The Acoustical The Acoustical Performance of Performance of Mosques’ Main Mosques’ Main Prayer Hall Prayer Hall Geometry in The Geometry in The Eastern Province, Eastern Province, Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia

H. Hossam Eldien H. Al Qahtani

Dammam Univ., P O Box 2397, 31451 Dammam, Saudi Arabia

IIntroduntroductionction

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Mosque as an important building type of Muslim architecture has evolved to meet Islamic needs. A variety of different worship activities happen within these multifunctional public spaces; these different uses have different acoustical requirements. As in many other religions, worshippers sometimes need solitude while at other times they want to feel in absolute unity with the others present.

IIntroduntroductionction

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The acoustical quality of the mosques has also been discussed in many studies. Mosque design is mainly influenced by worship considerations; three distinct activities are carried out in a mosque, either separately or together:

• One is prayers, either individually or in a group led by a leader, the Imam. • The second is attendance at a sermon being delivered on its own or within the Friday noon prayers. • The third is listening to or reciting some verses from the Holy Quran

All these activities require a high level of speech audibility and intelligibility. To ensure good listening conditions, acoustical needs must be considered in the design phase. In summary, there are three distinct acoustical requirements for mosques:•Audibility of the prayer orders of the Imam (prayer

leader)•Recognizable sermon of the preacher•Listening to or joining in the recital of the musical versions of the Holy Quran.

IIntroduntroductionction

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The prayer hall, also known as the Musalla, rarely has furniture; chairs and pews are generally absent from the prayer hall so as to allow as many worshipers as possible to line the room. Usually opposite the entrance to the prayer hall is the qiblah wall, the visually emphasized area inside the prayer hall. Congregants pray in rows parallel to the qiblah wall and thus arrange themselves so they face Mecca. In the qiblah wall, usually at its center, is the mihrab, a niche or depression indicating the direction of Mecca. (Minbar) is used by the Imam to deliver the religious "Friday" speech preceding the prayers

MethodMethodologyology

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In the first scenario the congregation is performing the prayer behind the Imam who is reciting in a standing position facing the Qibla niche using his raised voice.

In the second scenario, the Imam is assumed to be delivering the Friday speech in a raised voice from the Minbar which is elevated about 1.25m from the mosque floor. His mouth height is around 2.80m from the floor

Two different worship scenarios were examined by the experimentation.

MethodMethodologyology

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Majority of mosques in eastern province have rectangular 1:2 and square plans with a long side perpendicular to the direction of the Qibla. These prototypes can be considered to be medium-size, community mosques with a prayer hall plan of approximately 1600.0 m2 and 4.00 clear heights and without a dome. .

X1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44

2.4m

2.4m

X

1 2 3 4 5 6 7891011121314

15 16 17 18 19 20 2122232425262728

29 30 31 32 33 34 3536373839404142

43 44 45 46 47 48 49

2.4m

2.4m 2.4m

2.4m

Mosque FormDimensions

W, L, H

Floor Area

m2

Volume

m3

Rectangular 1:2 14.15 x 28.30 x 4.00

400.44 1601.76

Square 20.00 x 20.00 x 4.00

400.00 1600.00

Surface Material

walls 1m &Mihrab Cladding of Marble Tiles

WallsPainted plaster surfaces on brick,

double glazing windows, and woodFloor Carpet heavy on concrete

corridors Marble

49 receiver points 44 receiver points

MethodMethodologyology

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RT and EDT had been measured using B&K building acoustic analyzer type 2250, a B&K power amplifier type 2716, a reference Omni Power Sound Source Types 4292 and ½ inch B&K microphone type 4134. Measurements of the STI had been performed using B&K speech transmission meter . Measurements had been carried out, in octave bands, for the frequency range 100Hz to 8 kHz.

Results and Results and DiscussionDiscussion

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For the given mosque volume (1600.0 m3) the optimum RTm value for speech purposes should be in the range from 0.6 to 1.9.

Triangular form 1:2 Square form

1.8

1.85

1.9

1.95

1 2 3 0 -1 -2 -3

RT,

s

Reciever Points by Row

RT,R1

RT,R2

RT,R3

RT,R4

RT,R5

RT,R6

RT,R7

1.8

1.85

1.9

1.95

2

2.05

2.1

2.15

2.2

2.25

2.3

2.35

2.4

2.45

1 2 3 4 5 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5

RT,

s

Reciever Points by Row

RT,R1

RT,R2

RT,R3

RT,R4

1st Scenario : Imam PositionReverberation time (RT) Reverberation time (RT)

At 1kHz RT values ranges from 2.15s to 2.35s at 1kHz. Furthermore, the receiver points at the right side of the mosque have long RT values than those located at the left side.

At 1kHz, RT values range from 1.82 to 1.90s. All receiver points located at two sides of the mosque have longer RT than those located at the centre, this is due to the source location.

Results and Results and DiscussionDiscussion

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ia Early decay time is measured keeping the same source and receiver positions where RT measurements are realised. For our proposed mosques, EDT should be between 2.7s and 3.85s .

Triangular form 1:2 Square form

2.6

2.65

2.7

2.75

2.8

2.85

2.9

2.95

3

3.05

1 2 3 0 -1 -2 -3

ED

T,s

Reciever Points by Row

EDT 1

EDT 2

EDT 3

EDT 4

EDT 5

EDT 6

EDT 7

2.1

2.15

2.2

2.25

2.3

2.35

2.4

2.45

2.5

2.55

2.6

2.65

2.7

2.75

1 2 3 4 5 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5

ED

T s

Reciever Points by Row

EDT 1

EDT 2

EDT 3

EDT 4

1st Scenario : Imam PositionEarly Decay Time (EDT) Early Decay Time (EDT)

EDT values range from 1.8s to 2.2s. These values are near to RT values and are shorter than the optimum value, for all receiver points.

EDT values obtained at the Imam position is better than those obtained by the rectangle where the RT average is approximately 2.95s.

Results and Results and DiscussionDiscussion

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Triangular form 1:2 Square form

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

0.55

0.6

0.65

0.7

0.75

0.8

1 2 3 4 5 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5

ST

I

Reciever Points by Row

STI,R1

STI,R2

STI,R3

STI,R4

Fai

rPo

orG

ood

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

0.55

0.6

0.65

0.7

0.75

0.8

1 2 3 0 -1 -2 -3

ST

I

Reciever Points by Row

STI,R1

STI,R2

STI,R3

STI,R4

STI,R4

STI,R4

STI,R4

1st Scenario : Imam PositionSpeech Transmission Index Speech Transmission Index (STI) (STI)

For the first activity mode, STI is around 0.40, which is considered poor. The best values have been found at locations just around the source or imam and at the 1st row..

STI values range between 0.55 and 0.75, which is considered fair and good. The best values have been found at locations just around the source or imam and at the 1st row.

1.61.65

1.71.75

1.81.85

1.91.95

22.05

2.12.15

2.22.25

2.32.35

2.42.45

2.52.55

2.62.65

2.72.75

2.8

1 2 3 0 -1 -2 -3

RT,

s

Reciever Points by Row

RT,R1RT,R2RT,R3RT,R4RT,R5RT,R6RT,R7

Results and Results and DiscussionDiscussion

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ia RT values as a function of worshipper’s rows at 1kHz are presented. We found that all receiver points have approximately the same RT’s values at 1kHz and longer than the optimum values.

2nd Scenario : Khatib PositionReverberation time (RT) Reverberation time (RT)

Triangular form 1:2 Square form

RT values as a function of worshipper’s rows at 1kHz are presented. We found that the 3rd row has the best value, where we can obtain RT equal to 1.90s. Generally, RT values at 1kHz range from 1.70s to 2.40s.

1.61.65

1.71.75

1.81.85

1.91.95

22.05

2.12.15

2.22.25

2.32.35

2.42.45

2.52.55

2.62.65

2.72.75

2.8

1 2 3 4 5 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5

RT,

s

Reciever Points by Row

RT,R1

RT,R2

RT,R3

RT,R4

2

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7

2.8

2.9

3

3.1

3.2

3.3

1 2 3 0 -1 -2 -3

ED

T, s

Reciever Points by Row

EDT 1

EDT 2

EDT 3

EDT 4

EDT 5

EDT 6

EDT 7

2

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7

2.8

2.9

3

3.1

3.2

3.3

1 2 3 4 5 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5

ED

T, s

Reciever Points by Row

EDT 1

EDT 2

EDT 3

EDT 4

Results and Results and DiscussionDiscussion

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Triangular form 1:2 Square form

2nd Scenario : Khatib PositionEarly Decay Time (EDT) Early Decay Time (EDT)

EDT obtained at khatib position ranges from 2.1s to 2.5s. These values are shorter than the optimum values and longer than Imam position. This is due to the effect of marble side walls.

All points have approximately the same EDT value, approximately 3.0s. At 1kHz, Rt values range from 2.8s to 3.2s. These values are acceptable for the mosque volume.

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

0.55

0.6

0.65

0.7

0.75

0.8

1 2 3 4 5 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5

ST

I

Reciever Points by Row

STI,R1STI,R2STI,R3STI,R4

Results and Results and DiscussionDiscussion

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Triangular form 1:2 Square form

Fai

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1st Scenario : Imam PositionSpeech Transmission Index Speech Transmission Index (STI) (STI)

STI is around 0.40, which is considered poor. Increasing the distance from the source the decreasing the STI values. The best values have been found at locations just around the source or khatib and at the 1st row where we obtained the max. value.

STI values are around 0.65, which is considered good. The best values have been found at locations just around the source or khatib and at the 1st row where we obtained the max value, 0.75,

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

0.55

0.6

0.65

0.7

0.75

0.8

1 2 3 0 -1 -2 -3

ST

I

Reciever Points by Row

STI,R1

STI,R2

STI,R3

STI,R4

STI,R4

STI,R4

STI,R4

ConclusiConclusionon

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iaReverberation time, early decay time, speech transmission index had been obtained by in situ measurements.

The square mosque showed the merits of uniform spatial distribution of RT, EDT, and STI over the front rows in the case of Imam position. Furthermore, almost of rows have acceptable levels of RT, EDT, and STI while the “Friday” speech or Khatib position.

The 1:2 rectangle mosque geometry negatively impacted sound fields in all rows and at all source positions.

The investigation carried out in this study is expected to help architects to understand better the effect of early architectural design decisions pertaining to the space and form of the mosque on its acoustics.