halides, alcohols
TRANSCRIPT
Alkyl HalidesThe General Formula R-X where X is any halogen
Cl, Br or I
Nomenclature: The organic halides can be named most readily as substituents. The substituent names are…fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo.
Examples
1-bromo-2-fluoroethane
4-bromofluorobenzene
a. 4-chloro-1-pentene
b. 5-chloro, 3-methyl, 2-pentene
c. 3-bromocyclooctane
AlcoholsThe General Formula R-OH. The OH is the functional group called HYDROXYL
Nomenclature: The alcohols are names replace in the suffix “ane” by “ol”
The name also can be writing the word alcohol at the end and the name of the radical “yl”
2-propanol Methanol Ethanol2-propyl alcohol Methyl alcohol Ethyl alcohol(isopropyl alcohol)
CH3 ̶ CH ̶ CH3 CH3 ̶ OH CH3 ̶ CH2 ̶ OH
OH
CH3 ̶ CH2 ̶ OH CH3 ̶ CH ̶ CH3 CH3 ̶Primary Secondaryalcohol alcohol
OH OH
C ̶ CH3
CH3
Examples
Aromatic Compounds
Benzene (which is the name that was given to the aromatic compound C6H6) is probably the most common and industrially important aromatic compound in wide use today. It was discovered in 1825 by Michael Faraday, and its commercial production from coal tar (and, later on, other natural sources) began in earnest about twenty-five years later. The structure of benzene emerged during the 1860s, the result of contributions from several chemists, most famously that of Kekulé
Aromatic Compounds
When there is more than one substituent present on a benzene ring the spatial relationship betwen groups becomes important, which is why the arene substitution patterns ortho (o), meta (m) and para (p)
o-xylene m-xylene p-xylene
Activity #3 Name the following Compounds Give the two possible names
(numbers and o, m , p)
EthersContain an oxygen between two alkyl
groups. They have the General formula R-O-R',
with R's being the alkyl groups. these compounds are used in dye, perfumes, oils, waxes and industrial use.
CH3–CH2–O–CH3
ethyl methyl ethermethoxyethane
Identify the longest chain or largest ring (R1 or R2 as the parent compound.
Number the parent carbon skeleton to give the carbon connected to the ether Oxygen the lower possible number.
Name the OR substituent group as "alkoxy" = alkyl -ky + oxy. Thus, methoxy is CH3O- ; ethoxy is CH3CH2O- ; propoxy is CH3CH2CH2O- , and so on.
Activity #4 Write the IUPAC name
Dimethyl ether
AldehydesAldehydes In compounds which contain the carbonyl group
C=O at theFor naming replace the suffix ane by
“al”
Methanal Ethanal Propanal Butanal
(Formaldehyde) (Actealdehyde)
KetonesKetones methanalCompounds which contain the carbonyl group
C=O between two hydrocarbon chains.
For naming replace the suffix ane by “one”
Propanone
(Acetone)
AminesAn amine is a derivatives of the molecule
ammonia, NH3, in which one or more of the hydrogens has been replaced by an alkyl substitutent (R group). General Formula R-NH2
Amines are named by replacing the suffix -ane with -amine, like in alcohols. If there are further substituents attached to the nitrogen atom, they are preceded by N-. The amine gets the lowest number.
Primary ethyl amine
Secondary 2-aminopropane
Tertiary trimethylamine
Isopropyl 3-pentyl amine
IUPAC NOMENCLATURE
Name the following a) d)
b) e)
c)
Draw the following
Investigate the General Formula, Functional Group, Chemical properties, Physical Properties and three examples of the following Hydrocarbon Derivates:
AminesAldehydesKetones
Portfolio in your notebook (homework)
Activity #12 Hydrocarbon Derivatives