Journal of East Asian Libraries

Volume 2018 | Number 167 Article 3

10-30-2018

Haldore Hanson in China, the 80th Anniversary: ACase Study of a Digitization ProjectKristi WermagerCarleton College

Hsianghui Liu-SpencerCarleton College

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BYU ScholarsArchive CitationWermager, Kristi and Liu-Spencer, Hsianghui (2018) "Haldore Hanson in China, the 80th Anniversary: A Case Study of a DigitizationProject," Journal of East Asian Libraries: Vol. 2018 : No. 167 , Article 3.Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/jeal/vol2018/iss167/3

HaldoreHansoninChina,the80thAnniversary:ACaseStudyofaDigitizationProject

KristiWermagerCarletonCollege

HsianghuiLiu-SpencerCarletonCollege

Introduction

In the last 20 years libraries world-wide have begun to digitize their collections. Earlydigitization projects grewout of the fieldsof preservation and conservation, but it soonbecame clear that digitization held a great potential to increase access to information.Althoughitwasinitiallynationalandlargeuniversitylibrariesandarchivesthatlauncheddigitization projects, the trend has also begun to sweep through liberal arts colleges’campusesaslibrariansatsmallerlibrariesrecognizetheimportanceoftheuniquematerialsthattheyhold.Libraryadministratorshaveincreasinglysoughttoenhanceaccesstotheircollectionsthroughdigitaltechnology,andfacultyoncampuseshaveembracedtheideaofdigital humanities. Once libraries start making their collections available electronically,however, issues of rights management often arise. Many libraries, particularly smallerinstitutions,maynothaveextensiveexperiencewithrightsmanagement,sotheyneedtodiscover how to handle complications as they emerge. As a standard for starting anydigitizationproject,institutionshavealwaysmadesurethattheyhavetherightstodigitizematerials,priortomakingitavailableonline.However,theymaynotrealizethatusersinothercountrieshavedifferentpractices forre-useofdigital images.Ourlibrary isagoodexampleofthisdiscoveryprocess,andweofferthiscasestudyasanexampleforothersmalllibraries planning such projects, particularly if they suspect that there may be aninternational audience for the digitized materials. We hope that other libraries andinstitutionswillfindourexperienceinstructive.

Backgroundinformation

DigitizationbackgroundWhen Carleton Gould Library formed a Digitization Committee in 2007, the first twomissionsoftheCommitteewere:1.todigitizematerialsparticularlyrelatedtoanduniquetoCarletonCollege,and2.todigitizematerialsthatcouldbeusedforcurricularandresearchsupport.TheCommitteeidentifiedandcompiledalistofpotentialdigitalprojectswithinthelibraryincludinganumberofpossibilitiesinArchivesandSpecialCollections.Duringthisinitialprocess,wefocusedonselectionsthatareimportanttotheCollege’sgoalsforteachingandresearchaswellasbeingofinteresttoresearchersatotherinstitutions.WedecidedtoworkfirstwithasmallcollectionofmaterialsthatfocusedontheworkofHaldoreHanson,analumnuswhotraveledtoChinain1934andremainedthereuntil1938.Thecollection

includesmaps,copiesofaddressesandreports,cartoons,photographs,posters,andCentralIntelligenceAgency(CIA)internaldocuments.

Oneblackphotographalbuminparticulardrewourattention—147black-and-whitephotographs with Hanson’s nicely-typed captions for each photograph. These arephotographsHansontookinChinabetween1937and1938.HighlightsofthecollectioninthealbumincludeearlyphotographsofMaoZedong,LinBiao,ZhouEnlai,andZhuDeatYan'an prominent leaders of the Communist troops that took over China in 1949, whoestablishedtoday’s“People’sRepublicofChina”—andofDr.NormanBethune(白求恩),thewell-knownCanadiansurgeonwhotraveledtoChinain1938andcreatedmobilemedicalunitsforChineseforcesfightingJapanesetroops.

Weknew thehistoricalsignificanceof thesephotosandwere convinced that theywouldbeofinteresttoourfacultyandstudents,sowedecidedtoseektherighttodigitizethem. The Special Collections Librarian contacted Mr. Hanson’s heirs to request theirpermission for digitization. Having secured authorization the Committee was able tosuccessfullyproposetheprojectinFebruary2008,andpriortothefallof2008wecompletedthedigitizationinaCONTENTdmdatabase:

● HaldoreHanson’sChinaCollection(1937-1938)● http://contentdm.carleton.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/China1949

AtthistimewecontactedafacultymemberintheHistoryDepartmentabouttheCollectiontoseeifhewasinterestedinusingitforhisfalltermcourse“ChineseRevolutionof1949.”The professor used the Collection for both this class and again in his 2011 course “TheCulturalRevolutioninChina.”

CollectionbackgroundHaldoreHansongraduatedfromCarletonCollegeinthespringof1934.Hespentthesummerafter graduation in Japan and from there traveled to China where he studied ChineselanguageandcultureatacollegeinBeijing,supportinghimselfbyteachingEnglishatthecollegeandworkingasa freelance journalist for localEnglish-languagemagazines.WhenJapanesetroopsinvadedChinainJulyof1937,theAssociatedPresshiredMr.Hansonasapart-timefreelancewarcorrespondent.Hanson’sabilitytospeakChinesemadehimoneofthe first foreign correspondents able and willing to travel behind the Japanese lines toinvestigatereportsofpartisanactivityandtheexistenceofanorganizedpeasant fightingforce.DuringabriefinitialtripundertakeninMarchof1938,HansonmetthecommanderinchiefoftheCentralHebeiguerillas,LüZhengcao(呂正操).CommanderLüinvitedHansontoreturn for an extended stay in the summerwhen he could visitmore than twenty otherguerillaarmiesscatteredoverNorthChina.HansoncrossedthelinesagaininlateMay1938.DuringthenexttwoandahalfmonthsHansontravelledwiththeEighthRouteArmyinHebei,Shanxi,andShaanxi,andwitnessedtheSino-Japaneseconflictfirsthand.ThephotographsthathetookduringthattripincludescenesfrombattlesbetweentheJapaneseforcesandtheforcesoftheEighthRouteArmy,imagesofdestroyedtownsandvillages,andscenesthatprovideinsightsintothedailylivesandcharacterofmembersoftheguerillaforces.During

his travels he was also able to interviewMao Zedong and other prominent Communistleaders.HelatergaveahistoricalaccountofhisexperiencesinChinaintwobooks,HumaneEndeavour:TheStoryoftheChinaWarandFiftyYearsaroundtheThirdWorld:AdventuresandReflectionsofanOverseasAmerican.

Googleusagereport—ananalysis

Our initial intention in the fallof2008was tomake the imagesavailable to theCarletonstudentsinacourseontheChineseRevolutionof1949.Wedigitizedthephotographsin-houseusingourEpsonflatbedscanner,anduploadedthemintoaCONTENTdmdatabase.Afterwards,weaddedHanson’s typedcaptiontoeach image.The images, fascinatingandpowerfulontheirown,wouldalsobeameansofconnectingcurrentCarletonstudentswiththeseimportanteventsinChinesehistory.Attheendoftheclass,however,wedecidedthatthephotographsweresoimportantthatwewouldseekfurtherpermissionfromtheheirstomake the collection available beyond the Carleton community. Having receivedauthorization,weopenedaccesstotheCollectionneartheendofNovember2008andmadeapublicannouncementaboutitsavailabilityinearlyFebruaryof2009.Weusedawatermarkacrossthebottomofeachimage,andinouraccessnotefortheCollectionweaskeduserstoproperlycreditMr.HansonandtheCollectionatCarletonwhenusingtheimages.Interestinthephotographswasimmediateanddefinitelysupportedourfeelingthattheseimageswereofsignificanthistoricalvalue.Overthenextseveralyearswewerecontactedmanytimesabout the photographs. The history of what we learned about the use of these imagesprovides an interesting record of our evolving understanding of the issues involved indevelopingdigitizedandopenaccesscollections.Wewouldliketodescribeourexperiencesandbreaktheseexperiencesintothreeperiodsoftime:

BetweenNovember2008andDecember2013Forthefirstfiveyearstheimageswereavailable,aCarletonWebGroupprovidedgenericweb visit statistics, i.e. numbers of clicks/visits from any users including Carleton staff,withoutinformationaboutthegeographiclocationoftheusers.Wespeculatedtheremayhavebeenmoreusagesorvisitsduringthisperiodoftime,butwedidn’thaverawdatatoprove our speculation. During this time period we did, however, have several formalrequeststousetheimagesforscholarlypurposes.Forinstance:

a)2008Novemberand2011January:Justdaysaftertheimagesbecameavailable,aCanadianhistorianwhostudiesDr.NormanBethune,requestedpermissiontouseimagesofDr.Bethunefortwoprojectshewasworkingonatthetime:(i)informativematerialshewaspreparingfortheBethuneMemorialHouselocatedinGravenhurstOntarioand(ii)arevisionforhisbiographyofBethune.Wegrantedhimbothpermissionsandhavesincepurchasedtheneweditionofhisstudy.ThisCanadianhistorianwasthefirstpersontodiscovertheseresourcesthroughanInternetsearchengineandcontactusforpermissiontousetheimages.OurcorrespondencestookplaceinNovember2008andDecember2011.

b) 2010 October: The editor of the Oklahoma State Universitymagazine, entitledSTATE,requestedpermissiontousethreeimagesfortheiralumnimagazineissueofwinter2010.TheirarticlefeaturedanalumnuswhosurvivedWorldWarIIinChinaandbecamean

executivewithIBMinthe60s,70sand80s.TheeditorofSTATEneededimagesfromthisperiod and a reference librarian from Oklahoma State University found the Hansonphotographsonline.Wegrantedpermission.

c) Fall termof 2011 at Carleton: The CarletonHistory professor again used theseimagesforhisclassontheChineseCulturalRevolution.

d)In2012ourCollectionwasincludedinthemanuscriptoftheprintbook‘ArchivalResourcesofRepublicanChinainNorthAmerica’preparedbyChengzhiWangandothers.Thebook,publishedbyColumbiaUniversityPressin2016,describedourdigitalCollectionandcitedtheresourcesonpages89-90.

GoogleanalyticsusagefromJanuary2014toDecember2016InJanuary2014westartedtouseGoogleAnalytics(GA)toanalyzeourusagedata.AswelookedovertheGAreportsstartingfromJanuary2014toDecember2016,wenoticedahighvolumeofvisitsintheGAOverviewsection.InordertoruleoutthespaminourGAreport,wealsotookasecondlooktoexcludepossiblereferrerspam.First,intheGAAcquisitionandSource/Medium sidebar section,we clicked on theBounceRate button in the columnofBehaviorsinceGAautomaticallyplaced100%BounceRateonthetop.(Refertooursnapshotdownbelow).The100%BounceRatealongwith00:00:00duration fully indicated spamduringthisperiodoftime.Wewouldn’tconsiderspamusageinourGAreport.

Wethen lookedat therestof thenon-100%BounceRate items inthatGAreport,examinedtheURLsandconsideredtheactualduration(>0:00:00minutes)ofthevisits.Wefelt confident that those visits and simple clicks were legitimate users (i.e. bloggers,researchersorarealuserbutnotarobotclick).WethenverifiedthegeographiclocationsinthesidebarintheGAreportandobservedthatthesecitiesinChinawereratedtoptwelveonour list: Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, Xi’an, Chengdu, Guangzhou, Tianjin, Hong Kong,Shijazhuang,Shanxing,Qingdao,Jiaxing.InNorthAmerica,beyondNorthfield,theusersfromthesecitieswerealsocitedintheGAreport:Minneapolis,NewYork,LosAngles,WashingtonDC,ChicagoandToronto.

ItwasexcitingtolearnhowmuchourcollectionwasbeingusedfarfromNorthfield,Minnesota. Initially we speculated that this use may have been the result of Carleton’sincreasedrecruitmentofinternationalstudentsfromChina.ThenumberofChinesestudentsenrollingatCarletonhadincreasedfromatotalofeightstudentsin2008to29studentsin2014.Weeventuallylearned,however,thattherewasanotherreasonfortheincreaseduse,whichwediscoveredinMay2017whichisdiscussedlaterinthispaper.

At the same time, in 2015, CONTENTdm developed a better user interface, aninterfacewhichalloweduserstowriteortagcommentsforanygivenimages.InMay2015,wereceivedcommentsfromtheauthorofabookonAsianculture.ShecommentedonthreeimagesofDr.BethunewithMr.Hanson,“Whatabeautifulphotograph!IwouldliketohavemetMr.Hanson.Hemadearemarkablecontributiontotheworldwithhislifetimecareerworkinginmanycountries.Thankyouforpostingallthesemarvelousphotos!”

GoogleanalyticsusagefromJanuary2017toDecember2017Thefollowinggraphpresentstheusagedatefrom2017.WecontinuedtoruleoutspaminourGAannualreport,ensuringthattheremainingclickswouldbeactualvisits.Duringthistimeperiodtherewere193newusers,84fromNorthfieldand110fromBeijing,apatternthatisverysimilartothepreviousthreeyearswiththegreatestnumberofvisitsfromcitiesintheUnitedStatesandChina.SomeofthevisitsweretheresultofanexhibitpresentedinbothBeijingandShanghaiinthefallof2017.EarlierintheyearaChineseresearcherhadcontacted us asking for permission to include several photographs from the HansonCollectioninaphotographicexhibitaboutthecareerofafamousChinesegeneral.

During this time period we also made a significant new discovery as we preparedinformationtopresentatSPARC’sOpenAccessconference.WeplannedtopresentusagestatisticsfromCarleton’sdigitalcollectionstoillustratethebenefitsofopenaccessandopenresearch. In preparation for this conference attendance, we searched Haldore Hanson’sname inChinese (霍尔多汉森 or霍尔多韩森)onlinebyusingvariouswebbrowsers, i.e.GoogleandBaidu.Tooursurprise,theauthorsdiscoveredareasonfortheveryhighvolumeof hits for Hanson’s photos during the months of May and June 2014 in China and,subsequently,inthefollowingyearsof2015to2017.

DiscoveryoftheHansonCollectioninthe21stcentury

WhatwasthereasonforthesehighhitsandwebtrafficfromChina?Theauthorsspeculatethatduetosocialmedia’sincreasingpopularityinChina,historiansfromChinahadbegunmakingextensiveuseofonlinedigitalcollections.ManyhistoriansaswellasbloggersandenthusiastsinthefieldofSino-JapanesehistoryhaduncoveredHanson’sdigitalcollectionfromCarleton.Asmentionedearlier,whenweoriginallymadethephotographsavailableonlineweclearlywatermarkedacrossthebottomofeachimageandincludedarequestthatanyuseoftheseimagescreditboththephotographerandtheCollectionatCarleton.WhatwediscoveredwasthatacoupleofhistoryenthusiastsinChinahadignoredthenoticeandhaddownloadedthewholesetof images.Oneof thesebloggersrepostedthesameset inanotherbloginJanuaryof2018.Wefurthernotedthatotherresearcherswhopostedthephotographscreditedtheoriginalblogger for the images!Thesediscoveriesledusto therealizationthattherearedifferentunderstandingsofwhatproperusageentailsandthatwe

neededtodomoretoensurethatourmaterialswereusedandcitedinaccordancewithourwishesandthewishesofMr.Hanson’sheirs.

Oncewemadethesediscoveries,ourfirststepwastochangethewatermarklocationandput it very clearlyacross the image itself, ensuring that anyonewhoused the imagewouldneedtodosowithproperaccreditation.Sincedoingso,wehavecontinuedtoprovideunwatermarkedcopiesoftheimagestoresearcherswhocontactus.WetookafurtherstepinFebruaryof2018whenwecontactedthebloggerinChina.HeagreedtoacknowledgeMr.Hanson for his contribution, and he also updated the original photo sources taken fromCarletonCollegeSpecialCollections.BelowisasnapshotofhisupdateinearlyFebruary2018.

Aswelookedbackpriorto2017,wewerepleasedtofindthatintheUnitedStatestherehadalsobeenotherpublicationsandresearchpapersthatusedthedigitizedHaldoreHansonChinaCollectionfromCarletonCollegeSpecialCollections,whichgaveusfurtherproofofthe

importanceof thephotographstoscholars.Allof theseuseshadbeenproperlycitedandattributedtoMr.Hanson.Examplesinclude:

1. Wang,Chengzhi&Chen,Su(2015)“ArchivalResourcesofRepublicanChinainNorthAmerica”publishedbyColumbiaUniversityPress;pages88-89.

2. Chen,Xi(2015)"HiddenGemsUncovered-DiscoveringChinaStudiesSpecialCollectionsinLiberalArtsCollegesintheU.S."JournalofEastAsianLibraries:Vol.2015:No.160,Article7.

3. WangChengzhi,ChenSu,etal.(王成志,陈肃)(2017)“北美藏中国抗日战争历史档案文献提要=ThesourcebookofNorthAmericanhistoricalandarchivalresourcesonChina'swarresistanceagainstJapaneseaggression”publishedbyShanghaiFuDanDaXueChuBanShe(上海復旦大學出版社);pages107-108.

The photographs continued to be of interest in 2017 as we received additionalrequestsfororiginalTIFFimages;thefirstonewasfromanexhibitcuratorinBeijinginJune2017.Thecurator,ZhouDengyan,requestedsevenof thephotographs foranexhibitshedevelopedincooperationwithhistoriansatShanghaiJiaoTongUniversityonthewartimecareerofGeneralLüZhengcao,theCommanderwhohadhostedHansonbehindtheJapaneselines.Thetouringexhibit,entitledFromNortheast toNorthChina: theHistoricChoiceofaChineseMilitaryOfficer(Chinesetranslation:从东北到华北——历史性的选择 , 呂正操從東

北到華北,curatedbyShiZhimin(石志民)andZhouDengyan(周邓燕)),wasfirstshownintheBeijing PhotographyExhibition Center in September and later in lateOctober at theShanghaiJiaoTongUniversity.Additionally,theLüexhibit’sorganizershaveadditionalplanstocreateapermanentonlineexhibitforthematerials.

UsingherexperiencecreatingLü’sphotographicexhibit,thecurator,ZhouDengyan,publishedanarticleentitled“FromNortheasttoNorthChina:Aphotographiccasestudyofhistoriophoty” in the journal Chinese Photographers. In her article she makes severalobservationsthatareveryrelevanttothetopicofthispaper.Thefirstisthatduetothehighdemand of Chinese researchers for historical photographs, some Chinese vendors havebegun to charge very high fees for theiruse.Another is that, because of thesehigh fees,Chinese researchers have turned to North American institutions who own historicalphotographsandarewillingtoprovidedigitalfilesaslongastheresearchersgivepropercredits to the institutionswho have made the effort to digitize andmake the materialsavailable for research purposes. Zhou notes, however, that in her experience ChineseresearcherswhouseimagesfromNorthAmericaninstitutionsmayhavesometimesfailedtoprovideappropriateaccreditationinformation.

Mr.Hanson’sphotographtakenfromBeijingexhibitiononSeptember12,2017

(PhotographbyJingjingWu,usedbypermission.)

A second request came in September 2017 from Yuwu Song (宋玉武), an AsianStudies researcher fromWashington D.C. who plans to use the photographs in a futurepublication.WearecurrentlyincommunicationwithboththeresearcherandtheHansonfamilyaboutthisproject.

TheauthorsofthispaperhavebeenbothpleasedandsurprisedbythepopularityofMr.Hanson’sdigitalphotosovertheseyears.Wehavespeculatedthatpartofthehighlevelofinterestinthelastfewyearsistiedtoanumberofanniversarydatesofeventsofhistoricalsignificance inChinabetween2015and2017.The followinganniversarydatesmayhavecontributedtoourdigitalcollectionusagebetween2014and2017,whichisreflectedinourGoogleAnalyticsreports:

1. 2015markedthe70thanniversaryoftheendofWWII.2. 2016marked the 80th anniversary of the Victory of the Red Army's Long

MarchcompletedonOctober22,1936.3. 2017markedthe80thanniversaryoftheMarcoPoloBridgeIncidentonJuly

7th, 1937, a battle that iswidely considered to have been the start of TheSecondSino-JapaneseWar.Mr.HansonwroteabouttheIncidentinhis1939book,HumaneEndeavour.ThePeople’sLiberationArmyPublisherpublishedaChinesetranslationofthisbookin2017.

4. 2017markedthe80thanniversaryoftheNankingMassacreonDecember13,1937.HumaneEndeavourincludesanaccountoftheMassacre.

5. 2017 marked the 90th anniversary of the establishment of The People'sLiberationArmyonAugust1,1932.

6. ForusatCarleton,itisalsosignificantthattheyearof2018markedthe80thanniversary of Mr. Hanson’s meeting with Mao Zedong and other guerillaleadersatYan’an.

OneofthegreatestbenefitsofourexperiencewiththeHansonCollectionhasbeenthat we at the Library, having learned so much about the Collection and its historical

significance, have been inspired to highlight the Collectionhere on campus. Prior to thisyear’s(2018)AlumniReunionWeek-end,theauthorsofthispaperworkedwiththeLibraryexhibits team to mount an exhibit that featured the Hanson photographs. It was anopportunitytohonorMr.Hanson,Classof1934,andtogivereturningalumniachancetolearnaboutMr.Hanson’sadventuresinChinaandtoseehowthisCarletonalumnuswasawitnesstooneofthemostsignificanteventsofthe20thcentury.

ExhibitionatCarletonGouldLibrary

(PhotographsbyHsianghuiLiu-Spencer,usedbypermission)

Conclusion

Our experience with the digitized Hanson Collection has been an important learningopportunity for our library. We have seen how significant digitizing and opening up acollectioncanbetooutsideresearcherswhowillusetheCollectioninimportantwaysthatwecouldnothaveimagined.Wehavemadecontactswithspecialistsinthefieldwhohaveshared information with us about the Collection that we hold, and these contacts havecontributedtoourabilitytousetheCollectionmoreeffectivelyhereatCarleton.Wehavealsolearnedthatdigitizingandopeningupacollectioncanresultincomplicatedissuesofownershipandaccreditation.Ourexperienceswithsuchissueswillinformourproceduresaswedigitizeothercollectionsinthefuture.OurexperienceswithGoogleUsagereportwillalsoenableustointerpretGAreportsinamoremeaningfulway.Intheend,wefeelthatourinvolvementwiththeCollectionhasbothenrichedourworklivesandhasmadeanimportantcontributiontothescholarlyenterprise.AfinalbenefitisthattheHansonphotographsarewonderfulanddefinitelymeritthewideraudiencethattheynowhave.Wehopethatthisaccount of our experience at Carleton andwhatwe have learnedwill be useful tootherinstitutionsastheyworktomaketheirresourcesavailableanddiscoverabletoresearchersworldwide.

Acknowledgment

WewouldliketothankMichaelSpencerandYuwuSong,fortheirassistanceandencourage-mentinthewritingofthispaper.

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