HAMLETPRINCE OF DENMARK

WRITTEN BY:“THE GREAT”

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE

WHO IS WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE?

• Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, in 1564. Very little is known about his life, but by 1592 he was in London working as an actor and a dramatist. Between about 1590 and 1613, Shakespeare wrote at least 37 plays and collaborated on several more. Many of these plays were very successful both at court and in the public playhouses. In 1613, Shakespeare retired from the theatre and returned to Stratford-upon-Avon. He died and was buried there in 1616.

WHY SHAKESPEARE WROTE HAMLET?• For money. Shakespeare was a professional playwright and also a part owner of the

theatre. Audiences wanted new plays, not reruns, so it benefited the theatre companies and the owners to have a prolific playwright as part of the company.

WHAT WAS SHAKESPEARE’S INSPIRATION IN WRITING HAMLET?

• Many people think that Shakespeare based Hamlet on the legend of Amleth. There was also an old Elizabethan play named "Ur-Hamlet", which has now been lost. This is thought to be the biggest source for Shakespeare. Some believe that Shakespeare may have been inspired by the death of his own son 'Hamnet' when writing 'Hamlet.' His son was only 11 years old when he died, and as his only son, Shakespeare was probably deeply upset. Suggestions have been that the grief and loss that Shakespeare was feeling was put into the tragedy. If so, it is peculiar that he would have expressed these feelings four or five years after Hamnet's death but not in such plays as Henry IV Part I or The Merry Wives of Windsor which he wrote shortly afterwards. In all likelihood the connection with Shakespeare's son is entirely based on the coincidental similarity of the names Hamlet and Hamnet.

CHARACTERS IN THE STORY

Hamlet - The Prince of Denmark, the title

character, and the protagonist. About thirty

years old at the start of the play, Hamlet is

the son of Queen Gertrude and the late King

Hamlet, and the nephew of the present king, Claudius. Hamlet is melancholy, bitter, and cynical, full of hatred for his uncle’s scheming and disgust for his mother’s sexuality. A reflective and thoughtful young man who has studied at the University of Wittenberg, Hamlet is often indecisive and hesitant, but at other times prone to rash and impulsive acts.

CHARACTERS OF THE STORY

Claudius - The King of Denmark, Hamlet’s

uncle, and the play’s antagonist. The villain of the

play, Claudius is a calculating, ambitious politician,

driven by his sexual appetites and his lust for power,

but he occasionally shows signs of guilt and

human feeling—his love for Gertrude, for instance, seems sincere.

CHARACTERS OF THE STORY

Gertrude - The Queen of Denmark, Hamlet’s

mother, recently married to Claudius. Gertrude

loves Hamlet deeply, but she is a shallow, weak

woman who seeks affection and status more

urgently than moral rectitude or truth.

CHARACTERS OF THE STORY

Polonius - The Lord Chamberlain of

Claudius’s court, a pompous, conniving old

man. Polonius is the father of Laertes and Ophelia.

CHARACTERS OF THE STORY

Horatio - Hamlet’s close friend, who studied

with the prince at the university in Wittenberg.

Horatio is loyal and helpful to Hamlet

throughout the play. After Hamlet’s death,

Horatio remains alive to tell Hamlet’s story.

CHARACTERS OF THE STORY

Ophelia - Polonius’s daughter, a beautiful young

woman with whom Hamlet has been in love.

Ophelia is a sweet and innocent young girl, who

obeys her father and her brother, Laertes.

Dependent on men to tell her how to behave, she

gives in to Polonius’s schemes to spy on Hamlet.

Even in her lapse into madness and death, she remains maidenly, singing songs about flowers and finally drowning in the river amid the flower garlands she had gathered.

CHARACTERS OF THE STORY

Laertes - Polonius’s son and Ophelia’s brother,

a young man who spends much of the play in France.

Passionate and quick to action, Laertes is clearly a foil

for the reflective Hamlet.

CHARACTERS OF THE STORY

Fortinbras - The young Prince of Norway, whose

father the king (also named Fortinbras) was killed

by Hamlet’s father (also named Hamlet). Now

Fortinbras wishes to attack Denmark to avenge

his father’s honor, making him another foil for

Prince Hamlet.

CHARACTERS OF THE STORY

The Ghost - The specter of Hamlet’s recently

deceased father. The ghost, who claims to have

been murdered by Claudius, calls upon Hamlet

to avenge him. However, it is not entirely certain

whether the ghost is what it appears to be, or

whether it is something else. Hamlet speculates

that the ghost might be a devil sent to deceive him and tempt him into murder, and the question of what the ghost is or where it comes from is never definitively resolved.

CHARACTERS OF THE STORY

Rosencrantz and Guildenstern - Two slightly

bumbling courtiers, former friends of Hamlet from

Wittenberg, who are summoned by Claudius and

Gertrude to discover the cause of Hamlet’s

strange behavior.

CHARACTERS OF THE STORY

Marcellus and Bernardo - The officers who first

see the ghost walking the ramparts of Elsinore

and who summon Horatio to witness it. Marcellus

is present when Hamlet first encounters the ghost.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF HAMLET• king Hamlet is dead.

• Claudius, king Hamlet’s brother, marries Queen Gertrude.

• The ghost of the dead king appears.

• In a soliloquy, Prince Hamlet, the son of King Hamlet and Queen Gertrude, expresses his anger against his mother for her hasty remarriage

• The king asks Hamlet to stay in Denmark.

• Polonius, the king’s counselor, and Laertes, his son, warn Ophelia, Polonius’ daughter, against Hamlet.

• The ghost tells Hamlet that he must avenge his father’s murder.

• Hamlet asks a group of actors to act a play that shows events similar to the killing of King Hamlet in front of Claudius and Gertrude

• Hamlet becomes sure of what the ghost told him.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF HAMLET• Hamlet wants to kill the king, but finds him praying.

• He confronts his mother and kills Polonius who was hiding behind the curtain.

• The king sends Hamlet to England and sends Rosencrantz and Guildenstern with him, giving them orders to kill the prince.

• Ophelia becomes mad.

• Hamlet returns to Denmark.

• Claudius puts a plan to kill Hamlet by the poisoned sword in a duel with Laertes.

• Ophelia drowns in a pond.

• Hamlet and Horatio are at the graveyard

• .A funeral comes and Hamlet discovers that it is Ophelia’s coffin.

• Hamlet and Laertes fight.

• Hamlet accepts the fencing contest with Laertes

BRIEF SUMMARY OF HAMLET• Hamlet and Horatio are at the graveyard

• A funeral comes and Hamlet discovers that it is Ophelia’s coffin.

• Hamlet and Laertes fight.

• Hamlet accepts the fencing contest with Laertes

• The king offers Hamlet the poisoned drink, but he does not take it. The Queen drinks it.

• Hamlet is wounded with the poisoned sword, and Hamlet wounds Laertes with the same sword.

• As Laertes is dying, he tells Hamlet that the king is to blame for the poisoned sword and the poison in the cup. Hamlet stabs the king and forces him to drink from the cup.

• Fortinbras, the king of Norway, arrives with his army to conquer Denmark.

• Hamlet urges Horatio to tell his story. He says that he wishes Fortinbras to be made King of Denmark; then he dies.

• Fortinbras orders for Hamlet to be carried away like a brave soldier.

KEY FACTS• full title · The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark

• author · William Shakespeare

• type of work · Play

• genre · Tragedy, revenge tragedy

• language · English

• time and place written · London, England, early seventeenth century (probably 1600–1602)

• date of first publication · 1603, in a pirated quarto edition titled The Tragicall Historie of Hamlet; 1604 in a superior quarto edition

• protagonist · Hamlet

KEY FACTS• setting (time) · The late medieval period, though the play’s chronological setting is

notoriously imprecise

• settings (place) · Denmark

• foreshadowing · The ghost, which is taken to foreshadow an ominous future for Denmark

• tone · Dark, ironic, melancholy, passionate, contemplative, desperate, violent

• themes · The impossibility of certainty; the complexity of action; the mystery of death; the nation as a diseased body

• motifs · Incest and incestuous desire; ears and hearing; death and suicide; darkness and the supernatural; misogyny

• symbols · The ghost (the spiritual consequences of death); Yorick’s skull (the physical consequences of death)

FAMOUS LINES • “Something is rotten in the state of Denmark”.

• This line is spoken by Marcellus in Act I, scene iv (67), as he and Horatio debate whether or not to follow Hamlet and the ghost into the dark night. The line refers both to the idea that the ghost is an ominous omen for Denmark and to the larger theme of the connection between the moral legitimacy of a ruler and the health of the state as a whole. The ghost is a visible symptom of the rottenness of Denmark created by Claudius’s crime.

FAMOUS LINES• “To be, or not to be: that is the question:”

• This soliloquy, probably the most famous speech in the English language, is spoken by Hamlet in Act III, scene i (58–90). His most logical and powerful examination of the theme of the moral legitimacy of suicide in an unbearably painful world, it touches on several of the other important themes of the play. Hamlet poses the problem of whether to commit suicide as a logical question: “To be, or not to be,” that is, to live or not to live. He then weighs the moral ramifications of living and dying. Is it nobler to suffer life,

FUN FACTS AND TRIVIAS

FUN FACTS AND TRIVIAS

FUN FACTS AND TRIVIAS

• To date, since the beginnings of the cinema and television, there have been over 50 productions film of Hamlet, for both the big and small screen.

• To date, over 200 women have played the role of Hamlet on stage. The first female Hamlet appearing on film, was Sarah Bernhardt. Actress Eve Donne is believed to be the first Hamlet on Radio. Sarah Siddons, an 18th Century actress, is among the first women ever to play the Dane.

THANK YOU FOR LISTENINGDISCUSSED BY: MHARENCE DELA CRUZ