk;pm;&dwfrsm;ta=umif; tpD&ifcHpm rsm;udk trsm;jynfol =unfh±SKEdkifatmif óuwifpDrHxm;ygovm;?

apapapapmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm; mifh=unfhavhvmolrsm; mifh=unfhavhvmolrsm; mifh=unfhavhvmolrsm; Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf jynfwGif;/jynfyapmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;/ owif;rD'D,m/ EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh udk,f pm;vS,favmif;rsm;. udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tzdk@a&G;aumufyGJvkyfief;jzpfpOftm;vHk;udk odomjrifomatmif óuwifpDrH xm;& rnf?

� Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf jynfwGif;ESifh EdkifiHwumapmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;tm; a&G;aumufyGJjzpfpOf . bufaygif;pHkudk apmifh=unfhavhvmcGifhðyxm;ygovm;?

� Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf owif;rD'D,m/ EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh udk,f pm;vS,favmif;rsm;. udk,fpm; vS,frsm;tm; a&G;aumufyGJjzpfpOf.bufaygif;pHkudk apmifh=unfhavhvmcGifhðyxm;ygovm;?

37

� Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf apmifh=unfhavhvmolwOD;tjzpfrSwfyHkwifa&;twGuf vdktyfaom tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh ywfoufI &Sif;vif;jywfom;aom/ wduscdkifrmaom pHxm;csufrsm;csrSwfay;xm;ygovm;?

� Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf EdkifiHawmfjyXmef;Oya'u apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;twGuf todtrSwfðy xm;aomtcsufrsm;ESifh rnfonfhtcsdefrSmtodtrSwfðyxm;onf wdk@ESifhywfoufI&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; odxm;yg ovm;?

� Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;. tcGifhta&;ESifhywfoufIaomfvnf;aumif;/ rnfonfhtcsdef/ rnfonfhtajctaersm;atmufrSm apmifh=unfhavhvmoltjzpfrS &yfqdkif;Edkifjcif;ESifh ywfoufI aomfvnf;aumif;/ &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; odxm;ygovm;?

� Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;.tcGifhta&;ESifh tpDpOfwusa&G;aumufyGJ pDrHtkyfcsKyfr_wdk@=um;wGif xdef;nSday;ygovm;?

� apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;tzdk@rsm;pGmtcuftcJawG@ap+yD;/ &mr#waomapmifh=unfhavhvmr_tzdk@t[ef@twm;jzpfap aom Oya'qdkif&m/ vdkufemp&mtcsuftvufrsm;&Sdygovm;?

rJqENay;jcifESifhywforJqENay;jcifESifhywforJqENay;jcifESifhywforJqENay;jcifESifhywfoufaom vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;tqifhqifh ufaom vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;tqifhqifh ufaom vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;tqifhqifh ufaom vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;tqifhqifh Oyaa&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf rJqENudkv#Kd@0Sufr_&Sdap&rnfjzpf+yD;/ rJqENtm;vHk;udk wef;wlnDr#pGm/ w&m;r#wpGmESifh yGifhvif;jrifompGm a&wGufjcif;/Z,moGif;jcif;&Sdap&rnf?

� Oyaa&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf rJqENrsm;udk v#Kd@0SufrJay;pepfjzifh ay;apygovm;?

� Oyaa&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf rJay;olrsm; udkrJjym;xkwfray;rDrSm vlrrSm;atmif vHkavmufpGmppfaq;apyg ovm;?

� Oyaa&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufrSm rrSefruefrJay;jcif;ESifh t=udrf=udrftvDvDrJay;jcif;wdk@rjzpf&avatmif vHkavmufaom umuG,fapmifh=uyfay;r_rsm; yg0ifygovm;?

� Oyaa&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufrSm rJray;rD/ rJay;aepOfESifh rJay;+yD;aemufydkif;Y rJjym;rsm;/ rJ±HkoHk;ypPnf;rsm; tm;vHk;. vHkðcHa&;twGuf vHkavmufaomjyXmef;csufrsm;yg0ifygovm;?

� Oyaa&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf xl;jcm;csuf&Sdaom rJay;olrsm; odk@r[kwf txl;trsKd;tpm; tjzpf owfrSwfxm;aom rJay;olrsm;twGuf xl;jcm;aomrJay;enf;rsm; ay;xm;ygovm;? xdk@jyif Ttjcm; aomrJay;enfrsm;.vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;tqifhqifhonf rJvHkðcHr_vnf;&Sd/ v#Kd@0Sufr_vnf;&Sdap&efvdktyfaomtcsufrsm;ESifh tnDjzpfygovm;?

� Oyaa&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf vlwOD;wnf;u a&G;aumufyGJwckwnf;rSm xl;jcm;aomrJay;enf;udka&m yHkrSefrJay;enf;udkyg toHk;ðyonfhtjzpfrsKd;r&Sd&avatmif óuwifumuG,fxm;ygovm;?

rJa&wGifjcif;ESifh Z,m;oGif;jcif;ðy&mY yGifhvif;jrifomr_rJa&wGifjcif;ESifh Z,m;oGif;jcif;ðy&mY yGifhvif;jrifomr_rJa&wGifjcif;ESifh Z,m;oGif;jcif;ðy&mY yGifhvif;jrifomr_rJa&wGifjcif;ESifh Z,m;oGif;jcif;ðy&mY yGifhvif;jrifomr_&Sd&Sd&Sd&Sdjcif; jcif; jcif; jcif; Oyaa&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf rJqENtm;vHk;udk wef;wlnDr#pGm/ w&m;r#wpGmESifh yGifhvif;jrifompGm a&wGufjcif;/ Z,m; oGif;jcif;&Sdap&rnf?

� Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf rJa&wGufjcif;ESifh Z,m;oGif;jcif;udk apmifh=unfhavhvmEdkifatmif apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;tm; oifhavsmfaom enf;vrf;rsm;ay;xm;ygovm;?

38

� Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf vufjzifh rJa&wGufjcif;ESifh Z,m;oGif;jcif; rðybJ/ pufjzifha&wGufaom ae&mrsm;wGif puf/uGefjyLwmtrmxnf/tajymhxnfESifh tjcm;ypPnf;rsm;tm;vHk;jzif hoD;jcm;vGwfvyfpGm aqmuf&GufEdkifatmif óuwifpDrHxm;ygovm;?

� Oya'onf apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;taejzifhrJay;XmetoD;oD;. &v'frsm;udkaygif;um/ aemufqHk;tajz &&SdapEdkifaom yHkpHt& pm&if;Z,m;pm&Guftm;vHk;udk &&SdapEdkifygovm;?

� Oya'onf &v'faz:jyaom pm&if;Z,m;rsm;Y xl;jcm;aomrJay;enf;rsm; (ae&ma±$@ajymif;rJay;jcif;ESifh pmydk@pepfjzifh rJay;jcif;uJhodk@aomrJay;enf;rsm;) .&v'frsm;ESifhywfoufaom tao;pdyftcsuftvufrsm;yg0ifapygovm;?

� Oya'onf rJ±HktqifhrS A[dka&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Siftqifhtxd/ &v'ftao;pdyfrsm;udk csufcsif; trsm;jynfolodk@ a=unmjcif;ESifh yHkESdyfowif;rD'D,mwGifyHkESdyfxkwfa0jcif;ðyapygovm;?

� Oya'onf a&G;aumufyGJ&vm'frsm;. aemufqHk;twnfðya=unmjcif;/ udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;udk today;jcif; jzpfpOfrsm;ESifh ta&G;aumufcHudk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;.&mxl;oufwrf;rsm;udk &Sif;vif;jywfom;pGm jyXmef; owfrSwfay;xm;ygovm;?

� rJjyefvnfa&wGufjcif;twGuf vdktyfaomtcsuftm;vHk;;ESifh vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;tqifhqifhwdk@udk &Sif;vif;jywfom; pGmaz:jyxm;ygovm;?

� a&G;aumufyGJtopfusif;ya&;twGufvdktyfaomtcsuftm;vHk;;ESifh vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;tqifhqifhudk &Sif;vif; jywfom;pGm az:jyxm;ygovm;?

rJqENrJqENrJqENrJqEN&&&&SifSifSifSiftcGifhta&;bufrS&yfwnfay;jcif; tcGifhta&;bufrS&yfwnfay;jcif; tcGifhta&;bufrS&yfwnfay;jcif; tcGifhta&;bufrS&yfwnfay;jcif; Oyaa&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf rJqEN&SiftcGifhta&;bufrS &yfwnfay;&eftwGuf xda&mufaom vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm; ESifh ukpm;enf;rsm; jyXmef;xm;&rnf?

� Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf rJqEN&SiftcGifhta&;bufrS &yfwnfay;&eftwGuf xda&mufaomvkyfxHk; vkyfenf;rsm; ESifh ukpm;enf;rsm; jyXmef;xm;ygovm;?

� Oya'csKd;azgufr_rsm;twGuf owfrSwfxm;aomjypf'%frsm;onf usKd;a=umif;qDavsmf+yD;/oifhavsmfygovm;?

� Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf a&G;aumufyGJOya'csKd;azgufr_ESifhywfoufI rnfolwdk@uw&m;pGJqdkEdkifonf qdkaomtcsufrsm;ESifh w&m;pGJqdkjcif;jzpfpOfwdk@udk &Sif;vif;jywfom;pGmaz:jyxm;ygovm;?

� Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&SifqHk;jzwfcsufudk (jyefvnfppfcGifhESifh t+yD;owfpD&if csufcscGifh&Sdaom w&m;±Hk;odk@) t,lcHwifcGifhtwGuf óuwifpDrHay;xm;ygovm;?

� Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf rauseyfcsufwcktwGuf w&m;pGJqdkjcif;/ pOf;pm;jcif;/ESifh qHk;jzwfjcif;wdk@ twGuf tcsdefuef@owfcsufrsm;jyXmef;ay;xm;ygovm;?

(*) (*) (*) (*) a&G;a&G;a&G;a&G;aumufyGJtjiif;yGm;r_Z,m; a&;qGJjcif; aumufyGJtjiif;yGm;r_Z,m; a&;qGJjcif; aumufyGJtjiif;yGm;r_Z,m; a&;qGJjcif; aumufyGJtjiif;yGm;r_Z,m; a&;qGJjcif; rJqEN&Sifrsm;qdkif&mOya'udk ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyf&mY/ a&G;aumufyGJtjiif;yGm;r_rsm;twGufajz&Sif;csufrsm;udk txl;tm±Hkpdkufoifh yg onf? TuJhodk@aom ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfr_rsm;vkyfygu Oya'a&;&mjyefvnfukpm;r_rsm; vkyfI&-r& qHk;jzwfEdkifrnfhtjyif/ Oya' a&;&mtjiif;yGm;r_rsm;udk rSwfwrf;ðypkjcif;ESifhta=umif;&if;avhvmjcif;jzpfpOftwGuftaxmuftuljzpfapygvdrfhrnf? TuJh odk@aom ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfr_wcka=umifh a&G;aumufyGJtjiif;yGm;r_rsm;pD&ifqHk;jzwf&eftm%mtyfESif;cHxm;aom tm%mydkifrsm;. tcef;u¾/w&m;r#wr_ESifh u|rf;usifvdrRmr_wdk@udk tuJjzwfEdkifygvdrfhrnf?

39

a&G;aumufyGJtjiif;yGm;r_rsm;ESifhywfoufaom Oyaa&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf atmufygwdk@udk &Sif;vif;jywfom;pGm t"dyg,fzGifhqdkjy&rnf?

� rauseyfr_twGuf wdkifwef;p&mjzpfapaom vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;(Oyrm- wpHkwOD;udk r±dk;rom;rrSefruefrSwfyHkwif ay;jcif;) ESifh vkyfaqmif&efysufuGufr_(Oyrm – wpkHwOD;udk rSwfyHkwifay;&efysufuGufjcif;)?

� wdkifwef;cH&avmufzG,f&m &Sdaomyk*~dKvf(rsm;) odk@r[kwf tzGJ@tpnf;(rsm;) ESifh wdkifwef;cH&onf[k today;cH&rnfh olrsm;

� wdkifwef;r_rsm;udk pD&ifqHk;jzwf&eft&nftcsif;&Sdaom tzGJ@tpnf;?

� rauseyfr_udk t&nftcsif;ESifhjynfhpHkaomtzGJ@tpnf;odk@ wdkifwef;&rnfhenf;[ef (Oyrm – pmjzifh)? � rauseyfr_udk wdkifwef;jcif;ESifh pD&ifqHk;jzwfjcif;wdk@twGuf tcsdefuef@owfcsufrsm;?

� y,fvSefqHk;jzwfjcif;cH&aom wdkifwef;r_udk t,lcHwifyHkenf;[efESifh cHktzGJ@rsm;?

� wdkifwef;oltwGuf csrSwfay;aom rnfonfhoufomcGifhudkrqdk az:aqmifay;a&;twGuf vdktyfaom vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;?

� Oya'csdL;azgufr_twGuf jypf'%frsm;? Tydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfcsufudk t+yD;owf+yD;onfESifhwðyifeuf/a&G;aumufyGJtcsdefZ,m;ESifhqufpyfvsuf ae@pGJtpOftwdkif; Z,m; oGif;a&;rSwf xm;&rnf? TjzpfpOfonf Oya'rsm;wGifyg&Sdaom [muGufrsm;/xyfaer_rsm;ESifh tcsif;csif;yÉdyuQ jzpfaeaom jy Xmef;csufrsm;udk az:xkwfapEdkifonfhtjyif/ Oyaa&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufw&yf ydkrdkwdk;wufaumif;rGefap&ef t=uHðywif jycsufrsm;a&;&mY vnf; toHk;0ifEdkifygonf? erlemZ,m;wckrSaumufESkwfcsufudk atmufrSmaz:jyxm;ygonf? Tjzpf&yfY tu,fI wdkifwef;olwOD;u rJqEN&Sifpm&if;rSm rrSefruefrwdrusjzpfaer_wckudk jyifqifay;yg&efwifjy+yD;v#if/ w&m;r usifhxHk;Oya' (Civil Procedure Code) tcef; (30) t& TrrSefruefrwdrusjzpfaer_udk apm'uwufonfqdkygtHh? oufaojyonfhwdkif TrrSefruefrwdrusjzpfaer_udk jyifqif ay;&efwm0efr&Sda=umif;udk/ ol (odk@r[kwf) olrtaejzifhawG@&Sd&ayvdrfhrnf? tu,fI wdkifwef;oltaejzifh orw a&G;aumufyGJ Oya' tcef; (20) t& TrrSefruefrwdrusjzpfaer_udk apm'uwufonfqdkygu/ jyifqifay;aprnfh ukpm;r_ wckudk&&SdEdkifygvdrfhrnf? odk@&mwGif orwa&G;aumufyGJOya'ygjyXmef;csuft& y%mr rJqEN&Sifrsm;pm&if; xkwfjyeft+yD;/ (3) &uf twGif;rSm wdkifwef;&efvdktyfygonf? w&m;rusifhxHk;Oya't&rl wdkif;wef;&ef tcsdefydkay;xm;ygonf? odk@jzpf&m Z,m; a&;qGJxm;jcif;tm;jzifh wdkifwef;a&;twGuf rwlnDaomtcsdefjyXmef;csufrsm;udk awG@&SdEdkifygonf? w&m;rusifhxHk;Oya'/ tcef; (30) wGif jyefvnfjyif qifay;&eftwGuf tm%mwnfapaomjyXmef;csuf ryg&Sdojzifh ‚if;. [muGufudkvnf; jrifawG@Edkifyg onf?

40

a&G;a&G;a&G;a&G;aumufyGJtjiif;yGmaumufyGJtjiif;yGmaumufyGJtjiif;yGmaumufyGJtjiif;yGm;;;;r_Z,m; erlemyr_Z,m; erlemyr_Z,m; erlemyr_Z,m; erlemyHkpHHkpHHkpHHkpH a&G;a&G;a&G;a&G;aumufyGJaumufyGJaumufyGJaumufyGJ qdkif&m qdkif&m qdkif&m qdkif&m usL;vGefr_rsm; usL;vGefr_rsm; usL;vGefr_rsm; usL;vGefr_rsm;

wdkifwef;Edkif&ef wdkifwef;Edkif&ef wdkifwef;Edkif&ef wdkifwef;Edkif&ef Oya'jyXmefOya'jyXmefOya'jyXmefOya'jyXmef; ; ; ; csufcsufcsufcsufrsm;rsm;rsm;rsm;

wdkifwef;vdkolwdkifwef;vdkolwdkifwef;vdkolwdkifwef;vdkol tm;wdkifwef;tm;wdkifwef;tm;wdkifwef;tm;wdkifwef; cGifhðy+yD;/cGifhðy+yD;/cGifhðy+yD;/cGifhðy+yD;/ wm0efwm0efwm0efwm0ef &Sd&Sd&Sd&SdolxHtoday;olxHtoday;olxHtoday;olxHtoday; apapapapaomaomaomaom jyXmef;jyXmef;jyXmef;jyXmef;csufcsufcsufcsuf

wdkifwef;cGifhwdkifwef;cGifhwdkifwef;cGifhwdkifwef;cGifh &Sd&Sd&Sd&Sdolololol

wdkifwef;aomwdkifwef;aomwdkifwef;aomwdkifwef;aom enf;[efESifh enf;[efESifh enf;[efESifh enf;[efESifh wdkifwef;wdkifwef;wdkifwef;wdkifwef;&m &m &m &m ae&mae&mae&mae&m

wdkifwef;r_t wdkifwef;r_t wdkifwef;r_t wdkifwef;r_t wGuf tcsdefwGuf tcsdefwGuf tcsdefwGuf tcsdef uef@owfcsufuef@owfcsufuef@owfcsufuef@owfcsuf

wdkifwef;r_udk wdkifwef;r_udk wdkifwef;r_udk wdkifwef;r_udk pOf;pm;&ef pOf;pm;&ef pOf;pm;&ef pOf;pm;&ef tcsdefuef@owftcsdefuef@owftcsdefuef@owftcsdefuef@owf csuf csuf csuf csuf

t,lcH0ifjcif;t,lcH0ifjcif;t,lcH0ifjcif;t,lcH0ifjcif; tm%mouftm%mouftm%mouftm%mouf a&mufap&efa&mufap&efa&mufap&efa&mufap&ef ESifh ESifh ESifh ESifh jypf'%fowfjypf'%fowfjypf'%fowfjypf'%fowf rSwf&ef rSwf&ef rSwf&ef rSwf&ef jyXmef;csuf jyXmef;csuf jyXmef;csuf jyXmef;csuf

rJqEN&Sifpm&if; rrSefruefjzpfr_

orwa&G; aumufyGJOy a'/ yk'fr(20)

rJay;Xmea&G; aumufyGJaumf r&Sif (PSEC) ESifh wdkif=um; rSktwGufwm 0ef&SdolxH today; jcif;

rJqEN&Sif odk@ r[kwf tjcm;ywf ouf&m yk*~dKvfrsm;

rJay;Xmea&G; aumufyGJaumf r&Sif/ pmjzifh/

y%mr rJqEN &Sifrsm;pm&if; xkwfjyef+yD;/3-&uftwGif;

a&G;aumufyGJr wdkifrDqdkv#if 3-&uftwGif;/ a&G;aumufyGJae@ qdkv#if csufcsif;

c±dkifw&m;±Hk; trSm;jyifay; &efESifh/trSm; jyifEdkifa=umif; &Sif;vif;pGmxk acsEdkifjcif;r&Sd ygu(PSEC)

tzGJ@0ifudk '%faiGwyf&ef

rJqEN&Sifpm&if; rrSefruefjzpfr_

w&m;rusifh xHk;Oya'/yk'fr (30) (txl;ojzifh a&G;aumufyGJ twGuf usifh oHk;onf?)

rJay;Xmea&G; aumufyGJ aumfr&Sif (PSEC)

rJqEN&Sif odk@ r[kwf tjcm;ywf ouf&m yk*~dKvfrsm;

±Hk;wifw&m; pGJ&efyHkrSefpnf; rsOf;rsm;&Sd aom c±dkif w&m;±Hk;

a&G;aumufyGJ rwdkifrD 5-&ufxuf aemufrus ap&

wdkifwef;aom ae@rSpI 3-&uf

txufw &m;±Hk;

r&Sd

41

4?4?4?4?a&G;a&G;a&G;a&G;aumufyGJtjiif;yGm;r+rsm;udk apmifhaumufyGJtjiif;yGm;r+rsm;udk apmifhaumufyGJtjiif;yGm;r+rsm;udk apmifhaumufyGJtjiif;yGm;r+rsm;udk apmifh----unfhavhvmjcif; unfhavhvmjcif; unfhavhvmjcif; unfhavhvmjcif; u? tjiif;yGm;r_rsm;ajz&Sif;yHkudk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;? c? a&G;aumufyGJtjiif;yGm;r_rsm;udk ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfjcif; ? a&G;aumufyGJumvtwGif;Y udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;/ ygwDrsm;/EdkifiHom;rsm;/ a&G;aumufyGJtm%mydkifrsm; yg0ifywfoufae aom tjiif;yGm;r_rsm;ay:aygufwwfygonf? tjiif;yGm;r_rsm;ajz&Sif;&ef Oya'qdkif&mvkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;udk tm;xm;jcif;onf w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;ESifh w&mOya'vkyfief;. c&D;a&mufr_tay:,Hk=unfr_}uD;xGm;vma=umif;taxmuftxm;jzpfEdkifygonf? xdk@twlyif pD&ifqHk;jzwfr_r&Sdjcif; odk@r[kwf pD&ifqHk;jzwfr_aESmifhaES;jcif;onf w&m;ojzifhwdkifwef;csufrsm;twGuf jyefvnfuk pm;ay;aom pepf. ajymhnHhr_udk az:jy&ma&mufygonf? 19

(u) (u) (u) (u) tjiif;yGm;rtjiif;yGm;rtjiif;yGm;rtjiif;yGm;r_rsm;ajz_rsm;ajz_rsm;ajz_rsm;ajz&Sif;&Sif;&Sif;&Sif;yHkudk apmifh=unfhayHkudk apmifh=unfhayHkudk apmifh=unfhayHkudk apmifh=unfhavhvmvhvmvhvmvhvmjcif; jcif; jcif; jcif; apmifh=unfhavhvma&;ESifh ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfa&;tzGJ@ (Observation and Analysis Unit) . Oya'a&;&mu|rf;usifolrsm;t aejzifh tjiif;yGmr_toD;oD;udk pm&if;ðypkxm;&efESifh a&qHk;a&zsm;vdkufIavhvm&efóu;yrf;oifhonf?tjiif;yGm;r_tenf;tusOf; r#avmufomjzpfyGm;rnf[kar#mfvifhxm;ygu tjiif;yGm;r_toD;oD;udk vufa&;jzifhtaotcsmpm&if;oGif;jcif;tm;jzifh Tvkyf ief;udk aqmif&GufEdkifygonf?tu,fI tjiif;yGm;r_ tawmfrsm;rsm;jzpfyGm;rnf[k ar#mfvifhxm;ygu/ tjiif;yGm;r_rsm;. tao; pdyf tcsuftvufrsm;udk uGefjyLwm tcsuftvuf b%fY rSwfwrf;wifxm;Edkifygonf?rnfonfhenf;jzifhjzpfap/ pm&if;ðypk jcif;pepfonf twlwljzpfoifhonf? +yD;cJhaomtcef;rSmaqG;aEG;wifjycJhaom a&G;aumufyGJtjiif;yGm;r_Z,m;onf w&m; Oya'a&; vkyfief;. rnfonfhtpdyftydkif;rsm;udkapmifh=unfhavhvmoifha=umif;az:xkwf&mY taxmuftulay;ygvdrfhrnf? taumif;qHk;rSm wdkifwef;csufrdwWLrsm;udk pkaqmif;&efjzpfonf?(apmifh=unfhavhvma&;)XmecsKyf&Sd toif;taeESifha&m/ e,f ajra'otvdkuf apmifh=unfavhvmolrsm;taeESifhyg rdwWL&&SdEdkifavh&Sdaom ae&mrsm;rSm-wdkifwef;ol/ trSm;usL;vGefonf[k pGyfpGJcH&aomyk*~dKvf/ odk@wnf;r[kwf tr_zGifhwdkif=um;&mXmejzpfaom w&m;±Hk; odk@r[kwf a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sif wdk@jzpfonf?

19 a&G;aumufyGJtjiif;yGm;r_ESifh ywfoufI owif;tcsuftvufrsm; xyfrHod&Sdvdkygu/ (Resolving Election Disputes in the OSCE Area: Towards a

Standard Election Disputes Monitoring System, OSCE/ ODIHR, Warsaw, 2001.) udk =unfhyg? TrSwfwrf;udk OSCE/ ODIHR . tifwmeufpmrsufESm http://www.osce.org/odihr wGif &&SdEdkifygonf?

� wdkifwef;r_ trsKd;tpm;rsm;ESifh tqifhrsm;udkvnf;aumif;/ wdkifwef;r_ESifh t,lcHr_rsm;. jzpfay:yHktqifhqifhtvdkuf ajz&Sif;ay;oltzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udkvnf;aumif; az:xkwfjcif;?

� wdkifwef;r_ESifh t,lcHr_rsm;.jzpfay:yHktqifhqifhudkvdkufI tjiif;yGm;udkavhvmjcif;?

� wdkifwef;r_ESifh t,lcHr_pepfu yg0ifywfoufolrsm;tzdk@ oifhavsmfaom Oya'qdkif&mjyefvnfukpm;r_rsm; rnfonfhtwm yrm%txd&&Sda=umif;udk tuJjzwfjcif;?

42

wdkifwef;r_ta=umif; owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk tjiif;yGm;r_apmifh=unfhavhvma&;yHkpHwGif tpDtpOfwusrSwfwrf;wifoifh +yD;/ atmufygtcsufrsm;yg0ifapoifhonf?

� wdkifwef;oltrnf? � wdkifwef;csufxJwGif trSm;usL;vGefonf[k pGyfpGJcH&aom yk*~dKvf odk@r[kwf tzGJ@tpnf;?

� wdkifwef;csufudk=um;emppfaq;rnfh tm%mydkiftzGJ@.trnf?

� oufqdkif&m =um;emppfaq;a&;tm%mydkiftzGJ@odk@ tr_zGifhwdkif=um;aomae@pGJ?

� tjiif;yGm;r_jzpfyGm;aomae&m?

� tjiif;yGm;r_jzpfyGm;&m tkyfcsKyfa&;c±dkif odk@r[kwf rJqENc±dkif? � pGyfpGJcsuftusOf;csKyf?

� (apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm; odk@r[kwf apmifh=unfhavhvma&;tkyfpk.) xifjrifoHk;oyfcsufrsm;?

� pHkprf;avhvmr_ pwifaomae@pGJ?

� pHkprf;avhvmaomtzGJ@ odk@r[kwf pHkprf;avhvmol.trnf?

� pD&ifqHk;jzwfa&;tm%mydkiftzGJ@u wdkifwef;r_udk =um;emrnfhae@pGJ? apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;taejzifh wdkifwef;r_ta=umif;ESifhywfoufI owif;tcsuftvufrsm;Edkifor#rsm;rsm;&atmif óu; yrf;&rnf? odk@aomf oufqdkif&mtm%mydkifrsm;. tcef;u¾udk xdcdkufatmifrvkyfrdap&ay? ormorwfusap&ef tvdk@iSm/ buftm;vHk;rS vlyk*~dKvfrsm;udkawG@Edkifatmif tpGrf;ukefóu;pm;&rnf? apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;onf wdkif;wef;olrsm;ESifhawG@ qHk&mY qENpGJpdwfrxm;rdatmif owdðy&rnf? apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;taejzifh jzpfyGm;aeaomjy\emudk =um;0ifajz&Sif;ay;Irjzpfay? wdk@jyifpD&ifqHk;jzwfay;cGifhvnf;r&Sd acs? apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;taejzifh/ wdkifwef;olrsm;udkawG@qHk&mY a&G;aumufyGJtm%mydkifrsm;xHodk@ w&m;0iftr_wdkif=um; xm;jcif;&Sd-r±/Sd/ odk@r[kwf w&m;±Hk;odk@ t,lcHwifxm;jcif;&Sd-r&Sdar;=unfh&rnfjzpf+yD;/oufqdkif&mpm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;udk awmif; ,l&rnf?tu,fI Tenf;vrf;rsm;twdkif;vkyfxm;jcif;r&Sdygu/jzpfEdkifzG,f&mwdkifwef;r_rsm;ESifh t,lcHr_rsm;vkyfatmifwdkifwef; olrsm;udk wdkufwGef;&rnf? tr_toD;oD;udk trnfemray;vsuf eHygwfpOfwckpDwyfay;&rnf?wdkifwef;r_jzpfpOfwGif wdk;wufjzpfay:r_tvdkuf owif;tcsuf tvufopfrsm;udk rSwfwrf;wifxm;&rnf? Oyrm- y%mrpHkprf;avhvmr_rsm;vufpowf+yD;aemuf/ pD&ifqHk;jzwfa&;tm%mydkif tzGJ@ odk@r[kwf tr_pGJqdka&;tm%mydkiftzGJ@u w&m;0if=um;emppfaq;r_rsm;pwifrnf[k qHk;jzwfvdkufaomtcgY wdk;wufjzpf ay:r_tqifhopfwck+yD;qHk;oGm;+yDjzpfonf?wdkifwef;r_ESifhywfoufaom =um;emppfaq;r_jzpfpOfudkjyefavhvmEdkif&eftwGuf wyf xm;aomtr_eHygwfudk =unfh&rnf? pHkprf;avhvmolrsm;onf w&m;±Hk; odk@r[kwf a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifu wdkifwef;r_wckudk txl;ojzifh xif&Sm;ausmf=um;aom tr_rsm;udk =um;emppfaq;aomtcgY w&m;±Hk; odk@r[kwf a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sif±Hk;odk@wufa&mufEdkifatmifóu;pm;&rnf? w &m;±Hk; odk@r[kwf a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifodk@wufa&mufvsuf wdkifwef;r_wckta=umif;udkapmifh=unfhavhvmaom rnfonfh apmifh=unfhavmolrqdk =um;aetusqHk;pdwf"gwfjzifh avhvm&rnfjzpf+yD;/ atmufygtajccHvrf;!$efcsufrsm;udk vdkufem&rnf?

� tcsdefrDa&muf&Sd&efESifh =um;emppfaq;r_udk wenf;enf;jzifhtaESmuft,Sufray;rdap&ef?

43

� =um;emppfaq;aeaomtr_ta=umif;ESifhywfoufI owif;y;ydk@jcif;/ xifjrifcsufay;jcif;ðy&mY owdxm;&ef? (ta=umif;rSm ‚if;wdk@onf pD&ifqHk;jzwf&efpOf;pm;&mY xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;p&mtjzpfygoGm;wwfaoma=umifhjzpfonf?)

� tr_xJY oufaoxGufqdkjcif;rðyrdatmif a&SmifusOf&ef? w&m;±Hk; odk@r[kwf a±G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sif a±S@arSmufwGif tr_wck=um;emppfaq;yHkta=umif; apmifh=unfhavhvm&mY atmuf ygtcsuftvufrsm;udk rSwfwrf;wifoifhonf?

� wdkifwef;olonf w&m;±Hk; odk@r[kwf a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifodk@ rdrd.wdkifwef;csufudk axmufcHwifjyonfhtaejzifh pm&Gufpmwrf;taxmuftxm;jzifhjzpfap/ E_wfxGufqdkcsufjzifhjzpfap oufaotaxmuftxm;wifjyEdkifjcif;&Sd-r&Sd?

� pdwf0ifpm;oltjcm;yk*~dKvfrsm;u oufaotaxmuftxm;wifjyEdkifjcif;&Sd-r&Sd?

� =um;emppfaq;jcif;udk trsm;jynfola±S@arSmufwGif vkyfaqmifjcif;&Sd-r&Sd? (owif;rD'D,mESifh omreftrsm; jynfolwdk@ tygt0if pdwf0ifpm;oltjcm;yk*~dKvfrsm;a±S@arSmufwGif vkyfaqmifjcif;&Sd-r&Sd?) odk@wnf;r[kwf =um;emppfaq;r_ tpdwftydkif; wpHkw&mudk apmifh=unfhavhvmIr&aom wcg;ydwfppfaq;r_jzifh vkyfaqmifjcif;&Sd-r&Sd?

� =um;emppfaq;ol tm%mydkiftzGJ@onf vlwdkif; (wdkif=um;olrsm;/oufaorsm;/ESifh pdwf0ifpm;Ivma&muf=um;emol rsm;tygt0if)tay:w&m;r#wpGmqufqHjcif;&SdyHkay:-ray:?

� ðcH=unfhvdkufygu =um;em;ppfaq;olrsm;onf ormorwf&SdyHkay:-ray:?

� =um;emppfaq;oltm%mydkiftzGJ@.qHk;jzwfcsufonf ,ciftvm;wltr_rsKd;rsm;wGif qHk;jzwfcJhonfrsm;ESifh a±S@aemuf nDjcif;&Sd-r&Sd?

� =um;emppfaq;r_ta=umif;apmifh=unfhavhvmol.aumufcsuftm;vHk;udk axmufcHtwnfðyay;aom tjcm;avhvmawG@&Sdcsufrsm;? (txl;ojzifh =um;emppfaq;oltm%mydkiftzGJ@.xifjrifoHk;oyfcsufrsm;)

txufygtcsuftvufrsm;tjyif/=um;em;ppfaq;aecsdefY apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;onfatmufygtcsuftvufrsm;udk vnf;rSwfwrf;wifxm;&rnf?

� wdkifwef;olrsm;ESifh pdwf0ifpm;olyk*~dKvfrsm;udk a±S@aea±S@&yfrsm;u udk,fpm;ðyaqmif&Gufay;jcif;&Sd-r&Sd?

� wdkifwef;ola=umifhjzpfay:vmaom Oya'a&;&m jy\emrsm;?

� wdkifwef;olrsm;ESifh pdwf0ifpm;olrsm;u rdrdwdk@bufudkrdrdwdk@axmufcHwifjy&mY av#mufvJwifjyaom w&m;Oya'qdkif&m jyXmef;csufrsm;?

� usifhxHk;Oya'pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk w&m;±Hk;u vdkufemyHk&aom twdkif;twmyrm%?

� qHk;jzwfcsufcsufcs&ef ,laomtcsdeftwdkif;twm?

� txuf±Hk;odk@t,lcHwifjcif;ESifhywfoufI ESpfbuftr_onfrsm;udk w&m;±Hk;u ay;aomodaumif;p&mrsm;? apmifh=unfhavhvmr_nSdE_dif;a&;ESifh ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfa&;tzGJ@ (Observation and Analysis Unit) . Oya'a&;&m u|rf;usif olrsm;taejzifh tr_rsm;udk pm&if;ðypk+yD;/ w&m;Oya'pepfatmufrSm ‚if;wdk@pcef;oGm;yHkudk apmifh=unfhavhvmoifhonf?tjiif; yGm;r_apmifh=unfhavhvma&;yHkpHrsm;wGifjznfhoGif;&eftwGuf e,fajra'oqdkif&m apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm; pkaqmif;cJhaomt csuftvufrsm;tjyif pm&if;ðypka&;pepfwGif atmufygtcsufrsm;vnf;yg0ifoifhonf?

� wdkifwef;oludkifpGJaom Oya'tajccH? (wdkif;oludkifpGJaom Oya'. oufqdkif&myk'frudk udk;um;az:jy&rnf?)

� tqifhtwef;? ( wbufbufu rnfonfhtxuf±Hk;odk@ t,lcHwifxm;jcif;&Sd-r&Sd? odk@wnf;r[kwf xyfrHIpOf;pm; ay;&eftwGuf aemufxyftpdk;&tzGJ@tpnf; wckodk@wifxm;jcif;&Sd-r&Sd?)

44

� w&m;±Hk; odk@r[kwf a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sif ponfwdk@ucsrSwfaom t+yD;owfqHk;jzwfcsuf? (qHk;jzwfcsuf.Oya' tajccHudk udk;um;az:jy&rnf?)

� tm%mwnfapjcif; (qHk;jzwfcsufudk taumiftxnfaz:ay;jcif;&Sd-r&Sd?rnfonfhtcsdefrSm rnfodk@taumiftxnf az:onf? rnfonfhtwdkif;twmtxd taumiftxnfaz:ay;onf?)

� jynfwGif;apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;u owfrSwfaom wdkifwef;r_trsKd;tpm; odk@r[kwf tqifhtwef;? (aemufvmrnfhtcef;wGif =unfhyg?)

(c) (c) (c) (c) a&G;a&G;a&G;a&G;aumufyGJtjiif;yGm;r_rsm;udk ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfjcif; aumufyGJtjiif;yGm;r_rsm;udk ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfjcif; aumufyGJtjiif;yGm;r_rsm;udk ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfjcif; aumufyGJtjiif;yGm;r_rsm;udk ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfjcif; apmifh=unfhavhvmr_nSdE_dif;a&;ESifh ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfa&;tzGJ@ (Observation and Analysis Unit) . Oya'a&;&m u|rf;usif olrsm;taejzifh wdkifwef;r_toD;oD;udk trsKd;tpm;cGJjcm;owfrSwfxm;&rnf?owfrSwfxm;aomtrsKd;tpm;rsm;onf oufqdkif &m Oy'wGifjyXmef; xm;aom a&G;aumufyGJqdkif&musL;vGefr_ trsKd;tpmrsm;;ESifh qufEG,fr_&Sd&rnf?trsKd;tpm;cGJjcm;r_ESifh ywf oufaom erlem yHkpHrsm;udk atmufrSmay;xm;ygonf?

� a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifrsm;zGJ@pnf;jcif;

� ygwDrsm; /udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm; rSwfyHkwifjcif;

� rJqENay;olrsm;rSwfyHkwifjcif;

� w&m;r0ifrJqG,fv_yf&Sm;jcif; (ygwDrsm;) � w&m;r0if rJqG,fv_yf&Sm;jcif; (tpdk;&.tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;)

� a&G;aumufyGJta=umif;rsm;udk owif;rD'D,mrsm;uowif;az:jyjcif;

� owif;rD'D,mrsm;.owif;az:jyyHkrsm; /owif;axmufrsm;udk aESmifh,Sufwdkufcdkufjcif;

� rJqG,fv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk taESmifht,Sufay;jcif; (ygwDrsm;)

� rJqG,fv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk taESmifht,Sufay;jcif; (tpdk;&.tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;) � a&G;aumufyGJae@wGif rJqENay;cGifhudk usL;vGefcsKd;azgufjcif;

� v#Kd@0SufrJay;pepf. vHkðcHa&;udk usL;vGefcsKd;azgufjcif;

� rJa&wGufaepOfumvtwGif; usL;vGefcsKd;azguffr_rsm;

� rJrsm;aygif;aeOf/Z,m;oGif;aepOfumvtwGif; usL;vGefcsKd;azgufr_rsm;

� pkpkaygif;&v'fonf a=ujimxm;onfhtwdkif; rSefuefwdusjcif; Ttcsuftvufrsm;yg0ifaom tcsuftvufb%fwckxm;&Sdjcif;tm;jzifh trsKd;tpm;;cGJjcm;owfrSwfxm;aom tjiif;yGm;r_ rsm;ESifh ajz&Sif;yHkrsm;udk a&wGufaz:jyEdkifygvdrfhrnf? Ttcsuftvufrsm;wifjyyHk pHerlemwckudk atmufrSmxnfhoGif;az:jyxm; yg onf?TpHerlemonf wdkifwef;r_trsKd;tpm;toD;oD;twGufxm;&Sdoifhaom Z,m;rsm;ESifh trsKd;tpm;wckrSmyg&Sdaom wdkif wef;r_wckcsif;twGufrSwfwrf;wifyHkudk tpOfvdkufaz:jyxm;ygonf?Z,m;tm;vHk;rSmygaom wdkifwef;r_tm;vHk;udk ppfaq; =unfhjcif;tm;jzifh (a&G;aumufyGJESifhywfoufaom rnfonfhvkyfaqmifcsufu wdkifwef;r_trsm;qHk;jzpfay:apoenf;/)/ (azguf zsufusL;vGefr_rsm;onf rnfonfhae&mrSmtrsm;qHk;jzpfyGm;oenf;/) ESifh (pepfu wdkifwef;r_rsm;udk auseyfavmuffzG,f&m ajz &Sif;ay; Edkifjcif;&Sd-r&Sd) qdkonfwdk@udk jrifawG@Edkifayvdrfhrnf? pepfu yg0ifywfoufaeolrsm;twGuf avsmfuefaom Oya'qdkif &m jyefvnfukpm;r_ vkyfay;Edkifjcif;&Sd-r&Sd tuJjzwf&mY Ttcsuftvufrsm;onftvGeftaxmuftuljzpfygvdrfhrnf? Tt csuftvufrsm;a=umifh a&G;aumufyGJpDrHtkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@twGif; qHk;jzwfcsufcs&mY ñuHawG@&wwfaomjy\emrsm;udk jrifawG@ Edkifygvdrfhrnf?

45

wdkifwef;r_rsm;Z,m;wdkifwef;r_rsm;Z,m;wdkifwef;r_rsm;Z,m;wdkifwef;r_rsm;Z,m; Z,m; (1) a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifrsm; (EC) zGJ@pnf;jcif; ESifhywfoufaom wdkifwef;r_rsm; Z,m; (2) ygwDrsm;ESifhudk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm; rSwfyHkwifjcif; (REGPC) ESifhywfoufaom wdkifwef;r_rsm; Z,m; (3) rJqENay;olrsm;rSwfyHkwifjcif; (REGV) ESifhywfoufaom wdkifwef;r_rsm; Z,m; (4) ygwDrsm;ESifh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;u w&m;r0ifrJqG,fv_yf&Sm;jcif; (ICPC) ESifhywfoufaom wdkifwef;r_rsm; Z,m; (5) tpdk;&.tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u w&m;r0if rJqG,fv_yf&Sm;jcif; (ICSI) ESifhywfoufaom wdkifwef;r_rsm; Z,m; (6) rJqG,fv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk ygwDrsm;ESifh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;u taESmifht,Sufay;jcif; (OCPC)

ESifhywfoufaom wdkifwef;r_rsm;? Z,m; (7) rJqG,fv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk tpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm;u taESmifht,Sufay;jcif; (OCSA) ESifhywfoufaom wdkifwef;r_rsm; Z,m; (8) a&G;aumufyGJae@wGif rJqENay;cGifhudk usL;vGefcsKd;azgufjcif; (VED) ESifhywfoufaom wdkifwef;r_rsm; Z,m; (9) v#Kd@0SufrJay;pepf. vHkðcHa&;udk usL;vGefcsKd;azgufjcif; (SB) ESifhywfoufaom wdkifwef;r_rsm; Z,m; (10) a&G;aumufyGJae@ rJrsm;a&wGufaepOf usL;vGefcsKd;azgufjcif; (CED) ESifhywfoufaom wdkifwef;r_rsm; Z,m; (11) rJrsm;aygif;aeOf/Z,m;oGif;aepOfumvtwGif; usL;vGefcsKd;azgufr_rsm; (ATV) ESifhywfoufaom wdkifwef;r_rsm;

46

wdkifwef;r_rsm;Z,m;wdkifwef;r_rsm;Z,m;wdkifwef;r_rsm;Z,m;wdkifwef;r_rsm;Z,m; erlemyHkpH erlemyHkpH erlemyHkpH erlemyHkpH trSwfpOf ae@pGJ qHk;jzwfol wdkif=um;ol e,fajr wdkif=um;csuftusOf; wdkif=um;r_aemufydkif;tajctae Z-1 /EC -1 15-8-03 ðrd@awmf A[dk

a&G;aumufyGJ aumfr&Sif

w&m;r#w aomtpdk;& ay:aygufa&;ygwD

trSwf-100

wdkif=um;csuftjzpfrSef A[dka&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sif onf a&G;aumufyGJOya'/ yk'fr(15)t&/ ZkHe,fajr-100 rSmaexdkifaejcif;r&Sd olwOD;udk ZkHe,fajr(100) .a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sif. tzGJ@0iftjzpfcef@xm;onf? wdkif=um;ol.Oya'tajccH a&G;aumufyGJOy'/yk'fr(15) t&/ZkHe,fjra&G;aumufyGJ aumfr&Sifwck.tzGJ@0if onf tqdkyg ZHke,fajrwGif aexdkifoljzpf&efvdktyf onf? av#mufxm;aom ouf omcGifh w&m;r#waomtpdk; &ay: aygufa&;ygwDujzpfapvdk onfrSm- A[dka&G;aumufyGJ aumfr&Siftaejzifh tzGJ@0if *|efprpfudk y,fzsuf+yD;v#if/ vuf&Sdaexdkifoljzpfjcif;t ygt0if/ tzGJ@0ifjzpf&ef Oy a'jyXmef;csufESifhudkufnD olwOD;udk cef@tyf&efjzpf onf?

17-8-03 ae@wGif apmifh=unfhavhvmol *sdef;'dk;onf Ttr_ESifh tjcm;tr_trsm; tjym;ta=umif;aqG;aEG;aom A[dka&G; aumufyGJaumfr&Siftpnf; ta0;wckodk@ wufa&mufcJhonf? A[dka&G;aumufyGJ aumfr&Sifonf *|efprpf.ae&yfaxmuf txm;udk ±Smay;&efESifh odk@r[kwfygu ol@ udk ZHke,fajra&G;aumufyGJaumfr&SiftzGJ@ 0iftjzpfrSy,fzsufypfrnfhta=umif; ZHk e,fajr -100 odk@ zufuP pmwapmifydk@ ay;&ef t wGif;a&;rSL; udk!$ef=um;cJh onf? 21-8-03 ae@wGif apmifh=unfhavhvmol a&mbwf*sHK;onf Ttr_ta=umif;aqG; aEG;aom A[dka&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sif t pnf;ta0;odk@wufa&mufcJhonf?A[dka&G; aumufyGJaumfr&Sifonf ZHke,fajr(100) rSwifjyaom/ taemufydkif;ðrd@ e,f.cdkifvHk aomtdrfaxmifpkZ,m;rdwWL w apmif&&Sd xm;+yD;/ *|efprpfonf ZHke,f ajr (100)rSm aexdkifoljzpfa=umif; oufao +yovdkuf onf? xk@da=umifh w&m;r#w aomt pdk;& ay:aygufa&;ygwD. wdkifwef;csufudky,fcs vdkufonf?

47

5? 5? 5? 5? rJqENay;olrsm; rSwfyHkwifjcif;udpPudkrJqENay;olrsm; rSwfyHkwifjcif;udpPudkrJqENay;olrsm; rSwfyHkwifjcif;udpPudkrJqENay;olrsm; rSwfyHkwifjcif;udpPudk tuJjzwfjcif;ESifh a&G;aumufyGJ tuJjzwfjcif;ESifh a&G;aumufyGJ tuJjzwfjcif;ESifh a&G;aumufyGJ tuJjzwfjcif;ESifh a&G;aumufyGJc&dkic&dkic&dkic&dkiff ff====e,fajre,fajre,fajre,fajr owfrSwfr+owfrSwfr+owfrSwfr+owfrSwfr+rsm;ukd tuJjzwfjcif;?rsm;ukd tuJjzwfjcif;?rsm;ukd tuJjzwfjcif;?rsm;ukd tuJjzwfjcif;? u? rJqENay;olrsm;rSwfyHkwifjcif;ta&;}uD;yHk c? rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;§ rSwfyHkwifjcif;ESifhywfoufI tqifhtwef;ESifhwdusrSefuefr_udk tuJjzwfjcif;? *? rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;ESifh vlOD;a&qdkif&mtcsuftvufrsm;udk E_dif;,SOfvsuf ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfjcif;? C? rJay;olrsm;pm&if;ESifhywfoufaom ppfwrf;rsm;? i? uGefjyLwmjzifh ppfaq;jcif;? p? trsm;jynfolqdkif&m owif;jyef=um;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;? q? rJqENay;olrsm;rSwfyHkwif&mXmersm;udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;? Z? rJqENay;olrsm;rSwfyHkwifjcif;qdkif&m cHkorm"dtzGJ@rsm;udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;? ps? a&G;aumufyGJ-c±dkife,fajr owfrSwfr_rsm;udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;? (u) rJqENay;olrsm;rSwfyHkwifjcif;ta&;}uD;yHk(u) rJqENay;olrsm;rSwfyHkwifjcif;ta&;}uD;yHk(u) rJqENay;olrsm;rSwfyHkwifjcif;ta&;}uD;yHk(u) rJqENay;olrsm;rSwfyHkwifjcif;ta&;}uD;yHk rJay;olrsm;rSwfyHkwifjcif;onf jynfol@vdktifqENtay:tajccHaom tpdk;&w&yfay:aygufa&;wGif jynfol@tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf tvGefta&;}uD;onfhtjyif/ jynfol@udk,fpm;vS,fjzpfa&;twGufóu;yrf;ae=uaom yk*~dKvfrsm;twGufvnf; tvGefta&;}uD; onf? Tvkyfief;onf rJay;cGifhr&Sdolrsm;udk rJray;Edkifatmif yvSyfxm;jcif;ESifh rJay;cGifh&Sdolrsm;udk rJay;Edkifatmif az:xkwf jcif;/ rSwfyHkwifjcif;wdk@twGuf tc&musaom vkyfief;jzpfonf? twdkcsKyfajym&v#if/ rJay;olrsm;rSwfyHkwifjcif;onf a&G; aumufyGJ. *k%foduQmtwGuf tvGefta&;}uD;onf? rJqENay;olrsm;rSwfyHkwifjcif;onf yHko¾meftrsKd;rsKd;&Sdygonf?tcgtm;avsmfpGm(a&G;aumufyGJ wckrwdkifrD)vkyfonfvnf;&Sd/ yHk rSef vkyfonfvnf;&Sd (wESpfw}udrf odk@r[kwf tvSnfhuspepfjzifh/vpOfyifv#if)vkyfonfvnf;&Sdonf? vlyk*~dKvfwOD;csifu tp csDvkyfonfvnf;&Sd (rSwfyHkwifXmeodk@vlrsm;oGm;a&muf&efvdkonf?)/ tpdk;&u tpcsDvkyfonfvnf;&Sd (t&m&Sdrsm;u wtdrf wufqif; 0ifxGuf+yD;rSwfyHkwifonf?)odk@r[kwf tpdk;&uvkyfonf§ol@tvdktavsmufvkyfjzpfonf (EdkifiHom;§ trsKd;om; rSwfyHkwifpm&if;rS trnfrsm;udk,lonf?) vnf;&Sdonf? tpdk;&uvkyfaom § ol@tvdktavsmufvkyfjzpfaom rSwfyHkwifjcif;

� rJqENay;olrsm;rSwfyHkwifjcif;vkyfief;.tqifhtwef;udk tuJjzwfjcif;?

� vdktyfygu rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;.wdusrSefuefr_udk ppfwrf;aumuf,l&&Sdcsufrsm;jzifht"duxm;toHk;ðyI ppfaq;=unfhjcif;?

� a&G;aumufyGJvkyfaqmifcsuftay: rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;.csdK@,Gif;csufrsm;u oufa&mufr_&SdyHkudk tuJjzwfjcif;?

� rJrSefor#onf wefzdk;csif;twlwlyifjzpfonf[laom tcsufudk jzpfEdkifor#tjzpfEdkifqHk;jyoa&;twGuf a&G;aumufyGJ-c±dkife,fajrrsm;udk yGifhvif;jrifompGmowfrSwfjcif;r&Sd tuJjzwfjcif;?

48

tvkyfwGif tpdk;& odk@r[kwf wOD;csif;yk*~dKvfrsm;taeESifh yHkrSefrSwfyHkwif&mrSmaomfvnf;aumif;/ tcgtm;avsmfpGm rSwfyHkwif &mrSmaomfvnf;aumif;/ cGefpdkuftm;pdkuf yg0ifp&mrvdkaomfvnf; rJay;cGifh&Sdoltm;vHk;rSm rSwfyHkwifpm&if;udk ppfaq;cGifh&Sd& rnfhtjyif rSwfyHkwifpm&if;oGif;jcif;ESifh ywfoufI apm'uwufcGifhESifh jyifqifcGifhvnf;&Sd&rnf?rJay;olrsm;rSwfyHkwifjcif;onf rjzpfraevkyf&rnfhudpPvnf; jzpfEdkifonf? qEN&SdrSvkyf&aomudpPvnf;jzpfEdkifonf? a&G;aumufyGJt&m&Sdrsm; rdrdtvkyfudkrSefrSefuefuefvkyfjcif;/ rJay;olrsm;pm&if;rl=urf;xkwfjyefonfudk trsm;jynfolwdk@u pdwf 0ifwpm;wkH@jyefjcif;/ ESifh vlwOD;csif;uvnf; rdrdwdk@.trnf/ae&yfwdk@udk twnfðyay;Edkifjcif;&SdrSomv#if rSefuefwdusaom rJ qEN ay;olrsm;pm&if;udk &&SdEdkifrnfjzpfonf? rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;wGif rJay;cGifh&Sdolrsm;. trnf/ ae&yfvdyfpmESifh tao;pdwf t csuftvufrsm;yg0ifonf?tu,fI pm&if;rSm trnfenf;vGef;ygu EdkifiHom;rsm;onf wrif&nf±G,fIaomfvnf;aumif;/ rSm;,Gif;Iaomfvnf;aumif; rJay;cGifhjiif;y,fcH&onfhoabmjzpfonf?tu,fI pm&if;0ifolodyfrsm;vGef;aeygu pm&if;t&/ vltrsm;rSm ‘wap>rJay;olrsm;’ udk,fpm;/ w&m;r0ifaomrJay;cGifh&aeonfhoabmjzpfonf? rJqENay;olrsm;rSwfyHkwifjcif;.ta&;ygr_a=umifh rJay;olrsm;pm&if;rSefuefwdusr_ESifhywfoufaom jy\emrsm;onf rJqENay; olrsm;/ EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;/a&G;aumufyGJt&m&Sdrsm;qDrSaeI wufvmwwfygonf? wcgw&HY a&G;aumufyGJtay: trsm;jynfol t,Hkt=unfuif;atmifóu;yrf;onfhtaeESifh pm&if;rSefuefwdusr_r&Sda=umif; r[kwfrrSefpGyfpGJr_rsm; vkyfwwf=uonf? TuJh odk@ aompGyfpGJcsufrsm;ESifhywfoufI pHkprf;avhvmjcif;/r[kwfrrSefa=umif;oufaojyjcif;rðyygu a&G;aumufyGJvkyfief; jzpfpOft ay: trsm;jynfol,Hk=unfr_udk xdcdkufapEdkifygonf?jynfwGif;apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;onf ‚if;wdk@.todtjrifESifh vltiftm; a=umifh/ rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;.rSefuefwdusr_/ rSwfyHkwifjcif;vkyfief;jzpfpOf.tqifhtwef;wdk@ESifhywfoufaom taxmuft xm;tcsuftvufwdk@udk trsm;jynfolESifh a&G;aumufyGJtm%mydkifrsm;xHwifjyay;Edkifygonf? tcsKd@aomwdkif;jynfrsm; odk@r[kwf a&G;aumufyGJrsm;twGufrl rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if; rvdktyfacs?om"utaeESifhaz:jy&ygv#if/ tcsKd@wdkif;jynfrsm;Y trsm;jynfolwdk@onf cdkifvHkaomtaxmuftxm;tjzpf rdrdwdk@.EdkifiHul;vufrSwfudk xkwfjyjcif;tm;jzifh rJay;cGifh&Sdonf?rJay;t+yD;wGif ESpf}udrfrJay;Ir&atmif EdkifiHul;vufrSwfudk wHqdyfcwfESdyfonf? rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;udk roHk; aom tcgrsKd;Yjzpfap/ toHk;ðy&avmufatmif ,Hk=unftm;xm;p&mr&SdaomtcgrsKd;Yjzpfap/ vufacsmif;rsm;rSmrSifokwf vdrf; aomenf;udkvnf;toHk;ðyEdkifygonf? ((((c) rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;c) rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;c) rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;c) rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;§ § § § rSwfyHkwifjcif;ESifhywfoufI tqifhtwef;ESifhwdusrSefuefr_udk tuJjzwfjcif;rSwfyHkwifjcif;ESifhywfoufI tqifhtwef;ESifhwdusrSefuefr_udk tuJjzwfjcif;rSwfyHkwifjcif;ESifhywfoufI tqifhtwef;ESifhwdusrSefuefr_udk tuJjzwfjcif;rSwfyHkwifjcif;ESifhywfoufI tqifhtwef;ESifhwdusrSefuefr_udk tuJjzwfjcif; rJqENay;olrsm;rSwfyHkwifjcif;jzpfpOf. tqifhtwef;udk ðcHiHktuJjzwf&efESifh rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;.rSefuefwdusr_udk wckcsif; tuJjzwf&eftwGuf jynfwGif;apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;onf atmufygtc&mudpP&yfrsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonf?

� rJqENay;cGifhtwGufpHxm;csufrsm;onftrsKd;om;tajccHOya'.jyXmef;csufrsm;/EdkifiHwumtqifhtwef;owfrSwf csufrsm;ESifh udkufnDjcif;&Sd-r&Sd?

� rJqENay;cGifh&Sdolrsm; owfrSwfa&;jzpfpOfwGif jynfoltm;vHk;onf cGJjcm;qufqHjcif;rcH&bJ/ rSwfyHkwif&eftcGifhtvrf; tvHktavmuf&-r&?

� rJqENay;cGifh&Sdolrsm; owfrSwfa&;vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;tqifhqifhonf avsmfuefr_&Sd-r&Sd? ‚if;udk rSefrSefuefuefvkyfaqmif jcif; &Sd-r&Sd?

� rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;wGif rJqENay;cGifh&Sdolrsm;.trnfrsm;om yg0ifonfqdkaomtcsufonf [kwf-r[kwf? yg0ifaomtrnfrsm;onf avmavmvwfvwfjzpfjcif;ESifh rSefuefwdusjcif;&Sd-&Sd?

49

� trsm;jynfol/EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh vlxktajccHtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;wGif trSm; odk@r[kwf xdefcsefr_rsm; ±SmazG=unfh&ef tcGifhtvrf;tvHktavmuf &Sd-r&Sd?

� trsm;jynfol/EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh vlxktajcðytz@GJtpnf;rsm;onf rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;wGif xyfjznfhjcif;/ y,fzsufjcif;/ odk@r[kwf trSm;jyifjcif;wdk@ESifhywfoufI tqdkwif&efESifh uef@uGuf&eftcGifhtvrf;tvHktavmuf&Sd-r&Sd?

� tqdkwifjcif;ESifh uef@uGufjcif;wdk@udk rSefrSefuefuefpOf;pm;jcif;/rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;wGif oifhavsmfaom ajymif;vJr_rsm; vkyfay;jcif;&Sd-&Sd?

� EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh vlxktajcðytzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm; rJqENay;olrsm;ESifh ywfoufaomy%mrpm&if;/ jyifqifcsufpm&if;ESifh t+yD;owfpm&if;rsm;udk ay;-ray;?

� rJay;XmewckwGif oHk;aom rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;onf t+yD;owfpm&if;[kwf-r[kwf? rJqENay;ap&mY TrJqENay;olrsm; pm&if;udk rSefrSefuefueftoHk;ðy-rðy?

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rnf? wcgw&HY/ jynfwGif;apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;onf A[dktqifh/a&G;aumufyGJtm%mydkifrsm;qDrS y%mr rJqENay;olrsm; pm&if;rdwWLawmif;,lI &wwfonf?Todk@awmif;,l&&Sda&;onf cufcJwwfonf? ta=umif;rSm a&G;aumufyGJ tm%mydkifrsm; u jiif;qefwwf=uaoma=umifhjzpfonf? odk@wnf;r[kwf a'otqifhrSmom&&Sdwwfaoma=umifhjzpfonf?“pm&if;0ifolrsm; ppfwrf;” twGuf usbrf;a&G;xkwf&mY ydkrdktqifajyap&eftvdk@iSm jynfwGif;apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;taeeSifh/ jzpfEdkifygu/ rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;udk tDvufxa&mepfrdwWLjzifh &atmifóu;pm;oifhygonf? (i) uGefjyLwmjzifhppfaq;jcif;(i) uGefjyLwmjzifhppfaq;jcif;(i) uGefjyLwmjzifhppfaq;jcif;(i) uGefjyLwmjzifhppfaq;jcif; uGefjyLwmjzifhppfaq;jcif;wGif trSm;rsm;ESifhtvm;tvmrsm;±SmazG&eftwGuf rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if; tDvufxa&mepfrdwWLudk ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfjcif;yg0ifonf? TuJhodk@aomppfaq;r_rsKd;udk a&G;aumufyGJtm%mydkifrsm; odk@r[kwf enf;ynmqdkif&mtwdkifyifcH yk*~dKvfrsm;u vkyfavh&Sdonf? jynfwGif;apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;taejzifh Todk@aomuGefjyLwmppfaq;r_rsm;. enf;pepf/ vkyf udkifyHkESifh &v'frsm;udk ppfaq;=unfhcGifh&Sd&rnfhtjyif/ uGefjyLwmppfaq;r_rsm;udk udk,fwdkifudk,fus vkyfcGifhvnf;&Sd&rnf? uGefjyLwmjzifhppfaq;jcif;onf rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;&Sd rSwfwrf;rSwf&mrsm;udk =unfh±_um/ owfrSwfxm;aompHxm;csufrsm; ESifhudkufnDaom rSwfwrf;rSwf&mrsm;udk±SmazGjcif;jzpfonf? TuJhodk@ppfaq;=unfhjcif;tm;jzifh rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;rSm &Sdwwf aomtrSm;rsm;udk ±SmazGaz:xkwfEdkifygonf? TuJhodk@aomtrSm;rsKd;rsm;wGif rSefuefwdusjcif;r&Sdaom rSwfwrf;ta&twGuf/ tcsuftvufrjynfhpHkaomrSwfwrf;rsm;/ xyfaeaomrSwfwrf;rsm;/ pnf;urf;csufESifhrnDaomrSwfwrf;rsm;/rcsay;oifhaom rJ qENe,fajrodk@csay;jcif;/ xyfjznfhay;jcif;/y,fzsufypfjcif;/ ESifh jyefjyifay;jcif;wdk@yg0ifonf? uGefjyLwmppfaq;r_jzifhvnf; vuf&Sd rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;ESifh ,cifrJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;/ odk@r[kwf oef;acgifpm&if;tcsuftvufrsm;udk E_dif;,SOf=unfhEdkif+yD;/ vuf&SdrJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;&Sdjy\emrsm;udkay:vGifaprnfh jcm;em;csuftawmfrsm;rsm;udk az:xkwfEdkifygonf? TuJhodk@aom ppfaq;r_rsm; toHk;0if./r0if.qdkonfrSm wu,fwrf;tm;jzifh ,cifrJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;ESifh oef;acgifpm&if;tcsuftvuf rsm; rSefuefwdusr_ &Sd-r&Sd[laomtcsufay:rSmrlwnfygonf? rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;udk apmifh=unfhavhvm&mY tcsif;csif;olðyif/udk,fðyifjzpfaeaom trsm;jynfol@tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;udk csdefq =unfh&rnf? om"utaeESifhaz:jy&ygv#if/ vlyk*~dKvfa&;vHkðcHr_udk xdcdkufEdkifaomwdkif;jynfrsm;Y rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;ESifhywf oufaom tcsKd@owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk xdef;xdef;odrf;odrf;xkwfjyefoifhygonf? udpP&yftm;vHk;Y EdkifiHom;wdkif;. at; at;vlvlaecGifhudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm&rnfjzpf+yD;/ jynfwGif;apmifh=unfhavhvma&;tzGJ@rsm;onf EdkifiHom;rsm;ESifhywfoufI rdrd wdk@&&Sdxm;aom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk wm0efodpdwf"gwfjzifhtoHk;cs&ayrnf? tZm&DtZm&DtZm&DtZm&Dapmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;tzGJ@u rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;wGif rrSefuefr_rsapmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;tzGJ@u rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;wGif rrSefuefr_rsapmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;tzGJ@u rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;wGif rrSefuefr_rsapmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;tzGJ@u rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;wGif rrSefuefr_rsm;odod omomawG@m;odod omomawG@m;odod omomawG@m;odod omomawG@&Sd&Sd&Sd&Sdjcif;jcif;jcif;jcif; trsm;jynfol@tusKd;aqmif tZm&D jynfwGif;avhvmapmifh=unfha&;tzGJ@ (Azeri domestic group For the Sake of Civil

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53

vm;/ tajcpdkufxm;rnfvm; qdkonfudkvnf;qHk;jzwfxm;&rnf? tu,fI/ XmetcsKd@.rSwfyHkwifjcif;vkyfief;onf tjcm;Xme rsm;xuf jy\emydkjzpfzG,f&Sdonf[k oHo,jzpfygu Tenf;ESpfenf;pvHk;udkaygif;pyfusifhoHk;&ef qHk;jzwfEdkifygonf? rSwfyHkwifjcif;jzpfpOfudk rnfodk@apmifh=unfhavhvmrnfhta=umif; qHk;jzwf+yD;onfESifh/ jynfwGif;apmif=unfhavhvma&;tzGJ@onf apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;udk rSwfyHkwifjcif;ESifhywfoufI oifwef;ay;+yD;v#if/ ±dk;&Sif;aom ppfaq;csufpm&if;yHkpHESifh tpD&ifcHpm a&;oGif;&efyHkpHrsm;ay;tyf&rnf? rSwfyHkwifXmewckudk ae@pOfapmifh=unfhaom apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;onf atmufygwdk@udk rSwfwrf;wif&rnf?

� rSwfyHkwifcJhaomvlOD;a&?

� pnf;urf;csufESifhudkufnDaomfvnf; rSwfyHkwifcGifh jiif;y,fcH&olOD;a&? � pnf;urf;csufEsifhrudkufnDaomfvnf; rSwfyHkwifcGifh&olOD;a&?

� w}udrfxufydkI rSwfyHkwifxm;olOD;a&?

� vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;tqifhqifhudk rSefrSefuefuef usifhoHk;jcif;&Sd-r&Sd?

� rSwfyHkwifXmeonf tvG,fwul0ifxGufI&-r&? tcsdefrSefzGifhjcif;/tcsdefrSefydwfjcif;&Sd-r&Sd?

� rSwfyHkwifXmerSm ±kyf0wWKypPnf;rsm;tvHktavmuf&Sd-r&Sd? � tcsuftvufrsm;udkrSefuefpGmrSwfwrf;wifjcif;&Sd-r&Sd? pm&if;ðypk&eftwGuf trsKd;om;rSwfyHkwifXmeodk@Ttcsuftvufrsm;udk ydk@-rydk@?

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54

xufausmfI ruGmjcm;ap&ay?tcsKd;tpm;tvdkuf udk,fpm;ðypepf (proportional representation system) wGif rJqENay; olyrm% onfuGmjcm;r_ &SdEdkifygonf? odk@&mwGif c±dkife,fajrtoD;oD;twGuf udk,fpm;vS,fta&twGufonf rJqENay;ol yrm%. tcsKd;tpm;ay:rSmrlwnfonf?a&G;aumufyGJOya'onf a&G;aumufyGJ-c±dkife,fedrdwfowfrSwf&mY tao;pdwf us+yD;/ wnDwnmwnf;&Sdaom pHxm;csufrsm;owfrSwfxm;oifhonf? c±dkife,fajrwckv#ifowfrSwfxm;&rnfh rJqEN&Sifta& twGufESifh e,fedrdwfrsm;. yx0D0ift&/ tkyfcsKyfa&;t&/ ordkif;t&awmufav#mufwnf&Sdvmr_wdk@udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;& rnf? EdkifiHa&;t& =um;aea&;rludkudkifpGJvsuf/ e,fedrdwfrsm;udk yGif;vif;jrifompGma&;qGJ&rnf? taumif;qHk;rSm EdkifiHa&;orm; r[kwfaom u|rf;usifol ynm&Sifrsm;.aumfr&SiftzGJ@ua&;qGJjcif; jzpfonf? jynfwGif;apmifh=unfhavhvma&;tzGJ@onf rJtm;vHk;onf wefzdk;csif;wlnD& rnf[laomrludk jzpfEdkifor#jzpfEdkifatmif taumiftxnfaz:a&;twGuf a&G;aumufyGJ c±dkif e,fajrrsm;udk yGifhvif;jrifompGm a&;qGJovm;/ odk@r[kwf pdwfóuufa&G;cs,fjcif;/ cGJjcm;cGJjcm;vkyfjcif;/ bufvdkufjcif; tm;jzifh a&;qGJovm;qdkonfudk tuJjzwf&rnf?

55

56

6? 6? 6? 6? a&G;a&G;a&G;a&G;aumufyGJ pDrHtkyfaumufyGJ pDrHtkyfaumufyGJ pDrHtkyfaumufyGJ pDrHtkyfcsKyfyHkudk apmifhcsKyfyHkudk apmifhcsKyfyHkudk apmifhcsKyfyHkudk apmifh----unfhavhvmjcif;unfhavhvmjcif;unfhavhvmjcif;unfhavhvmjcif; u? a&G;aumufyGJ pDrHtkyfcsKyfr_ wnfaqmufyHk c? tuJjzwf&rnfh tc&mudpPrsm; (u) (u) (u) (u) a&G;a&G;a&G;a&G;aumufyGJpDrHtkyfcsKyfr_ wnfaqmufyHk aumufyGJpDrHtkyfcsKyfr_ wnfaqmufyHk aumufyGJpDrHtkyfcsKyfr_ wnfaqmufyHk aumufyGJpDrHtkyfcsKyfr_ wnfaqmufyHk a&G;aumufyGJwckpDrHtkyfcsKyf&ef wm0ef,l&aomtzGJ@tpnf;wckonf yg0if,SOfòyifaom EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh trsm;jynfolwdk@. ,Hk=unfr_udkvufudkifðyxm;&rnf? trsm;tm;jzifh a&G;aumufyGJrsm;udk A[dka&G;aumufyGJaumfyGJaumfr&Sif (CEC) [k ac:qdk avh&Sdaom trsKd;om;a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifu 0efxrf;tzGJ@ odk@r[kwf twGif;a&;r_;wOD;jzifh a&G;aumufyGJrsm;udk }uD;=uyf onf? TtzGJ@tpnf;onf t+rJwrf;tzGJ@tpnf;jzpfavh&Sdonf? (CEC) atmufrSm aqmif&Gufae=uaomtzGJ@tpnf;rsm; onf wdkif;jynf. pDrHtkyfcsKyfa&;c±dkif odk@r[kwf a&G;aumufyGJc±dkifrsm;rSm tajccHavh&Sdaom atmufqifh a&G;aumufyGJ aumfr&Sifrsm;ESifh a&G;aumufyGJ c±dkiftoD;oD;twGuf rJay;Xmeaumfr&Sifrsm;jzpfonf? a&G;aumufyGJpDrHtkyfcsKyfr_ tqifh toD;oD;. zGJ@pnf;yHkESifhwm0efrsm;udk Oya'jzifh &Sif;vif;jywfom;pGm csrSwfay;oifhonf?

� a&G;aumufyGJ pDrHtkyfcsKyfr_ESifhywfoufI zGJ@pnf;yHk/vkyfief;u|rf;usiffr_ESifhxda&mufr_wdk@udk tuJjzwfjcif;?

� a&G;aumufyGJpDrHtkyfcsKyfr_aqmif&Guf&mY ormorwf&Sd-r&Sd/yGifhvif;jrifomr_&Sd-r&Sdwdk@udk tuJjzwfjcif;?

� ykHrSeftpnf;ta0;usif;yEdkifa&;ESifh/ qufpyfywfouf&mowif;tcsuftvufrsm;&&Sda&;twGuf a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sif tqifhtm;vHk;ESifh aumif;rGefaom tvkyfoabmqufqHr_w&yf wnf aqmufxm;jcif;?

A [dka& G;aum ufy GJaum fr & Si f

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c &dki fa& G;aum ufy GJaum fr & Sifr s m ; ( ¹cGi f;c suf)

r J& Hka& G;aum ufy GJaum fr & Sifr s m ;

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57

e,fajrtpdk;&/ jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;Xme/ w&m;a&;0ef}uD;Xme uJhodk@aom tpdk;&.tjcm;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udkvnf; a&G;aumufyGJ umvtwGif;Y tcef;u¾wckckrS yg0ifaqmif&Guf&ef vkyfydkifcGifhtyfESif;Edkifygonf? Todk@vkyfydkifcGifhtm%mtyfESif;ygu a&G; aumufyGJpDrHtkyfcsKyfr_udk apmifh=unfhonfhenf;wl/ TtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udkvnf;apmifh=unfhoifhygonf? a,bk,stm;jzifh/ apmifh=unfhavhvmr_nSdE_dif;a&;ESifh ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfa&;tzGJ@ (Observation Co-ordination and Analysis

Unit) u A[dka&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sif.vkyfief;udkapmifh=unfh&rnf? a'oapmifh=unfhavhvma&;tzGJ@u a'oa&G;aumufyGJ aumfr&Sif.vkyfief; (ESifh vdktyfygu c±dkifa&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sif.vkyfief;udkyg) apmifh=unfhavhvm&rnfjzpf+yD;/ apmifh=unfhavh vmol wOD;csif;url rJay;Xmetqifha&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifudk apmifh=unfhavhvm&rnfjzpfonf? jynfwGif;apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;onf tqifhtm;vHk;&Sd a&G;aumufyGJpDrHtkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@rsm;ESifh vkyfief;oabmqufqHr_ r jywf&Sdaeatmifóu;pm;&rnf? apmifh=unfhavhvmr_nSdE_dif;a&;ESifh ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfa&;tzGJ@0ifrsm;ESifh a'otqifhapmifh=unfhavh vmolrsm;onf oifhawmfaoma&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifrsm;/ aumfr&Sif0efxrf;rsm;ESifh yHkrSefawG@qHk+yD;v#if óuwifjyifqifr_rsm; rnfodk@jzpfay:aea=umif;udk pHkprf;avhvmoifhonf? aumfr&Sifrsm;.yHkrSeftpnf;ta0rsm;odk@vnf;wufa&muf+yD;/ qHk;jzwfcsuf rsm;udk a&;rSwf&rnf? &Edkifygu/ a&G;aumufyGJtm%mydkifrsm;xkwfjyefaom qHk;jzwfcsuf/pnf;rsOf;ESifh !$ef=um;csufrSefor#udk pkaqmif;+yD;v#if/ pDppf=unfh&rnf? pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;ESifh Oya'uJhodk@tm%mwnfaomtjcm; yk'frrsm; xkwfjyefjcif;&Sd-r&Sd od&atmif tpdk;&jyefwrf;rsm;udk =unfh±_&rnf? TuJhodk@aom yk'frrsm;ESifh pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm; tm%mwnfa&;twGuf ‚if;wdk@udk yHkESdyfxkwfa0ay;&rnf? (c) (c) (c) (c) tuJjzwf&rnfh tc&mudpPrsm; tuJjzwf&rnfh tc&mudpPrsm; tuJjzwf&rnfh tc&mudpPrsm; tuJjzwf&rnfh tc&mudpPrsm; pHkprf;avhvm tuJjzwf&rnfh tc&musaoma&G;aumufyGJpDrHtkyfcsKyfr_qdkif&mudpP&yfrsm;rSm - â a&G;a&G;a&G;a&G;aumufyGJaumfraumufyGJaumfraumufyGJaumfraumufyGJaumfr&Sif&Sif&Sif&Sif zGJ@pnf;jcif; zGJ@pnf;jcif; zGJ@pnf;jcif; zGJ@pnf;jcif; - a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifrsm;cef@tyfjcif;/vkyfief;wm0efrsm;owfrSwfay;jcif; wdk@ESifhywf oufaomenf;emrsm;udk a&G;aumufyGJOy a'wGif az:jyxm;&rnf? a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifrsm;udk oD;jcm;vGwfvyfpGmESifh orm orwfuspGmzGJ@pnf;&rnf?a,bk,stm;jzifh/ EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;rS aeIr#r#wwac:,lxm;aom udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk trsm;pkt jzpfyg0ifap&rnf?a&G;aumufyGJvkyfief;udk t jynf ht0,Hk=unfr_&Sd=uaom wdkif;jynfrsm;Y w&m;ol}uD;tzGJ@0ifrsm;tygt0if t rsm;av;pm;cH&aom/=um;aeoabmxm;&Sdaom/xdk@jyif tawG@tñuH&Sdaomyk*~dKvfrsm;xnfhoGif;vsuf a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifudk zGJ@pnf;oifhonf? tzGJ@0ifrsm;udkt&rf;um a&mz,f&Sm;jcif;rðyap&ay? â a&G;a&G;a&G;a&G;aumufyGJaumfraumufyGJaumfraumufyGJaumfraumufyGJaumfr&Sif&Sif&Sif&Sifrsm;. oD;jcm;vGwfvyfr_ESifh ormorwfusr_ rsm;. oD;jcm;vGwfvyfr_ESifh ormorwfusr_ rsm;. oD;jcm;vGwfvyfr_ESifh ormorwfusr_ rsm;. oD;jcm;vGwfvyfr_ESifh ormorwfusr_ - a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifrsm;udk oD;jcm;vGwfvyfpGm ESifh ormorwfuspGm zGJ@pnf;oifhonfomru/ Taumfr&Sifrsm;onf oD;jcm;vGwfvyfpGmESifh ormorwfuspGmvnf; aqmif &Gufoifhonf? aumfr&Sifwdk@udk pGufzufjcif; odk@r[kwf +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;rðyap&ay? a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifrsm;onf cGJjcm;r_uif; pGmESifh wnfqJOya'ESifhavsmfnDpGm vGwfvyfpGmxkwfaz:cGifh/ vGwfvyfpGmoif;yif;zGJ@cGifh/ vGwfvyfpGmpka0;cGifh wdk@udktmrcH&rnf? cGJjcm;qufqHjcif; odk@r[kwf tm%mtvGJoHk;pm;ðyjcif;rSefor#onf a&G;aumufyGJ. w&m;r#wr_udk t}uD;tus,f+cdrf;ajcmuf &ma&mufygonf? â yGifhvif;jrifomr_yGifhvif;jrifomr_yGifhvif;jrifomr_yGifhvif;jrifomr_&Sd&Sd&Sd&Sdjcif; jcif; jcif; jcif; - a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sif;rsm;onf yGifhvif;jrifompGm aqmif&Guf&rnf? rdrdwdk@vkyfief;. rnfonfh rsufESmpmbufudkrqdk tppftaq;cH&efvrf;zGifhxm;&rnf? ygwDudk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk aumfr&SifrSmxnfhoGif;xm;jcif;/ owif;rD 'D,mtwGuf vrf;zGifhxm;jcif;ESifh qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk rqdkif;rwGxkwfa0jcif;wdk@tygt0ifenf; vrf;aygif;rsm;pGmjzifh yGifhvif;jrif omr_&Sdatmifaqmif&GufEdkifygonf? odk@&mwGif apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;taejzifh aumfr&Siftpnf;ta0;rsm;udk wdkuf±dkufxd

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awG@Edkifjcif;r&Sdwwfacs? â 0efxrf;rsm;cef@xm;jcif;ESifh avhusifhay;jcif;0efxrf;rsm;cef@xm;jcif;ESifh avhusifhay;jcif;0efxrf;rsm;cef@xm;jcif;ESifh avhusifhay;jcif;0efxrf;rsm;cef@xm;jcif;ESifh avhusifhay;jcif; - a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&SiftzGJ@0ifESifh 0efxrf;tm;vHk;onf a&G;aumufyGJrwdkifrD uwnf;uyifóuwifI oifhavsmfaom/tqifhtwef;rSDaomoifwef;rsm;&&Sdxm;oifhonf?TonfrSm wm0efxrf;aqmifyHkxrf; aqmifenf;ta=umif;udk tjynfht0em;vnfap&efjzpfonf?a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&SifwGif trsKd;orD;ESifh vlenf;pkvlrsKd;rsm;. tcsKd;tpm;udk rsm;Edkiftr#rsm;rsm;yg0ifapoifhonf? â t&if;tjrpfrsm; t&if;tjrpfrsm; t&if;tjrpfrsm; t&if;tjrpfrsm; - a&G;aumufyGJpDrHtkyfcsKyfr_tzGJ@wGif yGifhvif;jrifomr_vnf;&Sd/vHkavmufr_vnf;&Sdonfhtjyif oD;jcm;vGwf vyfr_vnf;&Sdonfh bwf*sufwck&Sdap&rnf? ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&avmufaoma&G;aumufyGJwckOD;pD;usif;yEdkifa&;twGuf aumfr&Sif rsm;udk tcsdeftvHktavmufay;&rnfhtjyif/ oifhawmfaomtcsdefYvnf; vdktyfaomb¾maiGa=u;ESifh ypPnf;rsm;jznfh qnf; ay;&rnf? a&G;aumufyGJpDrHtkyfcsKyfr_ tqifhtoD;oD;. t"duvkyfydkifcGifhrsm;udk atmufygZ,m;jzifhaz:jyxm;ygonf?

a &G;a um u fa &G;a um u fa &G;a um u fa &G;a um u f y GJp DrHt ky fc sK yfa &;t m ; a pm i hf=u n fh=u yfrw fjc if;y GJp DrHt ky fc sK yfa &;t m ; a pm i hf=u n fh=u yfrw fjc if;y GJp DrHt ky fc sK yfa &;t m ; a pm i hf=u n fh=u yfrw fjc if;y GJp DrHt ky fc sK yfa &;t m ; a pm i hf=u n fh=u yfrw fjc if;

a &G;a um ufyGJt kyfc sK yfa &;t q i fhq i fh pDrHt kyfc sKy fa &;q dki f&m v kyfi ef;pO frsm ; ESi fh v kyfa q m ifc su frsm ;

� O ya 't m ; orm orw fu su s/ r#wr_&dSp Gm t a um ift xn fa z:jc if;

� a v hvm o lrsm ;u dk w&m ;0i f to dt rSw fðyjc i f;

� rJq ENe, fa jr/ c &dkife, fedr dw frsm ; u dk a b m ifc w f ow frSw fjc i f;

� pDrHt kyfc sKyfa &;q dki f&m pn f;r sO f;p n f;urf;rsm ; x kw fjc i f;

� t ji if;yGm ;r_rsm ;u dk a jz&Si f;jc i f;

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� ygw Drsm ;t w Gu f u si fh0w f o du Qm yk'f

� rD'D,m rsm ;t w Gu f u si fh0w fo d u Qm yk'f

� rJq EN&Si frsm ; rSw fyHkwi fjc i f;u dk } u D;=uyfjc i f;

� Edki fi Ha &;ygw Drsm ;ESi fh u dk, fpm ;v S , frsm ; rSw fyHkwi fjc i f;

� a &G;a um ufyGJb ¾m a i Ga =u;t m; pDrHc ef@ cGJjc i f;

� a &G;a um ufyGJq dki f&m ypPn f;ypP ,rsm ; x kw fa 0jc i f;u dk pDrHc ef@ c GJjc i f;

� a &G;a um ufyGJq dki f&m ypPn f;ypP ,rsm ; jzef@ a 0jc if;

� a &G;a um ufyGJt &m &dSrsm ;ESi fh a t m u fa jc a &G;a um ufyGJa um fr&Si frsm ;t w Gu f oi fwef;rsm ;u dk }u D;=uyfjc i f;

� &v'frsm ;u dk Z,m ;jzi fhjyq dkjc i f;/ jzef@ a 0jc if;/ xkw fjyefjc i f;

� ygw Drsm ;/ u kd, fpm ;v S, fr sm ;. a &G;a um u fyGJq dki f&m t o Hk;p&dw frsm ;u dk a pm i fh=un fh=uyfr w fjc i f;

a 'oq dki f&m / c &dkfi fa &G;a um ufyGJa um fr&Si frsm ; � pn f;rsO f;pn f;urf; rsm ;ESi fh O ya 'rsm ;t m ; r#wpGm / orm orw fu spGm t a um i ft xn fa z:jc if;

� t ji if;yGm ;r_rsm ;u dk a jz&Si f;jc i f;

� ygw Drsm ;/ u dk, fpm ;v S, fr sm ; rSw fyHkwi fjc i f;

� u si fh0w fo du Qm yk'f ESi fht n D a pm i fh=un fht u Jjzw fjc i f; +yD;pD;jc i f;

� rJq EN&Si f rSw fyHkwi fjc i f;/ rJq EN&Si fpm &i f;t m ; jyi fq i fjc if;rsm ;/ }u D;=uyfjc i f;

� a t m ufa jc a umfr&Si frsm ;t w Gu f oi fwef;rsm ;u dk }u D;=uyfjc i f;/ oifwef;a y;jc i f;

� a &G;a um ufyGJq dki f&m ypPn f;ypP ,rsm ; jzef@ a 0jc if;

� a t m ufa jc a &G;a um u fyGJa um fr&Si frsm ;t m ; }u D;=uyfjc i f;

60

� &v'frsm ;u dk Z,m ;jzi fh jyq dkjc i f;

� &v'frsm ;u dk x kw fjye fa =uji m jci f;

� a &G;a um ufyGJ ypPn f;ypP, rsm ;u dk jyefvn fo drf;q n f;jc i f;/ o dka v Sm i fo drf;q n f;jc i f;/

rJ&Hka um fr&Si frsm ; � pn f;rsO f;pn f;urf; rsm ;ESi hf O ya 'rsm ;t m ; r#wpGm / orm orw fu spGm t a um i ft xn fa z:jc if;

� a &G;a um ufyGJypPn f; ypP,r sm ; vu fc H&, ljc i f;

� rJq ENa y;jc i f;u dk }u D;=uyfjc i f;

� rJa &w Gu fjc i f;

� &v'frsm ;ESi fh ypPn f;y pP,rsm ;u d k jyefvn fa y;t yfjc i f;

jynfwGif; a&G;aumufyGJapmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnfh tc&mjy\emrsm;rSm –

� a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifrsm;onf rJqENay;oltm;vHk;tay: wef;wlnDr#pGmESifh ormorwfuspGmqufqHygovm;?

� a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifw&yfu csrSwfaomqHk;jzwfcsufwpHkwckonf ormorwfusr_ESifhywfoufI jy\emrsm;

� ay:aygufapygovm;?

� a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifrsm;onf tpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm; odk@r[kwf EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;. ta=umif;rJh odk@r[kwf Oya'rJhpGufzufr_rsm;rS uif;vGwfpGmaqmif&GufEdkifygovm;?

� rJqENay;yGJtwGuf a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifrsm;.óuwifjyifqifr_rsm;onf a&G;aumufyGJ. *k%foduQmudk tmrcHygovm;?

� a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifrsm;onf qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;csrSwf&mY yGifhvif;jrifompGm csrSwfygovm;?

� a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifrsm;onf Oya'jyXmef;csufrsm;udk av;pm;vdkufemaeygovm;?

� a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifrsm;.qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;onf w&m;r#waom/qDavsmftyfpyfaom t,lcHjcif;twGuf vrf;zGifhxm;ygovm;?

� a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifrsm;onf Oya'jyXmef;csufyg tcsdefuef@owfcsufrsm;udk av;pm;vdkufemaeygovm;?

� a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifwckckonf zdtm;ay;cH&jcif; odk@r[kwf jcdrf;ajcmufcH&jcif;&Sdaeygovm;?

� trsm;tm;jzifh a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifrsm;onf yg0ifywfoufoltm;vHk;. ,Hk=unfpdwfcsjcif;cH&ygovm;? tu,fI ,Hk=unfpdwfcsjcif; rcH&[kqdkygu a0zefjypfwifr_rsm;udk xkacs&Sif;vif;jyygovm;?

� vlenf;pkvlrsKd;rsm;ESifh trsKd;orD;rsm;onf a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifrsm;wGif vHkavmufpGmudk,fpm;ðyyg0ifcGifh&ygovm;?

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7777????udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; rSwfyHkwifjcif;udk apmihf-unfh avhvmjcif;?

u? EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; rSwfyHkwifjcif;? c? EdkifiHa&;,SOfòyifolrsm; rSwfyHkwifjcif; *? trsKd;orD;ESifh vlenf;pkwdkif;&if;om;rsm; rSwfyHkwifjcif;

� ukd,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;ESifh ygwDrsm;tm;vHk; a&G;aumufyGJwGif 0ifa&muf,SOfòyif&mwGif wef;wlESifh usdK;a=umif;qDavsmfaom tcGifhtvrf;rsm; &-r& pHkprf;&eftwGuf a&G;aumufyGJ,SOfjydKifolrsm; rSwfyHkwifjcif;udk teD;uyfavhvmjcif;?

� rSwfyHkwifcGifhjiif;y,fcH&jcif;/ tjiif;y,fcH&r_tay: t,lcH0ifjcif;wdk@ESifh qufEG,faom taxmuf txm;rsm; tm;vHk;. rdwWLrsm;udk &,lxm;jcif;?

62

udkaya[*ifoabmwlnDcsuf tydk'f (7)wGif EdkifiHom;rsm;onf wOD;csif;aomfvnf;aumif;/ EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;. odk@r[kwf tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. udk,fpm;vS,frsm; tjzpfaomfvnf;aumif;/ cGJjcm;qufqHcH&jcif;r&dSapbJ EdkifiHa&; wm0ef/ odk@r[kwf tpdk;&&mxl;rsm;twGuf ,SOfòyifcGifh&Sdap&rnf[k tmrcHxm;onf? EdkfifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;tm;vHk;onf cGJjcm;qufqHcH&jcif;r&dSbJ wef;wltcGifhta&;t& udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk wifoGif;Edkif&rnf? EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pktcsKd@tm; csdeJ@apaom &nf&G,fcsufjzifh Oya'udk rw&m; odk@r[kwf cGJjcm;qufqHpGm usifhoHk;jcif;onf 'Drdku&ufpDenf;usaom a&G;aumufyGJrsm;twGuf (OSCE) uwdu0wfrsm;. tESpfom&ESifh uGJvGJ aponf? (u) EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; rSwfyHkwifjcif;(u) EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; rSwfyHkwifjcif;(u) EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; rSwfyHkwifjcif;(u) EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; rSwfyHkwifjcif; a&G;aumufyGJOya'onf EdkfifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifhh udk,fpm;vS,frsm; rnfhonfhtcsdefwGif rnfodk@ wifoGif;&rnfudk owfrSwfonf? oD;jcm;Oya'wck (Oyrm EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;qdkif&m Oya'wck) u tkyfpkwpkonf ygwDwcktjzpf rnfodk@ rSwfyHkwif&rnfudk owfrSwfaumif; owfrSwfEdkifonf? xdk@a=umifh EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; rSwfyHkwifjcif;qkdif&m Oya'wckckudk a&G;aumufyGJ tjiif;yGm;r_Z,m; (tcef; 4 udk &_yg) wGif xnfhoGif;+yD;v#if/ ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfoifhonf? jynfwGif;apmifh=unfhavhvma&;tzGJ@u av#mufxm;olrsm;onf rSwfyHkwifjcif;qdkif&mowfrSwfcsufrsm;ESifh +yD;jynfhpHk jcif; &dS- r&dSESifh pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;tm; r#r#ww/ ormorwfusus vdkufemusifhoHk; jcif; &dS- r&dS udk avhvm &rnf? ta&;t}uD;qHk;tvkyfwckrSm jynfwGif; apmifh=unfhavhvma&;tzGJ@onf vkyfief;pOfwckvHk;tm; EdkifiHwum pHcsdefpH!$ef;rsm;tjyif/ vGwfvyfpGm toif;tyif; wnfaxmifcGifh ESifhvnf; udkufnDr_&Sd-r&dS a0zefydkfif;jcm;oihfonf? (c) EdkifiHa&;(c) EdkifiHa&;(c) EdkifiHa&;(c) EdkifiHa&; ,SOfòyifolrsm; rSwfyHkwifjcif; ,SOfòyifolrsm; rSwfyHkwifjcif; ,SOfòyifolrsm; rSwfyHkwifjcif; ,SOfòyifolrsm; rSwfyHkwifjcif; a&G;aumufyGJOya'onf ygwDrsm;/ udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;tm; a&G;aumufyGJwckwGif 0ifa&muf,SOfòyifolrsm;tjzpf w&m;0ifrSwfyHkwifap&rnf? Oya'qdkif&mpnf;urf;uef@owfcsufudk tuJjzwf&mY Oya'yg ,if;tcef;onf EdkifiH wumESifh jynfwGif;pHcsdefpH!$ef;rsm;ESifh udkufnDr_ &dS- r&dSudk az:jyoifhonf? rSwfyHkwifjcif;qdkif&m vkdtyfcsufrsm;onf &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;ESifh em;vnfvG,faomt&mrsm; jzpfoifhonf? pay:aiGtajrmuf trsm;awmif;qdkjcif; odk@r[kwf rSwfyHkwifav#mufv$mwGif rwefwqrsm;jym;aomtrnfrsm; xnffhoGif;ay;&efawmif;qdkjcif; uJhodk@aom EdkifiHa&;t& cGJjcm;qufqHr_oabmaqmifaom awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk rxnfhoGif;oifhay? ygwDwck odk@r[kwf ukd,fpm;vS,f avmif;wOD; rSwfyHkwifcGifhjiif;y,fcH&r_twGuf t,lcHwifcGifh&dS&rnf? a&G;aumufyGJvkyfief;pOf. ta&;}uD;aom tpdwftydkif;wckudkaqmif±GufaepOftwGif;/ jynfwGif;apmifh=unfh avhvm a&;tzGJ@onf rSwfyHkwifxm;aom ygwDrsm;/ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;avmif;rsm;pm&if;udkomru/ rSwfyHkwifcGifh jiif;y,fcH& aomygwDrsm;/ udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;pm&if;udkvnf; ðypkxm;oifhonf? txl;ojzifh av#mufxm;olrsm;onf rSwfyHkwifjcif;twGuf pHxm;csufrsm;ESifh jynfhpHkjcif;&Sd-r&dSESifh a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifonf Oya'udk r#wpGm/ ormorwfuspGm taumiftxnf az:cJhjcif;&Sd-r&dS avhvmoihfonf? rSefuefoifhavsmfjcif; r&dSaom vkyfaqmif csufrsm;rSm- udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;tm; aemufqHk;tcsdefowfrSwfcsufudkaomfvnf;aumif;/ udk,fpm;vS,f avmif;tjzpf av#mufxm;&ef vdktyfaom vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;udkaomfvnf;aumif; vHkavmufpGm todray;jcif;/ odk@r[kwf owfrSwfxm;aomvdktyfcsufrsm; (vufrSwfrsm;aumuf,ljcif; odk@r[kwf pay:aiGay;&jcif;) a=umifh rvdktyfbJ yifyef;qif;&Japjcif;/ cGJjcm;qufqHr_oabmoufa&mufapjcif;wdk@ jzpfonf?

63

vufrSwfrsm;udk rSefrrSefppfaq;aom vkyfief;pOfonf wcgw&HwGif wzufowfyHkpHrsKd; jzpfoGm;wwf+yD;/tjiif; yGm;zG,f&mudpP jzpfoGm;wwfonf? ,if;odk@jzpfay:&aom ta=umif;rSm wef;wlnDr#pGmESifh a&S@aemufnDnGwfpGm usifhoHk;Edkifa&;twGuf vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;udk aphpyfaocsmpGm a&;qGJrxm;aoma=umifh jzpfonf? xdk@jyif rnfonfh tajccHrsm;tay:wGif w&m;0ifav#mufv$mtm; jiif;y,f&rnf[lI Oya'u &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; owfrSwfrxm; jcif;a=umifhvnf; jzpfonf? Oyrm jyefvnfjyifqifay;I&Edkfifaom toem;cHpmwGif rnfonfhtcsufrsm;u vkyfxHk; vkyfenf;t& tm;enf;aponfudk vnf;aumif;/ y,fcs&rnfh toem;cHpmwGif rnfonfh tcsufrsm;u tajctjrpf usustm;enf;aponfukdvnf;aumif; Oya't"dym,fzGifhyHkwGif tjiif;yGm;r_rsm; ay:xGufvmEdkifonf? avhvmolrsm;onf ty,fcH&aom ygwDrsm;/ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh Oya'csKd;azmufcJhaomfvnf; ty,fcH&jcif;r&Sd[k qdkaom ygwDrsm;/ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk txl;tm&Hkpdkufoifhonf? xGufay:vmor# tjiif;yGm;r_rsm;udk aocsmpGm pm&if;ðypkxm;oifhonf? xdk@jyifxdktr_rsm;udk tqifhjrifha&G;aumufyGJ tm%mydkif odk@r[kwf w&m;&Hk;rsm; (Oya't& av#mufxm;Edkifaom rnfonhfw&m;&Hk;rqdk) u =um;emppfaq;r_ðyaepOfrSmvnf; apmifh=unfhavhvmoihfonf? ukd,fpm;vS,favmif;jzpfvdkaomolrsm;ESifhywfoufI usdK;a=umif;nDaom uef@owfcsufrsm; xm;&dSEdkif+yD;/ ‚wdk@rSm wdkif;jynftwGif; tcsdefumvwpfcktxd aexdkifoljzpf&efvdkjcif;/ tedrfhqHk;owfrSwfxm;aom rJqENN&Sifrsm;. axmufcHr_&&efvdkjcif; odk@r[kwf tedrfhqHk;owfrSwfxm;aom rJay;Edkifoltoufxuf ydk}uD;&efvdkjcif;wdk@ jzpfonf? tcsKd@rSwfyHkwifjcif; vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;wGif txl;ojzifh EkdifiHawmf.atmufajctqifhwGif udk,fpm;vS,favmif; tcsKd@ odk@r[kwf udk,fpm;vS,favmif;tm;vHk; a&G;aumufcHaom wdkif;jynfrsm;wGif udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;ESifh ygwD rsm;onf A[dka&G;aumufyGJtm%mydkifwGif rSwfyHkwif&efrvdktyfyJ/ a'oqdkif&mESifh c&dkiftqifh a&G;aumufyGJ tm%mydkifxHwGif rSwfyHkwif&ef vdktyfonf? wcgw&HwGif ESpfae&mpvHk;wGif rSwfyHkwif&ef vdktyfEdkifonf? ,if;uJhodk@ aom tajctaersm;atmufwGif a'oqdkif&m apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;onf ygwDESifhukd,fpm;vS,favmif; rSwfyHkwifjcif;ta=umif; apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif; tpD&ifcHpmwifjcif;ðyoihfonf? av#mufv$mwifjcif; ESifh t,lcHwif jcif;wdk@ESifhywfoufIaomfvnf;aumif; A[dk&Hk;csKyfodk@ jyefvnftpD&ifcH&rnfh enf;vrf;rsm;ESifh ywfoufIaomfvnf; aumif; olwdk@tm;/ tusOf;oabmr# &Sif;jyxm;oihfonf? udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; rSwfyHkwifjcif; vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;udk tuJjzwfa&;twGuf vrf;!$ef csufrsm;rSm

� EdkfifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifhudk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm; trnfpm&if;wifoGif;jcif;twGuf w&m;0ifav#mufv$mrsm; rSef- rrSefppfaq;csdefwGif wufa&mufEdkifatmifñud;pm;jcif;/

� ppfaq;+yD;aomw&m;0ifav#mufv$mrsm;udk a&G;aumufyGJtm%mydkifrsm;u wajy;nD*±kpdkufI ppfaq;cJhjcif; &dS-r&dS od&dSEdkif&eftwGuf ñud;pm;pdppf=unfhjcif;/

� a&;xdk;xm;aom vufrSwfrsm; rSefuefa=umif;ppfaq;&eftwGuf w&m;0if vrf;!$efcsuf odk@r[kwf !$ef =um;csufrsm;xkwfjyefxm;jcif;&dS-r&dS az:jyjcif;/

� y,fcsr_rsm;tm; ta=umif;jycsufckdifvHkjcif; &dS-r&dSppfaq;jcif;/ ta=umif;jycsufonf usdK;a=umif;qDavsmfr_ &dS-r&dS ppfaq;jcif; ESifh y,fcscH&aom w&m;0ifav#mufv$mrsm;ESifh y,fcsrcH&aom tjcm;aom ygwD/ udk,f pm;vS,favmif;rsm;. av#mufv$mrsm;udk Ed_if;,SOfavhvmjcif;/

64

� a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifwpfcku ukd,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;/ ygwDrsm;udk vufcH&ef/ y,fcs&eftwGuf qHkk;jzwf csufcs&mwGif rJay;jcif;&dS-r&dS ppfaq;jcif;/aumfr&SiftzGJ@0ifrsm;u rnfokd@rJay;cJh=uonfudk od&dS&eftwGuf ,if;udpPqHk;jzwfcJhaom tpnf;ta0;rSwfwrf;rdwWLudk awmif;cHjcif;/

� vufcHjcif;cH&aomEdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;/ udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;ESifh y,fcscH&aom EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;/ udk,fpm; vS,favmif;rsm;udk rnfodk@/ rnfonfhtcsdefwGif qHk;jzwfcsufta=umif; today;cJhonfudk pHkprf;jcif;/

� tu,fI w&m;0ifav#mufv$mrsm;onf ty,fcscHcJh&ygu ygwD odk@r[kwf udk,fpm;vS,favmif;u ,if; qHk;jzwfcsuftay: t,lcHwifcJhjcif; &dS-r&dS pHkprf;jcif;ESifh tu,fI wifcJhygu rnfonfhae&modk@ ‚wdk@t,l cHwifcJhoenf;ESifh ,if;t,lcHrS rnfonfh&v'fxGufay:cJhoenf; ponfwdk@udk pHkprf;jcif;? (*(*(*(*)))) trsKd;orD;ESifh vlenf;pkwdkif;&if;om;rsm; rSwfyHkwifjcif;trsKd;orD;ESifh vlenf;pkwdkif;&if;om;rsm; rSwfyHkwifjcif;trsKd;orD;ESifh vlenf;pkwdkif;&if;om;rsm; rSwfyHkwifjcif;trsKd;orD;ESifh vlenf;pkwdkif;&if;om;rsm; rSwfyHkwifjcif; jynfwGif; apmifh=undhavhvma&;ktzGJ@wckonf trsKd;orD;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;vlenf;pk rnfr#udk ygwDrsm;rStrnf pm&if;wifoGif;onfESifh a&G;aumufyGJtm%mydkifrsm;rS rSwfyHkwifcGifhðyonfudk avhvmoihfonf? (OSCE) a'o twGif;&dSwkdif;jynfrsm;u ‚f;wdk@wdkif;jynftwGif; tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfa&;wGif trsKd;orD;ESifh wkdif;&if;om;vlenf;pkrsm; yg0iftkyfcsKyfcGifhtwGuf tumtuG,fay;xm;aom EdkifiHwum vl@tcGifhta&; pHcsdefpH!$ef;rsm;udk av;pm; vdkufem ygrnf[k uwdu0wfðyxm;onf (tcef; 1 udk &_yg)? ,if;vkyfief;tm; apmifh=unfhtuJjzwfjcif;tm;jzifh jynfwGif; avhvma&;tzGJ@u jynfolvlxktm; trsKd;orD;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;vlenf;pkrS rnfr# ta&twGufonf trnfwifoGif; jcif;cH&+yD;/ rnfr# atmifjrifpGm rSwfyHkwifjyF;jzpfa=umif;rSwfwrf;ESifh cGJjcm;qufqHcH &r_tay: avhvmqef;ppfcsuf wpfckudkvnf; wifjyEdkifonf?

65

8? 8? 8? 8? a&G;aumufyGJrJqG,fpnf;±Hk;r+udk apmihfa&G;aumufyGJrJqG,fpnf;±Hk;r+udk apmihfa&G;aumufyGJrJqG,fpnf;±Hk;r+udk apmihfa&G;aumufyGJrJqG,fpnf;±Hk;r+udk apmihf----unfhavhvmjcif;unfhavhvmjcif;unfhavhvmjcif;unfhavhvmjcif;

u? EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;/ udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;ESifh awG@qHkjcif;? c? rD'D,mESifhawG@qHkjcif;? *? tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm;ESifh awG@qHkjcif;? C? rJqG,fyGJrsm;udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;? i? vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@0ifrsm;. vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;? p? rJqG,fpnf;±Hk;r_toHk;p&dwfrsm;/ tvSLaiGyrm%ESifh tvSLaiGZpfjrpfrsm;udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;? q? EdkifiHawmft&if;tjrpfrsm; tvGJoHk;pm;vkyfr_udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;? Z? yÉdyuQ umuG,fwmqD;jcif;ESifh a&G;aumufyGJumvt=urf;zufr_rsm;udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;? ps? tjcm;udpP&yfrsm;udk apmihf=unfhavhvmjcif;?

tajccHvGwfvyfcGifhrsm;onf rJqG,fyGJumv. 'Drdku&ufpDenf;usaom o&kyfouef yDjyifa&;twGuf r&dSrjzpf ta&; ygaomt&mrsm; jzpfonf? EdkifiHa&;wGif yg0ifolrsm;tm;vHk;onf vGwfvyfpGm toif;tyif;zGJ@pnf;cGifhudk &&dSoifh onf?

� yg0if,SOfòyifolrsm;ESifhyHkrSefawG@qHkI ‚wdk@.vGwfvyfpGmxkwfaz:ajymqdkcGifh/toif;tyif; zGJ@ pnf;cGifhESifh pk&Hk;cGifhrsm;ESifhywfoufI taESmifht,SufwpHkwck ñuHawG@&jcif;&dS-r&dSppfaq;jcif;/

� oufqdkif&mwm0ef&dSolrsm;ESifhvdkufygI wdkifwef;csufrsm;udk vdkufvHaqmif&Gufay;jcif;?

� aoG;xdk;v_H@aqmfaom rdef@cGef;rsm; yg&dS-r&dSudk ppfaq;&eftwGuf rJqG,fvlxktpnf;t a0;rsm;ESifh a[majymyGJrsm;odk@ wufa&mufjcif;?

� tm%m&ygwDrsm;tusdK;twGuf EdkifiHydkift&if;tjrpfrsm; rw&m;ojzifh toHk;ðyjcif;&dS -r&dS ppfaq;jcif;?

� rJqG,fv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;tm; jcdrf;ajcmufjcif;/ aESmifh,Sufjcif; odk@r[kwf =um;0ifpGufzufjcif;ESifh ywfoufaom oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;udk ppfaq;jcif;/ apmihf=unfhavhvmjcif;?

� avhvmapmifh=unfholrsm;tzdk@ rJqG,fvSKyf&Sm;r_rsm;tm;vHk;/ txl;ojzifh pdk;&drfzG,faumif; aom tjzpftysufrsm;ta=umif; tpD&ifcHwifjyEdkifaom vkyfief;zGJ@pnf;yHkwckkwnfaqmuf jcif;?

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‚wdk@. rJqG,fpum;rsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm xkwfaz:ajymqdkcGifh&dSoifh+yD;/ +cdrf;ajcmuf [ef@wm;jcif; wpHkw&m r&dSbJ ‚wdk@.rJqEN&Sifrsm;udk pkpnf;EkdifcGifhvnf; &dSoifhonf? EdkifiHom;rsm;wGifvnf; ‚wdk@. EdkifiHa&;,Hk=unf csufudk vGwfvyfpGm az:xkwfEdkifaom tcGifhta&;&dSoifhonf? rJqG,fyGJqdkif&m pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;rS yg0ifolrsm; tm;vHk; wef;wltusdK;cHpm;r_&dSapa&;twGuf ta&;}uD;aomtpdwftydkif;wckrSm yGifhvif;r_ jzpfonf? ,if;pnf;rsOf; pnf;urf;rsm;udk yGifhvif;pGmESifh tESH@tjym;oabmaqmifpGm ausmom;&ifom;rcGJjcm;bJ usifhoHk;&rnfjzpfonf? rJqG,fv_yf&Sm;pOftwGif; yg0if,SOfòyifoltm;vHk; wajy;nDv_yf&Sm;cGifh&&dSr_ twdkif;twmonf a&G;aumufyGJvkyfief; wckvHk;udk tuJjzwf&mY ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&avmufaom wdkif;xGmonfh bm&dkrDwmjzpfavh&Sdonf? tedrfhqHk;tm;jzifh/ a&G;aumufyGJwGif 0ifa&muf,SOfòyifoltm;vHk;. tajccHowif;tcsuftvufESifh ‚wdk@.EkdifiHa&; rl0g'rsm;udk rJqEN&Sifrsm; odoifhonf? a&G;aumufyGJrwdkifcif&ufrsm; apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;. &nf±G,fcsufrSm yg0ifolrsm;tm;vHk;twGuf wef;wl v_yf&Sm; Edkifaom tcGifhtvrf; &Sd-r&dSESifh EdkifiHom;rsm;. vGwfvyfpGmaz:xkwfcGifh/ pk&Hk;cGifh/ toif;tyif; wnfaxmifcGifhESifh oGm;vmv_yf&Sm;cGifhrsm;tm; av;pm;vdkufemjcif; &Sd-r&Sd tuJjzwfjcif;jzpfonf? yHkrSeftm;jzifh ,if; vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;tm; wdkif;jynfwck. tajccHOya'wGif xnfhoGif; jyXmef;onf? txl;ojzifh ,if;vGwfvyfcGifh rsm;tm; a&G;aumufyGJOya'jzifh a&G;aumufyGJumvwckwGif tumtuG,fðyay;onf? ,if;tcGifhta&;rsm;onf (OSCE) uwdu0wfrsm;ESifh EdkifiHwumvl@tcGifhta&; pHcsdefpH!$ef;wdk@wGif yg0if=u+yD;/ Oya'ESifh vufawG@vkyfief; vkyfaqmifcsdefwdkif;wGif ‚tcGifhta&;rsm;udk umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&rnf jzpfonf? a&G;aumufyGJrwdkifcifumv apmifh=unfhavhvmr_udk a±G;aumufyGJ apmifh=unfhavhvmr_nd‡E_dif;a&;ESifh ydkif;jcm; oHk;oyfa&;tzGJ@(Observation Co-rdination and Analysis Unit) .tzGJ@0ifrsm;u A[dktqifhrSm aqmif±Guf+yD;/ a'oqkdif&m apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;u a'oqdkif&mtqifhrSm aqmif±Gufoifh onf? jynfwGif;apmifh=unfh avhvma&;tzGJ@. rsufpdESifhem;rsm;tjzpf a'oqkdif&m apmifh=unfhtuJcwfolrsm;onf rJqENay;yGJ rpwifrD tajctae &_axmifhtm;vHk;ESifhywfoufI jynfhpHk/ rSefuefaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk axmufyHh ay;oifhonf? xdk@a=umifh ‚wdk@tm; aumif;rGefpGm &Sif;jyxm;&rnf? ‚wdk@rSm qufoG,fa&;vrf;a=umif; aumif;rGefpGm&dSoifhonf? a&G;aumufyGJtóuumv tpD&ifcHpm wifoGif;jcif;yHkpHudk aumif;aumif; em;vnf xm;&rnf jzpfonf? a&G;aumufyGJtóuumvtwGif; a'oqdkif&mapmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;onf EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;/ udk,fpm;vS,f avmif;rsm;/ oufqdkif&ma&G;aumufyGJt&m&dSrsm;/ tpdk;&t&m&dSrsm;ESifh yHkrSefawG@qHkjcif; ESifh vlxkrJqG,fyGJrsm;/ vlxktpnf;ta0;rsm;udk wufjcif;jzifh rJqG,fyGJjzpfay:wdk;wufr_rsm;udk tqufrjywf avhvmoifhonf? vHkðcHa&; wm0ef&dSolrsm;/ jynfwGif;rD'D,mrsm;/ tjcm; tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;/ ygwD axmufcHolrsm;/ jynfolrsm;ESifhvnf; tquftoG,f vkyfoifhonf?tywfpOftpD&ifcHpmrsm; wifjyjcif;/ tjzpf tysuf tao;pdwftpD&ifcHpmrsm;/vlxktpnf;ta0; wckcsif;pD. tpD&ifcHpmrsm; wifjyjcif;jzifh a'o qdkif&m apmihf=unfhavhvmolrsm;onf wdkif;jynft0Srf; rJqG,fyGJrsm;ESihfywfoufI A[kd&Hk;csKyfu &Sif;vif; jywfom;aom yHkum;csyf wcsyfudka&;qGJ&mY taxmuftulay;Edkifrnf jzpfonf? avhvmolrsm;onf ‚wdk@wifjyaomta=umif;t&mtm;vHk;udk wdkuf&dkufjrifawG@olrsm; jzpfcsifrS jzpfEdkifonf? ,if;odk@aom tajctaersm;atmufwGif pGyfpGJcsufrsm;rSef-rrSefavhvm&efESifh rSefuefwduspGm tpD&ifcH&ef ta&;}uD;onf?usdK;a=umif;nDnGwfaom oHo,wckuif;pifoGm;avmufatmif oufaotaxmuf txm;rsm;udk ppfaq;=unfh&ef vdktyfaom &mZ0wfr_rsm;ESifh rwlyg? a&G;aumufyGJapmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;tzdk@ oufao taxmuftxm;uHkvHk jynfhpHka=umif;aumufcsufcsEdkifa&;twGuf ,Hk=unfpdwfcs avmufzG,f&m t&if;tjrpf tajrmuf trsm;rS&&Sdaom tvm;wl om"ursm; tqifoifh&Sdae&efvdktyfonf? apmifh=unf avhvmolrsm; taejzifh

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‚wdk@.tpD&ifcHpmrsm;onf ‚wdk@udk,fwdkifjrifawG@cJhaom tjzpftysufrsm; odk@r[kwf tjcm;olrsm; udk,fpm;wifjytpD&ifcH&aom tjzpftysufrsm;jzpfa=umif; &Sif;vif;pGm wifjyoifhonf? tu,fI 'kwd, tcsufjzpfygu owif;t&if;tjrpfonf *k%foduQm&dSaom/ ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&aomt&if;t jrpf[kwf - r[kwfudkvnf; tuJjzwfoifhonf? (u) EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;(u) EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;(u) EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;(u) EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;/ udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;ESifh awG@qHkjcif;/ udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;ESifh awG@qHkjcif;/ udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;ESifh awG@qHkjcif;/ udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;ESifh awG@qHkjcif; apmifh=unfhavhvmr_nd‡E_dif;a&;ESifh ydkif;jcm; oHk;oyfa&;tzGJ@.tzGJ@0ifrsm;ESifh a'oqdkif&m apmifh=unfhavhvmol rsm;onf ygvDrefwGif udk,fpm;ðyaeolrsm;/ udk,fpm;ðyr_r&dSaomfvnf; axmufcHr_trsm;tjym;&&dSaeolrsm; tygt0if t"du EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh awG@qHkoifhonf? awG@qHkyGJrSwqifh ‚wdk@. rJqG,fv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifhywfoufaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm; pkaqmif;jcif;ESifh ‚wdk@wifjyvdkaom ta=umif;t&mrsm;udkvnf; em;axmifjcif; ðyoifhonf?tu,fI EdkifiHa&;ygwDwcku pGyfpGJcsufwckðyvkyfygu/a'oqdkif&m apmifh=unhfavhvmolrsm;u tjcm; t&if;tjrpfrsm;rSaeI ,if;pGyfpGJcsuf rSef-rrSef oufaojy&ef óu;yrf;oihfonf?tu,fI ygwDwcku w&m;&Hk; odk@r[kwf a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&SifxHodk@ rauseyfcsufwck wdkifwef;ygu/ avhvmolrsm;onf pmjzifh a&;om; az:jy xm;aomrdwWLrsm;udk awmif;,loifh+yD;/tjiif;yGm;r_apmifh=unfhavhvma&; vrf;!$efr_rsm; twdkif; vdkufemusifhokH; oifhonf? EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifhawG@qHkaomtcgwGif ygwDrsm;ESifh ‚wdk@.bufawmfom;rsm;rSm ‚wdk@ae&m &&dSa&; twGuf pmem/ axmufcHr_&atmifóu;yrf;rnf[laom ukd,fydkiftpDtpOf&Sdwwfa=umif;udk apmifh=unfhavhvmol rsm;u owdcsyfoihfonf? orwa&G;aumufyGJwGif apmifh=unfhavhvmr_nd‡E_dif;a&;ESifh ydkif;jcm; oHk;oyfa&;tzGJ@onf xdyfwef;udk,fpm;vS,favmif;tm;vHk;ESifh awG@qHkoifhonf? ygvDrefpepfa&G;aumufyGJESifh a'oqdkif&m a&G;aumufyGJ rsm;wGif a'oqdkif&mapmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;onf EdkifiHa&;e,fy,frS udk,fpm;vS,favmif; trsKd;rsKd;ESifhawG@qHk&ef óu;yrf;oihfonf? (c) rD'D,mESifhawG@qHkjcif;(c) rD'D,mESifhawG@qHkjcif;(c) rD'D,mESifhawG@qHkjcif;(c) rD'D,mESifhawG@qHkjcif; apmifh=unfhavhvmr_nd‡E_dif;a&;ESifh ydkif;jcm; oHk;oyfa&;tzGJ@onf tcef; (9) wGif az:jyxm;ouJhodk@ EkdifiHawmf tqifh wGif rD'D,mESifh qufqHoifhonf? a'oqdkif&m apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;onf a'otqifh rD'D,mrsm; ESifhawG@qHkI ‚wdk@. ydkifqdkifolrsm; (ownership)/ t,f'Dwmhtmabmf/ pmzwfy&d\wfESifh oufqdkifaom owif; tcsuf tvufrsm;&,l&efESifh ‚wdk@awG@ñuH&aom uef@owfr_/ aESmifh,Sufr_rsm;ESifh ywfoufaom tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk &,l oihfonf? a'owGif;rD'D,mrsm;ESifhawG@qHkjcif;onf tjcm;aompGyfpGJcsufrsm;udk wdkufqdkifppfaq;Edkfifaom tcGifh tvrf;udk &&dSap+yD;/ udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;/ a&G;aumufyGJtkyfcsKyfyHkESifh a&G;aumufyGJvkyf ief;pOfwGif yg0ifaom tpdk;&Xmersm;tay: owif;axmufrsm;ESifh t,f'Dwmrsm;. oabmxm;udkvnf; tuJjzwfEkdifonf? a'oqdkif&m apmifh=unfhavhvmolwdk@onf A[kd&Hk;rScGifhðycsuf wpHkw&mr&&dSbJ/ rD'D,modk@ a&G;aumufyGJvkyfief;pOfESifh ywfoufI rnfonfh xifjrif,lqcsufr# ray;oifhay? (*)(*)(*)(*) tpdk;& tpdk;& tpdk;& tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm;ESifh awG@qHkjcif;0efxrf;rsm;ESifh awG@qHkjcif;0efxrf;rsm;ESifh awG@qHkjcif;0efxrf;rsm;ESifh awG@qHkjcif; apmifh=unfhavhvmr_nd‡E_dif;a&;ESifh ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfa&;tzGJ@ESifh a'oqdkif&mapmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;onf avhvma&; tpDtpOftwGuf toHk;0ifrnfhowif;tcsuftvufrsm;&,l&eftwGuf jynfol@0efxrf;rsm;ESifhawG@qHkoifhonf? awG@qHkr_rsm;tm;vHk;wGif rawG@qHkcifuwnf;u avhvmolrsm;taejzifh ‚wdk@rnfonhft&mudk ar;&efvdktyfonfudk wdwdusus óuwifqHk;jzwfxm;oihf+yD;/ jynfol@0efxrf;wpfOD;. tcsdefudk rjzKef;oifhay?

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a&G;aumufyGJumvtwGif; avhvmolrsm;onf jynfol@0efxrf;rsm;. v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifh ywfoufI rauseyfcsufrsm;/ pGyfpGJcsufrsm; ñuHawG@Ekdifonf? Oyrm t&m&dSwOD;u udk,fpm;vS,fwOD; odk@r[kwf ygwD wygwDtm; rJqG,f v_H@aqmfjcif;rS [ef@wm;aESmifh,Sufjcif; odk@r[kwf udk,fpm;vS,fwOD; odk@r[kwf ygwDwygwDtm; wuf wufºuºujrSifhwifay;jcif; ponfjzifh pGyfpGJcH&Ekdifonf? xdkuJhodk@aom pGyfpGJcsufrsm;udk rSef- rrSefoufaojy&ef cufcJ vSonf? odk@aomf taotcsm *&kwpdkuf pHkprf; az:xkwf&rnf? tb,fa=umihfqdkaomf ‚wkd@onf a&G;aumufyGJ qdkif&m EdkifiHwum uwdu0wfrsm;udk csKd;azmufonfomru jynfwGif;Oya'udkyg csKd;azmufjcif;jzpf onf? xdk@tjyif =um;jzwf tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mudk tvGJoHk;pm;ðyaeonfhoabmvnf;onf? tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm;.vkyf&yfESifhywfoufaom pGyfpGJcsufrsm;udk tpdk;&a&S@ae/ ykvdyfwyfzGJ@/ w&m;&Hk; odk@r[kwf a&G; aumufyGJaumfr&SifxHokd@ wifjyEdkifonf? ,if;uJhodk@aom tajctaersKd;wGif avhvmolrsm;onf ‚ tjiif;yGm;r_ jzpfpOfudk avhvmoihf+yD;/ wdk;wufr_tvdkuf tpD&ifcHoifhonf? tjcm;aom tajctaersKd;wGif rsufjrifoufaorsm; onf xkwfazmfajymqdkvdkaom qENr&dS=uonfomru/ t&m&SdwOD;. vkyf&yfodk@r[kwf xdefcsefr_'%fudkcHxm;& olwdk@uvnf; rdrdwdk@tzdk@w&m;r#wr_ESifh Oya't&jyefvnfukpm;ay;r_&vdrfhrnf[k r,Hk=unf wwf=uacs? apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;u xdkuJhodk@aom (vkyf&yf odk@r[kwf xdefcsefr_'%f) cH&ol rsm;udk ‚wdk@ vkyfydkifcGifh&Sdaom w&m;Oya'enf;vrf;rsm;twdkif;vkyfaqmif&ef wdkufwGef;ay;oihfaomfvnf;/ twif;tusyf zdtm;ray;oifhay? ,if;uJhodk@aom tajctaersKd;wGif avhvmolrsm;twGuf }uD;av;aom tcuftcJ}uD; um; pGyfpGJcsufrsm;udk rSefrrSef rnfuJhodk@ taumif;qHk; óu;pm;pHkprf;rnfESifh pGyfpGJcHoltm; ‚wdk@ bufjcrf;rSajym qdkcGifhudk rnfonfhtcsdefwGif ay;&rnf[lI jzpfonf? pGyfpGJcH&aom ygwDESifhxdyfwdkufawG@qHkEkdif aom rnfonfh qHk;jzwfcsufrsKd; rqdk A[dk&Hk;ESifh t=uH m%f,loifhonf?pGyfpGJcH&aomygwDESifh awG@qHkyGJrsm;wGif avhvmolrsm;u ‚wkd@udk,fwdkifESifh ‚wdk@. owif; ay;olrsm;udk umuG,fapmifha&Smufay;&rnf? (C) rJqG,fpnf;±Hk;r_rsm;udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;(C) rJqG,fpnf;±Hk;r_rsm;udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;(C) rJqG,fpnf;±Hk;r_rsm;udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;(C) rJqG,fpnf;±Hk;r_rsm;udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif; A[dktqifhwGif apmifh=unfhavhvmr_nd‡E_dif;a&;ESifh ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfa&;tzGJ@onf ygwDrsm;/udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;. v_yf&Sm;r_tcsdefpm&if;udk xm;&Sdoifhonf? atmufajctqifhwGif A[dk&Hk;odk@ tcsdefpm&if; rdwWLrsm;ay;ydk@oifhaom a'oqdkif&mapmifh=unfhtuJjzwfolrsm;onfvnf; Todk@yifxm;&Sdoifhonf? Todk@xm;&Sdjcif;tm;jzifh apmifh=unfh avhvmolrsm;tzdk@ yg0if,SOfòyifol wpfOD;csif;pD. rJqG,fvlxkpka0;yGJrsm;/ tpnf;ta0;rsm;. ta&twGufudk tpD&ifcHwifjyEdkifonhftjyif/ apmifh=unfhavhvmr_nd‡E_dif;a&;ESifh ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfa&;tzGJ@tzdk@ a&m/ a'oqdkif&m apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;tzdk@yg rdrdwdk@vkyfief;rsm;udkpDrH&mwGif taxmuftuljzpfEdkifonf? avhvmolrsm;onf wufa&mufcJhaom rJqG,fyGJ pnf;±Hk;yGJwckcsif;pDtwGuf tpD&ifcHpm tjynfhtpHk a&;oifhonf? toHk;ðyvG,fI pepfwusowfrSwfxm;onfh yHkpHwck ðyvkyfoihf+yD; atmufaz:jyyg tcsufrsm; yg0ifoihfonf? toHk;ðyvG,fI pepfwusowfrSwfxm;onfh yHkpHwck ðyvkyfoihf+yD; atmufaz:jyyg tcsufrsm; yg0ifoihfonf? toHk;ðyvG,fI pepfwusowfrSwfxm;onfh yHkpHwck ðyvkyfoihf+yD; atmufaz:jyyg tcsufrsm; yg0ifoihfonf? toHk;ðyvG,fI pepfwusowfrSwfxm;onfh yHkpHwck ðyvkyfoihf+yD; atmufaz:jyyg tcsufrsm; yg0ifoihfonf?

� vlxkpk&Hk;yGJ/ tpnf;ta0;/ tcrf;tem;wckusif;yaom ygwD odk@r[kwf udk,fpm;vS,favmif;. trnf/ � tcrf;tem;usif;yaomtcsdef (tpESifh tqHk;)/ ae@pGJ ESifh ae&m/ � a[majymolrsm;. trnfrsm; ESihf ‚wdk@. wm0efrsm;/ Oyrm ygwDacgif;aqmif/ pm&if;yg ukd,fpm;vS,f avmif; rsm;ponfjzifh/ tcrf;tem;odk@wufa&mufaom vlOD;a&cef@rSef;ta&twGuf/

� tpnf;ta0;/ tcrf;tem;udk [ef@wm;aESmifh,Sufr_&dS- r&dS/ &dSygu rnfolenf;/ � tcrf;tem;odk@wufa&muf&ef tusyfudkifcJhjcif; &dS-r&dS/

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� rdef@cGef;. t"duta=umif;t&mrsm;ESifh tjcm;xifjrifcsufrsm;a&;Edkkfif&ef avhvmoltwGuf ae&mxdkifcif;/ � a[majymolrsm;u t=urf;zufr_jzpfay:apa&; ajrSmufxdk;yifhaumfpum;vHk;rsm; odk@r[kwf tjcm;ygwDrsm;/ udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;/ axmufcHolrsm;tm; t=urf;zufwdkufcdkufapa&; aoG;xdk;vH_@aqmfaom pum; vHk;rsm; toHk;ðycJhjcif; &dS-r&dS ponfwdk@jzpfonf? tu,fI avhvmolrsm;u rJqG,fpnf;±Hk;r_wckwGif toHk;ðycJhaom pum;vHk;onf rJqG,fyGJt=urf;zufr_udk jzpfay: apEdkifonf odk@r[kwf tm;ay;tm;ajrSmufjzpfapEdkifonf[k oHk;oyfrdygu xdka[majymol toHk;ðycJhonfh pum;rsm; udk twdtusrSwfwrf;wifoifhonf?tu,fIa[majymolu t=urf;zufr_jzpfay:apa&; ajr‡mufay;aeygu a'o qdkif&mapmifh=unfholrsm;onf A[dkXmecsKyfodk@ ‚wdk@. pdk;&drfruif;jzpfr_udk csufcsif; wifjyoifhonf? usif;ycGifhr&aom rJqG,fpnf;a0;yGJrsm;/ vlxkpnf;a0;yGJrsm;ESifh tjcm;tcrf;tem;rsm;udkvnf; avhvmolrsm;u tpD&ifcHoifhonf? tu,fI tm%mydkifrsm;u tcrf;tem;wcktwGuf cGifhðyrdef@ay;&ef jiif;qefygu rnfonfh ta=umif;a=umifh qHk;jzwfcJhonfudk avhvmolrsm;u od&dS&efóu;yrf;oihf+yD;/ ,if;ta=umif;jycsufrsm;onf qDavsmfr_ &dS-r&dSudkvnf; tuJjzwfoihfonf? (i) vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@0ifrsm;. vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;(i) vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@0ifrsm;. vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;(i) vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@0ifrsm;. vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;(i) vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@0ifrsm;. vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif; rJqG,fumvESifh rJay;aom vkyfief;pOfwckvHk;twGif; vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@0ifrsm;wGif rJqEN&Sifrsm;ESifh udk,fpm; vS,favmif;rsm;tm; tjcm;olrsm;+cdrf;ajcmufjcif;rS umuG,fay;&efESifh ormorwfuspGm aqmif&Gufay;&ef [laom wm0efESpfrsKd;pvHk; &dSonf? +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;onf udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh rJqEN&Sifrsm; tay:wGif qdk;usdK; oufa&mufr_rsm;&dS+yD;/ txl;ojzifh vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@0ifrsm;u usL;vGefaomtcgwGif ydkrdkI tEW&m,f jzpfay:aponf? +cdrf;ajcmufr_udk twdtusaz:jy&ef cufcJaomfvnf; +cdrf;ajcmufr_ txl;ojzifh vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@0ifrsm; usL;vGefaom +cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;us,fus,fjyef@jyef@jzpfay: rnfh tvm;tvmrsKd;udkrl txift&Sm;awG@&wwfonf? a&G;aumufyGJESifhqufEG,fr_&dSaom zrf;qD;r_/ xdef;odrf;r_tm;vHk;udk avhvmolrsm;u taotcsm rSwfwrf;wif oihf+yD;/ avhvmoifhonf? EkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;wufºuolrsm;udk a&G;aumufyGJumvtwGif; zrf;qD;jcif; odk@r[kwf xdef;odrf;jcif;onf tvGefqdk;0g;aom tjzpfrsm;jzpf+yD;/ a&G;aumufyGJvkyfief;pOfonf EkdifiHwum pHcsdefpH!$ef;rsm;ESifh udkufnDr_r&Sda=umif; jyqdkaeonf? (p) rJqG,fpnf;±Hk;r_toHk;p&dwfrsm;/ tvSLaiGyrm%ESifh tvSLaiGZpfjrpfrsm;udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;(p) rJqG,fpnf;±Hk;r_toHk;p&dwfrsm;/ tvSLaiGyrm%ESifh tvSLaiGZpfjrpfrsm;udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;(p) rJqG,fpnf;±Hk;r_toHk;p&dwfrsm;/ tvSLaiGyrm%ESifh tvSLaiGZpfjrpfrsm;udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;(p) rJqG,fpnf;±Hk;r_toHk;p&dwfrsm;/ tvSLaiGyrm%ESifh tvSLaiGZpfjrpfrsm;udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif; rJqG,fyGJ b¾ma&;ESifh toHk;p&dwfqdkif&m udpP&yfrsm;onf (OSCE) a'otwGif;ESifh tjyif ESpfckpvHk;wGif wpp jrifhwufvmaeaom pdk;&drfp&maumif;onfh udpP&yfrsm; jzpfonf? EdkifiHom;rsm;onf ‚wdk@. EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;tm; rnfolu aiGa=u;qkdif&m taxmuftyHhrsm;ay;aeonfudk odvdk=u+yD;/ rnfr# tultnD&onfESifh rnfuJhodk@ toHk;ðyaeonfudkvnf; odvdk=uonf? xdk@a=umifh jynfwGif;apmifh =unfhavhvma&; tzGJ@rsm;u rJqG,fyGJtoHk;p&dwfrsm;ESifh tvSLaiGZpfjrpfrsm;udk aocsmpGmpHkprf;&efvdkfonf[k aumufcsufcsrnfh tvm;tvmrsm; wppwdk;yGm;vmaeonf? yGifhvif;r_ESifh wm0efcHr_udk ydkrdkwdk;wufvmatmif Oya'tajymif;tvJ rsm; ðyvkyfay;a&;wGif xkwfjyefay;aom tpD&ifcHpmrsm;u taxmuftulwck jzpfEkdifygonf?

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rJqG,fpnf;±Hk;r_b¾ma&;ESifh toHk;p&dwfqdkif&m udpP&yfrsm;udk apmifh=unfhtuJjzwf&efrSm txl; cufcJaom udpP&yf jzpfonf? a&G;aumufyGJOya'u EdkifiHawmfXmewpfck odk@r[kwf a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Siftm; rJqG,f pnf;±Hk;r_ tvSLaiGrsm;ESifh toHk;p&dwfrsm;udk apmifh=unfhavhvm&ef cGifhðyay;onfhwdkifatmif/ oufqdkif&mXmersm;onf ,if;udpPudk pDrHaqmif&Guf&mwGif tcuftcJrsm;udk awG@&dS&onf? EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;/ udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;ESifh axmufcHolrsm; (wwd,ygwD toHk;p&dwf[kac:onf?) . pkpkaygif;toHk;p&dwfudk rnfhodk@aomtcgr# &Sif;jyjcif; r&dSay? ygwD odk@r[kwf udk,fpm;vS,favmif;tvSLaiGrsm;. Zpfjrpfudk trsm;jynfolqdkif &mtzGJ@tpnf; odk@r[kwf tpdk;&Xmersm;rS ppfaq;vdkr_udkvnf; rnfodk@aomtcgr# róuqdkcJhay? jynfwGif;avhvma&;tzGJ@rsm;onf a&G;aumufyGJvkyfief;pOfyg ,if;tcef;u¾ESifhywfoufI apmifh=unfhavhvm&m wGif tcuftcJrsm;&Sda=umif;ESifh tEW&m,fyifv#if&Sda=umif; owdxm;oihfonf? txl;ojzifh EkdifiHawmfXmersm;uJhokd@ pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;tm%m ‚wdk@xHwGif r&dSay? a&G;aumufyGJOya'u EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;udk ‚wdk@.toHk;p&dwfrsm;twGuf wm 0efcH&ef ajymqdkaumif; ajymqdkEdkifonf? xdkuJhodk@Oya'rsKd;&dSygu tvSLaiG. Zpfjrpf (odk@r[kwf toHk;p&dwf. &nf&G,fcsuf)/ aiGv$Jajymif;ay;onfh yrm%ESifhae@&ufwdk@udkvlod&Sif=um; xkwfaz:ajymqdk&rnf[laomowif; tcsufrsm; a,bk,s tm;jzifh vdktyfonf? EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;onf a&G;aumufyGJ-rJqG,fpnf;±Hk;r_ b%fpm&if;wck oD;oef@zGifhvSpf toHk;ðy&ef vnf;vdktyfaumif; vdktyfEdkifonf?tu,fI a&G; aumufyGJOya'wGif ,if;uJhokd@om vdktyfcsufrsm;yg&dSygu xdkOya'tay:av;pm;vdkufemr_ &dS-r&dSudk avhvmolrsm;u apmifh=unfh avhvmoihfonf? xdk@tjyif avhvmolrsm;onf b¾ma&;tpD&ifcHpmrsm; jynfhpHkr_&Sd-r&Sd/ wdusr_&Sd-r&dS/ owfrSwfay;xm;aomtcsdeftwGif;rSmxkwfjyefjcif;&Sd-r&Sdwdk@udk tuJjzwfay;&ef óu;yrf;oifhonf? EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm; ESifh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;onf wef;wlqufqHcH&jcif; &dS-r&SdESifhtcsdefrSDtcgrD Oya' usifhoHk;r_twdkif;twm udkvnf; jyefvnfoHk;oyfoifhonf? tu,fI rJqG,fyGJtoHk;p&dwftay: Oya't&uef@owfxm;ygu avhvmolrsm;onf ,if;uef@owfcsufrsm; qDavsmfr_&dS-r&dS/ udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;/ ygwDrsm;udk xda&mufaom rJqG,fyGJrsm; ðyvkyf&eftwGuf vHkavmuf aom toHk;p&dwf oHk;cGifh ay;xm;jcif; &dS-r&dSudkvnf; tuJjzwfoifhonf?ygwDrsm;/udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;. ‚udpP&yf tay: tjrifrsm;udkvnf; avhvmolrsm;u odatmifóu;yrf;oihfonf? a&G;aumufyGJOya'u EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;/ udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;udk toHk;p&dwfrsm;twGuf wm0efcH&ef jyXmef; xm;jcif;r&Sdygu jynfwGif;avhvmolrsm;onf vlod&Sif=um;xkwfaz:xm;aom toHk;p&dwfrsm;udk apmifh=unfh avhvmoihfonf? Oyrm &kyfjrifoH=um;/ a&'D,dk/ owif;pm/ a=umfjimbkwfwdk@jzifha=umfjimjcif;ESifh ygwD pmay/ ydkpwm tajrmuftrsm; xkwfa0jcif; ponfwdk@.wefzdk;udk od&dSEdkif&ef óu;yrf;oifhonf? rJqG,fyGJrsm;. ukefusp&dwf/ txl; ojzifh vlxkpnf;a0;yGJ}uD;rsm;. ukefusp&dwfudkvnf; cef@rSef;Edkifonf? rD'D,mwGif a=umfjimxnfh&efay;oGif;aiGudk apmihf=unfhtuJjzwfjcif;onf vGefpGm &Sif;vif;+yD;/ xda&mufonf? a=umfjim toHv$ifhoGm;aom tcsdefESifh t}udrf/ okd@r[kwf yHkESdyfrD'D,mwGif a=umfjim. t&G,ftpm;ESifh tqifh ae&m. ukefusp&dwfudk wGufcsufEdkifonf (tcef; 9 udk &_yg?)? ,if;wGufcsufr_rsKd;rsm;udk ygwDwck odk@r[kwf udk,fpm;vS,favmif;wOD;. a,bk,s toHk;p&dwfudk wGufcsuf&mwGif toHk;ðyEkdifonf?

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ydkpwmrsm;ESifh ygwD. a=umfjimypPnf;ypP,rsm; toHk;p&dwfukd apmifh=unfhavhvm&ef ydkrdkI cufcJonf? ,if; ypPnf;rsm;udk xkwfvkyfay;aom yHkESdyfwdkufomv#if pdwfcs&aom owif;t&if;tjrpf jzpfaoma=umifh jzpf onf? (owif;tcsuftvufESifh yufoufI yxrOD;pGmtm;jzifh/ ygwD odk@r[kwf udk,fpm;vS,favmif;tm; ar;jref;oihf onf? a&G;aumufyGJOya'onf wcgw&HY yHkESdyfxkwfa0aompm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;wGif EdkifiHa&;ygwD odk@r[kwf udk,fpm;vS,favmif;.trnf/ yHkESdyfpuf. trnfrsm; az:jyay;&efjyXmef;xm;onfjzpf&m/ jynfwGif; avhvmolu yHkESdyfr_ ta&twGufESifh tao;pdwfukefusp&dwfudkar;jref;=unfhEkdifonf? tu,fI ,if;owif; tcsufonf =uef@=umaeygu vkyfaqmifEdkifaom enf;vrf;rSm jrifawG@ae&aom ydkpwmta&twGufudk a&wGufI yHkESdyfxkwfa0 aom t&nftaoG;tvdkuf ukefusp&dwfudk cef@rSef;wGufcsufEdkifonf? tcsdefukefaom tvkyfwpfckjzpf+yD;/ wdusr_ vnf; r&dSvSyg? odk@aomf ,if;odk@vkyfjcif;tm;jzifh toHk;p&dwfyrm%ESifh ywfoufI t!$ef;udef;tcsKd@udk &&SdEkdifonf?

(1999) ckESpf Edk0ifbmvwGif &dk;ar;eD;,m;EdkifiHtwGif; vlxlqENppfwrf;aumuf,lr_wcku EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;rS rJqG,fpnf;±Hk;r_&HyHkaiGrsm;toHk;ðyr_ESifh &HyHkaiGZpfjrpfrsm;tay: vlxk,kH=unfr_tqifh xdwfvef@p&maumif; avmufaom tqifhokd@ a&muf&dSaea=umif; zGifhxkwfjycJhonf? ,if;udpP&yfudk vlxkt=um; pHkprf; ppfaq;a&; ESifh tajctwifaqG;aEG;Edkifa&;twGufvrf;zGifhay;&efóu;yrf;onfhtaeESifh 'Drdkua&pD vkdvm;aom tzGJ@tpnf; (PDA) [k ac:qdkaom a'ocHjynfwGif;avhvma&;tpktzGJ@u u|rf;usifol tzGJ@wzGJ@tm; 2002- ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJumvtwGif; ,if;udpP&yfudk pHkprf;ppfaq;&ef txl;wm0efay;cJhonf?

(PDA) u EdkifiHa&;ygwDwygwDcsif;pDESifh ‚wdk@a=umfjimudk,fpm;vS,frsm;. aiGa=u;oHk;pGJr_trsKd;tpm;ESifh yrm%/ tvSLaiGZpfjrpfrsm;ESifh ywfoufI owif;tcsuftvufrsm; pkpnf;cJhonf? rsm;jym;vSaom rD'D,mrsm; wGif toHk;ðycJhaom ae&m/ tcsdefyrm%udk wGufcsuf=u+yD;/ukefusp&dwfudk wGufcsufcJh=uonf? tcsKd@ygwDrsm; onf tjcm;olrsm;xufydkI (PDA) tzGJ@ESifh ydkrdk yl;aygif; aqmif&Gufvdk=uonf?txl;ojzifh tvSLaiGZpfjrpfrsm; ESifh ywfoufI ydkrdkI yl;aygif; aqmif&Gufvdk=uonf? pkaqmif;&&dSaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;rS tajccHI (PDA) u az:xkwfjyEdkifaomtcsufrSm rJqG,fpnf;±Hk;r_ toHk;p&dwf. tcsKd@tpdyftydkif;rsm;wGif Oya'.pnf; rsOf;uef@owfcsufrsm;onf vHkavmujfcif;r&Sd [lIjzpfonf? ,if;vkyfief;. &v'ftjzpf xkwfjyefcJhaom tpD &ifcHpmudk toHk;ðyI (PDA) onf yGifhvif;r_ESifhwm0efcHr_rsm; ydkrdk&dSapa&;twGuf rJqG,fpnf;±Hk;r_qdkif&m b¾ma&; Oya'rsm;wGif ðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsm;vkyfay;&ef pnf;&Hk;aqmf=ocJhonf? rJqG,fpnf;±Hk;r_tvSLaiGrsm;. Zpfjrpfrsm;udk apmihf=unfhavhvm&efrSm ydkIyifcufcJonf? tb,fa=umihfqdkaomf ,if;udpP&yftwGuf ,Hk=unf&avmufaom owif;rsm;&&eftwGuf owif;Zpfjrpfrsm;rSm EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;/ udk,fpm; vS,favmif;rsm; udk,fwdkifyif jzpfonf? tu,fI a&G;aumufyGJOya'onf EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh udk,fpm;vS,f avmif;rsm;tm; tvSLaiGZpfjrpfudk xkwfaz:jy&efjyXmef;xm;jcif;r&Sdygu/ EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;/ udk,fpm;vS,f avmif;rsm;onf ,if;owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk ‚if;wdk@qENjzifh xkwfaz:jyrnfh tvm;tvm r&Sday? ,if;uJhodk@aom tajctaersKd;wGif rSef-rrSefppfaq;Ir&aom owif;tcsuftvufrsm; pkaqmif;xm;jcif;onf tusdK; &Sd-r&Sd wu,fyifra&&maom udpPjzpfonf[k aumufcsufcs&rvdkjzpfaeonf? odk@aomfvnf; ygwDrsm; ESifh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;tm; tvSLaiG

&dk&dk&dk&dk a r;e D;, m ;a r;e D;, m ;a r;e D;, m ;a r;e D;, m ; Edkifi H Edkifi H Edkifi H Edkifi H j yn fwGi f;j yn fwGi f;j yn fwGi f;j yn fwGi f; apm i fh= u nfhapm i fh= u nfhapm i fh= u nfhapm i fh= u nfh avavavav hv molr sm ;on f rJq G, fpn f;±Hk; r_ b ¾ m a&;udp P&yfu dkhv molr sm ;on f rJq G, fpn f;±Hk; r_ b ¾ m a&;udp P&yfu dkhv molr sm ;on f rJq G, fpn f;±Hk; r_ b ¾ m a&;udp P&yfu dkhv molr sm ;on f rJq G, fpn f;±Hk; r_ b ¾ m a&;udp P&yfu dk pHkp rf; ppfaq ;j cif; pHkp rf; ppfaq ;j cif; pHkp rf; ppfaq ;j cif; pHkp rf; ppfaq ;j cif;

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ZpfjrpfESihfywfoufI tao;pdwf ajz=um;ay;&ef arwWm&yfcHjcif;onf vkyfxdkufonfhtvkyfjzpfa=umif; (PDA) .tawG@ tñuHujyqdkaeygonf? (q) EdkifiHawmft&if;tjrpfrsm; tvGJoHk;pm;vkyfr_udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif; (q) EdkifiHawmft&if;tjrpfrsm; tvGJoHk;pm;vkyfr_udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif; (q) EdkifiHawmft&if;tjrpfrsm; tvGJoHk;pm;vkyfr_udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif; (q) EdkifiHawmft&if;tjrpfrsm; tvGJoHk;pm;vkyfr_udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif; 20202020 tcsKd@ wdkif;jynfrsm;wGif a&G;aumufyGJOya'onf EdkifiHa&;t& 0ifa&muf,SOfòyifolrsm;udk EdkifiHawmft&if;tjrpf rsm; oHk;pGJcGifhay;onf? EdkifiHawmf. wdkuf&dkufb¾ma&; taxmuftyHhrsm;/ EdkifiHawmf. owfrSwfxm;aom t&if; tjrpfrsm;tm; toHk;ðycGifh/vlxk tpnf;ta0;rsm;twGuf tpdk;&ydkiftaqmuftOD;rsm;tm; toHk;ðyydkifcGifhESifh tpdk;& ydkif rD'D,mrsm;tm; toHk;ðycGifh ponfwdk@ yg0ifonf? t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk ,SOfòyifoltm;vHk;twGuf nDwlnDr# a0cGJay;&rnf? ygwDrsm;tm;vHk;ESifh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;tm;vHk;onf wef;wlnDr# wlnDr# pGm&-r& avhvmolrsm;u pHkprf;avhvmoifhonf? t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk wpHkw&maom pHowfrSwfcsufrsm; ay:rSm tajccHðyI &&Sdap&rnf jzpf onf? tu,fI TuJhodk@&&Sdap±dk;rSefygu avhvmolrsm;onf atmufygtcsufrsm;udk tuJjzwfoifhonf?

� pHowfrSwfcsufrsm;onf cdkifrmwdusjcif;ESifh &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;owfrSwfxm;jcif; &Sd-r&dS/ � pHowfrSwfcsufrsm;onf usdK;a=umif;qDavsmfr_ESifh r#wr_ &dS-r&/dS � pHowfrSwfcsufrsm;udk ,SOfòyifoltm;vHk;tay:rSm wax&mwnf; usifhoHk;jcif; &dS-r&dS/ � rnfonfh ,SOfòyifoludkrS rw&m;ojzifhxdcdkufapjcif;r&Sdaom yrm%ESifh t}udrfrsm;t& t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk cGJa0ay;jcif; &dS-r&dS/ EdkifiHawmf. t&if;tjrpfrsm;jzpfaom vlom;ESifhf ypPnf;OpPmrsm;udk tvGJoHk;pm;rðy&efrSm vuf&dS wdkif;jynf tkyfcsKyfaeaom ygwDrsm;. wm0efjzpfonf? 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHwEdkifiHwGif tpkd;&ykdifypPnf; OpPmrsm;udk wdkif;jynf twGif;&dS vlom;tm;vHk; wajy;nDydkifqdkifcGifh&dSonf[lI a,bk,stm;jzifh vufcHxm;onf? xkd@a=umifh tpkd;&ydkif ,mOfrsm;/ &Hk;Xmeae&mrsm; ESifha=u;eef;qufoG,fa&;rsm;tm; tjcm;aom ,SOfòyifolrsm;enf;wl wef;wlcHpm;cGifh ray;xm;ygu wOD;wa,muftwGuf toHk;rðyoifhay? xdk@tjyif jynfol@0efxrf;rsm;onf a&G;aumufyGJ pDrH tkyfcsKyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif wdkuf&dkufyg0if&ygu (Oyrm- a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifemrsm;/rJ&Hkt&m&dSrsm;/ w&m;ol}uD; rsm;ESifhvHkðcHa&;0efxrf;rsm;)‚wdk@wGif ormorwfusr_udkxdef;odrf;&ef txl;wm0ef&dSonf?a&G;aumufyGJ pDrHtkyfcsKyf a&;wGif wdkuf&dkufryg0if&aom tjcm;jynfol@0efxrf;rsm;onfvnf; ‚wdk@. vkyfydkifcGifh odk@r[kwf =oZmudk toHk;ðy I a&G;aumufyGJvkyfief;pOfrSm 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif; rvkyfoifhay? a&G;aumufyGJtusdK;&v'ftwGuf taxmuftyHhrsm; (patronage) toHk;ðyjcif;/ vlxkvkyftm;rsm; toHk;ðyjcif;ESifh tvm;o¿mefwlaomtpDtpOfrsm; toHk;ðyjcif;onf tpdk;&. ravsmfueffaom vkyf&yfwckjzpfonf? ,if; vkyf&yfudk 20 oD&DvuFmEdkifiH&Sd tzGJ@tpnf;wpfckjzpfaom vl@tcGifhta&;tzJG@ (Institute of Human Rights) u/ (2001) ckESpf orw a&G;aumufyGJumvtwGif; “jynfol@ydkifypPnf;xdef;odrf;umuG,fa&;pDrHudef;”[k trnfwyfI/ EkdifiHydkif t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk tpdk;&ygwDrsm;rS tvGJoHk;pm;vkyfr_udk tvGefaumif;rGefvSaom apmifh=unfhtuJjzwfr_ wckjzifh tqHk;owfcJhonf? xdktzGJ@. awG@&dScsufrsm;tm; Oa&my or*~ avhvma&;rpf&Sif. a&G;aumufyGJqkdif&m ‚.tpD&ifcHpmwGif udk;um;az:jycJhonf? ,if;tpD&ifcHpmtm; atmufyg tifwmeuf pmrsufESmwGif awG@&Sd Ekdifygonf? http://www.europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/sri_lanka/election_report/index.htm.

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az:xkwfjy&efESifh ,if;tpDtrHrsm;. xda&mufr_udk wkdif;wm&ef cufcJaomfvnf; ‚wdk@onf tusdK;cHpm; cGifhrsm;udk tpdk;&trnfjzifhay;jcif;rðybJ/EdkifiHa&;ygwDwck odk@r[kwf udk,fpm;vS,favmif; wOD;.trnfjzifh axmufyHh ay;jcif; &Sd-r&dS pOf;pm;oifhonf? ‚pDrHcsufrsm;onf a&G;aumufyGJtcsdefrwdkifcifwGif tusdK;&v'f ay:xGufjcif;/ odk@r[kwf pwifjcif;/ &dS- r&dS rSwfwrf;wifEdkifonf? tcsKd@wdkif;jynfrsm;wGif EdkfifiHawmfESifh xdk@xufedrfhaom tqifhwGif vuf&dStkyfcsKyfaeaom ygwDrsm;/ udk,fpm;vS,f avmif;rsm;onf ‚wdk@.tusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf jynfol@t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk tvGJoHk;pm;vkyfaeonf[k avhvmawG@&dS &onf? tpdk;&0ef}uD;rsm; ESifh t&m&dSrsm; vdkufem&eftwGuf usifh0wf*k%foduQmyk'f odk@r[kwf vrf;!$efcsuf rsm;wnf&dSygu avhvmolrsm;onf ,if;tcsufrsm;vdkufemr_udk apmifh=unfhavhvmoifhonf? ,if;uJhokd@aom vrf;!$efcsufrsm;r&dSygu avhvmolrsm;tm; a&G;aumufyGJumvtwGif; EdkifiHawmft&if; tjrpfrsm; ESifh pyfvsOf;aom Oya'/ toHk;ðyyHkta=umif;wdk@udk *±kwpdkufoifwef;ay;&rnf? EdkifiHykdift&if;tjrpfrsm; toHk;ðyr_udk apmihf=unfhavhvm&mwGif txl;owdxm;&efvdktyfonf? avhvmolrsm;onf tvGJoHk;pm;r_ trSefwu,fjzpfcJhaom jzpf&yftm;vHk;udk txl;owdðyI tao;pdwfuspGmESifh rSefuefwduspGm rSwfwrf;wifoihfonf? ,if;t&if;tjrpftvGJoHk;pm;vkyfcJhaom t&if;tjrpfrsm;. ukefuspm;&dwfudkvnf; wGufcsuf xm;Ekdifonf? owdcsyfp&maemufxyfta&;udpP&yfwpfckrSm jynfol@0efxrf;rsm; odk@r[kwf ppfom;rsm;tm; ygwDwck odk@r[kwf udk,fpm;vS,favmif;wOD; (tm%mvuf&Sdtpkd;&tm%mydkfifrsm;ESifh qufEG,fr_&dSaomolrsm;jzpfavh&Sdonf) udk rJay;&ef zdtm;ay;r_ jzpfonf? ,if;vkyf&yfrsKd;onf EdkifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif jzpfyGm;aea=umif; avhvmawG@&dS&+yD;/ vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;ESifh ywfoufIvnf;jy\emrsm; ay:xGufvmaponf? vkyfief;cGifwGif w&m;r0if rJqG,fr_rsm;/ zdtm;ay;r_/ +cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;/ EdkifiHa&;tquftoG,fjzifh tvkyf&jcif;ESifh ukef ypPnf;/ 0efaqmifr_ wdk@udk tcrJhay;jcif;tm;jzifh (jynfol@b¾maiGrS [kwfonfjzpfap/ r[kwfonfjzpfap) rJ0,fjcif; ponfh pGyfpGJcsufrsm;udk ESH@ESH@ pyfpyfpHkprf;az:xkwfoifhonf?

(Z) yÉdyuQ umuG,fwmqD;jcifZ) yÉdyuQ umuG,fwmqD;jcifZ) yÉdyuQ umuG,fwmqD;jcifZ) yÉdyuQ umuG,fwmqD;jcif;ESifh a&G;aumufyGJumvt=urf;zufr_rsm;udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;;ESifh a&G;aumufyGJumvt=urf;zufr_rsm;udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;;ESifh a&G;aumufyGJumvt=urf;zufr_rsm;udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;;ESifh a&G;aumufyGJumvt=urf;zufr_rsm;udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif; a&G;aumufyGJrsm;onf t=urf;zufr_wpHkw&mryg0ifyJ EkdifiHa&;tm%mtwGuf 0ifa&muf,SOfòyif&ef tcGifhtvrf;rsm; ay;jcif;omjzpfonf? odk@aomf uHta=umif;rvSpGmyif wcgw&HwGif t=urf;zufr_rsm; jzpfay:wwfonf? xdkodk@aom jzpf&yfrsKd;wGif yÉdyuQudk xdef;csKyfudkifwG,f&efESifh ajz&Sif;ay;&efwm0efonf oufqdkif&mtm%mydkifrsm;xHwGif om&dSonf? jynfwGif;avhvmolrsm;u ,if;jzpf&yfudk eD;eD;uyfuyf apmifh=unfhoihfonf? jynfwGif; apmifh=unfhavhvma&; tzGJ@rsm;onf a&G;aumufyGJumvt=urf;zufr_ umuG,fwmqD;a&;vkyfief;wGif tusdK;aqmifaom tcef;u¾rS 0ifa&mufv_yf&Sm;Edkifonf? jynfwGif;apmifh=unfhavhvma&;ktzGJ@rsm;u yÉdyuQ rjzpfyGm;atmif umuG,fwm;qD;&eftwGuf atmifatmifjrifjriff óu;yrf;&&SdcJhaom enf;vrf;wckrSm EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;/ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk pka0;ap+yD;v#if/a&G;aumufyGJumvtwGif; rnfodk@usifh=uHaexdkifrnf[laom usifh0wf oduQmyk'f udk tm;vHk;oabmwlcsrSwfapjcif; jzpfonf? TuJhodk@aom usifh0wfrsm;onf tm%moufa&muf jcif; r&dSaomfvnf;/ vdkufemusifhoHk;r_ &dS-r&dSk apmifh=unfhavhvmEdkif+yD;/ trSefwu,fjzpfyGm;onf[k awG@&Sd&aom csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk vlod&Sif=um; &_H@cs&rnf? uHaumif;axmufrpGmyif a&G;aumufyGJESifh qufEG,faom t=urf;zufr_ rsm;onf (OSCE) a'otwGif;wGif urBmhtjcm;a'orsm;xufydkI tjzpfenf;onf?

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rGefwDeD*&dkwGif (2001) ckESpf/EkdifiHwGif;a&G;aumufyGJrsm; aqmif&GufaepOfumvtwGif;/ apmifh=unfhavhvmol awmfawmfrsm;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHom;wdk@u a&G;aumufyGJrJqG,fpnf;±Hk;r_rsm;onf t=urf;zufr_qDodk@ OD;wnfae a=umif; wpp pdk;&drfruif;jzpfcJhonf? yÉdyuQ rjzpfyGm;atmifñud;yrf;onfhtaeESifh 'Drdku&ufwpf toGiful; ajymif;a&; EkdifiHom;rsm; (CDT) [kac:aom jynfwGif; avhvma&;tpktzGJ@wpfcku rGefwDeD*&dk;&dS EdkfifiHa&;ygwD rsm;udk t =urf;zufr_rsm; a&SmifusOfEdkifa&;ESifh ywfoufI aqG;aEG;&ef zdwfac:cJhonf? t=urf;zufr_ESifh trkef;w&m;rsm; jzpfyGm;apEdkfifaom pum;vHk;rsm; odk@r[kwf enf;vrf;rsm;udk a&SmifusOfa&; tygt0if aumif;rGefpGmusifh=uHaexdkifa&;twGufowfrSwfay;xm;aom usifh0wfoduQmyk'fudk ygwDrsm;tm; vwfrSwfa&;xdk;&ef (CDT) u wifjycJhonf? tacstwifaqG;aEG;yGJtcsKd@ ðyvkyf+yD;aemuf ygwDwpfckrSvGJI EdkifiH a&;ygwDtm;vHk; vwfrSwfxdk;&ef oabmwlcJh=uonf? ,if;usifh0wfoduQmyk'fonf a&G;aumufyGJavhvmol rsm;tm; vdkufemusihfoHk;r_&dSr&dS apmifh=unfhtuJjzwf&eftwGuf tudk;tum;wpfck tjzpfvnf; vkyfaqmif ay;cJhonf? csKd;azmufr_rsm;&dScJhaomfvnf; (CDT) u vlod&Sif=um; xkwfaz:ajymqdkcJh&m/ t=urf;zufr_onf &kyfvHk; ay:rvm cJhay? a&G;aumufyGJESifhqufEG,faom t=urf;zufr_rsm;udk apmifh=unfhavhvma&; enf;pepfrSm a&G;aumufyGJ tjiif;yGm;r_udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;wGif toHk;ðyaom enf;pepfESifh qifwlonf? t=urf;zufr_udk udk,fwdkifjrifawG@cJhaom a'o tqifh apmifh=unfhtuJjzwfolrsm; odk@r[kwf apmifh=unfhavhvmr_nd‡E_dif;a&;ESifh ydkif;jcm; oHk;oyfa&;tzGJ@ (Observation Co-

rdination and Analysis Unit) .tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf atmufygtcsufrsm; yg0ifaom “ta&;}uD; aom tjzpftysufyHkpH pm±Guf”udk a&;jznfh ay;&rnf?

� a&G;aumufyGJqdkif&m odk@r[kwf tkyfcsKyfa&;qdkif&m c&dkfiftygt0if tjzpftysuf. ae&m/ � usL;vGefcH&ol (rsm;)/ � usL;vGefol (rsm;) (tu,fI odygu) � tjzpftysufjzpfysufcJhaom ae@&uf � rsufjrifoufaorsm; ESifh ykvdyfwyfzGJ@0ifrsm;. tpD&ifcHpmtygt0if tjzpftysuf. oabmobm0/ � ykvdyfwyfzGJ@rS ,if;tjzpftysuftm;pHkprf;az:xkwfaejcif; &Sd-r&dS / � tjzpftysuftrsKd;tpm; avhvmolrsm;onf owif;tcsuftvufpkaqmif;&mwGif ormorwfusus aqmif&Guf&rnf? rsufjrifoufaorsm; us,fus,fjyef@jyef@a&G;cs,fI awG@qHkar;jref;&rnf? oifhavsmfygu ykvdyfwyfzGJ@0ifrsm;udkyg awG@qHkar;jref;&rnf? tjzpftysufwckudk trsKd;tpm; cGJjcm;az:jyjcif;onf ,if;tjzpftysuf. oabmobm0udk avhvmqef;ppfjcif;ESifh a&G;aumufyGJ ESifhqufEG,faom t=urf;zufr_jzpfyGm;ESKef;udk wGufcsuf&mwGif ta&;ygonf? ,if;udpPudk vkyfaqmif &ef enf;vrf;wckrSm t"duESifh omrn tjzpftysufrsm;udk cGJjcm; owfrSwfjcif;jzpf onf? t"du tjzpftysufrsm; rSm vlowfr_/

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vlowf&efóu;yrf;tm;xkwfr_/ rk'drf;r_/ rk'drf;usifh&efóu;yrf; tm;xkwfr_/ tjyif;txef emusifapr_/ ±kef;&if;qefcwfr_/ rD;&d_@r_/ vk,ufr_/ ESifh wdkufcdkufr_rsm; yg0ifonf? omrntjzpftysufrsm;wGif +cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;/ ypPnf;OpPm zsufqD;r_rsm; ESifh ajrSmufxdk;yifhaumfvkyfay;jcif;rsm;21 yg0i fEdki fo n f? avhvmolrsm;u ,if;uJhodk@aom udpP&yfrsm;wGif usL;vGefoltm; w&m;Oya't& pD&ifjcif; &dS-r&dSudk avhvmoihf onf? w&m;0ifpHkprf;az:xkwfjcif;rsm;wGifrlum; 0ifa&muf pGwfzufjcif; rðyvkyfoifhay? a&G;aumufyGJwcktwGif; t=urf;zufr_rsm;tESH@tjym; jzpfay:jcif;onf jynfwGif;apmifh=unfhavhvma&;tzGJ@ wzGJ@tzdk@ a&G;aumufyGJwcktay: tqdk;jrifaom xkwfjyefa=ujimcsufwck xkwfapavmufaom t"du ta=umif;tcsuf wckjzpffonf? ,if;uJhodk@aom tjrifjzifh tjzpftysuftm;vHk;udk aocsm&Sif;vif;pGm rSwfwrf;wifjcif;/ ppfaq;jcif;rsm; ðyvkyfoifhonf? xdk@tjyif a&G;aumufyGJrsm;/ EdkifiHa&;taxmuftyHh rsm;a=umifh odk@r[kwf ‚wdk@ESifhqufEG,faoma=umifh jzpf&aom &mZ0wfr_rsm;ESifh tjcm;aom w&m;r0if v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk a&G;aumufyGJ rsm;/ EdkifiHa&;taxmuftyHhrsm;ESifh rqdkifyJ oD;oef@jzpf&aom &mZ0wfr_ESifh tjcm;aom w&m;r0ifv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk aocsmpGm *&kwpdkuf cGJjcm;oihfonf? (ps) tjcm;udpP&yfrsm;udk apmihf=unfhavhvmjci(ps) tjcm;udpP&yfrsm;udk apmihf=unfhavhvmjci(ps) tjcm;udpP&yfrsm;udk apmihf=unfhavhvmjci(ps) tjcm;udpP&yfrsm;udk apmihf=unfhavhvmjcif;f;f;f; a&G;aumufyGJavhvmr_rsm;onf yHkrSeftm;jzifh EdkifiHa&;udpP&yfrsm;xuf a&G;aumufyGJrsm;. vkyfief;pOfudkom tav; ay; tm&Hkpdkuf=uaomfvnf;/ ae&mwdkif;wGif Todk@jzpfonf[krqdkEdkifay?tcsKd@aom jynfwGif;avhvm a&;tpktzGJ@ rsm;onf bufvdkufjcif;r&Sdaomfvnf; EdkifiHa&;qdkif&mudpP&yf[k owfrSwfaumif; owfrSwfEdkfifaom a&G;aumufyGJ. tcef;u¾rsm;udk tm&Hkpdkuf&ef a&G;cs,f=uonf? Oyrm jynfwGif;avhvma&; tzGJ@rsm;onf EdkfifiHa&;ESifh qufEG,faeaomatmufyg udpP&yfrsKd;rsm;udk apmifh=unfhavhvm&ef vdktyfaumif;vdktyfEdkifygonf?

� rJqG,fpnf;±Hk;r_udk ta=umif;t&mtay: tajccHIvkyfoavm/ vlyk*~dKvftay: tajccHIvkyfoavm? � rJqG,fpnf;±Hk;r_umvtwGif; rnfonfhudpP&yfonf tm±HktpdkufcH&qHk; jzpfcJhoenf;? � udk,fpm;vS,favmif;ESifhygwDrsm;onf rvdkvm;tyfaaom rJqG,fpnf;±Hk;r_rsm;udk rnfonfh twdkif;twm txd vkyfcJhoenf;?

� trsKd;orD;rsm;/ vlenf;pkrsm;/ roef;rpGrf;rsm; odk@r[kwf tjcm;vlr_tpdyftydkif;rsm;ESifh txl;oufqdkifaom udpP&yfrsm;udk udkk,ffpm;vS,favmif;rsm;u rnfuJodk@ wifjycJhoenf;?

� rJqG,fumvtwGif; bmoma&;onf tcef;u¾wcktjzpf yg0ifcJhjcif; &dS-r&dS? � yÉdyuQvGefvl@tzGJ@tpnf;wGif usif;yaom a&G;aumufyGJjzpfcJhygu a&G;aumufyGJvkyfief;pOfonf wdkif;jynf udk ydkIaoG;uGJapoavm? odk@r[kwf wdkif;jynfpnf;vHk;a&;udk taxmuftuljzpfapoavm?

� rJqG,fumvtwGif; *&kðyrdavmufaom a'oqdkif&m jcm;em;r_rsm; &dS -r&dS?

21 ,if;enf;vrf;ESifhywfoufI ydkrdkod&dSvdkygu pmzwfolonf oD&dvuFm&dS a&G;aumufyGJt=urf;zufr_ apmifh=unftuJjzwfa&;Xme (CMEV) . tifwmeufpmrsufESmwGif 0ifa&muf=unfh&_Edkifygonf? http://www.cpalanka.org

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tu,fI jynfwGif;avhvma&;tzGJ@rsm;onf vkyfief;pOfwckwnf;udkom tm&Hkpdkufvdkonfh wdkifatmif/ rJqG,f pnf;±Hk;r_udk wGef;tm;ay;aeaom jzpfEdkifiHa&;tcif;tusif;ESifh udpP&yfrsm;udk em;vnf;xm;&ef ta&;}uD;onf? Oyrm a&G;aumufyGJqdkif&m udpP&yfrsm;udk rJqEN&Sifrsm; rnfr#em;vnf=uonfESifh rnfr# owif;tcsuftvuf &&dSxm; onfudk avhvm&mwGif taxmuftuljzpfaponf? ygwDrsm;tcsif;ESifh udk,fpm;vS,f avmif;tcsif;csif;wdk@t=um; tqifhae&mcsif;jywfjywfom;om; jcm;em;aeonfrsm;udk rJqEN&Sifrsm; odxm; jcif;&dS-r&dS avhvm&mwGifvnf; taxmuftul jzpfaponf? rJqG,fpnf;±Hk;r_rsm;udk udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;ESifhygwDrsm; rnfuJhodk@ (Oyrm vlxkpka0;yGJ/ tacstwifaqG; aEG;yGJ/ wtdrfwuf wtdrfqif; qENaumuf,ljcif;/ tDvufxa&mepfqufoG,fa&; ponfhenf;vrf;rsm;jzifh) vkyfaqmif ae=ua=umif;ESifh rnfonfhenf;vrf;onf txda&mufqHk;jzpfa=umif; tuJjzwfjcif;onfvnf; toHk;0ifonf? tu,fI rJqEN&Sifrsm;onf a&G;aumufyGJwGif pdwf0ifpm;r_ enf;yg;aeygu ‚wdk@onf a&G;aumufyGJudk ta&;}uD; onf[k rxifjcif;/ odk@r[kwf udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;onf tajctaeudkoabm raygufbJ&Sdaejcif; odk@r[kwf rJqEN&Sifwdk@onf rdrdwdk@rJqENay;v#ifvnf; wckckxl;jcm;vmrnf[k r,Hk=unfjcif; wdk@jzpfwwfygonf?

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9999? ? ? ? owif;owif;owif;owif;rD'D,mrD'D,mrD'D,mrD'D,mrsm;udk rsm;udk rsm;udk rsm;udk apmihfapmihfapmihfapmihf----unfhavhvmjcif;unfhavhvmjcif;unfhavhvmjcif;unfhavhvmjcif;

u? rD'D,m apmihf=unfhavhvmjcif;. ta&;ygr_ c? rD'D,mapmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;. &nf&G,fcsuf *? rD'D,mtwGufjyXmef;axm;aom Oya'a&;&muef@owfcsufudk tuJjzwfjcif; C? toHv$ifhrD'D,mESifhyHkESdyfrD'D,mudk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif; i? tca=u;aiGay;&aom EdkifiHa&;a=ujimjcif;rsm;ESifh rJqEN&Sif ynmay;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk apmifh=unfh avhvmjcif; p? rD'D,mESifhowif;axmufrsm;tay: +cdrf;acsmufjcif;udk apmihf=unfhavhvmjcif;

� rJqG,fyGJumvtwGif; ,SOfòyifolrsm;onf wef;wl rD'D,mtoHk;ðycGifh &dS-r&dS qHk;jzwf&eftwGuf rD'D,m wifjyr_tay: ta&twGufESifh t&nftaoG;t&tuJjzwfr_yg0ifaom rD'D,mapmihf=unfhavhvma&;

tpDtpOfwck csrSwfjcif;?

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(u) rD'D,m apmihf=unfhavhvvmjcif;. ta&;ygr_(u) rD'D,m apmihf=unfhavhvvmjcif;. ta&;ygr_(u) rD'D,m apmihf=unfhavhvvmjcif;. ta&;ygr_(u) rD'D,m apmihf=unfhavhvvmjcif;. ta&;ygr_22222222 urBmhukvor*~vl@tcGifhta&;a=ujimpmwrf;. tcef; (19) wGif vGwfvyfpGmxkwfaz: ajymqdkcGifhudk jyXmef;xm; onf? (OSCE) a'otwGif;&dS wkdif;jynfrsm;onf “vlwdkif;onf tjyeftvSef qufoG,fcGifh tygt0if vGwfvyfpGm xkwfaz:ajymqdkcGifh tcGifhta&;&dS&rnf” [k jyXmef;xm;aom udkaya[*if oabmwlpmcsKyfyg tykd'f (9) udk xyfavmif; twnfðyxm;onf? xdk@tjyif tydk'f (7 )u EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh ukd,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;onf rD'D,mudk cGJjcm;jcif;r&dS tydwftyiftwm;tqD;r&Sd toHk;ðycGifh&dS&rnf[k qdkxm;onf? tu,fI EdkifiHom;rsm;onf tpdk;&tzGJ@twGif; rdrdwdk@. udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk a&G;cs,f&mY a±G;cs,fa&; twGufvdktyfaom owif;tcsuf tvuffrsm;r&dSygu 'Drdkua&pDonf rnfodk@r# zGH@òz;wdk;wufrnf r[kwfay? tvm;wlpGmyif tu,fI toHv$ifh&m wGif rvdkvm;tyfaom tpdk;&pGufzufr_ESifhñuHawG@ae&ygu odk@wnf;r[kwf owif;axmufrsm;onf qifqmjzwf jcif;udkaomfvnf;aumif; +cdrff;ajcmufjcif;udkaomfvnf;aumif; cHae&ygu/ rD'D,monf rnfodk@r# zGH@òz;wdk;wufEdkif rnf r[kwfay? 'Drdkua&pDESifh owif;vGwfvyfcGifh tpOftvm&Snf=umpGm wnf&dSaeaom wdkif;jynfrsm;wGif EdkifiHom;rsm; tvG,fwul od&dSEdkifa&;twGuf vGwfvyfpGmajymqdkcGifh/ owif;vGwfvyfcGi/fhh vGwfvyfpGm owif;&,lEdkifcGihf wdk@ESifh ywfoufI apmifh=uyfumuG,fay;enf;tcsKd@ wpwpwdk;wufaumif;rGefvmcJhonf? tvm;wlyif 'Drdkua&pD wnfaqmufxm;+yD;aom wdkif;jynfrsm;wGif tcsdefjynfh owif;axmufrsm;onf bufvdkufr_qef@usifaom rdrdwdk@ udk,fwdkifvdkufem&rnfh usifh0wfpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk ðypkxkwfjyef=uonf?'Drdkua&pDusifhoHk;p wdkif;jynfrsm;wGif ,if;uJhokd@ aomtpOftvmESifh pHcsdefpH!$ef;rsm; zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_ enf;yg;=uao;onf? xdk@a=umifh xdkuJhodk@aom wdkif;jynfrsm;&dS EdkifiHom;rsm;tzdk@ydkIyif ta&;}uD;onfrSm rD'D,mt&nftcsif;jynfh0r_&Sda&; (professionalism) ESifh t*wduif;a&; wdk@udk awmif;qdk&effomru/ EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;/ udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;/ tpdk;&t&m&dSrsm;ESifh jynfhol@a&;&m udpP&yfrsm;ta=umif; rD'D,m. az:jycsufrsm;udk apmifh=unfhavhvm&efvnf; jzpfonf? vlxkxifjrifcsufrsm;tay: =oZmv$rf;rdk;&mwGif tDvufxa&mepf ESifh yHkESdyfrD'D,m yHkpHESpfrsKd;pvHk;onf ta&;}uD; aom tcef;u¾rS yg0if=uonf? w&m;r#wr_&dSaom a&G;aumufyGJwcktwGuf rD'D,m/txl;ojzihf &kyfjrifoH=um; wef;wl oHk;pGJEdkifcGifhonf tvGefta&;ygonf? xdk@a=umifh a&G;aumufyGJumvtwGif; a&G;aumufyGJqdkif&m owif;az:jycsufESifh rD'D,mvGwfvyfcGifh ESpfckpvHk;udk pepfwus ESifh ormorwfuspGm apmifh=unfhtuJ jzwfjcif;onf a&G;aumufyGJapmifh=unfhavhvmr_wckwGif ta&;ygaom tpdwftydkfif;wpfckjzpfonf?

22 ,cktcef;onf a&mbwf Edk&pfa&;om;aom =um;jzwfumva&G;aumufyGJtwGif;/ owif;rD'D,mtm; apmifh=unfhtuJjzwfjcif;/ NDI tao;pdwfvufpGJpmtkyf [laomacgif;pOfjzifh 2002 ckESpf wGif xkwfa0cJhaom EdkfifiHwuma&;&m trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@ NDI . pmapmifwckrS taxmuftxm;tcsKd@ udk xkwfE_wfxm;jcif; jzpfonf? rD'D,mapmihf=unfhavhvmjcif;ESifh ywfoufI ydkrdkod&dSvdkygu jynfwGif;avhvma&;tzGJ@rsm;onf rD'D,mapmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;tpDtpOfwck rnfuJhodk@ taumiftxnf az:aqmif&rnfudk tao;pdwf az:jyxm;aom ,ckpmapmifESifhwdkufqdkifavhvmoifhonf? xdk@tjyif Article XIX u rD'D,mapmihf=unfhtuJjzwfjcif;ESifh pHE_ef;rsm;twGuf toHk;0ifaom vrf;!$efcsufESpfckudk xkwfa0cJonf? pmapmifESpfckrSm 'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;a&;umvtwGif a&G;aumufyGJowif;ay;ydk@ r_rsm;twGuf vrf;!$efcsufrsm; (1994) ESifh a&G;aumufyGJtpD&ifcHpmwifoGif;jcif; - rD'D,mapmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;twGuf vufawG@ vrf;!$efcsufwck (1998) jzpfonf? ,if;pmapmifrsm;udk Article XIX .tifwmeufpmrsufESm http://www.article19.org wGif &&dSEdkifonf?

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odk@aomf yk*~vduydkifrD'D,mESifh jynfolydkifrD'D,mrsm;. usihf0wfoduQmudk xdef;csKyf&mwGif ododomomuGJjym; jcm;em;aom jyXmef;csufrsm;&dSa=umif; avhvmolrsm;u odxm;oifhonf? yHkEdSyf odk@r[kwf tDvufxa&mepfenf; vnf;jzifh toHk;ðyaom jynfolykdifrD'D,mwGif rJqEN&Sifrsm;udk ormorwf ESifh bufvdkufr_uif;aom owif; tcsuf tvufay;&ef wm0ef&dSonf? jynfolykdiftoHv$ifholrsm; odk@r[kwf jynfolydkifyHkESdyfrD'D,m. oabmwl a=ujim pmwrf;rsm;ESifh/odk@r[kwf Oya'rsm;wGif ,if;tcsufudk jyXmef;xm;avh&Sdonf?tu,fI ,if;uJhodk@jyXmef;xm;jcif; r&dS[kqdkonfhwdkif/jynfolydkifrD'D,mrsm;onf r#r#wwqufqH&rnf[k (OSCE) . uwdu0wf (udkaya[*if oabmwlpmcsKyf/ tydk'f (7) rsm;wGifjyXmef;xm;onf? udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;onf tm%mydkifrsm;. wef;wl tcGifhta&; ay;r_tay:wGif ,SOfòyifoifh+yD;/ rJqG,fpnf;±Hk;r_udk w&m;r#wr_&dSaom ywf0ef;usif tajctae atmufwGif ðyvkyfEdkifatmif EdkifiHawmfrl0g'u vkyfaqmifay;&rnf[k oabmwl pmcsKyfuaz:jyxm;onf? ygwDrsm;ESifh udk,fpm;vS,avmif;rsm;ta=umif;udk rD'D,mu bufrvdkufaz:jy&rnf[laom &nf&G,fcsufjzifh a&G;aumufyGJrJqG,fpnf;±Hk;r_umvtwGif; yk*~dvduydkifrD'D,mrsm; rnfuJhokd@aqmif&Guf&rnfESifhyufoufaom Oya' tcef;rsm;onf jynfwGif;Oya'wGifvnf; yg0ifEdkifonf? &Hzef&Hcgqdkovdk ,if;uJhodk@aom pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;onf yHkESdyfrD'D,m tay:wGifvnf; owfa&mufr_ &dSEdkifonf? odk@aomf ,if;uJhokd@aom Oya'rsm;/ pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm; r&Sdygu yk*~dvduykdifrD'D,mrsm;onf bufrvdkufaom owif;tmabmfrsm; &dS&rnf[laom EdkifiHwum owfrSwfcsuf rsm; r&dSay? Oyrm EdkifiHa&;ygwDwck.owif;pmonf ,if;EdkifiHa&;ygwDtwGuf yvufazmif; ozG,f aqmif&Gufay; Edkifrnf[k ar#mfvifhEdkifovdk/ tjcm;aom yk*~vduowif;pmrsm;onfvnf; wpHkw&maom udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm; odk@r[kwf ygwDrsm;udk axmufcH&efrSm usdK;a=umif;qDavsmfayonf? (c ) rD'D,mapmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;. &nf&G,fcsuf(c ) rD'D,mapmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;. &nf&G,fcsuf(c ) rD'D,mapmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;. &nf&G,fcsuf(c ) rD'D,mapmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;. &nf&G,fcsuf bufvdkufr_uif;aom rD'D,mapmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;. &nf&G,fcsufrSm

� a&G;aumufyGJrJqG,fumvtwGif; rD'D,mvGwfvyfcGifhESifhywfoufaom vGwfvyfI/ ,Hk=unfpdwfcs& avmufaom tuJjzwfcsufwckwifjyay;&ef?

� a&G;aumufyGJrJqG,fumvtwGif; r#wpGm rD'D,mtoHk;ðyr_/ owif;az:jyr_ESifh ywfoufaom vGwfvyfI/ ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&avmufaom tuJjzwfcsufwck wifjyay;&ef?

� rD'D,mtm; aESmuf,Sufjcif;/ +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;rsm;udk vlxkxHodk@ today;&ef? � r#r#wwowif;ydk@aom tqifhtwef;udk xdef;odrf;xm;atmifESifh t=urf;zufr_rsm;/ trkef;rsm;udk v_H@ aqmfay;aom tmCmwpum;rsm;/tjcm;vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;rS a&SmifusOfatmif owif;axmufrsm;/ t,f'Dwmrsm;ESifh ydkif&Sifrsm;udk wdkufwGef;&ef/

� EkdifiHwum pH!$ef;pHE_ef;rsm;ESifh udkufnDr_&dSap&eftwGuf rD'D,mOya'rsm;ESifhpnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;wGif taumif;bufodk@ajymif;vJr_rsm;jzpfay:vmatmif pnf;&Hk;vSHK@aqmf&ef? ( * ) rD' D, m t w Gu fj yX m ef; a x m ; a o m O ya 'a &; & m u ef@ o w fc su fu dk t u Jj zw fj c i f;( * ) rD' D, m t w Gu fj yX m ef; a x m ; a o m O ya 'a &; & m u ef@ o w fc su fu dk t u Jj zw fj c i f;( * ) rD' D, m t w Gu fj yX m ef; a x m ; a o m O ya 'a &; & m u ef@ o w fc su fu dk t u Jj zw fj c i f;( * ) rD' D, m t w Gu fj yX m ef; a x m ; a o m O ya 'a &; & m u ef@ o w fc su fu dk t u Jj zw fj c i f; rD'D,mapmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;rpwifcifwGif/rD'D,musifh0wfoduQmtay:xdef;csKyfxm;aom oufqdkif&m Oya'rsm;/ pnf;rsOf; pnf;urf;rsm;udk jyefvnfpdppf=unfh&ef vdktyfonf? rD'D,mapmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;onf apmifh=unfh avhvmr_nd‡E_dif;a&;ESifh ydkif;jcm; oHk;oyfa&;tzGJ@wGifyg0ifaom Oya't=uHay;rsm;ESifh yl;wGJ vkyfaqmifoihfonf? jyefvnfpDppfjcif;wGif oufqdkif&mzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'yg jyXmef;csufrsm;/ Oya'rsm; ESifh tm%mydkif tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS csrSwfxm;aom

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qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; yg0ifoifhonf? oufqdkif&m tm%mykdif tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; jzpfaom rD'D,m pHE_ef; xdef;odrf;a&;tm%mydkif (Media Standards Authority)/ vkyfief;vdkifpifxkwfay;aomtm%mydkif (licensing Authority)/ toHvd_if;toHk;ðycGifhcsay;aom tm%mydkif (Frequency Licensing Authority) ponfh tm%mydkif tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh awG@qHkoihfonf? ,if;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf rD'D,mtay:wGif tm%mpuf}uD;}uD;rm;rm;&dS=u+yD;/ ‚wdk@.vkyfief;wm0efrsm;ESifh tcef;u¾udk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; em;vnfxm;&ef ta&;}uD;onf? ‚wdk@. tcef;u¾ &Sif;vif;csufudk a&G;aumufyGJ tjiif;yGm;r_rsm;Z,m; (tcef; 3 ESifh 4 udk &_yg) wGif xnfhoGif;+yD;/ rD'D,m tjiif;yGm;r_rsm;udk Z,m;uGufwGif oD;oef@tkyfpktjzpf rSwfwrf;wifjcif;jzifh taxmuftuljzpfEkdifonf? (C)toHv$ifhrD'D,mESifh yHkESdyfrD'D,mudk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;(C)toHv$ifhrD'D,mESifh yHkESdyfrD'D,mudk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;(C)toHv$ifhrD'D,mESifh yHkESdyfrD'D,mudk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;(C)toHv$ifhrD'D,mESifh yHkESdyfrD'D,mudk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif; a&G;aumufyGJrpcif tenf;qHk; wv=udKI rD'D,mapmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;udk tedrfhqHk;tqifh pwif vkyfudkif oifhonf? aemufqHk;&v'frsm; xkwfjyefa=ujim+yD;onfESifh wòyifeuf ,if;vkyfief;udk tqHk;owf&rnf jzpfonf? taumif;qHk; rSm a&G;aumufyGJpDrHtkyfcsKyffa&;u a&G;aumufyGJrsm;twGuf pwifjyifqifonfESifh ,if;vkyfief;udk apmEdkifor# tapmqHk; pwifvkyfaqmifoihf+yD;/ a&G;aumufcH udkf,fpm;vS,frsm;u w&m;0ifwm0efrsm; vufcH&,lonfh tcsdef txd qufvuf vkyfaqmifoifhonf?apmihf=unfhavhvmjcif;rsm;udk a&G;aumufyGJ+yD;onfhaemufydkif;rSmvnf; tem*wf rD'D,mbufvdkufr_udkqef@usifI/ rD'D,mvGwfvyfcGifhrsm;twGuf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wGif tjrJwrf;wnfjrJoGm; Edkifatmif qufvufvkyfaqmif Ekdifonf? rD'D,mapmifh=unfhavhvmr_. yxrtqifhrSm rnfonfhrD'D,mtrsKd;tpm;tm; apmihf=unfhtuJjzwfoihfonfudk a&G;cs,f&ef jzpfonf? ,if;vkyfief;tm; atmufygtcsufrsm;u tqHk;tjzwfay;ygonf?

� apmifh=unfhavhvma&;tzGJ@twGuf&&SdEdkifaom b¾ma&;t&if;tjrpfESifh vlyk*~dKvft&if;tjrpf/ � vGefcJhaoma&G;aumufyGJrsm;twGif;&&SdcJhaom rD'D,maz:jyr_qdkif&m tawG@tñuHESifhtodtjrif � usif;yrnfha&G;aumufyGJ trsKd;tpm; - orwa&G;aumufyGJ/ ygvDrefa&G;aumufyGJ odk@r[kwf a'oEW& a&G;aumufyGJ/ � EkdifiHt0Srf;rD'D,m. zGJ@pnf;yHkESifh ydkifqdkifr_/ � rwlnDaom rD'D,mtrsKd;tpm;tvdkuf pmzwfol/ em;axmifol/=unf@&_@olrsm;. trsKd;tpm;/ta&twGuf wdk@ESifh ywfoufY &&SdEdkifaom udef;*%ef;rsm;)/

� rD'D,myHkpHtrsKd;;rsKd;. ta&;ygyHkrsm;ESifhywfoufI &&SdEdkifaom jynfol@oabmxm; tcsuftvufrsm;/ � &kyfjrifoH=um;ESifh a&'D,dkydkifqdkifr_ESifh ywfoufaom owif;tcsuftvufESifh � vlenf;pk wdkif;&if;om; ta&;aqmif&Gufaeaom rD'D,mtrsKd;tpm; ponfwdk@jzpfonf?

rnfonfhrD'D,mtrsKd;tpm;udk apmifh=unhfavhvmrnf[k a&G;cs,fqHk;jzwf&mwGif t"dutcsufrSm a±G;cs,f rJqEN ay;&ef toHk;ðy&aom owif;tcsuftvuf &&dS&mae&mjzpfoifhonf? xdk@a=umifh vltrsm;qHk;=unfhaom &kyfjrifoH=um;tpDtpOf/ vlrsm;qHk;em;axmifaom a&'D,dktpDtpOf ESifh vlajymtrsm;qHk; owif;pmrsm;udk ypfrSwf xm;oifhonf?

(OSCE) a'otwGif;wGif &kyfjrifoH=um;onf a&'D,dkESifh owif;pmrsm;xufydkrdkI xda&mufr_&dSonf? OD;pm;ay; wcktjzpf owif;aqmif;yg;rsm;ESifh tcsuftvufrsm;xkwfv$ifhay;aeaom EdkifiHawmfydkif toHv$ifh&Hkrsm;udk apmihf=unfhtuJjzwfoifhonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf ‚wdk@wGif bufrvdkuf&[laom wm0ef&dSaeaoma=umifh jzpfonf? ae&mtESH@ odk@r[kwf vlOD;a&;awmfawmfrsm;rsm;xH v$ifhxkwfEdkifaom tjcm; &kyfjrifoH=um;rsm;udkvnf; apmifh=unfh tuJjzwfoifhonf?

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“EdkifiHa&;t& jy\em&dSEdkifaom ae&mrsm;”[k wHqdyfcwfxm;aom a'otwGif;&dS &kyfjrifoH=um;rsm;ESifh rD'D,mrsm;udkvnf; xnfhoGif; oifhonf? xdk@tjyif vlenf;pkrsm; ta&;aqmif&Gufaeaom rD'D,mrsm;udkvnf; apmihf=unfhtuJjzwf&ef pOf;pm;oihfonf? txl;ojzifh wdkif;&if;om;vlenf;pkrsm;. tcGifh ta&;ESifhywfoufaomjy\em &Sdaeygu odk@r[kwf emrnf=uD;aom udk,fpm; vS,favmif;rsm;/ ygwDrsm;onf wdkif;&if;om; vlenf;pkrsm;rS vmonfqdkygu ‚wdk@udkapmifh=unfhavhvm&ef pOf;pm;oifhonf? rD'D,mapmihf=unfhavhvmjcif;onf ukd,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;/ EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;/ a&G;aumufyGJpDrHtkyfcsKyfr_ESifh tjcm;qufEG,f&m ta=umif;t&m;rsm; owif;az:jyr_. ta&twGufESifh t&nftaoG;udkvnf; wdkif;wmonf? apmihf=unfhavhvm&ef a&G;cs,fxm;aom tjcm;ywfouf&m ta=umif;t&mrsm; onf rJqEN&Sifrsm;tay: =oZm v$rf;rdk;r_t&dSqHk;aom ta=umif;t&mrsm; jzpfoihfonf? jynfwGif;avhvma&; tzGJ@wzGJ@onf rJqEN&Sifrsm;tay: oufa&mufr_&dSaom t"duta=umif;t&m odk@r[kwf udpP&yfrsm;udk pdwf0ifpm;Ekdifonf? ,if;ta=umif;t&mrsm;ESifh udpP&yfrsm;ukd az:jyjcif;onf bufvdkufr_ESifh udk,fydkifqifqmjzwfawmufjcif;. a&csdefudk owfrSwf&mwGif ta&;yg Edkifonf? ygwDrsm; odk@r[kwf udk,fpm;vS,frsm;. tjrifrsm;udk tjcm;EdkifiHa&;òyifbufrsm;u wdkuf&dkufacsyaom EdkifiHa&; pum;ppfxdk;yGJrsm;. a&csdefudktuJjzwf&efvnf; ta&;}uD; ygonf? qufEG,fr_&dSaom ta=umif;t&mrsm; ( · trSwftom;jyxm;aom ta=umif;t&mrsm;onf qufEG,fr_ &Sd-r&Sd a&G;cs,f&ef jzpfonf) wGif yg0ifonfrsm;rSm atmufygwdk@jzpfonf?

� orw � orw.ajyma&;qdkcGifh&dSol odk@r[kwf ajyma&;qdkcGifh&dSaom&Hk; � tpdk;& � 0ef}uD;csKyf � t"dutpdk;&0ef}uD;rsm; (tu,fI0ef}uD;tm;vHk;u a&G;aumufyGJwGif yg0ifygu tm;vHk;udk qdkvkdonf?) � EdkifiHa&;ygwDacgif;aqmifrsm; � EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh xdyfwef;udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm; � a'oqdkif&m jynfe,ftkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rsm; · � a&G;cs,fcHxm;&aom jrdK@awmf0efrsm; · � a'oEW&tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. acgif;aqmifrsm; · � oydwfarSmufxm;aom ygwDrsm; · (tu,fI &dSygu) � ajr‡mufxdk;yifhaumf aoG;xdk;ay;aom pum;vHk;rsm; ESifh rkef;wD;a&;rdef@cGef; · � wdkif;&if;om;vlenf;pkrsm; ESifh vlenf;pkbmompum;udk rD'D,mwGif toHk;ðyr_ · � “rJqG,fpnf;±Hk;r_wdwfqdwf (Campaign Silence)” umv · � vlxkoabmxm;aumuf,ljcif; owif;ay;ydk@csufrsm;tay: pnf;rsOf;ue@fowfr_rsm; · � tca=u;aiGay;I ygwDESifh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;a=umfjimjcif;· � rJqEN&Sif ynmay;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; · � jynfwGif;apmifh=unfhavhvma&;tzGJ@ ·

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rD'D,mapmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;onf Oya'ucGifhðyxm;avh&Sdaom “tcrJh avvd_if;xkwfv$ifhcsdef”ESifh tjcm;aom owif;ay;ydk@r_wdk@udk cGJcGJjcm;jcm;jrifoifhfonf? ,if;udpPESifhywfoufI apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;u atmufygtcsuf rsm;udk tuJjzwfoihfonf?

� tcrJhavvdSKif;xkwfv$ifhcsdefESifhywfoufaom Oya'jyXmef;csufrsm;udk av;pm;vdkufemjcif; &dS-r&dS? � avv_dif;xkwfv$ifhr_ESifhywfoufaom “ owfrSwfcsufrsm;onf” xkwfv$ifholtm;vHk;twGuf wef;wlr_ &dS- r&dS (Oyrm xkwfv$ifhaomtcsdefwm)?

� =unfh&_olrsm; =unfh&_Ekdifavmufaom xkwfv$ifhcsdefESifh xkwfv$ifhr_yHkpHt& xkwfv$ifhcJhjcif; &Sd-r&dS? � tcrJh avvd_if;xkwfv$ifhjcif;onf EdkifiHom;rsm;tm; a&G;cs,fp&m&Sdonfrsm;ESifh ywfoufI em;vnf oGm;atmif tusdK;ðyEdkifjcif; &dS-r&dS? rD'D,mapmifh=unfhtuJjzwfjcif;wGif toHk;ðyaom enf;pepfonf owif;tpDtpOf / owif;ay;ydk@rsm;wGif a&G;cs,f xm;aom ta=umif;t&mrsm;twGuf wifjyr_ t=udrfta&twGufESifh t&nftaoG;udk pHkprf;avhvmjcif; yifjzpfonf? TonfrSm ,if;xkwfv$ifhr_rsm;onf ormorwfus+yD;/ r#wr_&dSaom owif;axmufvkyfief;. tajccH pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;ESifh tjyeftvSefqufEG,fr_ &dS-r&dS pHkprf;avhvm&efjzpfonf? yHkESdyfrD'D,mESifhywfoufI ta&twGuf cGJjcrf;avhvmjcif;onf a&G;cs,fxm;aom ta=umif;t&mwcktwGuf ay;aomae&mtus,ft0ef;udk pwk&ef;pifwDrDwmjzifh wdkif;wmjcif;jzpfonf? toHv$ifhrD'D,mwGif ta&twGuf qdkif&m apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;onf uifr&m/zefom;rsufeSmjyif wGifxGufay:vmaom ta=umif;t&m. tcsdefwm odk@r[kwf a&'D,kdwGif =um;vdkuf&aom tcsdefwmudk csdefrSwfem&Djzifhwdkif;wmjcif;jzpfonf? xdk@jyif wpfpHkwOD;u ol odk@r[kwf olrtm; az:jyoGm;jcif;/ odk@r[kwf udk;um;oGm;jcif;. tcsdefwmudk wdkif;wmjcif;vnf; yg0ifonf? owfrSwfxm;aomta=umif;t&mwckcktwGuf oHk;pGJaomtcsdefwmudk wkdif;wmaepOf wcsdefwnf;rSmyif apmifh=unfh avhvmolrsm;onf ydkIeufeJodrfarG@aomjy\emrsm;udk xifxifay:ay:jzpfvmapEdkifaom ta=umif;tcsufrsm; tm;vnf; wdkif;wmEdkifao;onf? Oyrm tcsKd@ygwDrsm;. udk,fpm;vS,favmif; odk@r[kwf udk,fpm;ðyolrsm;onf t+rJvdkyif/vludk,fwdkifpum;ajymvsuf avvdSKif;ay:wGif ay:vmwwf+yD; tjcm;olrsm;rSmrl udk;um;cH&jcif; odk@r[kwf ‚wdk@. xkwfjyefcsufrsm;udk owif;a=ujimolu twdkcsKyfI az:jyjcif;omcH&onf? &kyfoHowif;tpDtpOfrsm;wGif tcsdefwdkif;wmr_rsm;udk atmufygtwdkif; xyfrH cGJpdwfEdkifygonf?

� oufqdkif&mta=umif;t&mESifhywfoufIaz:jyaom owif;aqmifyg;wcktwGuf pkpkaygif; tcsdeffpuUef@ (txufwGif az:jyxm;onf)?

� &kyfjrifoH=um;rsufESmjyifwGif udk,fpm;vS,favmif;wOD;/ ygwDwck xGufay:vm+yD;/ pum;ajymqdkaom pkpkaygif; tcsdefpuUef@?

� udk,fpm;vS,favmif; odk@r[kwf ygwDukd,fpm;ðyolwpfOD;. &kyfyHk toHwdwfxGufay:vmonfh tcsdefpuUef@ (,if;wdkif;wmr_rsm;udk ,cifwdkif;wmr_rsm;ESifh Ed_if;,SOfaomtcgwGif rwlnDaom ta=umif;t&mtrsKd;rsKd; udk rnfuJhodk@ yHkaz:onfukd awG@&vdrfhrnf?)

� &kyf&Sif odk@r[kwf "gwfyHkrygonfhwdkif udk,fpm;vS,f odk@r[kwf ygwDukd,fpm;ðyol. toHukd =um;&aom tcsdef puUef@? � &kyfoHv$ifhxkwfr_wGif owif;trsKd;tpm;tvdkufe&mcsxm;yHk tpDtpOf?

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t&nftaoG;qdkif&mqef;ppfavhvmr_onf owif;az:jyyHkavoHudk tuJjzwfjcif;jzpfonf? txl;ojzifh ta=umif; t&m odk@r[kwf udpP&yfwckudk vdkvm;axmufcHonfhoabm odk@r[kwfqef@usifonfhoabm odk@r[kwf =um;ae oabmjzifh yHkaz:xm;ovm;qdkonfudk tuJjzwfjcif;jzpfonf? owif;az:jycsuf. wdusr_ESifh v$rf;rdk;csKyfudkifvdkonfh oabm &dS-r&dS avhvmpHkprf;jcif;vnf;yg0ifonf? rSefuefwdusr_r&dSjcif;ESifh v$rf;rdk;csKyfudkifjcif; om"ursm;rSm-

� ygwDwck odk@r[kwf udk,fpm;vS,favmif;wOD;udk omap/tjcm;ygwD odk@r[kwf udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm; udkemapvdkaomoabmjzifh xifjrifcsufoabmxm;aumufcHjcif;?

� ygwDwck odk@r[kwf udk,fpm;vS,favmif;wOD;ESifhywfoufaom xifjrifcsufrsm;tay: aumif;usdK; odk@r [kwf qdk;usdK;oufa&mufaprnfh owif;rsm;udk xdefcsefxm;jcif;?

� oufaotaxmuftxm;r&Sdaom owif;wyk'fudk tjzpfrSeftjzpfwifjyjcif;? � owif;orm;wOD;u rdrd.xifjrifcsuf odk@r[kwf ygwD0ifwOD;.xifjrifcsuf odk@r[kwf yk*~vdutudsK;pD; yGm;udk owif;tjzpf az:jyjcif;?

� axhaighjcif;/ taxmuftxm;rcdkifvHkjcif;/pnf;rapmifhjcif; odk@r[kwf apmfum;jcif; oabmaqmifaom az:jycsufrsm;/ xifjrifcsufrsm; odk@r[kwf yHkaz:csufrsm;udk toHk;ðyjcif;?

� uifr&mt,ltqudk &nf&G,fcsuf&dS&dSjzifh toHk;ðyjcif;/ Oyrm ygwD odk@r[kwf udk,fpm;vS,favmif;teD; rSmjcH&Haeaomvlxkudk ,cif&dSonfxuf ydkrdk}uD;onfhyHkay:apjcif; odk@r[kwf ydkao;i,fonfhyHkay:apjcif;?

� EkdifiHa&;t&0ifa&muf,SOfòyifolrsm;udk ydkI}uD;}uD;us,fus,fjzpfoGm;atmif odk@r[kwf/ ao;odrfoGm; atmif odk@r[kwf avSmifajymif&,farmp&mjzpfoGm;atmif "gwfyHk odk@r[kwf toHzefwD;csufrsm; toHk; ðyjcif;? rD'D,mapmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;wGif owif;tpDtpOfrsm;tjyif/ udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;. pum;ppfxdk;yGJrsm;/ pum;0dkif;aqG;aEG;cef;rsm;ESifh rsufarSmufa&;&mtpDtpOfrsm;udkvnf;xnfhoGif;Edkifonf?udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;. pum;ppfxdk;yGJrsm;udk ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyf&mY udkf,fpm;vS,fwOD;csif;pDonf oabmwlxm;aom pnf;rsOf;rsm; atmufwGif wef;wl&nfwlqufqHcH&jcif; &dS -r&dS ESifh ‚ “pum;ppfxdk;yGJ pnf;rsOf;rsm;”udk,fYu a=umif;usdK; qDavsmfr_&dS-r&dS tuJjzwf&ef&nfrSef;xm;oihfonf? pum;0dkif;aqG;aEG;cef;rsm;ESifh rsufarSmufa&;&m tpDtpOfrsm;. &nf±G,fcsufonfonf em;axmifolESifh =unf@&_olrsm;tm; vufiif;jzpfysufaeaom udpP&yfrsm;tay: twGif;usustjrifESifh todynmay;&ef jzpfaoma=umifh/ tpDtpOfwcktwGif;wGif bufrvdkufaom tjrifwck ay;vdrfhrnfawmhr[kwfay? odk@aomf tpDtpOf pD;&D;wckvHk;ðcHvdkufv#ifrl bufrvdkuftjrif usifhoHk;onfh oabmaqmifoihfonf? ,if;uJhodk@aom tpDtpOfrsm;wGif ajr‡mufxdk;yifhaumfvkyfay;aom pum;vHk;rsm;ESifh tmCmwpum;rsm;udk aocsmpGm apmihf=unfhavhvmoifhonf? yHkESdyfrD'D,mwGif t,f'Dwmhtmabmfrsm;/ acgif;aqmifrsm;. oabmxm;tjrifrsm;/ay;pmrsm;udk owif;az:jy csufrsm;ESifh cGJjcm;owfrSwfxm;oifhonf?yxrtrsKd;tpm;udk ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyf=unfhygu pmapmifpmwrf;rsm; (ygwDwck odk@r[kwf udk,fpmvS,favmif;wOD;udk axmufcH+yD;/tjcm;olrsm;udkqef@usifaom pmrsm;ESifh t,f'Dwmhtmabmf rsm;) . bufvdkufr_udk tusdK;&Sd&Sd rD;armif;xdk;jyEdkifonf? taxGaxGowif;az:jycsufrsm;url ormorwfusatmif &nfpl;xm;oifhonf? a&G;aumufyGJumvtwGif; tpkd;& vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;ta=umif; owif;ay;ydk@jcif;onf cufcJaomjy\em wckay:aygufapygonf? tpdk;&. ta&;}uD;aom vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;ESifh oufqdkifaom owif;tcsuft vufrsm;udk EdkifiHom;rsm;tm; rD'D,mrsm;u ay;oihfygonf? odk@&mwGif,if;uJhodk@aom owif;ay;ydk@r_rsm;onf vuf&dS tkyfcsKyfaeaomygwD odk@r[kwf !$ef@aygif;tpkd;&w&yf.today;pum;rsm;udk rJqEN&Sifrsm;xH a&mufapjcif;tm;jzifh xdkygwD odk@r[kwf xdktpdk;&udk ododomom tusdK;jzpfxGef;apygonf? tpdk;&ESifhoufqdkifaom owif; ay;ydk@csufrsm;udk

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tuJjzwf&mwGif tm%mvuf&Sdyk*~dKvfrsm;u ‚wdk@ jyefvnfta&G;cH&a&; pnf;&Hk;v_H@aqmf&ef twGuf toHk;ðyaom “rl0g'qdkif&mxkwfjyefa=ujimcsufrsm;” ESifh “jynfolvlxkta&; xkwfjyefa=ujimcsufrsm;” [lI taotcsmcGJjcm;owfrSwfxm;&rnf? “jynfolvlxkta&; xkwfjyefa=u jimcsufrsm;” onf aumif;rGefaom tpkd;&w&yf. wu,fwrf;w&m;r#waom ta=umif;jycsufrsm;a=umifh trSefwu,fvdktyfaom t&mrsm;jzpfEdkif ygonf? Oyrm tpkd;&udef;*%ef;rsm; xkwfjyefjcif;wdk@jzpfonf?tjcm; wbufYrl/a&G;aumufyGJumvwcktwGif;rSm tm%mvuf&SdygwD odk@r[kwf !Gef@aygif;tpdk;&w&yfudk axmuf cHapa&;twGuf vlxkudkqG,fw&m;a[m&mwGif “rl0g'qdkif&m xkwfjyefa=ujimcsufrsm;” udk toHk;ðyonf? ta&twGufESifh t&nftaoG;qdkif&mtcsuftvufrsm;udk txl;ðyvkyfxm;aom apmihf=unfha&;yHkpHrsm;wGif xnfhoGif;+yD;aemuf/tcsuftvufpkaqmif;aom uGefjyLwm tcsuftvufb%fxJodk@ xnfhoGif;&rnf? xdkrSwqifh tvG,fwul zwf&_Edkifaom wifjyr_rsm;jzpfonfh a'gifvdkufZ,m;rsm; ESifh puf0dkif;yHkZ,m;rsm; tjzpfodk@ xyfqifh ajymif;vJEdkifonf? rSwfwrf;wifxm;aom tcsuftvufrsm;/ wdwfacGrsm;ESifh owif;pmrsm;udk rSwfwrf; odrf;qnf;&mXmersm;wGif odrf;qnf;oihfonf? tu,fI &v'frsm;tay: ar;cGef;xkwfp&mrsm; &dSvmygu aemifwGif jyefvnfppfaq;wdkuf=unfhEdkif&ef twGuf jzpfonf? pepfwustaumiftxnfaz:+yD;/ rSefuefwduspGm wifjyEdkifygu/ ta&twGufESifh t&nftaoG; qef;ppfavhvm csufrsm;onf oufqdkifolrsm;tm;vHk;tm; ‚wdk@.tjrifrsm;udk wifjyEdkkifcGifh ay;&mwGif rD'D,mrsm;u wef;wlnDr#pGm az:jyay;jcif; &Sd-&dS ESifh ywfoufI cdkifrmaom taxmuftxm;jzpfEdkifygonf? owif;tpD tpOfrsm;udk ta&twGufESifht&nftaoG;t& apmifh=unfhavhvmr_rsm;rSay:xGufvmaom erlemZ,m; wckudk atmufwGif az:jyxm;onf?TerlemZ,m;wGif EdkifiHawmfydkif &kyfjrifoH=um;vdkif;wvdkif;u tm%mvuf&Sdorwudk rsufESmay; aomtm;jzifh t=uD;tus,fbufvdkufaz:jyxm;a=umif;awG@&ygonf?

Graph/ pages on 96 (i) tca=u;aiGay;&aom EdkifiHa&;a=ujimrsm;ESifh rJqEN&Sif ynmay;(i) tca=u;aiGay;&aom EdkifiHa&;a=ujimrsm;ESifh rJqEN&Sif ynmay;(i) tca=u;aiGay;&aom EdkifiHa&;a=ujimrsm;ESifh rJqEN&Sif ynmay;(i) tca=u;aiGay;&aom EdkifiHa&;a=ujimrsm;ESifh rJqEN&Sif ynmay;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk apmifh=unfavhvmjca&;vkyfief;rsm;udk apmifh=unfavhvmjca&;vkyfief;rsm;udk apmifh=unfavhvmjca&;vkyfief;rsm;udk apmifh=unfavhvmjcif; tca=u;aiGay;a&aom EdkifiHa&;a=umfjimrsm;udk apmifh=unfhtuJjzwfjcif;onf tusdK;&dSonf? odk@aomf tcsdefukef onf? a=umfjimrsm;onf (Oya'ucGifhðyygu) wae@vHk; tcsdefra&G; vmEdkifaoma=umifh tDvufxa&mepf rDD'D,mrsm;udk tqufrjywf apmihf=unfhtuJjzwf&ef vdktyfonf? a=ujimrsm;. ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk ydkif;jcm; oHk;oyfjcif;tm;jzifh rnfoludk t"duypfrSwfxm; wdkufckdufaeonf/ ajrSmufxdk;yifhaumpum; odk@r[kwf tmCmwpum;rsm; toHk;ðyjcif;&dS-r&dS ESifh rsm;ajrmifvSaom udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm; odk@r[kwf ygwDrsm;. t"du trSmpum;rsm;udk awG@&SdEdkifygvdrfhrnf? xdk@jyiftca=u;aiGay;xm;aom a=umfjim. t&nftaoG;ESifh ywfoufI ,Hk=unf&aom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udkvnf; &&SdEdkifygonf? xdkrSaeI/ aiGa=u;rnfr# oHk;pGJcJhonfudkvnf; cef@rSef;&&dSEdkifonf? (rJqG,fpnf;±Hk;r_b¾maiGa=u; udkapmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;tcef;rSm &_yg?)

85

tu,fI a&G;aumufyGJqdkif&mvkyfief;pOfESifh ta&G;cs,fcHrnfh tzGJ@tpnf;. tcef;u¾ESifh vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk od&dSr_ tm;enf;ygu jynfwGif;avhvma&;tpktzGJ@wzGJ@onf rJqEN&Sifynmay;tpDtpOfESifh jynfol@owif; jzef@jzL;a&; tpDtpOfrsm;udk apmihf=unfhtuJjzwf&ef qHk;jzwfaumif; qHk;jzwfEkdifonf? tu,fI rJqEN&Sifpm&if; jy\em odk@r[kwf yl;aygif;yg0ifaqmif&Gufr_ tm;enf;aomjy\em&Sdaeygu ta&;}uD;ae+yD[k aumufcsuf csEkdifonf? rJqEN&Sifynmay;a&;ESifh jynfol@owif;jzef@jzL;a&; tpDtpOfrsm;onf vlenf;pkwdkif;&if;om;rsm;twGuf jzef@jzL;ay;aom owif;tqifhESifh ywfoufI toHk;0ifaom todynmrsm; yHhydk;ay;Edkifonf? Oyrm owif;tcsuf tvufrsm;ukd wdkif;&if;om; bmompum;rsm;jzifh a&;om;xm;jcif; &Sd-r&dS ESifh bufvdkufr_&dSaom ta=umif;t&m rsm; yg0ifjcif; &Sd-r&dS ponfwdk@jzpfonf?

(p) rD'D,mESifhowif;axmufrsm;tay: +cdrf;acsmufjcif;udk apmihf=unfhavvmjcif;(p) rD'D,mESifhowif;axmufrsm;tay: +cdrf;acsmufjcif;udk apmihf=unfhavvmjcif;(p) rD'D,mESifhowif;axmufrsm;tay: +cdrf;acsmufjcif;udk apmihf=unfhavvmjcif;(p) rD'D,mESifhowif;axmufrsm;tay: +cdrf;acsmufjcif;udk apmihf=unfhavvmjcif; jynfwGif;avhvma&;tpktzGJ@onf owif;axmufrsm;ESihf rD'D,mtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk tquftoG,fðyvkyfI rD'D,mapmihf=unfhtuJjzwfjcif;tm; rnfuJhokd@vkyfqmifaeonfudk &Sifvif;jy&ef yHkrSefawG@qHk oihfonf? xdk@tjyif wdkif;jynftwGif; rD'D,m ydkifqkdifr_ESifh zGJ@pnf;yHkta=umif; em;vnfvmap&ef ESifh ñuHawG@ae&aom zdtm;/ odk@r[kwf aESmuf,Sufr_rsm;udk pHkprf;&ef twGufvnf; jzpfonf? yHkrSef aESmifh,Sufwufaom yHkpHrsm;rSm udk,fwdkifqifqmjzwfcdkif;jcif;/ t=urf;zufjcif; odk@r[kwf wdkuf&dkufusaom EdkifiHa&; zdESdyfr_ rSonf rw&m;ojzifh tcGefppfaq;jcif;/ vkyfykdifcGifhvdkifpiftjiif;yGm;r_ESifh owif;pmukef=urf; &&dSa&; aESmuf,Sufjcif;ESifh jzef@csDa&;wGif aESmihf,Sufjcif;paom oG,f0dkufI aESmifh,Sufaom yHkpHrsKd;txd &dSonf? jynfwGif;avhvma&;tzGJ@u aESmifh,Sufr_ESifhywfoufaom pGyfpGJcsufrsm;udk rSefuefjcif;&dS-r&dS apmifh=unfhavhvm &rnfhtjyif ESifh wduspGm rSwfwrf;wifxm;&rnf? jzpf&yfwckcsif;udk aocsmpGm a&;rSwfxm;+yD;/ apmifh=unfh avhvmoGm;&rnf jzpfonf? aESmifh,Sufr_pGyfpGJcsufrsm;onf aemufqHk;wGif rD'D,mtzGJ@tpnf;rsm; odk@r[kwf owif;axmufrsm;u Oya'a=umif;t& wdkif;wef;onfhtjzpftxd a&mufoGm;wwfonf? xdkuJhodk@aom jzpf&yf rsKd;wGif/ ,if; tjiif;yGm;r_udk tjcm;aom a&G;aumufyGJqdkif&mtjiif;yGm;r_rsm;uJhokd@yif apmifh=unfhavhvmoihfonf? (tcef; 4 udk &_yg)

86

10? rJay;jcif; ESifh rJa&wGufjcif;udk apmifh-unfhavhvmjcif;

u? rJay;jcif; ESifh rJa&wGufyHkudk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;? c? pifòyif rJ-Z,m;oGif;jcif;?

� ðyvkyf&rnfh avhvmr_rsm;. obm0ESifh twdkif;twmudk qHk;jzwfjcif;? � a&G;aumufyGJvkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;/ tpD&ifcHpmyHkpHrsm;/ usifh0wf*k%foduQmrsm;ESifhywfoufIavhvmol rsm;tm; avhusifhay;jcif;?

� avhvmolrsm;tm; tqifhtm;vHk;wGif taxmuftyHhESifh enf;pepfrsm; tjynfht0ay;jcif;? � aumif;rGefaom qifhuJtpD&ifcHr_wck wnfaxmifjcif;? � tpD&ifcHpmyHkpHrsm; tcsdefrSDjyefvnfay;ydk@jcif;ESifh ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfjcif;?

87

tajccdkifaeaom jynfwGif;avhvma&;tzGJ@wdkif;eD;yg;onf rJay;jcif;ESifh rJa&wGufjcif;udk apmifh=unfhavhvm&ef óu;yrf; tm;xkwfjrJjzpfonf? odk@aomf rJ&Hkavhvma&; apwemh0efxrf;axmifESifhcsDI pkqnf;&jcif;onf a'owGif;ESifh wEdkifiHvHk;twdkif;twmtwGuf vlom;t&if;tjrpf ajrmufrsm;pGm oHk;pGJ&onf? wcgw&HwGif tjcm;avhvma&; vkyfief;rsm;udktxdcdkufcHI toHk;ðy&onf? xdk@a=umifh jynfwGif;avhvma&;tzGJ@wcktaeESifh a&G;aumufyGJae@wGif rnfonfht&mudk avhvmrnfESifh xdkta=umif;t&mudk rnfuJhodk@ taumif;qHk;jzpfatmif avhvmrnfudk &Sif;&Sif; vif;vif; odxm;oifhfonf? atmufaz:jyygar;cGef;rsm;udk apmEdkifor#tapmqHk; pOf;pm;xm;oifhonf? taumif;qHk;rSm vdktyfcsufrsm;pHkprf; avhvma&;vkyfief;pOf (needs assessment) vkyfaqmifaepOftwGif; pOf;pm;oihfonf?

� avhvmolrsm;udk rJay;Xme(rJ±Hk)wdkif;wGif xm;oifhvm; odk@r[kwf rJ&Hkrsm;teuf usyrf;a±G;cs,fxm;aom pHerlemrJ&Hk;rsm;wGifom xm;oihfygvm;?

� wae@vHk; rJay;jcif;ESifh rJa&wGufjcif;udk apmifh=unfhavhvm&eftwGuf avhvmolrsm;udk rJ&Hkw&HkwGif “tao” xm;oifhygovm;?

� rJ&Hkawmfawmfrsm;rsm;wGif rJay;jcif;udk avhvm&eftwGuf avhvmolrsm;udk “t&Sif” xm;oifhygovm;? � “tao” xdkifrnfh avhvmolrsm;udk EdkifiHa&;t&jy\em&SdEdkifaom rJ&Hktm;vHk;wGif ae&mcsxm;oihfyg ovm;?

� rJ&Hkwdkif;rS &v'frsm;udk apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;/ rSwfwrf;wifjcif; ðyvkyf&ef &nf&G,foifhygovm;? � usyrf;a±G;cs,fxm;aompHerlemrJ&HktcsKd@rS &v'frsm;udkfom apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;/rSwfwrf;wifjcif;ðy&ef &nf&G,foifhygvm;?

� rnfonfh vlom;t&if;tjrpfESifh b¾ma&; t&if;tjrpfrsm; &&dSEdkifygoenf;? � rJay;jcif;rpwifcifumv&SnftwGif;toHk;ðyaom t&if;tjrpfrsm;ESifh rJay;aomae@twGuf apmifh=unfh avhvmolrsm; pkaqmif;jcif;/oifwef;ay;jcif;twGuf toHk;ðyaom t&if;tjrpfwdk@.rSefuefaomtcsKd; tpm;onf tb,fenf;? (u) rJay;jcif; ESifh rJa&wGufyHkudk apmifh=unfh avhvmjcif;(u) rJay;jcif; ESifh rJa&wGufyHkudk apmifh=unfh avhvmjcif;(u) rJay;jcif; ESifh rJa&wGufyHkudk apmifh=unfh avhvmjcif;(u) rJay;jcif; ESifh rJa&wGufyHkudk apmifh=unfh avhvmjcif; taumif;qHk;yHkpHwckrSm avhvmolrsm;onf rJay;aecsdefESifh rJa&wGufcsdefwGif tzGJ@ (2) zGJ@cGJI vkyfaqmifoihfonf? vHkðcHa&;twGufvnf; jzpf+yD;/ aemuftcsufrSm vkyfief;twlwuGvkyfaqmifaeaom avhvma&;tzGJ@ (2) zGJ@onf wzGJ@.avhvmr_rsm;udk wzGJ@u jyefvnfppfaq;jcif;/ Ed_if;,SOfjcif;ðyI &aoma=umifh jzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf; t&if;tjrpfjy\ema=umifh jynfwGif;apmifh=unfhavhvma&;ktzGJ@wzGJ@taeESifh/ apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;udk wOD;csif; csxm;&ef qHk;jzwfp&m&Sdonf? avhvmolrsm;onf ‚wdk@.apmifh=unfhavhvma&;wm0efrsm;udk rxrf;aqmifcifwGif tjynfht0 jyifqifxm;oihf onf? txl;ojzifh ‚wdk@onf oifwef;tpDtpOfrsm;udk wufa&mufoifh+yD;/ a&G;aumufyGJOya'rsm;/ jznfhpGuf pnf;rsOf; pnf;urf;rsm;udk odxm;oifhonf? xkd@tjyif jynfwGif;avhvma&;tzGJ@u a&;qGJxm;aom apmifh=unfh avhvma&; tpD&ifcHpmyHkpHudk rnfodk@jznfhpGufI/ jyefvnfay;ydk@&rnfudk od&dSxm;oifhonf? ‚wdk@onf usifh0wf *k%foduQmrsm;udk av;pm;vdkufemygrnf[k oabmwl&efrSm rvkyfrjzpf tvkyfwpfckjzpfonf? rdrdwdk@ apmifh=unfh avhvm&rnfh e,fajrESifhvnf; tu|rf;w0if&Sd&rnfhtjyif/ rJ&Hkae&mrsm;ESifhrJa&wGufrnfh ae&mrsm;udkvnf; od&dSxm;oifhonf?

88

tu,fI avhvmolrsm;udk rJ&Hkw±HkwGifom ae&mcsxm;ygu/ ‚wdk@onf rJay;jcif;jzpfpOfwav#mufvHk; rJ±Hk rSm&Sdae&rnfjzpf+yD;/tu,fI xdkrJ&HkwGif rJa&wGufygu rJa&wGufjcif;+yD;onftxd rJ&HkwGif &dSae&rnf? tu,fI avhvmolrsm;onf a&$@ajymif;vkyfudkif&aom tzGJ@wGifyg&dSygu/‚wdk@0ifa&mufavhvmaom rJ&Hkwdkif;wGif tenf;qHk;/ rD;epf oHk;q,f=um avhvmoihfonf? apmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;tzdk@ta&;}uD;onfrSm ta&twGuf r[kwf t&nf taoG;om jzpfonf? rJ&Hkw&HkwGif a&wGufjcif; +yD;ajrmufygu avhvmolrsm;onf rJ&v'frSwfwrf; rdwWLwpHkudk t&,lxm;+yD;v#if/&v'fpm±Gufpmwrf;rsm; rJqENv$mrsm;ESifh rJay;&mwGiftoHk;ðyaom tjcm;ypPnf;rsm; udk rJ-Z,m;oGif; Xmeodk@ ydk@&mwGifvdkufyg&rnf? avhvmolrsm;onf tcgcyfodrf;rSm ormorwfusaompdwfudk ESvHk;oGif;xm;oifhonf?EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;/ udk,f pm;vS,favmif;rsm;/ tm%mydkifrsm;ESifhywfoufIvnf;aumif;/ a&G;aumufyGJESifh qufEG,faom udpP&yfwpHkwck ta=umif; ajymqdkjcif;wGifvnf;aumif;/ bufvdkufjcif; odk@r[kwf rdrdtóuufudkaz:jyajymqdkjcif;rsm; rnfonfhtcgr# rðyvkyf&? wbufbufudk tm;ay;axmufcH&ma&mufaom trSwftom;rsm;/ odk@r[kwf ta&mifrsm; 0wfqifjcif; rðyoihfay? avhvmolrsm;onf ‚wdk@. wm0efrsm;udk ±dk;±dk;ukyfukyf vkyfaqmifoihf+yD;/a&G;aumufyGJ vkyfief;pOf. rnfonfhtcef;u¾udkrS 0ifa&muf rpGufzufoifhay?tu,fI pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;ESifh rudkufnDonfwdk@udk awG@&Sdygu/ rJ&Hkwm0ef&dSolrsm;xHodk@today;oihf+yD;/rnfonfhtcgr# !$ef=um;csufay;jcif; odk@r[kwf rJ&Hkwm0ef&Sdolrsm;. qHk;jzwf csufudk y,fzsufjcif;rsm; rðyvkyfoihfay?aumufcsufqGJr_rsm;tm;vHk;onf aumif;rGefpGmrSwfwrf;wifxm;aom/ tcsuftvuft&jynfpHkaom/ cdkifvHkaom taxmuftxm;rsm;tay:wGifom tajccHoihfonf? apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;onf rdrdwdk@.wm0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmifaeaom tcsdefwdkif;wGif ,Ofaus;odrfarG@oihfonf? rdrdwdk@onf apmifh=unfhavhvma&;vkyfief;tpDtpOftwGuf wm0ef,lxm;aom jynfwGif;apmifh =unfhavhvma&; tzGJ@udk udk,fpm;ðyaea=umif; trSwf&oifhonf? rJ&Hkodk@0ifa&mufaomtcgwGif rJ&HkOuUX ESifh tjcm;rJ&Hkwm0ef&dSol rsm;xHwGif udk,fhudkudk,f rdwfqufyg? rJ&Hk0efxrf;rsm;tjyif/ avhvmolrsm;onf ygwDrsm; odk@r[kwf udk,fpm;vS,f rsm;udk udk,fpm;ðya&muf&dSaeaom avhvmolrsm;/ EdkifiHwumavhvmolrsm;ESifh rdwfqufoifhonf? tu,fI rJqEN&Sifrsm;udk,fwdkif rdrdwdk@.,Hk=unfpdwfcsr_udk tuJjzwf&efESifh pnf;urf;csKd; azmufr_owif;rsm;udk em;qif&ef a&muf&dSaeygu xdkolrsm;tm;vHk;ESifh rdwfqufoihfonf? ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&avmufaom tjrifoabmxm;rsm;tm;vHk;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oihfonf? tcsKd@aomolrsm;onf ‚wdk@.udk,fusdK;twGuf owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk vdkovdktoHk;csEdkifatmif óupm;wwf=ua=umif; avhvmolrsm; owdcsyfoihfonf? xkd@a=umifh tajctaewckESifhywfoufI bufvdkufr_uif;pGm tuJjzwfEdkif a&;twGuf rdrd.udk,fydkifqHk;jzwfcsufudkom toHk;ðyoihfonf? jzpfEkdifygu/ tkyfpkwpfpkpDrS vltrsKd;tpm;aygif;pHkESifh pum;ajymqdkoihfonf? rJay;jcif;ESifhrJa&wGufjcif;vkyfief;pOfudk avhvm&mwGif atmufaz:jyyg udpP&yfrsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonf? rJ&Hkywf0ef;usifrJ&Hkywf0ef;usifrJ&Hkywf0ef;usifrJ&Hkywf0ef;usif

� rJ&Hkonf &SmazG&vG,fulygovm;? � rJ&HkodktoGm;& cufygovm;?

89

� rJ&HktwGif; okd@r[kwf tjyif odk@r[kwf ywf0ef;usifwGif rJqG,fyGJypPnf;rsm;/ odk@r[kwf rJqG,fv_yf&Sm;r_ vuQ%mrsm; &dSaeygovm;?

� +cdrf;acsmufjcif;/ vmbfay;jcif; odk@r[kwf aESmifh,Sufjcif;ESifhywfoufaom wpHkw&m taxmuftxm; &dSygovm;?

� rJ&HkwGif wm0efESihfroufqdkifaomolrsm; &dSaeygovm;? � vHkðcHa&;wm0ef&dSolrsm;onf roihfavsmfaomtðytrlrsm; ðyvkyfaeygovm;? � rJqEN&Sifrsm;tm; tm%mvuf&Sdyk*~dKvfrsm;u yHkpHwrsKd;rsKd;jzifh rJay;&ef rufvHk;rsm; ay;aeygovm;? a&G;aumufyGJ t&m&Sdrsm;a&G;aumufyGJ t&m&Sdrsm;a&G;aumufyGJ t&m&Sdrsm;a&G;aumufyGJ t&m&Sdrsm;

� rJ&Hkt&m&Sdrsm;onf aocsmpGmavhusifhay;xm;+yD;/ rJay;jcif;/ rJa&wGufjcif;vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;ESifh tu|rf;w0if&SdyHkay:ygovm;?

� rJ&Hkt&m&Sdrsm;onf ‚wdk@. wm0efrsm;ta=umif; vGwfvyfpGm ajymqdkcGifh&SdyHkay:ygovm;? � ‚wdk@. wm0efrsm;udk ormorwfuspGm xrf;aqmifygovm;? � cef@tyfxm;aom 0efxrf;tm;vHk;a&muf&dSygovm; odk@r[kwf wpHkwpfOD;onf rJ&Hkaumfr&SifwGif � xrf;aqmifjcif;rS wm;jrpfjcif; cHxm;&ovm;? &kyf0xKypPnf;rsm;&kyf0xKypPnf;rsm;&kyf0xKypPnf;rsm;&kyf0xKypPnf;rsm;

� rJ&HkypPnf;rsm; tvHktavmuf&dSygovm;? � rJ&HkypPnf;rsm;udk o,f,lydk@aqmif+yD;aemuf rJ&HkrzGifhrD=um;umvwGif vkHðcHpGm xdrf;odrf;xm;ygovm;? � rJyHk;rsm;udk rJ&Hkt&m&Sdrsm; twdkif;om;jrifae&aomae&mwGif xm;ygovm;? � rJqENv$mrsm;onf toHk;ðy&efvG,fulygovm;? ueOD;wGif rJ&Hku rJqENv$m rnfr# vufcH&&dScJhygoenf;? rJqEN&Sifpm&if;rJqEN&Sifpm&if;rJqEN&Sifpm&if;rJqEN&Sifpm&if;

� rJqEN&Sifpm&if;wGif rJqEN&Sifrnfr#yg&dSoenf;? trSefwu,frJqENay;+yD;olrnfr# &Sdoenf;? (,if;tcsuf onf rJqENay;jcif;.tvm;tvmudk rSef;q=unfh&mY axmuftuljzpfapEdkifonf?

� rJqEN&Sifpm&if;rS rJay;cGifh&Sdoltajrmuftrsm; z,fxkwfcHxm;&yHkay:aeygovm;? � rJqEN&Sifpm&if;wGif trnfrsm; rsm;vGef;aeyHkay:ygovm;? � rJqEN&Sifrsm;onf a&G;aumufyGJ{&d,mtwGif; aexkdifolrsm; jzpf[ef&dSygovm;? rJrJrJrJqENay;jcif;qdkif&m vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;qENay;jcif;qdkif&m vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;qENay;jcif;qdkif&m vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;qENay;jcif;qdkif&m vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;

� rJyHk;onf vHkðcHa&;twGufpdwfcs&ygovm;? � rJqEN&Sifonf rJray;cifwGif rSwfyHkwifjyo&ef vdktyfygovm;? � rJqENv$mrsm;udk rJqEN&Sifrsm;xHodk@ aoaocsmcsm/ vHkvHkHkðcHðcH xkwfay;ygovm;? � rJqENv$mrsm;wGif oufqdkif&mrJ&HkwHqdyfwHk;±dkufESdyfxm;jcif;ESifh /odk@r[kwf rJ&Hkt&m&Sd (rsm;). vufrSwf a&;xdk;xm;jcif;&dSygovm;?

90

� rJay;cGifh&Sdolrsm;udk rJay;cGifhðyygovm;? � rJay;cGifhr&dSol wpHkwOD;tm; rJay;&ef cGifhðyygovm;? � rJay;onfhtcef;tjyifwGif w&m;r0ifrJay;aeol rJqEN&Sifrsm; &dSygovm;? � rdom;pktvdkufrJay;jcif; (rJay;aomtcef;twGif;wGif wpfOD;xufru&dSaejcif;) udk cGifhðyygovm;? � rJqEN&Sifrsm;tm; tcGifh&SdonfxufydkI rJqENv$mrsm;ay;ygovm;? � rJyHk;ydwfqdk@aeonfqdkaom taxmuftxm;&dSygovm;? � rJqENay;jcif; vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;udk rJqEN&Sifrsm;od&dSyHk ay:ygovm;? � tultnDvdkaom rJqEN&Sifrsm;udk aumif;rGefpGm ulnDygovm;? � rJay;jcif;vkyfief;pOfudk pDrHtkyfcsKyf&mwGif tvGeftrif;tcsdef=uef@=umr_ &dSygovm;? � rJqENay;jcif;vkyfief;pOfudk rJ&Hkt&m&Sdrsm;u aumif;rGefpGm pDrHtkyfcsKyfygovm;? � ygwDrsm; odk@r[kwf udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;. at;*sifhrsm; odk@r[kwf vufaxmufrsm;tm; rJay;jcif;/ rJa&wGufjcif;wdk@udk avhvm&ef Oya'ESifhtnD cGifhðyygovm;?

� at;*sifhrsm; odk@r[kwf vufaxmufrsm;onf +cdrf;ajcmufjcif; odk@r[kwf aESmuf,Sufjcif;rsm; cH&yg ovm;?

� at;*sifhrsm; odk@r[kwf vufaxmufrsm;onf a&G;aumufyGJvkyfief;pOfwGif 0ifa&mufpGufzuf&ef tm; xkwfjcif;/ odk@r[kwf udk,fxdvufa&muf pGufzufjcif;ðyygovm;? odk@r[kwf ygwDwck odk@r[kwf udk,f pm;vS,favmif;wOD;tm; rJay;atmif rJqEN&Sifrsm;udk qGJaqmif&ef/ +cdrf;acsmuf&ef tm;xkwfjcif; odk@r [kwf/ udk,fxdvufa&muf qGJaqmifjcif;/ +cdrf;acsmufjcif;ðyygovm;? xl;jcm;aomenf;jzifh rJqENay;r_rsm;udk txl;*&kðyoifhonf? xl;jcm;aomrJqENay;r_wGif óuwifrJay;jcif;/ a&G@ajymif;rJ ay;jcif; ESifh ppfom;rsm;/ tusOf;om;rsm;ESifh aq;&Hkwufaeaom vlemrsm;rJay;jcif;wkd@ yg0ifonf?

� óuwifrJay;jcif;wGif pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;/ vHkðcHa&; ESifh yGifhvif;jrifomr_ tjynfht0 &dSygovm;? � a&G@ajymif;rJyHk;rsm;udk Oya'ESifhavsmfnDpGm toHk;ðyygovm;? � tu,fI usef;rma&;raumif;ol ESifh ouf}uD;&G,ftdkrJqEN&Sifrsm;twGuf tdrfwGif rJay;aom aemuf qufwGJrJqEN&Sifpm&if;udk toH;kkðyygu ,if;pm&if;xJrSm trnfrsm; xl;xl;uJuJrsm;aeygovm;?

� tod&Sd&Sda&G;cs,fr_ðyvkyfEdkiff&eftwGuf ppfom;rsm;/ tusOf;om;rsm; ESifhaq;&Hkwufvlemrsm;tm; vHk avmufaom rJqG,fpnf;±Hk;r_ taxmuftxm;rsm; axmufyHhay;jcif; &dSygovm;?

� ppfom;rsm;/ tusOf;om;rsm;/aq;±Hkwufvlemrsm;twGuf xl;jcm;aomenf;jzifhrJqENay;olrsm; rSwfyHkwijfcif; tpDtpOfrsm; &Sdygovm;?

� ppfom;rsm;/ tusOf;om;rsm; odk@r[kwf aq;&Hkwufvlemrsm; v#dK@0SufrJyHk;wGif rJay;&mY/ +cdrf;ajcmufr_ t EW&m,frSuif;a0;ap&ef vHkavmufaom Oya'rsm; csrSwfxm;+yD;ygovm;?

� ppfom;rsm;onf ‚wdk@. t&m&dSrsm;a&S@wGif rJay;&efpnf;urf;xkwfxm;ygovm;? � t&m&dSrsm;onf ppfom;rsm;tm; rnfodk@rJay;&rnfudk !$ef=um;ygovm;? rJa&wGufjcif; vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rJa&wGufjcif; vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rJa&wGufjcif; vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rJa&wGufjcif; vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;

� rJa&wGufjcif;udk yGifhvif;jrifompGm aqmif&Gufygovm;? � rJa&wGufjcif;udk avhvmolrsm;/ at;*sifhrsm;/ ygwDrsm;/ udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;. vufaxmufrsm; tm;vHk; =unfh&_Ekdifygovm;?

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� rJqEN&SifrSwfyHkwifpm&if;teuf rJqENay;+yD;a=umif;rSwfwrf;wifxm;aom ta&twGufESifh vufawG@rJ ay;aom rJta&twGuf rnfuJhodk@ uGmjcm;oenf;?

� rJrsm;udk tpDtpOfwus/ vHkðcHpGm a&wGufygovm;? � rJa&wGuf+yD;aomtcg toHk;rðyaom rJrsm;tm; vHkðcHpGmxm; &dSjcif;/ y,fzsufjcif; odk@r[kwf zsufqD; jcif;ðyygovm;?

� rJqENv$mtay:wGif a&G;aumufyGJt&m&dSrsm;u trSwftom;vkyfjcif; odk@r[kwf rSwfcsufa&;jcif; ðy xm;ygovm;?

� w&m;r0ifaom rJqENv$mrsm;udk rSefrSefuefuef ppfaq;jcif;/ tjcm;rJqENv$mrsm;ESifh oD;jcm;xm;jcif; ðyygovm;?

� w&m;r0ifrJqENv$mrsm; rwefwqrsm;jym;aeygovm;? � wkdifwef;csufrsm;udk oifhavsmfpGmajz&Sif;ay;ygovm;? � at;*sifhrsm; odk@r[kwf vufaxmufrsm;onf rJa&wGufjcif;wGif pGufzuf&ef óu;yrf;jcif; odk@r[kwf udk,fxdvufa&muf pGufzufjcif;rsm; &dSygovm;?

� rJa&wGuf&mY wm0efESifhroufqdkifolrsm; &dSaeygovm;? &dSaeygu vkyfief;pOfwGif ‚wdk@onf rnfonfhtcef;u¾rS yg0ifaeygoenf;? &v'frsm; t+yD;owfjcif; ESifh o,f,lydk@aqmi&v'frsm; t+yD;owfjcif; ESifh o,f,lydk@aqmi&v'frsm; t+yD;owfjcif; ESifh o,f,lydk@aqmi&v'frsm; t+yD;owfjcif; ESifh o,f,lydk@aqmifjcif;fjcif;fjcif;fjcif;

� rJa&wGuf+yD;csdefwGif &v'frSwfwrf; rsm;udk rSefuefpGma&;om;+yD; / wm0ef&dSoltm;vHk;u vufrSwfxdk;yg ovm;?

� rJa&wGuf+yD;csdefwGif avhvmolrsm;/ ygwDESifh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;. at;*sifhrsm;ESifhvufaxmuf rsm;onf &v'frSwfwrf; rdwWLrsm; &&dSygovm;?

� &v'frsm;udk vlod&Sif=um; a=ujimygovm;? &v'frSwfwrf;rdwWLudk trsm;jrifatmifjyoxm;ygovm;? � a&G;aumufyGJpnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;/ rJqENv$mrsm; ESifh rJay;&mwGiftoHk;ðyrnfh ypPnf;rsm;udk txufqifh a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifodk@ yGifhvif;jrifompGmESifh vHkðcHpGm o,f,lygovm;?

� a&G;aumufyGJypPnf;rsm;udk txufqifha&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifodk@ wdkuf&dkufydk@aqmifygovm; odk@r[kwf tjcm;wae&modk@ v$Jajymif;ygovm;? rJay;jcif;/ rJa&wGufjcif;ESifh ywfoufaom ,cifapmifh=unfhavhvmr_tawG@tñuHudk a&G;aumufyGJae@ vkyfxHk; vkyfenf;rsm; ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfjcif;ESifhaygif;pyfjcif;tm;jzifhfh jynfwGif;apmifh=unfhavhvma&;tzGJ@tzdk@ rJqENay;jcif; ESihfrJa&wGufjcif; vkyfief;pOf. rnfhonfhtydkif;udk txl;tm&Hkpdkuf&efvdktyfa=umif; qHk;jzwf&mwGif taxmuftuljzpfap&rnf? Oyrm ,ciftawG@tñuHrSm rJrsm;udkwoDowef;}uD;pkðyHay;jcif;onf tcsKd@ae&m rsm;wGif jy\em&dSEdkifjcif; odk@r[kwf rJ&Hkrsm;odk@ a&G;aumufyGJqdkif&m pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm; aemufusrS a&muf vmjcif;wdk@udk awG@&Edkifonf? rJay;jcif;ESifh rJa&wGufjcif;udk apmihf=unfhavhvmcsdefwGif apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm; a&;jznfh&ef ðyvkyfay;xm;aom tpD&ifcHpmyHkpHxJrSm ,if;vdktyfcsufrsm;ukd xif[yfay:vGifapoifhonf?ta&;}uD;qHk;rSm tpD&ifcHpmyHkpHrsm;onf &Sif;vif;/ wdusI toHk;ðy&efvG,ful&rnf? tzGihfar;cGef;rsm; rsm;pGmyg0ifaom ppfaq;csufpm&if;&Snf}uD;rsm;onf uGefjyLwmxJodk@oGif;&mwGif tcsdefrsm;pGm,l&+yD;/ ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfr_vkyf&mwGifvnf; vGefpGmcufcJonf? tpD&ifcHpmrsm; jyefvnfay;tyfaomtcgwGif pm&GufwyHkwyifjzpfaewuf+yD;/ qufoG,fa&;vrf;a=umif;wGifvnf; tcuftcJrsm;udk

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jzpfapEdkifonf? tpD&ifcHpmyHkpH a&;qGJolrsm;onf avhvmolrsm; vG,fulpGm em;vnfap&rnf[laomtcsufudk owdcsyf&rnf? xdk@a=umifh/ avhvmoltrsm;pkonf yHkpHrsm;udk ‚wdk@ rnfr#em;vnf&vG,fulI/ rnfr#a&;jznfh& vG,fula=umif;od&atmif a&G;aumufyGJae@rwdkifcifwGif prf;=unfhoihfonf? tpD&ifcHpmyHkpHwckonf “[kwfonf” odk@r[kwf “r[kwfyg” [lI tajzay;Edkifaom ar;cGef;rsm;yg&rnfjzpf+yD; tu,fIjy\emrsm;&Sdygu jy\emrsm;udk wef;pDjyxm;aomtydkar;cGef;rsm;yg&rnf?erlemyHkpHudk atmuf wGif az:jyxm;onf?

:

“a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifonf rJqEN&Sifpm&if;wGif ryg0ifolrsm;udpPudk rnfuJhodk@ udkifwG,fajz&Sif;cJhoenf;?” [laom tzGifhar;cGef;rsm;udk jzpfEdkifor# a&SmifusOfoihfonf? pum;vHk; trsm;tjym; toHk;ðyjcif;onf ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfr_ vkyf&mY vGefpGmcufcJ+yD;/ txl;ojzifh tpD&ifcHpm axmifaomif;csDI zwf&aom tcgwGif ydkrdkI cufcJaponf? tu,fI tzGihfar;cGef;rsm;udk toHk;ðy &rnfqdkygu a&;om;xm;aom rSwfcsufrsm; tay:wGifom tm;xm;& jcif;xuf avhvmolrsm;tm; óuwifowfrSwf+yD;om; tajzrsm; ay;xm;oihfonf? ,if;erlemyHkpHudk atmufwGif az:jyxm;onf?

awG@cJhonf? rawG@cJhyg?

wpfpHkwpfOD;u wpfcgxufykdI rJay;onfudk oihfawG@cJhygovm;?

awG@&dSygu b,fESpf}udrffr# oifjrifawGcJhygoenf;? -------------

erlemyHkpH 1

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qdkif&m ar;cGef;rsm;

93

r J&Hko nf r n fho nfht w Gufa= u m ifh t c s de frDS r z Gi fhc Jho enf; ? (o i fhav s m fao m t aj z (r s m; )wGi f t r Sw fj cp fy g ?

t j c m ;&dSy g u (au s ; Zl; jy K I a&; o m; j yy g )? - - -- -- - -- -- -- - -- -- - --- - -- - -- -- - -- -- - -- -- -

a& G; au m ufyGJp m & Gufp m w rf; r sm ; r&dSI v m ; ? a& G; au m ufyGJau m fr &Si fw Gi f v lt j ynfht p Hkw ufa& m ufj c if; r &dSI v m ; ?

r J&Hkw Gi f v Hkj cHK a& ; udk j cdr f; aj c m ufj c if; r s m; & dSae I v m; ? a& G; au m ufyGJau m i fr &Si fo nf t aq m uft O D; t wGi f; okd@ 0 if& r & Iv m ; ?

O yrm 2 - } udK w ifwGu f c suf x m ; ao m ar; c Gef;rsm ;

toHk;0ifEdkifaom wwd,yHkpHar;cGef;wpfckrSm avhvmolrsm;tm; ‚wdk@avhvmxm;cJhr_ESifhywfoufI txif[yfqHk; az:jycsufwpfckudk a&G;cs,fapjcif;tm;jzifh jy\emwcktay: xifjrifcsuf ay;apjcif;jzpfonf? ,if; erlem yHkpHar;cGef;udk atmufrSm awG@Edkifygonf? ,if;yHkpHonf rJ&Hkwcktay: t=urf;zsOf; ðcHiHkavhvm&mwGif txl;toHk;0ifonf? ,ciftawG@tñuHrsm;t& avhvmolrsm;onf wef;pDjyxm;aom tuJjzwfcsuf (az:jycsuf) rsm;teuf tv,f&Sd tuJjzwfcsufudkom a&G;cs,fjywwf=uojzifh a,bk,stm;jzifh yHkpHa&G;qGJolrsm;onf tuJjzwfcsuf (az:jycsuf) rsm;udk r *%ef;jzifhay;jcif;/odk@r[kwf tuJjzwfcsuf (3) ck jzpfap/ (5) ckjzpfap ay;jcif;udk a&Smif&Sm;oifhonf?

,ckrJ&HkwGif rJay;jcif;pDrHaqmif&GufcsufwckvHk;tay: rnfodk@ ,lqoenf;? (oihfxifjrifcsufESifhywfoufI taumif;qHkudk,fpm;jyKaz:jyay;rnfhtajzudk 0dkif;Ijyyg?

csdK;azgufr_r±Sdyg tao;tzGJcsdK;azgufr_ qdk;qdk;±Gm;±Gm;csdK;azgufr_ t"ducsdK;azgufr_}uD;rsm;

tcsdK@±Sd tenf;tusOf;±Sd trsm;tjym;±Sd

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94

avhvmolrsm;taeESifh tpD&ifcHpmyHkpHudk &Sif;vif;pGm jznfhpGufI tdrfodk@rjyefcif wm0efay;tyfxm;ol odk@r[kwf ae&mwGif tpD&ifcHpmrsm; jyefvnftyfESH&ef ta&;}uD;a=umif;udk oifwef;umvrSm tav;wif; ajym=um;xm;oifh onf?

tu,fI jynfwGif;apmifh=unfhavhvma&;tzGJ@wzGJ@onf txl;wufwufºuºu&dSygu owif;tcsuftvuf ydkrdk &&dS&ef twGuf ydkI&_yfaxG;aom tpD&ifcHjcif;pepfwckudk a&;qGJI&Edkifonf? Oyrm rJ&HkzGifhjcif;/ reufcif;rJay;jcif;udk avhvmjcif;/ ae@vnfcif;rJay;jcif;udkavhvmjcif; ESifh rJa&wGufjcif;wdk@twGuf oD;jcm; tpD&ifcHpm yHkpHrsm;udk toHk;ðyEdkifonf? tu,fI ,if;enf;emudk toHk;ðyygu jynfwGif;avhvma&;tzGJ@ wckwGif ydkrdkrsm;jym;vmaom tpD&ifcHpmyHkpHrsm;ESifhtcsuftvufrsm; ukd pDrHaqmif&GufEdkfifaom vkyfEdkif&nf&dS&rnf jzpfonf?

tpD&ifcHpmyHkpHrsm;rS owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk uGefjyLwmtwGif;odk@ avhusifhay;xm;aom 0efxrf;rsm;u tcsuftvufqef;ppfcGJjcrf;ol. }uD;=uyfr_jzifh tv#iftjref/wdwdusus oGif;&rnf?tu,fI jynfwGif;apmifh =unfhavhvma&;tzGJ@wzGJ@onf ‚wdk@ukd,fydkif tcsuftvufcGJjcrf;avhvma&; uGefjyLwm aqmh0J,m rxkwfvkyfEdkif ygu/ u|rf;usifaomvlr_a&;odyHynm&SifwOD; odk@r[kwf udef;*%ef;ynm&SifwOD;ESifh aqG;aEG;wdkifyifoifhonf? taumif;qHk;rSm tcsuftvufqef;ppfcGJjcrf;olESifh tpD&ifcHpmyHkpHa&;qGJolwdk@onf tpD&ifcHpmwGif ar;cGef; enf;enf; jzifh tcsuftvuftrsm;qHk;&Edkifa&; yl;aygif;vkyfudkifoihfonf?

jynfwGif;avhvma&;tzGJ@wzGJ@onf ‚.apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;twGuf wdkif;wef;pmyHkpHrsm;udkyg wygwnf; ay;vdkuf&ef qHk;jzwfEdkifonf?EdkifiHom;rsm;ESifh avhvmolrsm;onf rJ&Hk0efxrf;rsm;ESifhywfoufaom w &m;0if wdkifwef;pmrsm;wifjy&mwGif ,if;yHkpHrsm;udk toHk;ðyEkdifonf? avhvmolrsm;onf aqmif±Gufay;r_rsm;udk apmihf=unfh Edkifa&;twGuf A[dk±Hk;odk@wdkifwef;aom wdkifwef;pmrdwWLrsm; ay;ydk@oifhonf?odkd@r[kwf avhvmolrsm;onf e,fajrqdkif&mudpPrsm;tpD&ifcH&mY qdk;&Gm;aompnf;urf;csKd;azmufr_rsm;ta=umif; tao;pdwf wifjyEdkifonf? Tenf;tm;jzifh ta&;}uD;aom jy\emrsm;. trsKd;tpm;/ }udrfE_ef;/ wnfae&mwdk@ESifhywfoufaom owif;tcsuf tvufrsm;udk pkpnf;I&Edkifonf?

e,fajrqdkif&mudpPrsm;tpD&ifcHcsuf/wdkifwef;pmrsm;trsKd;rsKd;ESifhywfoufaomydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfcsufESifh rJay;jcif;/ rJa& wGufjcif; avhvma&;yHkpHrsm;rS wqifh&&dSaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk tóuxkwfjyefa=ujimcsuf xkwfa&; twGuf tcsdefrDSpkpnf;oihfonf? taumif;qHk;rSm tóuxkwfjyefa=ujimcsufudk a&G;aumufyGJae@rS (48) em&DtwGif; xkwfjyefoihfonf? tcsKd@tajctaersm;wGif tcsuftvufxnfhoGif;aomtzGJ@onf avhvmcJhaom rJ&Hktm;vHk;rS tcsuftvufrsm;udk tóuxkwfjyefr_twGuf tcsdefrSDoGif;&efrSm rjzpfEdkifacs? ,if;uJhodk@aom tajctaersm; atmufwGif avhvmol tpDcHpmrsm;rS udk,fpm;ðypHerlemwpfcktm; tóuxkwfjyefcsufxkwf&eftwGuf toHk;ðy oihf+yD;/ ðcHiHkjynhfpHkaom qef;ppfavhvmr_tm; t+yD;;owftpD&ifcHpmtwGuf toHk;ðyoihfonf?

95

(c(c(c(c) pif) pif) pif) pifòyiòyiòyiòyif rJf rJf rJf rJ----Z,m;oGif;jcif; Z,m;oGif;jcif; Z,m;oGif;jcif; Z,m;oGif;jcif; 23232323 pifòyif rJ-Z,m;oGif;jcif; (PVT) . &nf&G,fcsufrSm EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;/ udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;ESifh jynfolvl xktwGuf &v'frsm;.w&m;0ifr_udk tuJjzwfEdkifatmif ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&aom owif;tcsuftvufrsm; axmufyHhay;&efjzpfonf? (PVT) ðyvkyf&ef vdk-rvdkudk tapmydkif;wGif óuwifI qHk;jzwfxm;&efrSm ta&;}uD;onf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf ‚udpPaqmif±GufaomtzGJ@tpnf;. apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;udkwdkif;jynf w0Srf;vHk; ae&m csxm;r_ESifhywfoufI pOf;pm; p&m&dSaoma=umihf jzpfonf? tzGJ@tpnf;wckonf rJ&Hktm;vHk;rS &v'frsm;udk pkpnf;vkyfaqmifvdkaomfvnf; vufawG@wGif vltiftm;ESifh qufoG,fr_rsm; tajrmuftrsm; vdktyfjcif;a=umifh t[ef@twm; jzpfEdkifonf? xdkodk@jzpfygu rJ&HkwcsKd@ wGif wduspGm jyifqifxm;owfrSwfxm;aom usyrf;erlemyHkpHrJ±Hkrsm;onftvGefrSefuefwdusEdkifonf? xdk@jyif aocsmoyf&yfpGm ðyvkyf xm;ygu jynfwGif;avhvma&;ktzGJ@wzGJ@tzdk@ wpHkvHk;qdkif&m &v'fESifhywfoufI ,Hk=unf pdwfcs&avmufaom a[mudef;rsm; xkwfEdkifygonf? jynfwGif;apmifh=unfhavhvma&;ktzGJ@wzGJ@onf usyrf;erlemyHkpH. taetxm;ESifh t&G,ftpm;udk qHk;jzwfaom tcgwGif u|rf;usifaom vlr_odyHynm&Sif/ pm&if;tif;ynm&Sif odk@r[kwf vlxktjrifrsm;aumuf,laom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh wdkifyifoihfonf? vlOD;a&ESifhoufqdkifaom tcsuftvuf acgif;yg;onfhtjyif/ vlOD;a&tpdyftusJ rwluGJjym;r_rsm;&dSaom ae&mrsm;wGif tawmftwef}uD;aom erlemyHkpHudk oHk;&efvdktyfa=umif;/ Oyrm rJ&Hkrsm;. q,f&mckdifE_ef;xnfhoGif;&ef vdktyfa=umif; tawG@tñuHrsm;u jyqdkonf? Tonf ESifh ajymif;jyeftajctaersKd;wGif erlemyHkpHao;ao;udk omtoHk;ðyEdkif+yD;/ TerlemyHkpHao;ao;rSaeI wwdkif; jynfvHk;&Sda±G;aumufyGJrsm;twGuf tjynfht0vnf; ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&/ tjynfht0vnf;rSefuefwdusaom&v'frsm;udk &&SdEdkifygonf? trsm;pkrJjzifh qHk;jzwfaompepf (majoritarian voting system) udk toHk;ðyaom jrdK@jytkyf csKyfa&;a&G;aumufyGJrsm; odk@r[kwf rJqENe,fajrtrsm;udk t"dutm;jzifhtajccHaom a&G;aumufyGJrsm;rSm apmifh=unfhavhvmygu rJqENe,fajrwpfck odk@r[kwf c&dkiftqifhwGif erlemyHkpH. taetxm;ESifh t&G,ft pm;udk txl;*&kðyoihfonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf a'oEW&qkdif&m rwlxl;jcm;csufrsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef vdktyfaoma=umihfjzpfonf? usyrf;erlemyHkpHwGif xnfhoGif;&rnfh rJ&Hkrsm;udk a&G;cs,f&efESifh uGefjyLwmy&dk*&rfwck jyifqif&eftwGuf (PVT) 'DZdkif;tzGJ@onf rJ&Hkrsm;tm;vkHk;twGif;&dS rJay;rnfholrsm;. ta&twGuf/ae&m/t±G,ftpm;wdk@ESifh ywfoufaom owif; tcsuftvuf twdtus vdktyfvdrfhrnf? PVT twGufa&G;cs,fvdkufaom rJ&Hkrsm;rS &v'frsm;udk pmrsufESm w&Gufpm erlemyHkpHtpD&ifcHpm pm±Gufrsm;wGif avhvmolrsm;u rSefuefwduspGm rSwfwrf;wif &rnf? tu,fI Oya'u jynfwGif;apmifh=unfhavhvmolrsm;udk rJ&Hkrsm;twGif; rJa&wGufjcif;udk apmifh=unfhcGifh ray;ygu/ jynf wGif;avhvma&;tzGJ@wzGJ@onf ‚. avhvmolrsm;tm; rJ&Hkrsm;jyifywGifjyoxm;aom &v'f rdwWLrsm;rS rJ&Hk&v'frsm;udk

23 pifòyifrJ-Z,m;oGif;jcif;ESifh ywfoufI ydkrdkod&dSvdkygu tvsiftjrefa&wGufjcif;ESifh a&G;aumufyGJapmihf=unfhavhvmjcif;/ vlxktajcðy tzGJ@ tpnf;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;twGuf NDI vrf;!$efcsuf (2002) ckESpf? The Quick Count and Election Observation, An NDI Guide for

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96

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97

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98

u? &v'fpm&if;oGif;jcif;tm; apmihf=unfhtuJjzwfjcif;. ta&;}uD;r_u? &v'fpm&if;oGif;jcif;tm; apmihf=unfhtuJjzwfjcif;. ta&;}uD;r_u? &v'fpm&if;oGif;jcif;tm; apmihf=unfhtuJjzwfjcif;. ta&;}uD;r_u? &v'fpm&if;oGif;jcif;tm; apmihf=unfhtuJjzwfjcif;. ta&;}uD;r_ &v'frsm;pm&if;oGif;jcif;ESifh pm&if;xkwfjyefjcif;onf txl; rSm;,Gif;Edkifaom/ csKyfudkiftoHk;cscH&Edkifaom vkyfief;rsm;jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh jynfwGif;avhvma&;tpktzGJ@wpfckonf a&G;aumufyGJvkyfief;pOf. ,if;u¾rsm;udk aocsmpGm/ pnf;pepfusus apmihf=unfhtuJjzwfoihfonf? avhvmolrsm;onf &v'frsm; rJpm&if;oGif;jcif;ESifh pm&if;xkwfjyefjcif;vkyfief;rsm;wGif awmufav#muf&dSaejcif;jzifh csKyfudkiftoHk;csjcif;udk umuG,fwm;qD;Edkifonf? a&G;aumufyGJae@twGif; rJqEN&Sifta&twGufudef;*%efrsm;udk wcsKd@u az:jy=u+yD;/ wcgw&HwGif uGefjyLwmpepfukdtoHkðyI owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk rSwfwrf;wif=uonf? jynfwGif;avhvma&; tpktzGJ@wpfckonf ,if;tcsuftvuf. rdwWLrsm;udk &,loihf+yD; aemiftcgwGif rJqEN&Sif ta&twGuf udef;*%ef;wGif &kwfw&wf xljcm;pGm jrifhwufvmygu rSefrrSef jyefvnf ppfaq;I &Edkifonf? rJqEN&Sif ta&twGufudef;*%ef;onf rJ&Hk&v'fygtcsuftvufESifh udkufnDr_&dSr&dS ppfaq;I &Edkifonf? ykHrSeftm;jzifh rJ&Hkwpf&Hk. &v'fta&twGufrsm;tm; a'oqdkif&ma&G;aumufyGJaumfr&SifwpfckxHodk@ ydk@ay;&onf? xdk@aemuf a'oqdkif&m&v'frsm;udk pkpnf;I EdkifiHawmftqifh A[dka&G;aumufyGJaumfr&SifxHodk@ ydk@ay;&onf? jynfwGif; avhvm a&;tpktzGJ@wpfckonf &v'frsm;pkpnf;jcif;ESifh o,f,lydk@aqmifjcif;yHkpHudk tjynfht0 em;vnf&rnf? avhvma&;tpktzGJ@onf rJpm&if;oGif;jcif;tqifhwpfckjcif;pDwGif &dSoifh+yD;/ vufajymif;vufv$Jvkyfaomae&mrsm;wGif txl;avhusifhxm;aom tpktzGJ@ rsm;udk wm0efcsxm;oihfonf? jzpfEdkifygu rnfonfhae&mwGifrqdk &v'frsm;udk wae&mrSwae&modk@ tv$Jtajymif;wGif vdkufvHydk@aqmifoihfonf? avhvmolrsm;onf w&m;0ifpm&if;oGif;xm;aom&v'frdwWLrsm; odk@r[kwf pm&ifoGif;vkyfief;pOf tqihfwkdif;rS pnf;rsOf; oabmwlcsufrsm;udk &,loihfonf? rjzpfEdkifygu xkwfjyefa=ujimaom tqifhwdkif;twGuf txl;jyifqifxm;aom wmvD pm&Gufrsm;&dS &v'ftao;pdwfrsm;udk rSwfwrf;wifoifhfonf? ,if;&v'frsm;udk rJ&Hkrsm;wGif avhvmolrsm;pkaqmif;&rdaom &v'frsm;ESifh wdkuf=unfhoifh+yD;/ ygwD/udk,fpm;vS,f avhvmolrsm;/ tjcm;a'owGif;ESifh EdkifiHwumavhvmolrsm;rS &&dSxm;aom&v'frsm;ESifhvnf; wdkuf=unfhEdkifonf? avhvmolrsm;onf rJpm&if;oGif;jcif;ESifh xyfqifhydk@aqmifjcif;rsm;twGuf pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;yg vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;tm; vkdufemjcif;&dSr&dS tpD&ifcHwifjyoihf+yD;/ rJjyefvnfa&wGufygu rsufjrif oufaotjzpf &Sdoihfonf? c?c?c?c? uGefjyLwmjzifh uGefjyLwmjzifh uGefjyLwmjzifh uGefjyLwmjzifh &v'frsm;ydk@aqmifjcif;udk apmihf=unfhtuJjzwfjcif;&v'frsm;ydk@aqmifjcif;udk apmihf=unfhtuJjzwfjcif;&v'frsm;ydk@aqmifjcif;udk apmihf=unfhtuJjzwfjcif;&v'frsm;ydk@aqmifjcif;udk apmihf=unfhtuJjzwfjcif;? ? ? ? tcsKd@wdkif;jynfrsm;wGif wifóu&v'frsm;udk A[dka&G;aumufyGJaumfr&SifxHodk@ tD;ar;vfjzifh ydk@ay;onf? avhvmolrsm;onf ,if;vkyfief;pOfudk óu;pm;apmifh=unfhoihfonf? taumif;qHk;rSm rJ&Hkwpfckjcif;pD. &v'frsm;udk a&G;aumufyGJt&m&dSwpfOD;OD;u zwfjyrnfjzpf+yD;/ uGefjyLwmtoGif;odk@ owif;tcsuftvufoGif;aom yk*~dKvfrS twnfðyay;&rnf jzpfonf? tcsKd@ wdkif;jynfrsm;wGif uGefjyLwmtwGif; tcsuftvuf rdwWLudk y&ifhxkwfI vufcHolrS vwfrSwfxdk;ay;onf? xdkuJhodk@aom tajctaersKd;wGif avhvmolrsm;onf vufcHrdwWLwpfckudk awmif;cHoihf+yD;/ uGefjyLwmtwGif;odk@ xnfhoGif;&aom ‚wdk@vuf0,fwGif&dSaom wmvDp&Gufrsm;jzifh ,if;&v'frsm;udk ppfaq;oifhonf? jynfwGif;avhvma&;tpktzGJ@wpfckonf &v'frsm;v$Jajymif;ay;ydk@&mwGif toHk;ðy&ef uGefjyLwmy&dk*&rf &dSr&dS ar;jref;oihf+yD;/ xdkrSom uGefjyLwmu|rf;usifolwpfOD;ESihf ,if;y&dk*&rfudk rJray;cif óuwifI ppfaq;Edkifrnf jzpfonf? *?*?*?*? a&G;aumufyGJt a&G;aumufyGJt a&G;aumufyGJt a&G;aumufyGJt+yD;+yD;+yD;+yD;ae@ zGH@òz;wdkufwufr_rsm;tm; apmihf=unfhtuJjzwfjcif;ae@ zGH@òz;wdkufwufr_rsm;tm; apmihf=unfhtuJjzwfjcif;ae@ zGH@òz;wdkufwufr_rsm;tm; apmihf=unfhtuJjzwfjcif;ae@ zGH@òz;wdkufwufr_rsm;tm; apmihf=unfhtuJjzwfjcif;? ? ? ?

99

a&G;aumufyGJ&v'frsm; xkwfjyef&mwGif aESmifhaES;jcif;/ a&G;aumufyGJ&v'frsm;ESifh ywfoufaom owif;tcsuftvuf jynfhpHkr_ r&dSjcif;/ rajz&Sif;&aom wdkifwef;csufrsm; odk@r[kwf &v'frsm;xkwfjyeft+yD; rnfodk@qufjzpfrnf[laom aumvm [vrsm;a=umifh a&G;aumufyGJwpfckt+yD; aemufwpfae@onf wif;usyfr_rsm;/ ra&&mr_rsm;ESifh a&mjyGef;jynfhESH@aewufonf? xdk@a=umifh jynfwGif;avhvma&; tpktzGJ@wpfckonf a&G;aumufcHudk,fpm;vS,frsm; wm0ef,ljcif;tygt0if/ a&G;aumufyGJ tvGefzGH@òz;wdk;wufr_rsm;udk aocsmpGm apmihf=unfhtuJjzwfoifhonf? jzpfEdkifor# ae&mrsm;wGif jynfwGif; avhvma&;tpktzGJ@onf a&G;aumufyGJtm%mydkifrsm;rS xkwfjyefaom aemufqHk;&v'frsm; rSef-rrSef ppfaq;jcif; tao;pdwfvkyfief;udk aqmif&Gufoihfonf? &v'frsm;tm; a&G;aumufyGJOya'wGif jyqdkxm;ouJhodk@ a&G;aumufyGJt+yD; aemufwae@ owfrSwfxm;aom tcsdefwGif xkwfjyefoihfonf? pkaqmif;jcif;/ rSefrrSefppfaq;jcif; ESifh aemufqHk;&v'fxkwfjyef&mwGif rvdktyfaom aESmifhaES;r_rsm; odk@r[kwf uGm[csufrsm;udk rSwfom;I pHkprf;az:xkwfoihfonf? jynfwGif;avhvma&;tpktzGJ@wpfckrS &v'frsm; rSefrrSefppfaq;jcif;onf a&G;aumufyGJwpfck. &v'ftay: vlxk,Hk=unfr_ ydkrdk aumif;rGefEdkifapjcif; odk@r[kwf tu,fI pnf;urf;ESifhrnD!$wfr_rsm;&dSygu &v'frsm;udkyg pHkprf;jcif;rsm; ðyvkyfEdkifonf?

(OSCE) a'otwGuf;&Sd EdkifiHtrsm;pkwGif ygwDrsm;ESifh udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf a&G;aumufyGJwpfck. &v'fudk pdefac:Edkifaom tcsdefumvudk owfrSwfay;xm;onf? ,if;uJhodk@aom tjiif;yGm;r_rsm;udk tcef; 4 wGif az:jyxm;aom enf;emudk toHk;ðyI aocsmpGm apmihf=unfhtuJjzwfoihfonf? ‚if;udpP&yfrsm;onf vHk;0 "dG[jzpfzG,f ta=umif;t&mrsm;jzpfonf? jynfwGif;avhvma&;tpktzGJ@rsm;onf w&m;&Hk; tr_wpfck. wdk;wufr_rsm;udk apmihf=unfhtuJjzwfoihf+yD;/ owif;rD'D,m odk@r[kwf tr_onfrsm;xHrS owif;tay:wGif rtm;xm;oihfay? a&G;aumufyGJtvGefumvrsm;wGif jynfwGif;avhvmolrsm;onf aemufqHk;&ufowfrSwfcsufrsm;vGJacsmfjcif;/ qHk;jzwfcsuf vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;wGif pnf;urf;vGJacsmfr_rsm;&dSjcif;/ pnf;urf;vGJacsmfr_rsm;ESifh ywfoufI pGwfpGJcsufrsm;udk pHkprf;az:xkwf&mwGif aESmifhaES;jcif;/ avhvmolrsm;odk@r[kwf EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; ESifhyGifhvif;r_enf;yg;jcif;paom vkyfief;rsm;qdkif&m jy\emrsm;udk apmihf=unfhoihfonf? a&G;aumufyGJwGif yg0ifrJqENay;cJhaom EdkifiHom; odk@r[kwf udk,fpm;vS,f wpfOD;wpfa,mufudk rJay;cJhaoma=umifh vufwHk@jyefjcif; odk@r[kwf vufwHk@jyef&efjcdrf;ajcmufjcif;rsm;udkvnf; pHkprf; az:xkwfoifhonf? rD'D,mrS wcsKd@aomtkyfpkrsm;onf jynfolvlxktm; rJ&v'fvdrfvnfr_wpfckðyvkyf&eftwGuf jyifqifae aom tcsuftvufrsm;udkvnf; apmihf=unfhoihfonf? jynfwGif;avhvma&;tpktzGJ@wpfckonf pepfwusóu;udkifcs,fvS,fyHkpHHwcsKd@ xGufay: vmjcif; odk@r[kwf a&G;aumufyGJwpfck. &v'ft}uD;tus,fxdcdkufEdkfifzG,f&dSaom jy\emrsm;tm; pHkprf; az:xkwf&ef jyifqifxm;oihfonf? tao;pdwf wdwdusus udpP&yfrsm;udk pHkprf;az:xkwf&ef txl;tvkyftzGJ@rsm;udk cef@tyfay;jcif;rsm;vnf; ,if;jyifqifr_wGif yg0ifonf? jynfwGif; avhvma&;tpktzGJ@wpfckonf EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;/ vl@abmiftzGJ@tpnf;twGif;&dS tjcm;aom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;awG@qHkoihf+yD;/ rJqEN&Sifrsm;xHwGif &dSEdkifaom pdk;&drfcsufrsm;udk em;axmifjcif;/ rJvdrfr_ESifhoufqdkifaom oufao taxmuf txm;rsm;udk vufcH&,ljcif; odk@r[kwf vdktyfEdkifaom tjcm;aom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udkvnf; &,loihfonf?

100

12121212? ? ? ? tpD&ifcHpmwifoGif;jcif;ESifh axmufcHt-uHðyjcif; u? tpD&ifcHpmwifoGif;jcif;. ta&;ygr_ c? a'oqdkif&mapmifh=unfhtuJjzwfolrsm;rS tpD&ifcHpmwifjcif; *? xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifr_qdkif&m tpD&ifcHpmrsm; C? xkwfjyefcsufrsm; i? aemufqHk;tpD&ifcHpm p? tpD&ifcHpm jzef@a0jcif;?

� avhvmoltpktzGJ@rsm;twGif; oufqdkif&mowif;tcsufrsm;udk owfrSwfcsufrsm;qD;odk@ tcsdefrSD xkwfv$ifhEdkifapaom tpD&ifcHpmwifjcif; vkyfief;abmifwpfck wnfaqmufjcif;?

� tpD&ifyHkpHrsm;/ &_a'gifhpHktywfpOftpD&ifcHpmrsm;/ rJqG,fyGJxdyfwdkufawG@r_tpD&ifcHpmrsm;ESifh a&G;aumufyGJae@ tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk wnfaqmufjcif;?

� xkwfjyefa=ujimcsufrsm;ESifh tpD&ifcHpmrsm;onf wdusr_&dSjcif;/ aumif;rGefpGm xkwfvkyfjcif; ESifh oufqdkif&mtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh woD;yk*~vdursm;xHokd@ jzef@a0jcif;?

101

u/ tpD&ifcHpmwifoGif;jcif;.u/ tpD&ifcHpmwifoGif;jcif;.u/ tpD&ifcHpmwifoGif;jcif;.u/ tpD&ifcHpmwifoGif;jcif;. ta&;ygr_ ta&;ygr_ ta&;ygr_ ta&;ygr_ a&G;aumufyGJavhvma&;wGif tpD&ifcHpmwifjcif;onf r&dSrjzpfta&;ygaom u¾wpfckjzpfonf? tpD&ifcHpmwifoGif;jcif;onf avhvmxm;cJhor#udk jynfol@rSwfwrf;tjzpf wifjyEdkifovdk tem*wf a&G;aumufyGJrsm;twGufvnf; tudk;tum;wpfcktjzpf toHk;ðyEdkifonf? tpD&ifcHpmtm; vlod&Sif=um; wifjyEdkif&eftwGuf yHkrSeftwGif;pnf;tpD&ifcHpmrsm; xkwfjyef&efvdktyf+yD;/ ,if;tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udkvnf; qef;ppfavhvmr_rsm; ðyvkyf&ef vdktyfonf? tpD&ifcHpmwifoGif;jcif;pepf. zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_ESifh pepfusaom tpDtpOf &dS&efvdktyfvdrhfrnf? jynfwGif;avhvma&;tpktzGJ@wpfckonf a&G;aumufyGJwpfckrðyvkyfcifwGif vlod&Sif=um; tpD&ifcHpm wpfapmif xkwfjyef&ef odk@r[kwf a&G;aumufyGJt+yD;rSom tpD&ifcHpm xkwfjyef rjyefudk qHk;jzwfoifhonf? oihfawmfaom tcsdeftcg odk@r[kwf yHkrSeftajccHwpfcktay:wGif az:jyvdkufonfESifhtnd a&G;aumufyGJrwdkifrSD tpD&ifcHóuwifxkwfjyefjcif;onf tkyfpkwpfpktm; vkyfief;pOfwpfckvHk;tm; tðyoabmaqmifaom ,lqcsufwpfckudk ay;pGrf;Edkifonf? jynfwGif;avhvma&; tpktzGJ@ trsm;pkonf xdkuJhokd@enf;emudk toHk;ðy=uonf? odk@aomf wjcm;tkyfpkrsm;url a&G;aumufyGJ+yD;onfhtcgrSom ‚if;wdk@. oHk;oyfcsufudk ay;vdk=uonf? rnfuJhodk@aom enf;emudk toHk;ðyonfjzpfap jynfwGif;avhvma&; tpktzGJ@wpfckonf y%mr xkwfjyefcsufESifh a&GaumufyGJt+yD; aemufqHk;ydwftpD&ifcHpmudk xkwfjyef&ef &nf&G,foihfonf? ,if;tpD&ifcHpmrsm;onf a&G;aumufyGJvkyfief;pOfwckvHk; ESifh oufqdkifaom wdusaom avhvmcsufrsm; jzpfayvdrfhrnf? avhvma&;tpDtpOfwpfckrðyvkyfcifwGif/ jzpfEdkifacsawG@&dScsufrsm;. tus,ft0ef;udk pOf;pm;xm;oifhonf? jzpfEdkifaom tajc taersm;udk rnfodk@tpD&ifcHpmwifjy&rnfudk qHk;jzwf&eftwGuf pkaygif;pOf;pm;r_rsm; (Brain storming) ðyvkyfoihfonf? jzpfEdkifacsrsm;udk jzpfEdkifacs&Sdaom &v'frsm;ESifh wGJzwfI owfrSwf&rnf? apmihf=unfhtuJjzwfr_. tpydkif;wGif ,if;udpP&yfrsm;udk pOf;pm;xm;jcif;/ r[mAsL[mESifhenf;AsL[mrsm;udk tcsdefydkfif;tvdkuf jyefvnfoHk;oyfjcif;tm;jzifh jynfwGif;avhvma&;tpktzGJ@wpfckonf &&dSvmaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk xdxd a&mufa&muftoHk;ðy&eftwGuf aumif;rGefpGm jyifqifxm;+yD; jzpfvdrfhrnf jzpfonf? c?c?c?c? a'oqdkif&mapmifh=unfhtuJjzwfolrsm;rS tpD&ifcHpmwifjcif; a'oqdkif&mapmifh=unfhtuJjzwfolrsm;rS tpD&ifcHpmwifjcif; a'oqdkif&mapmifh=unfhtuJjzwfolrsm;rS tpD&ifcHpmwifjcif; a'oqdkif&mapmifh=unfhtuJjzwfolrsm;rS tpD&ifcHpmwifjcif; a'oqdkif&mapmihf=unfhtuJjzwfolrsm;onf a&G;aumufyGJrpcif&ufydkif;tajctaersm;ukd yHkrSeftpD&ifcHpm wifoGif;&eftwGuf jyifqifr_rsm; ðyvkyf&ef vdktyfonf? ta&;}uD;aom tjzpftysuf ESifh rJqG,fyGJqkdif&m ykHpHrsm;tjyif/ ‚if;wdk@onf yHkrSeftusOf;csKyftpD&ifcHpmudk tenf;qHk; wpfywfwcg ðypkoihfonf? aumif;rGefaom tpD&ifcHpmwifoGif;jcif;pepfwpfckjzpf&ef ‚if;tywfpOf tpD&ifcHpma&;om;enf; yHkpHwpfcktm; óuwifI csrSwfxm;oihfonf? ‚if;tpD&ifcHpmonf owfrSwfcsdef twGif; jzpfcJhonfrsm;udk ar;cGef;jzifh yHkaz:oihfonf? u¾wpfckpDwGif óuwif oabmwlxm;aom acgif;pOfwpfckpD yg0if&rnf? ,if;yHkpHwGif

� a,bk,sEdkifiHa&; tajctaetusOf;csKyf? ? tao;pdwf tjzpftysufrsm; odk@r[kwf ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk yHkaz:jy+yD; &ufowWywftwGif; a'owGif; EdkfifiHa&;tajctae. tusOf;csKyfwpfckjzpfonf?

102

� a&G;aumufyGJ pDrHtkyfcsKyfa&;? ? a&G;aumufyGJtm%mydkifrsm;onf tcsdefESifhwajy;nD rJqENay;rnfh aetwGuf jyifqifjcif; &dS r&dS/ rJ&Hkta&twGufqdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh tjcm;aom oufqdkif&m udpP&yfrsm;tm; jyifqifjcif; &dSr&dS tpD&ifcHjcif;

� a&G;aumufyGJqdkif&mtjiif;yGm;r_rsm;? ? tao;pdwftjiif;yGm;r_tpD&ifcHpmrsm;tjyif a'oqdkif&m apmifh=unfh tuJjzwfolrsm;onf ‚if;wdk@a'otwGif;&dS tjiif;yGm;r_e,fy,fESifh jyefvnf wHk@jyefcsufrsm;udk pm&if;ðypk/ tr#ifrjywfap&ef ,cktcef;udk toHk;ðyoihfonf?

� rJqEN&Sifynmay;jcif;? ? rnfolu xkwfjyefxm;aom t&m/ rnfonfhta=umif;t&mESifh rnfonfh t&m oufa&mufr_&dSonfwdk@jzpfonf?

� EdkifiHa&;rJqG,fpnf;&Hk;r_? ? ygwDrsm;/ udk,fpm;vS,frsm; vkyfaqmifaeaom t&mrsm;/ ‚if;wdk@. tpnf;ta0;rsm;/ wm;qD;ydwfyifcH&jcif; odk@r[kwf jcdrf;ajcmufcH&rsm;tm; ‚if;wdk@&ifqdkfifae&jcif; &dSr&dS/ wifjyvmaom pdk;&drfzG,f udpP&yfrsm; ESifh jynfolrsm;xHrS rJqG,fyGJrsm;tay: wHk@jyefcsuf wdk@yg0ifonf?

� owif;rD'D,m? ? a&G;aumufyGJrJqG,fyGJrsm;tay: a'owGif;rD'D,mrsm;. tpD&ifcHyHk/ rD'D,mrsm;u yg0if,SOfòyifolrsm;tm; oihfwifhaom toHk;ðycGifhrsm; axmufyHhay;jcif; &dSr&dS/ owif;wifjyyHk r#wr_ &dSr&dS/ az:jyyg owif;wifjycsuftay: ygwDrsm;/ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh jynfolvlxkrsm;. wHk@jyefcsuf ponfwdk@ jzpfonf?

� 0efxrf;tkyfcsKyfa&;? ? vlxktzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf rJqG,fyGJwGif bufvdkufr_ &dSr&dS/ EdkifiHawmftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf rJqG,fyGJrsm;udk uef@owfydwfyifjcif; odk@r[kwf ygwDrsm;/ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh ‚if;wdk@. axmufcHolrsm;tay: rsufESmvdkufqufqHjcif;qdkif&m tpD&ifcHrsm; xGufvmjcif; &dSr&dS ESifh vlxktzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf Oya'abmiftwGif; vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufjcif; &dSr&dS wdk@jzpfonf?

� rJqEN&Sifrsm;tm; jcdrf;ajcmufjcif;ESifh yÉdyuQ? ? ygwDrsm; odk@r[kwf tjcm;olrsm; (tao;pdwf twdtus az:jy&rnf?) rS rJqEN&Sifrsm;tay: jcdrf;ajcmufaom tjzpftysufrsm; &dSr&dS/ yÉdyuQwpfck jzpfyGm;Edkifaom tajctae!$efjycsufrsm; &dSr&dS/ &dSygu ,if;yÉdyuQrsm;tm; wpHkw&mumuG,fxm;+yD;jcif; &dSr&dS ESifh yÉdyuQ odk@r[kwf t=urf;zufr_rsm; &dSr&dS ponfwdk@jzpfonf?

� trsKd;orD;rsm; yl;aygif;yg0ifr_? ? a&G;aumufyGJvkyfief;pOftwGif; trsKd;orD;rsm;onf wdkuf&dkuf odk@r[kwf oG,f0dkufaomenf;jzifh cGJjcm;qufqHcH&jcif; &dSr&dS odk@r[kwf wpHkw&m pdk;&drfruif;zG,fudpP&yfrsm; ay:aygufjcif; &dSr&dS ESifh trsKd;orD;rsm;onf ta&twGufrsm;rsm;jzifh vkyfief;pOftwGif; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif; &dSr&dSwdk@jzpfonf?

� wdkif;&if;om;vlenf;pkrsm;. yl;aygif;yg0ifr_? ? tu,fI ae&mwpfckonf wdkif;&if;om; vlenf;pkrsm; aexkdif&m ae&mwpfckjzpfygu ‚if;wdk@onf vkyfief;pOftwGif; tuef@towfr&dS yg0ifcGifh &r&/ ‚if;wdk@ylaygif;yg0ifr_ &dSr&dS ESifh txl;pdk;&drfzG,f&dSaom udpP&yfrsm;udk aqG;aEG;xm;jcif; &dSr&dSwdk@jzpfonf?

103

� rSwfom;p&m tjcm;udpP&yfrsm; tpD&ifcHpmonf uspfvpf/ &Sifvif;+yD;/ tcsuftvufrSefuef&rnfjzpfonf? a&mf,rf;csufrsm;udk a&SmifusOf&rnfjzpf+yD;/ udk,fwkdifavhvmxm;aom ta=umif;t&mESifh apmifh=unfhtuJjzwfolxH ay;ydk@xm;aom ta=umif;t&m ESpfcktm; aocsmpGmcGJjcm;I tpD&ifcHoihfonf? pGwfpGJcsufwpfck ðyvkyfxm;ygu apmihf=unftuJjzwfolonf ,if;pGwfpGJcsuftm; aemufxyf t&if;tjrpfwpfckESifh rSefuefa=umif; &dSr&dS/ oufaojyEkdifjcif;&dSr&dS !$efjyoihfonf? A[dk&Hk; ylaygif;avhvma&;ESifh qef;ppfcGJjcrf;a&;,lepf twGif;&dS tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk zwf&_&ef/ tpDtpOfwusxm;&dS&ef/ trsKd;tpm;cGJ&ef ESifh tusOf;csKyf&ef wm0ef&dSol twdtusxHodk@ tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk vHkjcHKpGmay;ydk@oihfonf? aemufxyfpHkprf;&efvdktyfaom ta&;udpP&yfrsm;&dSygu xdkyk*~dKvfonf qufoG,f&ef t"duae&m jzpfoihfonf? jzpfEdkifygu/ a'oqdkif&mapmihf=unfhtuJjzwfolonf yHkrSefaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;ðyvkyf&eftwGuf A[dk&Hk;odk@ oGm;a&mufoihfonf? wcsKd@udpP&yfrsm;wGif tpD&ifcHpmtusOf;csKyfrsm;udk apmihf=unfhtuJjzwfol xHjyefvnfydk@aqmif ay;oihfonf? xdkrSom ‚if;wdk@taeESifh EdkifiHt0Srf;tjzpftysufrsm;ESifh ywfouf+yD; od&dSEdkifrnfjzpf+yD;/ yHkpHtrsKd;tpm;udkvnf; cGJjcm;owfrSwfEdkifrnfjzpfonf?

*?*?*?*? xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifr_qdkif&m tpD&ifcHpmrsm; xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifr_qdkif&m tpD&ifcHpmrsm; xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifr_qdkif&m tpD&ifcHpmrsm; xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifr_qdkif&m tpD&ifcHpmrsm; A[dk&Hk;csKyfonf a&G;aumufyGJESifhqufEG,faom xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifr_rsm; tjrefqHk; odxm;&rnf? owif;tcsuftvufrsm;onf uspfvpf/ &Sif;vif;I oufaojyEkdifaom owif;rsm; jzpfEkdifor# jzpfoihfonf? apmihf=unfhtuJjzwfolrsm;tm; xdyfwdkuf &ifqdkifr_rsm;udk tpD&ifcH&eftwGuf wdk;awmif;I/ em;vnf&efvG,fulaom atmufygacgif;pOfrsm;jzifh yHkpHwpfckudk ay;xm;oihfonf?

� xdyfwdkufr_. tao;pdwfajymjycsufrsm;

� apmihf=unfhtuJjzwfolrsm;rS pDpOfxm;aom aemufqufwGJvkyfief;rsm;

� A[dk&Hk;csKyfrS awmif;cHxm;aom aemufqufwGJvkyfief;rsm; wkd@jzpfonf? C?C?C?C? xkwfjyefcsufrsm; xkwfjyefcsufrsm; xkwfjyefcsufrsm; xkwfjyefcsufrsm; tapmydkif;wGif ajymqdkcJhonfhtwdkif;yif jynfwGif;avhvma&;tpktzGJ@wpfck a&G;aumufyGJumvwpfcktwGif; =um;jzwftpD&ifcHpmrsm; odk@r[kwf xkwfjyefa=ujimcsufrsm; xkwf&ef qEN&dSEdkifonf? ‚if;vkyfief;obm0. oHk;oyfcsufonf tðyoabmaqmifaomfvnf;/ ,if;vkyfief;obm0rSwqifh zdtm;ay;r_rsm;udk vrf;zGifhay;aom yHkpHrsKd;jzpfEdkifonfudkvnf; tpktzGJ@wpfcku owdðyoihfonf? *k%ffoduQm&dSI pepfwus okawoeðyvkyfxm;aom tpD&ifcHpmrsm;onf a&G;aumufyGJqdkif&mvkyfief;pOf. tqifhtwef;qdkif&m ta&;}uD;aom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk vlxktm; axmufyHhay;Edkifrnfjzpf+yD;/ aemufxyf vGJrSm;aom vkyfaqmifcsufrsm; odk@r[kwf t=urf;zufr_rsm;udk wm;qD;Edkifrnfjzpfonf? jynfwGif;avhvma&;tpktzGJ@wpfckrS xkwfjyefonfh ta&;}uD;aom vlxkxifjrifcsufonf a'owGif;ESifh EdkifiHt0Srf;. pdwf0ifpm;r_tjrifhqHk;&dSaecsdef/ a&G;aumufyGJt+yD;vwfwavmtcsdefwGif jzpfEdkiffzG,f&dSonf? ,if;xkwfjyefa=ujimcsufonf y%mrxkwfjyefa=ujimcsufjzpfonf? tb,fa=umihfqdkaomf ‚if;xkwfjyefa=ujimcsufonf a&G;aumufyGJvkyfief;pOf (Oyrm wkdif=um;csufrsm; ESifh t,lcHrsm;) . u¾rsm;tm;vHk; jynfhpHkjcif;r&dSao;csdef xkwfjyefjcif;jzpf+yD;/ avhvmxm;or# vkyfief;pOf. u¾rsm;tm;vHk;tay: qef;ppfavhvmcsufwpfckudkom xkwfjyefoifhonf? xkwfjyefa=ujimcsuf xkwfjyeft+yD;

104

xyfavmif;pkd;&drfruif;r_rsm; ay:xGufvmjcif; odk@r[kwf owif;tcsuftvuftopfrsm; ay:xGufvmygu aemufxyfxkwfjyefa=ujimcsufwpfcktm; y%mrxkwfjyefa=ujimcsuf. aemufqufwGJ tjzpf xkwfjyefEdkifonf? xkwfjyefa=ujimcsufonf atmufyg ta=umif;t&moHk;&yftay:wGif xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oihfonf?

� aemufcHordkif;a=umif;

� Oya'abmif � a&G;aumufyGJtkyfcsKyfa&;

� a&G;aumufyGJrJqG,fyGJESifh rD'D,mtygt0if a&G;aumufyGJtóutajctae

� a&G;aumufyGJqkdif&m wdkifwef;csufrsm;ESifh t,lcHrsm;

� a&G;aumufyGJae@

� rJpm&if;oGif;jcif; ESifh &v'ftygt0if a&G;aumufyGJtvGeftajctae

� ta&;}uD;aom pdk;&drfcsufrsm;udk jzpfay:apcJhaom xdyfwdkufawG@r_rsm;. tao;pdwf? txl;ojzifh a&G;aumufyGJESifh qufEG,faom t=urf;zufr_rsm;?

EdkifiHwumuwdu0wfrsm; ESifh 'Drdku&ufwpfa&G;aumufyGJrsm;qdkif&m pH!$ef;rsm;tm; vdkufemjcif; ESifh txl;ojzifh a&G;aumufyGJ Oya'ESifh tajccHOya'rsm;ponfh oufqdkif&m EdkifiHawmfOya'rsm; jyXmef;jcif; paom a&G;aumufyGJvkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;ukd pHkprf;avhvmjcif;? y%mra&G;aumufyGJtvGef xkwfjyef a=ujimcsuftm; jynfwGif;avhvma&;tpktzGJ@wpfck. t"duawG@&dScsufrsm; ESifh oHk;oyfcsufrsm; tjzpf &_jrifEdkifonf? xdk@a=umifh xkwfjyefa=ujimcsufonf t"dutcsufrsm;tay: &Sif;vif;xm;aom az:jy csufrsm;ESifhtwl &Sif;vif;I uspfvpfr_&dS&rnf? tqHk;r&dS tao;pdwfrsm; ESifh ta&;}uD;aom ta=umif;t&m enf;yg;r_udk a&SmifusOfoihfonf? &Snfvsm;aom yHkaz:csufrsm;ESifhOyrmrsm;udk aemufqHk;tpD&ifcHpmtwGuf csefxm;oihfonf? aemufqHk;taeESifh avhvma&;tpktzGJ@wpfckonf awG@&dScsufrsm;tm; pkpnf;I aemufqHk;ydwf qef;ppfavhvm csufvkyfaqmif&ef vdktyfonf[laom t,ltqESifh ESifhqef@usifI apmvsifpGm xkwfv$ifhaom oHk;oyfcsuftwGuf rD'D,m. zdtm;ay;r_rsm;udk xdef;!dS&rnf? vkyfief;pOfu¾rsm;qdkif&m tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk qef;ppfr_rsm; ðyvkyf+yD;onfESifh wòyifeuf rJay;jcif;/ rJa&wGufjcif;ESifh pm&if;oGif;jcif;vkyfief;pOfrsm;tay: oHk;oyfcsufrsm;ESifhtwl a&G;aumufyGJt=udK umvESifh

1? a&G;aumufyGJqdkif&m t"duta=umif;t&mrsm;udk pHkprf;avhvmjcif;

2? owif;tjzpfxkwfjyefoihfaom xdwfwdkufawG@r_rsm;

3? oHk;oyfcsuf - a&G;aumufyGJqdkif&m ðcHiHk avhvmcsufrsm;

105

oufqdkifaom xkwfjyefa=ujimcsuf. tcsuftvufrsm;tm; a&G;aumufyGJrwdkifcifwGif jyifqifEkdifonf? jynfwGif;avhvma&;tpktzGJ@wpfckonf y%mrxkwfjyefa=ujimcsuf tcsdefrSDxkwfjyefEdkif&ef twGuf tpD&ifcHpm wifoGif;jcif; vkyfief;abmifwpfckudk wnfaqmufoihfonf? tkyfpkwpfpkonf y%mr xkwfjyefa=ujimcsuf wpfck xkwfjyef&eftwGuf tavmoHk;q,frjzpfoihfay? tb,fa=umihfqdkaomf ‚if;.oHk;oyfcsufrsm;onf pdwf0ifpm;r_trsm;qHk;jzpfvdrfhrnf jzpf+yD;/ a&G;aumufyGJt+yD; aemufydkif;&ufrsm; wGif jynfolvlxkESifh rD'D,monf txl;pdwf0ifwpm;&dSaecsdefwGif owfa&mufr_t&dSqHk; jzpfaoma=umihf jzpfonf? i?i?i?i? aemufqHk;tpD&ifcHpm aemufqHk;tpD&ifcHpm aemufqHk;tpD&ifcHpm aemufqHk;tpD&ifcHpm aemufqHk;tpD&ifcHpmudk a&G;aumufyGJwpfckt+yD; ESpfvtwGif; xkwfjyefoihfonf? ,if;tpD&ifcHpmwGif avhvmxm;or# a&G;aumufyGJvkyfief;pOf. u¾tm;vHk;tay: tao;pdwf qef;ppfoHk;oyfcsufrsm; yg0ifoihfonf? tpD&ifcHpmonf &Sif;vif;pGma&;om;xm;+yD;/ a&G;aumufyGJu|rf;usifolr[kwfolrsm; em;vnfEdkifapa&; taotcsm tm&Hkpdkufoihfonf? tpD&ifcHpmyg xkwfaz:ajymqdkcsufrsm;tm;vHk;onf rSefuefaom taxmuftxm;rsm;jzifh oufaojyEdkif&efrSm r&dSrjzpfvdktyfonf? oHo,&dSzG,f taxmuftxm;rsm;udk rxnfhoGif;oifhay? aemufqHk;tpD&ifcHpmwGif atmufyg tcef;rsm; yg0ifoihfonf[k t=uHðyxm;onf?

� tusOf;csKyf � ed'gef;ESifh todtrSwfðyjcif;rsm;

� EdkifiHa&;aemufcHordkif;

� Oya'a=umif;qdkif&m qef;ppfavhvmjcif;

� rJqEN&SifrSwfyHkwifjcif;vkyfief;pOf ESifh ppfaq;xm;aom rJqEN&Sifpm&if;. &v'frsm;udk qef;ppfavhvmjcif;

� a&G;aumufyGJpDrHtkyfcsKyfa&;tm; apmifh=unfhtuJjzwfjcif; � udk,fpm;vS,frSwfyHkwifjcif;tm; avhvmjcif;

� a&G;aumufyGJrJqG,fyGJtm; avhvmjcif;

� rD'D,mapmifh=unfhtuJjzwfjcif;

� rJay;jcif;/ rJa&wGufjcif; ESifh rJpm&if;oGif;jcif;tm; avhvmjcif; � w&m;0if &v'frsm;ESifh oHk;oyfcsuf

� wdkifwef;csufrsm;tay: ajz&Sif;csufrsm; ESifh vHkavmufaom aphpyf!dSEd_if;a&;pepf

� axmufcHt=uHðycsufrsm; axmufcHt=uHKjycsufrsm;tm; a&G;aumufyGJvkyfief;pOf wdk;wufaumif;rGefapa&;twGuf tðyoabmaqmifaom t=uHðy csufrsm; ay;rnf[laom tjrifwpfckjzifh &Sif;vif;pGm yHkaz:oihfonf? pmjzifha&;om;az:jyaom xkwfjyefa=ujimcsufrsm;ESifh tpD&ifcHpmrsm;tjyif jynfwGif;avhvma&;tpktzGJ@ wpfck onf awG@&dScsufrsm; ESifh axmufcHt=uHðycsufrsm;. tusOf;csKyfudk a&G;aumufyGJtm%mydkifrsm;/ EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;/ vlxktajcðytzGJ@tpnf;rsm; ESifh EdkifiHwumrdom;pkxHodk@ E_wftm;jzifhwifjy&ef qEN&dSaumif; &dSEdkifonf? ,if;vkyfief;rSwqifh ydkrdkaumif;rGefaomvkyfief;pOfwck&&dSa&; tjrifzvS,fEdkifaom tcGifhtvrf;wpfck&&dSEdkif+yD;/ jynfwGif;avhvmoltpktzGJ@wpfckESifh

106

t"duaqG;aEGolrsm; t=um; txl;ojzifh tm%mydkifrsm;ESifh a&G;aumufyGJpDrHtkyfolrsm; t=um; ,Hk=unfr_wnfaqmuf&mwGifvnf; taxmuftulðy Edkifonf? E_wftm;jzifh tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk pmtm;jzifhwifjyaom tpD&ifcHpmrsm;tm; vlod&Sif=um; xkwfjyef+yD;csufcsif; odk@r[kwf rxkwfjyefcif/ a&G;aumufyGJumvtwGif; yHkrSef tcsdefydkif; odk@r[kwf tm%mydkifrsm;/ Oya'ðytrwfrsm; ESifh a&G;aumufyGJpDrHtkyfcsKyfa&;tygt0if pdwf0ifpm;olrsm;jzifh us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ðyvkyfaom a&G;aumufyGJt+yD; ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJrsm;wGifvnf; wifjyEdkifonf? p?p?p?p? tpD&ifcHpm jzef@a0jcif; tpD&ifcHpm jzef@a0jcif; tpD&ifcHpm jzef@a0jcif; tpD&ifcHpm jzef@a0jcif; xkwfjyefa=ujimcsufrsm;ESifh tpD&ifcHpmESpfrsKd;pvHk;udk wdkif;jynf. t"dubmompum; (pum;rsm;) jzifh xkwfjyefoihfonf? jzpfEdkifygu wdkif;&if;om;bmompum;rsm; ESifh EdkifiHwumjzef@a0jcif;twGuf t*FvdyfbmomESifhyg xkwfa0oihfonf? xkwfjyefa=ujimcsufrsm;ESifhtpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk a'owGif;ESihf EdkfifiHwumrD'D,m/ EdkifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh tefef*sDtdkrsm;/ oH&Hk;rsm;/ EdkifiHawmftm%mydkifrsm;/ EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;/ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;/ tvSL&Sifrsm; ESifh EdkifiHwumrdom;pkxHodk@ jzef@a0 oihfonf? xkwfjyefa=ujimcsufrsm;ESifhtpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk jynfwGif;avhvma&;tpktzGJ@wpfck. tifwmeufpmrsufESmwGif vnf; az:jyoihfonf?

107

(OSCE) ESifh (ODIHR) ta-umif;

'Drdku&ufpDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESihf vl@tcGifhta&;&Hk; (ODIHR) onf (OSCE) . t"dutzGJ@tpnf;jzpf+yD;/ ‚if;onf yl;aygif;yg0ifaomEdkifiHrsm;tm; “vl@tcGifhta&;ESifhtajccHvGwfvyfr_rsm;udk tjynfht0vdkufem&ef w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;r_udk qkyfudkif&ef/ 'Drdkua&pD. tajccH Oya'orsm;udk jr‡ifhwif&ef ESifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; onf;cHr_w&m; jyef@yGm;ap&efenf;wl 'Drkdu&ufwpftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm; wnfaqmuf&ef/ tm;aumif;vmap&ef ESifh tumtuG,fay;&ef (1992 [,fvfpifuD a=ujimpmwrf;) ” paom vkyfief;rsm;wGif ulnDyHhydk;ay;onf? ydkveffEdkifiH0gaqmjrdK@wGif tajcpdkufaom (ODIHR) tm; (1992) yJ&pfxdyfoD;aqG;aEG;yGJwGif vGwfvyfaom a&G;aumufyGJrsm;qdkif&m&Hk; tjzpf wnfaqmufcJh+yD;/ (1991) ckESpf/ arvwGif vkyfief;rsm; pwifaqmif&GufcJhonf? wpfESpf=um aomtcgwGif vl@tcGifhta&;ESifh'Drdkua&pDðykjyifajymif;vJa&; tygt0if vkyfydkifcGifhwdk;csJ@vmjcif; tay: xif[yfr_&dSap&eftwGuf &Hk;. trnftm; ajymif;vJcJhonf? (ODIHR) onf Oa&my&dS a&G;aumufyGJavhvmr_e,fy,fwGif OD;aqmiftzGJ@tpnf;wpfckjzpfonf? (ODIHR) onf (OSCE) a'o twGif;&dS a&G;aumufyGJrsm;onf EdkifiHwGif;Oya'rsm;/ EdkifiHwumpHcsdefpH!$ef;rsm;ESifh udkufnDr_&dSr&dS pHkprf;avhvm &eftwGuf axmifcsDaom avhvmolrsm;ESifhtwl rsm;jym;vSaom avhvma&;rpf&Sifrsm;udk pDrH/ wm0efcHaqmif&Gufaeonf? ‚. olrwlxl;jcm;aomenf;emrsm;jzifh a&G;aumufyGJvkyfief;pOfyg tcef;u¾rsm;ESihf ywfoufaom twGif;usus owif;rsm;udk axmufyHhay;onf? taxmuftyHhay;a&;ya&m*sufrsm;rSwqifh (ODIHR) onf yl;aygif;yg0ifaom EdkifiHrsm; twGuf ‚if;wdk@. a&G;aumufyGJvkyfief;pOfrsm; wdk;wufapa&; tultnDay;onf?

(ODIHR) . 'Drkdua&pDðyjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif atmufyg aqG;aEG;p&mta=umif;t&m e,fy,frsm; yg0ifonf? ‚if;wdk@rSm w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;/ vl@xktajcðyvl@tzGJ@tpnf;/ vGwfvyfpGmvSKyf&Sm;oGm;vmcGifh/ vdifwef;wla&; ESifh vlukeful; jcif; ponfwdk@jzpfonf? (ODIHR) onf (OSCE) uwdu0wfrsm;+yD;jynfpHk&efESifh 'Drdkua&pDtaqmuftOD;rsm; wdk;wufzGH@òz; vmapa&; ESpfrsKd;pvHk;twGuf 0dkfif;0ef;ulnDaqmif&Guf&ef ESpfpOf ypfrSwfxm; tultnDay;a&;tpDtpOf (100) xufrenf; taumiftxnfaz:aeqJ jzpfonf? (ODIHR) onf vl@tcGihfta&;umuG,fapmifha&Smufa&;tm; twufynmqkdif&m tultnDay;a&; ya&m*sufrsm;ESifh vlom;tcef;u¾udpP&yfrsm;twGuf oifwef;rsm;ydk@csjcif; ponfhvkyfief;pOfrsm;rSwqifh jr‡ifhwifonf? xdk@tjyif (ODIHR) onf yl;aygif;yg0ifaom EkdifiHrsm;. (OSCE) vlom; tcef;u¾qdkif&m uwdu0wfrsm; taumiftxnfaz:jcif;ESihf ywfoufI ESpfpOf jyefvnfoHk;oyfonf? ‚if;. t=urf;zufqef@usifa&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif (ODIHR) onf vlom; tcef; u¾udpP&yfrsm; em;vnf odjrifvmapa&; ESifh t=urf;zufr_tm; jzpfay:apaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk tajccHusus &Sif;vif;Edkifaom ya&m*sufrsm;udk aqmif&Gufv#uf&dSonf?

(ODIHR) onf yl;aygif;yg0ifaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm; a&mr ESif pifwD (Roma and Sinti) qdkif&m ‚wdk@. rl0g'rsm;ESifh ywfoufI t=uHn%fay;onf? (ODIHR) onf a&mrESifh pifwDEdkifiHrsm;t=um; t&nftaoG;jrSifhwifa&;vkyfief;rsm;/ uGef,ufwnfaqmufjcif;rsm;udk jrSifhwifay;+yD;/ a&mrESifh pifwDudk,fpm;vS,frsm;tm; rl0g'csrSwfa&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif

108

yg0ifapa&; tm;ay;tm;ajrSmufðyonf? (ODIHR) onf EkdifiHwGif;ESifh EdkifiHwumaqmif&Gufolrsm;t=um; a&mr ESifh pifwDudpP&yfrsm;ESifh oufqdkifaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm; zvS,f&eftwGuf owif;tcsuftvufrsm;pkpnf;&m/ jzef@cGJ&mae&mwpfcktjzpf aqmif&Gufay;onf? (ODIHR) vkyfaqmifcsuftm;vHk;tm; (OSCE) tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ uGif;qif;pDrHcsufrsm;enf;wl tjcm;aom EdkifiHwum tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifhvnf; eD;eD;uyfuyf yl;aygif;wm0efcHaqmif&Gufonf? ydkrdkod&dSvdkygu (ODIHR) tifwmeufpmrsufESm (www.osce.org/odihr) wGif &&dSEdkifonf?

109

aemufausmtzHk;

r=umao;rDESpfrsm;wGif/ a&G;aumufyGJrsm;ESifh jynfol@qENcH,lyGJrsm;udk apmifh =unfhavhvmonfhvkyfief;rsm; xGef;um; vmcJh+yD;/ ‚if;wdk@udk 'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;a&;ESifh vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;udk axmufcHyhHydk;ay;&ef/ ta&;}uD;onfh vkyfief; aqmifwmrsm;tjzpf aqmif&GufvmcJh=uygonf? a&G;aumufyGJrsm;onf 'Drdkua&pDpepftwGuf r&Sdrjzpfta&;yg+yD;/ jynfolvlxk rsm;u tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tay: ,Hk=unfudk;pm;r_&Sdjcif;ESifh a&G;aumufyGJrsm;ESifh oufqdkifaomvkyfief;pOfrsm;onfvnf; rnfodk@ aom'Drdkua&pD tpdk;&rqdk. tm%mtajccHtkwfjrpftjzpf xlaxmifay;&ef ta&;}uD;ygonf?

EdkifiHwum. }uD;=uyfapmifh =unfhr_onf vltrsm;. tm&Hkpl;pdkufr_t&&SdqHk;jzpf+yD;/ ydkrdkvlodrsm; xif&Sm;aponfh tcsdefwGif/ jynfwGif;Y apmifh=unfhavhvmaeolrsm;. tcef;u¾ onfvnf; ydkIta&;ygvmcJhygonf? jynfwGif;&Sd apmifh =unfhavhvma&;tzGJ@rsm;a=umifh/ Oya'csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk umuG,fwm;qD;Edkif+yD;/ a&G;aumufyGJvkyfief;pOftay: oef@&Sif; pif=u,fr_ESifh cdkifrmwnf=unfr_tay: vlxk,Hk=unfr_ wdk;wuf&&Sdapygonf?

TvufpGJpmtkyfonf/ jynfwGif;&Sd apmifh=unfhavhvma&;tzGJ@rsm;twGuf enf;emrsm;ESifh vkyfief;oHk;enf;vrf; u&d,mrsm;udk azmfjyay;xm;+yD;/ ‚if;wdk@udk toHk;ðyI/ pepfusaom zufpHkjynfhpHkaom a&G;aumufyGJavhvmapmifh=unfha&; vkyfief;rsm; aqmif&GufEdkifygvdrfhrnf?

110

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