hamdi vs rumsfeld.docx

8/18/2019 Hamdi vs Rumsfeld.docx

1/25


2/25

$'&&tte", '( )"e" the te(('(!t )tt)$5! '( h)(3'(e" !u$h

'(.)n1)t'n! '( -e(!'n!, n '("e( t' -(eent )n+ #utu(e )$t! '#

nte(n)t'n)% te(('(!& ).)n!t the Unte" St)te! 3+ !u$h n)t'n!,

'(.)n1)t'n! '( -e(!'n!6 Auth'(1)t'n #'( U!e '# M%t)(+ F'($e =the

AUMF>, ? St)t6 2246 S''n the(e)#te(, the P(e!"ent '("e(e" Unte"

St)te! A(&e" F'($e! t' A#.h)n!t)n, th ) &!!'n t' !u3"ue )% 9)e")

)n" @ue%% the T)%3)n (e.&e th)t )! 5n'n t' !u--'(t t6

Th! $)!e )(!e! 'ut '# the "etent'n '# ) &)n h'& the

/'e(n&ent )%%e.e! t''5 u- )(&! th the T)%3)n "u(n. th! $'n#%$t6

H! n)&e ! )!e( E!)& H)&"6 B'(n )n A&e($)n $t1en n L'u!)n)

n 80, H)&" &'e" th h! #)&%+ t' S)u" A()3) )! ) $h%"6 B+

200, the -)(te! ).(ee, he (e!"e" n A#.h)n!t)n6 At !'&e -'nt th)t

+e)(, he )! !e1e" 3+ &e&3e(! '# the N'(the(n A%%)n$e, ) $')%t'n

'# &%t)(+ .('u-! '--'!e" t' the T)%3)n .'e(n&ent, )n" eentu)%%+

)! tu(ne" 'e( t' the Unte" St)te! &%t)(+6 The /'e(n&ent )!!e(t!

th)t t nt)%%+ "et)ne" )n" nte(('.)te" H)&" n A#.h)n!t)n 3e#'(e

t()n!#e((n. h& t' the Unte" St)te! N))% B)!e n /u)nt)n)&' B)+ n

J)nu)(+ 20026 In A-(% 2002, u-'n %e)(nn. th)t H)&" ! )n A&e($)n

$t1en, )uth'(te! t()n!#e((e" h& t' ) n))% 3(. n N'(#'%5, (.n),

he(e he (e&)ne" unt% ) (e$ent t()n!#e( t' ) 3(. n Ch)(%e!t'n,

S'uth C)('%n)6 The /'e(n&ent $'nten"! th)t H)&" ! )n ene&+

$'&3)t)nt, )n" th)t th! !t)tu! :u!t#e! h'%"n. h& n the Unte"

St)te! n"e#nte%+th'ut #'(&)% $h)(.e! '( -('$ee"n.!un%e!! )n"

unt% t &)5e! the "ete(&n)t'n th)t )$$e!! t' $'un!e% '( #u(the(

-('$e!! ! )(()nte"6

In June 2002, H)&"*! #)the(, E!)& F'u)" H)&", #%e" the -(e!ent

-ett'n #'( ) (t '# h)3e)! $'(-u! un"e( 28 U6S6C6 224 n the

E)!te(n D!t($t '# (.n), n)&n. )! -ett'ne(! h! !'n )n" h&!e%#

)! ne;t #(en"6 The e%"e( H)&" )%%e.e! n the -ett'n th)t he h)! h)"

n' $'nt)$t th h! !'n !n$e the /'e(n&ent t''5 $u!t'"+ '# h& n

200, )n" th)t the /'e(n&ent h)! he%" h! !'n th'ut )$$e!! t'

%e.)% $'un!e% '( n't$e '# )n+ $h)(.e! -en"n. ).)n!t h&6 A--6 0


3/25

(e!-'n"ent! t' $e)!e nte(('.)tn. h& = "e$%)(e th)t he ! 3en.

he%" n '%)t'n '# the F#th )n" F'u(teenth A&en"&ent! =4> [t]'

the e;tent Re!-'n"ent! $'nte!t )n+ &)te()% #)$tu)% )%%e.)t'n! n th!

Pett'n, !$he"u%e )n e"ent)(+ he)(n., )t h$h Pett'ne(! &)+

)""u$e -(''# n !u--'(t '# the( )%%e.)t'n! )n" =?> '("e( th)t H)&"

3e (e%e)!e" #('& h! un%)#u% $u!t'"+6 Id 6, )t 0806 A%th'u.h h!

h)3e)! -ett'n -('"e! n' "et)%! th (e.)(" t' the #)$tu)%

$($u&!t)n$e! !u(('un"n. h! !'n*! $)-tu(e )n" "etent'n, H)&"*!

#)the( h)! )!!e(te" n "'$u&ent! #'un" e%!ehe(e n the (e$'(" th)t

h! !'n ent t' A#.h)n!t)n t' "' (e%e# '(5, )n" th)t he h)" 3een

n th)t $'unt(+ %e!! th)n t' &'nth! 3e#'(e Se-te&3e( , 200, )n"

$'u%" n't h)e (e$ee" &%t)(+ t()nn.6Id 6, )t 8886 The 207

+e)(7'%" )! t()e%n. 'n h! 'n #'( the #(!t t&e, h! #)the( !)+!,

)n" [3]e$)u!e '# h! %)$5 '# e;-e(en$e, he )! t()--e" n

A#.h)n!t)n 'n$e th)t &%t)(+ $)&-).n 3e.)n6 Id 6, )t 8886

The D!t($t C'u(t #'un" th)t H)&"*! #)the( )! ) -('-e( ne;t

#(en", )--'nte" the #e"e()% -u3%$ "e#en"e( )! $'un!e% #'( the

-ett'ne(!, )n" '("e(e" th)t $'un!e% 3e .en )$$e!! t' H)&"6 Id 6, )t


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)%!' #)&%)( th the #)$t! )n" $($u&!t)n$e! (e%)te" t' the $)-tu(e

'# G H)&" )n" h! "etent'n 3+ U6S6 &%t)(+ #'($e!6 Ibid 6

M'33! then !et #'(th h)t (e&)n! the !'%e e"ent)(+ !u--'(t th)t

the /'e(n&ent h)! -('"e" t' the $'u(t! #'( H)&"*! "etent'n6 The

"e$%)()t'n !t)te! th)t H)&" t()e%e" t' A#.h)n!t)n n Ju%+ '(Au.u!t 200, )n" th)t he the(e)#te( )##%)te" th ) T)%3)n &%t)(+

unt )n" (e$ee" e)-'n! t()nn.6 Ibid 6 It )!!e(t! th)t H)&"

(e&)ne" th h! T)%3)n unt #'%%'n. the )tt)$5! '# Se-te&3e(

)n" th)t, "u(n. the t&e hen N'(the(n A%%)n$e #'($e! e(e

en.).e" n 3)tt%e th the T)%3)n, H)&"*! T)%3)n unt

!u((en"e(e" t' th'!e #'($e!, )#te( h$h he !u((en"e([e"] h!

)%!hn5' )!!)u%t (#%e t' the&6 Id 6, )t 4846 The M'33!

De$%)()t'n )%!' !t)te! th)t, 3e$)u!e )% 9)e") )n" the T)%3)n e(e

)n" )(e h'!t%e #'($e! en.).e" n )(&e" $'n#%$t th the )(&e" #'($e!

'# the Unte" St)te!, n""u)%! )!!'$)te" th th'!e .('u-!

e(e )n" $'ntnue t' 3e ene&+ $'&3)t)nt!6 Id 6, )t 46 M'33!

!t)te! th)t H)&" )! %)3e%e" )n ene&+ $'&3)t)nt [3])!e" u-'n h!

nte(e! )n" n %.ht '# h! )!!'$)t'n th the T)%3)n6 Ibid 6

A$$'("n. t' the "e$%)()t'n, ) !e(e! '# U6S6 &%t)(+ !$(eenn.

te)&[!] "ete(&ne" th)t H)&" &et the $(te() #'( ene&+

$'&3)t)nt!, )n" ) !u3!e@uent nte(e '# H)&" h)! $'n#(&e"

th)t he !u((en"e(e" )n" .)e h! #(e)(& t' N'(the(n A%%)n$e #'($e!,

h$h !u--'(t! h! $%)!!#$)t'n )! )n ene&+ $'&3)t)nt6Id 6, )t 4

?06

A#te( the /'e(n&ent !u3&tte" th! "e$%)()t'n, the F'u(th C($ut

"(e$te" the D!t($t C'u(t t' -('$ee" n )$$'(")n$e th t! e)(%e(

(u%n. )n", !-e$#$)%%+, t' $'n!"e( the !u##$en$+ '# the M'33!

De$%)()t'n )! )n n"e-en"ent &)tte( 3e#'(e -('$ee"n. #u(the(6*


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/'e(n&ent '##$)%! h' &)"e the "ete(&n)t'n! th)t H)&" )! )n

ene&+ $'&3)t)nt )n" th)t he !h'u%" 3e &'e" t' ) n))% 3(.6 Id 6, )t

8?8K6 The $'u(t n"$)te" th)t )%% '# the!e &)te()%! e(e

ne$e!!)(+ #'( &e)nn.#u% :u"$)% (ee '# hethe( H)&"*!

"etent'n )! %e.)%%+ )uth'(1e" )n" hethe( H)&" h)" (e$ee"

!u##$ent -('$e!! t' !)t!#+ the Due P('$e!! C%)u!e '# the C'n!ttut'n

)n" (e%e)nt t(e)te! '( &%t)(+ (e.u%)t'n!6 Id 6, )t 2226

The /'e(n&ent !'u.ht t' )--e)% the -('"u$t'n '("e(, )n" the

D!t($t C'u(t $e(t#e" the @ue!t'n '# hethe( the M'33! De$%)()t'n,

!t)n"n. )%'ne, ! !u##$ent )! ) &)tte( '# %) t' )%%' &e)nn.#u%

:u"$)% (ee '# [H)&"*!] $%)!!#$)t'n )! )n ene&+ $'&3)t)nt6*

)n"

A(t$%e ? '# the /ene) C'nent'n (en"e(e" )n+ !u$h "etent'n!

un%)#u%6 The $'u(t e;-(e!!e" "'u3t )! t' H)&"*! )(.u&ent th)t

400=)>, h$h -('"e! th)t [n]' $t1en !h)%% 3e &-(!'ne" '(

'the(!e "et)ne" 3+ the Unte" St)te! e;$e-t -u(!u)nt t' )n A$t '#

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6/25

C'n.(e!!, (e@u(e" e;-(e!! $'n.(e!!'n)% )uth'(1)t'n '# "etent'n!

'# th! !'(t6 But t he%" th)t, n )n+ eent, !u$h )uth'(1)t'n )!

#'un" n the -'!t7Se-te&3e( Auth'(1)t'n #'( U!e '# M%t)(+

F'($e6 6 The $'u(t %5e!e (e:e$te" H)&"*!

/ene) C'nent'n $%)&, $'n$%u"n. th)t the $'nent'n ! n't !e%#7e;e$utn. )n" th)t, een # t e(e, t 'u%" n't -(e$%u"e the

E;e$ute #('& "et)nn. H)&" unt% the $e!!)t'n '# h'!t%te!6


7/25

The th(e!h'%" @ue!t'n 3e#'(e u! ! hethe( the E;e$ute h)! the

)uth'(t+ t' "et)n $t1en! h' @u)%#+ )! ene&+ $'&3)t)nt!6

The(e ! !'&e "e3)te )! t' the -('-e( !$'-e '# th! te(&, )n" the

/'e(n&ent h)! nee( -('"e" )n+ $'u(t th the #u%% $(te() th)t t

u!e! n $%)!!#+n. n""u)%! )! !u$h6 It h)! &)"e $%e)(, h'ee(,

th)t, #'( -u(-'!e! '# th! $)!e, the ene&+ $'&3)t)nt th)t t !

!ee5n. t' "et)n ! )n n""u)% h', t )%%e.e!, )! -)(t '# '(

!u--'(tn. #'($e! h'!t%e t' the Unte" St)te! '( $')%t'n -)(tne(!*

n A#.h)n!t)n )n" h' en.).e" n )n )(&e" $'n#%$t ).)n!t the

Unte" St)te!* the(e6 B(e# #'( Re!-'n"ent! !t)te! th)t [n]' $t1en !h)%% 3e &-(!'ne"

'( 'the(!e "et)ne" 3+ the Unte" St)te! e;$e-t -u(!u)nt t' )n A$t

'# C'n.(e!!6 C'n.(e!! -)!!e" 400=)> n )! -)(t '# ) 3%% t'(e-e)% the E&e(.en$+ Detent'n A$t '# ?0, ?0 U6S6C6 8 et seq 6,

h$h -('"e" -('$e"u(e! #'( e;e$ute "etent'n, "u(n. t&e! '#

e&e(.en$+, '# n""u)%! "ee&e" %5e%+ t' en.).e n e!-'n).e '(

!)3't).e6 C'n.(e!! )! -)(t$u%)(%+ $'n$e(ne" )3'ut the -'!!3%t+

th)t the A$t $'u%" 3e u!e" t' (e-(!e the J)-)ne!e nte(n&ent $)&-!

'# W'(%" W)( II6 H6 R6 Re-6 N'6 2K => id., )t 4 =The

$'n$ent()t'n $)&- &-%$)t'n! '# the %e.!%)t'n (en"e( t

)3h'((ent>6 The /'e(n&ent ).)n -(e!!e! t' )%te(n)te

-'!t'n!6 F(!t, t )(.ue! th)t 400=)>, n %.ht '# t! %e.!%)te

h!t'(+ )n" t! %'$)t'n n Tt%e 8, )--%e! 'n%+ t' the $'nt('% '#

$%)n -(!'n! )n" (e%)te" "etent'n!, n't t' &%t)(+ "etent'n!6

B(e# #'( Re!-'n"ent! 26 Se$'n", t &)nt)n! th)t 400=)> !

!)t!#e", 3e$)u!e H)&" ! 3en. "et)ne" -u(!u)nt t' )n A$t '#

C'n.(e!!the AUMF6 Id 6, )t 2226 A.)n, 3e$)u!e e $'n$%u"e th)t

the /'e(n&ent*! !e$'n" )!!e(t'n ! $'((e$t, e "' n't )""(e!! the

#(!t6 In 'the( '("!, #'( the (e)!'n! th)t #'%%', e $'n$%u"e th)t the

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8/25

AUMF ! e;-%$t $'n.(e!!'n)% )uth'(1)t'n #'( the "etent'n '#

n""u)%! n the n)((' $)te.'(+ e "e!$(3e =)!!u&n., th'ut

"e$"n., th)t !u$h )uth'(1)t'n ! (e@u(e">, )n" th)t the AUMF

!)t!#e" 400=)>*! (e@u(e&ent th)t ) "etent'n 3e -u(!u)nt t' )n

A$t '# C'n.(e!! =)!!u&n., th'ut "e$"n., th)t 400=)> )--%e! t'

&%t)(+ "etent'n!>6

The AUMF )uth'(1e! the P(e!"ent t' u!e )%% ne$e!!)(+ )n"

)--('-()te #'($e ).)n!t n)t'n!, '(.)n1)t'n!, '( -e(!'n!

)!!'$)te" th the Se-te&3e( , 200, te(('(!t )tt)$5!6 ? St)t6

2246 The(e $)n 3e n' "'u3t th)t n""u)%! h' #'u.ht ).)n!t the

Unte" St)te! n A#.h)n!t)n )! -)(t '# the T)%3)n, )n '(.)n1)t'n

5n'n t' h)e !u--'(te" the )% 9)e") te(('(!t net'(5 (e!-'n!3%e

#'( th'!e )tt)$5!, )(e n""u)%! C'n.(e!! !'u.ht t' t)(.et n -)!!n.

the AUMF6 We $'n$%u"e th)t "etent'n '# n""u)%! #)%%n. nt' the

%&te" $)te.'(+ e )(e $'n!"e(n., #'( the "u()t'n '# the -)(t$u%)(

$'n#%$t n h$h the+ e(e $)-tu(e", ! !' #un")&ent)% )n" )$$e-te"

)n n$"ent t' )( )! t' 3e )n e;e($!e '# the ne$e!!)(+ )n"

)--('-()te #'($e C'n.(e!! h)! )uth'(1e" the P(e!"ent t' u!e6

The $)-tu(e )n" "etent'n '# %)#u% $'&3)t)nt! )n" the $)-tu(e,

"etent'n, )n" t()% '# un%)#u% $'&3)t)nt!, 3+ une(!)% ).(ee&ent

)n" -()$t$e, )(e &-'(t)nt n$"ent[!] '# )(6 Ex parte

Quirin, =The t&e h)! %'n. -)!!e" hen n'

@u)(te(* )! the (u%e 'n the 3)tt%e#e%" G 6 It ! n' (e$'.n1e" th)t

C)-tt+ ! nethe( ) -un!h&ent n'( )n )$t '# en.e)n$e,* 3ut

&e(e%+ ) te&-'()(+ "etent'n h$h ! "e'" '# )%% -en)% $h)()$te(6*

G A -(!'ne( '# )( ! n' $'n$t h! &-(!'n&ent ! ) !&-%e )(

&e)!u(e6* =$t)t'n! '&tte"> $#6 In re Territo, ?K F62" 42, 4?

=CA 4K> =The '3:e$t '# $)-tu(e ! t' -(eent the $)-tu(e"

n""u)% #('& !e(n. the ene&+6 He ! "!)(&e" )n" #('& then 'n

&u!t 3e (e&'e" )! $'&-%ete%+ )! -()$t$)3%e #('& the #('nt, t(e)te"

hu&)ne%+, )n" n t&e e;$h)n.e", (e-)t()te", '( 'the(!e (e%e)!e"

=#''tn'te! '&tte">>6


9/25

The(e ! n' 3)( t' th! N)t'n*! h'%"n. 'ne '# t! 'n $t1en! )! )n

ene&+ $'&3)t)nt6 In Quirin, 'ne '# the "et)nee!, H)u-t, )%%e.e"

th)t he )! ) n)tu()%1e" Unte" St)te! $t1en6


10/25

#.htn. ).)n!t the Unte" St)te!, then the -'!t'n t h)! t)5en

th('u.h'ut the %t.)t'n '# th! $)!e !u..e!t! th)t H)&"*! "etent'n

$'u%" %)!t #'( the (e!t '# h! %#e6

It ! ) $%e)(%+ e!t)3%!he" -(n$-%e '# the %) '# )( th)t "etent'n

&)+ %)!t n' %'n.e( th)n )$te h'!t%te!6 See A(t$%e 8 '# the/ene) C'nent'n =III> Re%)te t' the T(e)t&ent '# P(!'ne(! '# W)(,

Au.6 2, 4, [??] K U6S6 T6 > /ene) C'nent'n, supra, Ju%+ 2, 2, 4

St)t6 20?? =(e-)t()t'n !h'u%" 3e )$$'&-%!he" th the %e)!t -'!!3%e

"e%)+ )#te( $'n$%u!'n '# -e)$e =A(t6 ?>> P()u!t, Ju"$)% P'e( t'

Dete(&ne the St)tu! )n" R.ht! '# Pe(!'n! Det)ne" th'ut T()%, 44

H)(6 Int*% L6 J6 ?0


11/25

=)! !te" June 8, 2004, )n" ))%)3%e n the C%e(5 '# C'u(t*! $)!e #%e>

=&e") 3(e#n. "e!$(3n. 'n.'n. '-e()t'n! n A#.h)n!t)n n'%n.

20,000 Unte" St)te! t(''-!>6 The Unte" St)te! &)+ "et)n, #'( the

"u()t'n '# the!e h'!t%te!, n""u)%! %e.t&)te%+ "ete(&ne" t' 3e

T)%3)n $'&3)t)nt! h' en.).e" n )n )(&e" $'n#%$t ).)n!t the

Unte" St)te!6 I# the (e$'(" e!t)3%!he! th)t Unte" St)te! t(''-! )(e

!t%% n'%e" n )$te $'&3)t n A#.h)n!t)n, th'!e "etent'n! )(e

-)(t '# the e;e($!e '# ne$e!!)(+ )n" )--('-()te #'($e, )n"

the(e#'(e )(e )uth'(1e" 3+ the AUMF6

Ex parte Milligan, 4 W)%%6 2, 2? =8KK>, "'e! n't un"e(&ne 'u(

h'%"n. )3'ut the /'e(n&ent*! )uth'(t+ t' !e1e ene&+ $'&3)t)nt!,

)! e "e#ne th)t te(& t'")+6 In th)t $)!e, the C'u(t &)"e (e-e)te"

(e#e(en$e t' the #)$t th)t t! n@u(+ nt' hethe( the &%t)(+ t(3un)%

h)" :u(!"$t'n t' t(+ )n" -un!h M%%.)n tu(ne" n %)(.e -)(t 'n the

#)$t th)t M%%.)n )! n't ) -(!'ne( '# )(, 3ut ) (e!"ent '# In")n)

)((e!te" h%e )t h'&e the(e6 Id 6, )t 8, ,

)n" M!"onnell 6 #ampton, 2 J'hn!6 2, e(e $% !ut!

#'( #)%!e &-(!'n&ent6 Een )$$e-tn. th)t the!e $)!e! 'n$e $'u%"

h)e 3een ee" )! !t)n"n. #'( the !ee-n. -('-'!t'n #'( h$h

Ju!t$e S$)%) $te! the&th)t the &%t)(+ "'e! n't h)e )uth'(t+ t'

t(+ )n A&e($)n $t1en )$$u!e" '# !-+n. ).)n!t h! $'unt(+ "u(n.

)(t&eQuirin &)5e! un"en)3%+ $%e)( th)t th! ! n't the %) t'")+6

H)u-t, %5e the $t1en! n Smith )n" M!"onnell, )! )$$u!e" '# 3en.

) !-+6 The C'u(t n Quirin #'un" h& !u3:e$t t' t()% )n" -un!h&ent

3+ [)] &%t)(+ t(3un)%[ ] #'( th'!e )$t!, )n" he%" th)t h! $t1en!h-

"" n't $h)n.e th! (e!u%t6


12/25

Quirin )! ) un)n&'u! '-n'n6 It 3'th -'!t")te! )n"

$%)(#e! Milligan, -('"n. u! th the &'!t )--'!te -(e$e"ent th)t

e h)e 'n the @ue!t'n '# hethe( $t1en! &)+ 3e "et)ne" n !u$h

$($u&!t)n$e!6 B(u!hn. )!"e !u$h -(e$e"ent-)(t$u%)(%+ hen "'n.

!' .e! (!e t' ) h'!t '# ne @ue!t'n! nee( "e)%t th 3+ th! C'u(t

! un:u!t#e" )n" un!e6

T' the e;tent th)t Ju!t$e S$)%) )$$e-t! the -(e$e"ent)% )%ue

'# Quirin, he )(.ue! th)t t $)nn't .u"e 'u( n@u(+ he(e 3e$)u!e

[]n Quirin t )! un$'nte!te" th)t the -ett'ne(! e(e &e&3e(! '#

ene&+ #'($e!, h%e H)&" $h)%%en.e! h! $%)!!#$)t'n )! )n ene&+

$'&3)t)nt6 Post, )t 6 But t ! un$%e)( h+, n the -)()".& 'ut%ne"

3+ Ju!t$e S$)%), !u$h ) $'n$e!!'n !h'u%" h)e )n+ (e%e)n$e6 Ju!t$e

S$)%) en!'n! ) !+!te& n h$h the 'n%+ '-t'n! )(e $'n.(e!!'n)%

!u!-en!'n '# the (t '# h)3e)! $'(-u! '( -('!e$ut'n #'( t(e)!'n '(

!'&e 'the( $(&e6 Post, )t 6 He "'e! n't e;-%)n h' h! h!t'($)%

)n)%+!! !u--'(t! the )""t'n '# ) th(" '-t'n"etent'n un"e( !'&e

'the( -('$e!! )#te( $'n$e!!'n '# ene&+7$'&3)t)nt !t)tu!'( h+ )

$'n$e!!'n !h'u%" $)((+ )n+ "##e(ent e##e$t th)n -(''# '# ene&+7

$'&3)t)nt !t)tu! n ) -('$ee"n. th)t $'&-'(t! th "ue -('$e!!6 T'

3e $%e)(, 'u( '-n'n 'n%+ #n"! %e.!%)te )uth'(t+ t' "et)n un"e(

the AUMF 'n$e t ! !u##$ent%+ $%e)( th)t the n""u)% !, n #)$t, )n

ene&+ $'&3)t)nt hethe( th)t ! e!t)3%!he" 3+ $'n$e!!'n '( 3+

!'&e 'the( -('$e!! th)t e(#e! th! #)$t th !u##$ent $e(t)nt+

!ee&! 3e!"e the -'nt6

Fu(the(, Ju!t$e S$)%) %)(.e%+ .n'(e! the $'nte;t '# th! $)!e )

Unte" St)te! $t1en $)-tu(e" n ) foreign $'&3)t 1'ne6 Ju!t$e S$)%)

(e#e(! t' 'n%+ 'ne $)!e n'%n. th! #)$tu)% !$en)(') $)!e n h$h )

Unte" St)te! $t1en7POW =) &e&3e( '# the It)%)n )(&+> #('& W'(%"

W)( II )! !e1e" 'n the 3)tt%e#e%" n S$%+ )n" then he%" n the

Unte" St)te!6 The $'u(t n th)t $)!e he%" th)t the &%t)(+ "etent'n

'# th)t Unte" St)te! $t1en )! %)#u%6 See In re Territo, ?K F62", )t

486

Ju!t$e S$)%)*! t(e)t&ent '# th)t $)!en ) #''tn'te!u##e(! #('&the !)&e "e#e$t )! "'e! h! t(e)t&ent '# Quirin$ Be$)u!e Ju!t$e

S$)%) #n"! the #)$t '# 3)tt%e#e%" $)-tu(e ((e%e)nt, h! "!tn$t'n

3)!e" 'n the #)$t th)t the -ett'ne( $'n$e"e" ene&+ $'&3)t)nt

!t)tu! ! 3e!"e the -'nt6 See supra, )t ?K6 Ju!t$e S$)%) $)n

-'nt t' n' $)!e '( 'the( )uth'(t+ #'( the -('-'!t'n th)t th'!e


13/25

$)-tu(e" 'n ) #'(e.n 3)tt%e#e%" =hethe( "et)ne" the(e '( n U6S6

te((t'(+> $)nn't 3e "et)ne" 'ut!"e the $(&n)% -('$e!!6

M'(e'e(, Ju!t$e S$)%) -(e!u&)3%+ 'u%" $'&e t' ) "##e(ent

(e!u%t # H)&" h)" 3een 5e-t n A#.h)n!t)n '( een /u)nt)n)&' B)+6

See post, )t 2? =S$)%), J6, "!!entn.>6 Th! $(e)te! ) -e(e(!en$ente6 M%t)(+ )uth'(te! #)$e" th the !t)(5 $h'$e '#

!u3&ttn. t' the #u%%73%'n $(&n)% -('$e!! '( (e%e)!n. ) !u!-e$te"

ene&+ $'&3)t)nt $)-tu(e" 'n the 3)tt%e#e%" %% !&-%+ 5ee- $t1en7

"et)nee! )3(')"6 In"ee", the /'e(n&ent t()n!#e((e" H)&" #('&

/u)nt)n)&' B)+ t' the Unte" St)te! n))% 3(. 'n%+ )#te( t %e)(ne"

th)t he &.ht 3e )n A&e($)n $t1en6 It ! n't )t )%% $%e)( h+ th)t

!h'u%" &)5e ) "ete(&n)te $'n!ttut'n)% "##e(en$e6

III

Een n $)!e! n h$h the "etent'n '# ene&+ $'&3)t)nt! ! %e.)%%+

)uth'(1e", the(e (e&)n! the @ue!t'n '# h)t -('$e!! !

$'n!ttut'n)%%+ "ue t' ) $t1en h' "!-ute! h! ene&+7$'&3)t)nt

!t)tu!6 H)&" )(.ue! th)t he ! 'e" ) &e)nn.#u% )n" t&e%+ he)(n.

)n" th)t e;t()7:u"$)% "etent'n [th)t] 3e.n! )n" en"! th the

!u3&!!'n '# )n )##")t 3)!e" 'n th("7h)n" he)(!)+ "'e! n't

$'&-'(t th the F#th )n" F'u(teenth A&en"&ent!6 B(e# #'(

Pett'ne(! K6 The /'e(n&ent $'unte(! th)t )n+ &'(e -('$e!! th)n

)! -('"e" 3e%' 'u%" 3e 3'th un'(5)3%e )n" $'n!ttut'n)%%+

nt'%e()3%e6 B(e# #'( Re!-'n"ent! 4K6 Ou( (e!'%ut'n '# th! "!-ute(e@u(e! ) $)(e#u% e;)&n)t'n 3'th '# the (t '# h)3e)! $'(-u!,

h$h H)&" n' !ee5! t' e&-%'+ )! ) &e$h)n!& '# :u"$)% (ee,

)n" '# the Due P('$e!! C%)u!e, h$h n#'(&! the -('$e"u()% $'nt'u(!

'# th)t &e$h)n!& n th! n!t)n$e6

A

Th'u.h the+ (e)$h ()"$)%%+ "##e(ent $'n$%u!'n! 'n the -('$e!!

th)t 'u.ht t' )tten" the -(e!ent -('$ee"n., the -)(te! 3e.n 'n

$'&&'n .('un"6 A%% ).(ee th)t, )3!ent !u!-en!'n, the (t '# h)3e)!

$'(-u! (e&)n! ))%)3%e t' ee(+ n""u)% "et)ne" thn the

Unte" St)te!6 U6S6 C'n!t6, A(t6 I, , $%6 2 =The P(%e.e '# the W(t

'# H)3e)! C'(-u! !h)%% n't 3e !u!-en"e", un%e!! hen n C)!e! '#

Re3e%%'n '( In)!'n the -u3%$ S)#et+ &)+ (e@u(e t>6 On%+ n the

()(e!t '# $($u&!t)n$e! h)! C'n.(e!! !een #t t' !u!-en" the (t6

See, e.g., A$t '# M)(6


14/25

$(t$)% $he$5 'n the E;e$ute, en!u(n. th)t t "'e! n't "et)n

n""u)%! e;$e-t n )$$'(")n$e th %)6 See I%S 6 St. "&r, ?


15/25

#)%%n. thn the !$'-e '# C'n.(e!!* )uth'(1)t'n, H)&" 'u%" nee"

t' 3e -)(t '# '( !u--'(tn. #'($e! h'!t%e t' the Unte" St)te! '(

$')%t'n -)(tne(! )n" en.).e" n )n )(&e" $'n#%$t ).)n!t the

Unte" St)te! t' :u!t#+ h! "etent'n n the Unte" St)te! #'( the

"u()t'n '# the (e%e)nt $'n#%$t6 B(e# #'( Re!-'n"ent! , )n" $e(t)n%+ ! n't ) $'n$e!!'n th)t 'ne )! -)(t

'# '( !u--'(tn. #'($e! h'!t%e t' the Unte" St)te! '( $')%t'n

-)(tne(! )n" en.).e" n )n )(&e" $'n#%$t ).)n!t the Unte"

St)te!6 A$$'("n.%+, e (e:e$t )n+ )(.u&ent th)t H)&" h)! &)"e

$'n$e!!'n! th)t e%&n)te )n+ (.ht t' #u(the( -('$e!!6

C

The /'e(n&ent*! !e$'n" )(.u&ent (e@u(e! $%'!e( $'n!"e()t'n6

Th! ! the )(.u&ent th)t #u(the( #)$tu)% e;-%'()t'n ! un)(()nte"

)n" n)--('-()te n %.ht '# the e;t()'("n)(+ $'n!ttut'n)% nte(e!t!

)t !t)5e6 Un"e( the /'e(n&ent*! &'!t e;t(e&e (en"t'n '# th!

)(.u&ent, [(]e!-e$t #'( !e-)()t'n '# -'e(! )n" the %&te"

n!ttut'n)% $)-)3%te! '# $'u(t! n &)tte(! '# &%t)(+ "e$!'n7

&)5n. n $'nne$t'n th )n 'n.'n. $'n#%$t 'u.ht t' e%&n)te

ent(e%+ )n+ n""u)% -('$e!!, (e!t($tn. the $'u(t! t' ne!t.)tn.

'n%+ hethe( %e.)% )uth'(1)t'n e;!t! #'( the 3(')"e( "etent'n

!$he&e6 B(e# #'( Re!-'n"ent! 2K6 At &'!t, the /'e(n&ent )(.ue!,

$'u(t! !h'u%" (ee t! "ete(&n)t'n th)t ) $t1en ! )n ene&+

$'&3)t)nt un"e( ) e(+ "e#e(ent)% !'&e e"en$e !t)n")("6 Id 6, )t

=e;-%)nn. th)t the

!'&e e"en$e !t)n")(" "'e! n't (e@u(e ) e.hn. '# the

e"en$e, 3ut ()the( $)%%! #'( )!!e!!n. hethe( the(e ! )n+

e"en$e n the (e$'(" th)t $'u%" !u--'(t the $'n$%u!'n>>6 Un"e(

th! (ee, ) $'u(t 'u%" )!!u&e the )$$u()$+ '# the /'e(n&ent*!

)(t$u%)te" 3)!! #'( H)&"*! "etent'n, )! !et #'(th n the M'33!

De$%)()t'n, )n" )!!e!! 'n%+ hethe( th)t )(t$u%)te" 3)!! )! )

%e.t&)te 'ne6 B(e# #'( Re!-'n"ent!


16/25

44 ="e$%nn. t' )""(e!! hethe( the !'&e e"en$e !t)n")("

!h'u%" .'e(n the )":u"$)t'n '# !u$h $%)&!, 3ut n'tn. th)t [t]he

#)$tu)% )e(&ent! n the [M'33!] )##")t, # )$$u()te, )(e !u##$ent

t' $'n#(& the %e.)%t+ '# H)&"*! "etent'n>6

In (e!-'n!e, H)&" e&-h)!1e! th)t th! C'u(t $'n!!tent%+ h)!(e$'.n1e" th)t )n n""u)% $h)%%en.n. h! "etent'n &)+ n't 3e

he%" )t the %% '# the E;e$ute th'ut (e$'u(!e t' !'&e -('$ee"n.

3e#'(e ) neut()% t(3un)% t' "ete(&ne hethe( the E;e$ute*!

)!!e(te" :u!t#$)t'n! #'( th)t "etent'n h)e 3)!! n #)$t )n"

)(()nt n %)6 See, e.g6, (ad)&das 6 *a)is, ? +ddington 6 Texas, 44 U6S6 48, 42?42 =>6 He )(.ue!

th)t the F'u(th C($ut n)--('-()te%+ $e"e" -'e( t' the E;e$ute

"u(n. )(t&e t' "e#ne the $'n"u$t #'( h$h ) $t1en &)+ 3e

"et)ne", :u".e hethe( th)t $t1en h)! en.).e" n the -('!$(3e"

$'n"u$t, )n" &-(!'n th)t $t1en n"e#nte%+, B(e# #'( Pett'ne(!

2, )n" th)t "ue -('$e!! "e&)n"! th)t he (e$ee ) he)(n. n h$h

he &)+ $h)%%en.e the M'33! De$%)()t'n )n" )""u$e h! 'n $'unte(

e"en$e6 The D!t($t C'u(t, ).(een. th H)&", )--)(ent%+

3e%ee" th)t the )--('-()te -('$e!! 'u%" )--(')$h the -('$e!! th)t

)$$'&-)ne! ) $(&n)% t()%6 It the(e#'(e "!)--('e" '# the he)(!)+

n)tu(e '# the M'33! De$%)()t'n )n" )nt$-)te" @ute e;ten!e

"!$'e(+ '# )('u! &%t)(+ )##)(!6 An+thn. %e!!, t $'n$%u"e", 'u%"

n't 3e &e)nn.#u% :u"$)% (ee6 A--6 26

B'th '# the!e -'!t'n! h.h%.ht %e.t&)te $'n$e(n!6 An" 3'the&-h)!1e the ten!'n th)t '#ten e;!t! 3eteen the )ut'n'&+ th)t

the /'e(n&ent )!!e(t! ! ne$e!!)(+ n '("e( t' -u(!ue e##e$te%+ )

-)(t$u%)( .')% )n" the -('$e!! th)t ) $t1en $'nten"! he ! "ue

3e#'(e he ! "e-(e" '# ) $'n!ttut'n)% (.ht6 The '("n)(+

&e$h)n!& th)t e u!e #'( 3)%)n$n. !u$h !e('u! $'&-etn. nte(e!t!,

)n" #'( "ete(&nn. the -('$e"u(e! th)t )(e ne$e!!)(+ t' en!u(e th)t

) $t1en ! n't "e-(e" '# %#e, %3e(t+, '( -('-e(t+, th'ut "ue

-('$e!! '# %), U6S6 C'n!t6, A&"t6 ?, ! the te!t th)t e )(t$u%)te"

n Mathes 6 Eldridge, 424 U6S6 6

See, e.g., #eller 6 *oe, ?0 U6S6


17/25

n$%u"n. the #un$t'n n'%e" )n" the 3u("en! the /'e(n&ent

'u%" #)$e n -('"n. .(e)te( -('$e!!6 424 U6S6, )t


18/25

he(e ! e(+ (e)%6 See B(e# #'( A&e(C)(e! et )%6 )! +mici "uriae 6

M'(e'e(, )! $(t$)% )! the /'e(n&ent*! nte(e!t &)+ 3e n "et)nn.

th'!e h' )$tu)%%+ -'!e )n &&e")te th(e)t t' the n)t'n)% !e$u(t+

'# the Unte" St)te! "u(n. 'n.'n. nte(n)t'n)% $'n#%$t, h!t'(+ )n"

$'&&'n !en!e te)$h u! th)t )n un$he$5e" !+!te& '# "etent'n $)((e!

the -'tent)% t' 3e$'&e ) &e)n! #'( '--(e!!'n )n" )3u!e '# 'the(!

h' "' n't -(e!ent th)t !'(t '# th(e)t6 See Ex parte Milligan, 4 W)%%6,

)t 2? =[The F'un"e(!] 5nethe h!t'(+ '# the '(%" t'%" the&the

n)t'n the+ e(e #'un"n., 3e t! e;!ten$e !h'(t '( %'n., 'u%" 3e

n'%e" n )( h' '#ten '( h' %'n. $'ntnue", hu&)n #'(e!.ht

$'u%" n't te%% )n" th)t un%&te" -'e(, he(ee( %'".e" )t !u$h )

t&e, )! e!-e$)%%+ h)1)("'u! t' #(ee&en>6 Be$)u!e e %e n )

!'$et+ n h$h [&]e(e -u3%$ nt'%e()n$e '( )n&'!t+ $)nn't$'n!ttut'n)%%+ :u!t#+ the "e-()t'n '# ) -e(!'n*! -h+!$)%

%3e(t+,2!"onnor 6 *onaldson, 422 U6S6 ?K, 'u( !t)(tn.

-'nt #'( the Mathes 6 Eldridge )n)%+!! ! un)%te(e" 3+ the

)%%e.)t'n! !u(('un"n. the -)(t$u%)( "et)nee '( the '(.)n1)t'n!

th h$h he ! )%%e.e" t' h)e )!!'$)te"6 We (e)##(& t'")+ the

#un")&ent)% n)tu(e '# ) $t1en*! (.ht t' 3e #(ee #('& n'%unt)(+

$'n#ne&ent 3+ h! 'n .'e(n&ent th'ut "ue -('$e!! '# %), )n"

e e.h the '--'!n. .'e(n&ent)% nte(e!t! ).)n!t the $u(t)%&ent

'# %3e(t+ th)t !u$h $'n#ne&ent ent)%!6

2

On the 'the( !"e '# the !$)%e )(e the e.ht+ )n" !en!te

.'e(n&ent)% nte(e!t! n en!u(n. th)t th'!e h' h)e n #)$t #'u.ht

th the ene&+ "u(n. ) )( "' n't (etu(n t' 3)tt%e ).)n!t the

Unte" St)te!6 A! "!$u!!e" )3'e, supra, )t 0, the %) '# )( )n"

the (e)%te! '# $'&3)t &)+ (en"e( !u$h "etent'n! 3'th ne$e!!)(+ )n"

)--('-()te, )n" 'u( "ue -('$e!! )n)%+!! nee" n't 3%n5 )t th'!e

(e)%te!6 Wth'ut "'u3t, 'u( C'n!ttut'n (e$'.n1e! th)t $'(e

!t()te.$ &)tte(! '# )(&)5n. 3e%'n. n the h)n"! '# th'!e h' )(e

3e!t -'!t'ne" )n" &'!t -'%t$)%%+ )$$'unt)3%e #'( &)5n.

the&6 *epartment of %a)& 6 Egan, 484 U6S6 ?8, ? =n'tn.

the (e%u$t)n$e '# the $'u(t! t' nt(u"e u-'n the )uth'(t+ '# the

E;e$ute n &%t)(+ )n" n)t'n)% !e$u(t+ )##)(!> 3oungston Sheet

4 Tube "o. 6 Sa&er, =)$5n'%e".n. 3(')"

https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct-cgi/get-us-cite?422+563https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct-cgi/get-us-cite?484+518https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct-cgi/get-us-cite?343+579https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct-cgi/get-us-cite?422+563https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct-cgi/get-us-cite?484+518https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct-cgi/get-us-cite?343+579


19/25

-'e(! n &%t)(+ $'&&)n"e(! en.).e" n ")+7t'7")+ #.htn. n )

the)te( '# )(>6

The /'e(n&ent )%!' )(.ue! )t !'&e %en.th th)t t! nte(e!t! n

(e"u$n. the -('$e!! ))%)3%e t' )%%e.e" ene&+ $'&3)t)nt! )(e

he.htene" 3+ the -()$t$)% "##$u%te! th)t 'u%" )$$'&-)n+ )!+!te& '# t()%7%5e -('$e!!6 In t! e, &%t)(+ '##$e(! h' )(e

en.).e" n the !e('u! '(5 '# ).n. 3)tt%e 'u%" 3e unne$e!!)(%+

)n" ")n.e('u!%+ "!t()$te" 3+ %t.)t'n h)%# ) '(%" ))+, )n"

"!$'e(+ nt' &%t)(+ '-e()t'n! 'u%" 3'th nt(u"e 'n the !en!te

!e$(et! '# n)t'n)% "e#en!e )n" (e!u%t n ) #ut%e !e)($h #'( e"en$e

3u(e" un"e( the (u33%e '# )(6 B(e# #'( Re!-'n"ent! 4K46 T' the

e;tent th)t the!e 3u("en! )(e t(..e(e" 3+ he.htene" -('$e"u(e!,

the+ )(e -('-e(%+ t)5en nt' )$$'unt n 'u( "ue -('$e!! )n)%+!!6

< St(5n. the -('-e( $'n!ttut'n)% 3)%)n$e he(e ! '# .(e)t

&-'(t)n$e t' the N)t'n "u(n. th! -e('" '# 'n.'n. $'&3)t6 But t

! e@u)%%+ t)% th)t 'u( $)%$u%u! n't .e !h'(t !h(#t t' the )%ue! th)t

th! $'unt(+ h'%"! "e)( '( t' the -(%e.e th)t ! A&e($)n $t1en!h-6

It ! "u(n. 'u( &'!t $h)%%en.n. )n" un$e(t)n &'&ent! th)t 'u(

N)t'n*! $'&&t&ent t' "ue -('$e!! ! &'!t !ee(e%+ te!te" )n" t !

n th'!e t&e! th)t e &u!t -(e!e(e 'u( $'&&t&ent )t h'&e t' the

-(n$-%e! #'( h$h e #.ht )3(')"6

See 5enned& 6Mendo6a4nbh&ph;Martine6,

!ee )%!' -nited States 61obel, =It 'u%"

n"ee" 3e ('n$ #, n the n)&e '# n)t'n)% "e#en!e, e 'u%"

!)n$t'n the !u3e(!'n '# 'ne '# th'!e %3e(te! G h$h &)5e! the

"e#en!e '# the N)t'n '(thh%e>6

Wth "ue (e$'.nt'n '# the!e $'&-etn. $'n$e(n!, e 3e%ee th)t

nethe( the -('$e!! -('-'!e" 3+ the /'e(n&ent n'( the -('$e!!

)--)(ent%+ en!'ne" 3+ the D!t($t C'u(t 3e%' !t(5e! the -('-e(

$'n!ttut'n)% 3)%)n$e hen ) Unte" St)te! $t1en ! "et)ne" n the

Unte" St)te! )! )n ene&+ $'&3)t)nt6 Th)t !, the (!5 '# e(('ne'u!

"e-()t'n '# ) "et)nee*! %3e(t+ nte(e!t ! un)$$e-t)3%+ h.h

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