HHCC VVIINN CCHHNNHH TTRR--HHNNHH CCHHNNHH QQUUCC GGIIAA HH CCHH MMIINNHH ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

TT IINN TTHHUUTT NNGG KKIINNHH TT NNGGAA -- VVIITT -- AANNHH

((DDnnhh cchhoo ccnn bb vv hhcc vviinn

HHcc vviinn cchhnnhh ttrr -- hhnnhh cchhnnhh qquucc ggiiaa HH CChh MMiinnhh))..

77995555

HH NNii 22001100

HHCC VVIINN CCHHNNHH TTRR--HHNNHH CCHHNNHH QQUUCC GGIIAA HH CCHH MMIINNHH ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

TT IINN TTHHUUTT NNGG KKIINNHH TT NNGGAA -- VVIITT -- AANNHH

((kkhhoonngg 1100 000000 tthhuutt nngg))

((DDnnhh cchhoo ccnn bb vv hhcc vviinn

HHcc vviinn cchhnnhh ttrr -- hhnnhh cchhnnhh qquucc ggiiaa HH CChh MMiinnhh))..

ttii NNCCKKHH ccpp BB,, mm ss BB..0099--2266

CChh nnhhiimm ttii:: TTSS LLuu HHoo BBnnhh.. NNhhmm ttcc ggii:: PPGGSS..TTSSKKHH NNgguuyynn NNggcc HHnngg ((vvnn AA,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, )).. PPGGSS..TTSS NNgguuyynn TTnn VViitt ((vvnn ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, )).. TTSS LLuu HHoo BBnnhh ((vvnn ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, )).. PPGGSS..TTSS NNgguuyynn KKhhcc TThhaannhh ((bbiinn ttpp vv bb ssuunngg pphhnn tthhuutt nngg ttiinngg VViitt)).. TThhSS NNgguuyynn TThh TThhaannhh HH ((bbiinn ttpp vv bb ssuunngg pphhnn tthhuutt nngg ttiinngg AAnnhh))..

HH NNii 22001100

Li ni u.

Quan h kinh t gia Cng ho x hi ch ngha Vit Nam v Lin bang Nga ngy cng pht trin k t khi kinh t ca hai nc chuyn t c ch kinh t bao cp sang kinh t th trng. Cng nh trc y, s chuyn i c cu kinh t ca hai nc c nhiu im chung, c th trao i vi nhau. Xut pht t tnh hnh thc t , nhu cu v hc v nghin cu ting Nga ngy cng cp thit v dn dn c phc hi, nht l trong lnh vc kinh t ni chung v kinh t th trng ni ring. Trc nhu cu Hc vin chnh tr - hnh chnh quc gia H Ch Minh t chc bin son cun T in thut ng kinh t NGA-VIT-ANH dnh cho cn b v hc vin ca Hc vin cng nh ca cc Phn vin khc trong c nc.

Sch cng c ting Nga hin nay v lnh vc kinh t th trng nc ta cn qu ngho nn, h thng thut ng kinh t lc hu, chm i mi, k c ting Nga ln ting Vit. Thc t khng p ng c nhu cu nghin cu ca cn b, nhu cu hc tp ca hc vin cc c s nghin cu v ging dy thuc ngnh kinh t.

Nhim v ca T in thut ng kinh t Nga-Vit-Anh khng ch hn ch trong vic bc u cung cp cho ngi s dng h thng thut ng kinh t th trng trong ting Nga v ting Vit, m cn quan tm ti vic hng dn cch khai thc v s dng thut ng ting Nga, mt ngn ng bin t mang tnh tng hp cao, ng thi gp phn vo vic xy dng h thng thut ng kinh t mi. Do vy, T in cn mang tnh cht gio khoa v c mt cu trc ring, khng ging nhng t in song ng khc.

Sau khi c nghim thu, cc tc gi s sa i nhng khim khuyt, b sung thm nhng phn cn thit v ngh Hc vin CT-HCQG HCM cho n hnh rng ri nhm phc v ng do ngi s dng

Ti liu tham kho. Ting Nga. - . ... , 2000. Ting Vit. m Quang Chiu (h bin).T in thut ng kinh t th trng Nga-Anh-Vit. H Ni, 2006. Nguyn c D (ch bin). T in kinh t-kinh doanh Anh-Vit. H Ni, 2000. Nguyn Trng n. T in chng khon Anh-Vit. NXB Thng k, 2007. L Minh c. T in kinh doanh AnhVit. NXB Tr, 1994. Nguyn Vn V, Nguyn Hu Nguyn Hu Nguyn, inh Thanh Tnh, Bi ng Ti. T in Vit-Anh thng mi-ti chnh. H Ni, 1996. Hu Vinh. T in thut ng kinh t thng mi Anh-Vit. NXB GTVT, 2007. Cung Kim Tin. T in kinh t Anh-Vit & Vit-Anh. NXB Nng, 2008. Nhng ch vit tt v k hiu: dt danh t tt tnh t gt ng t gtt ng tnh t snh s nhiu

thut ng ghp. t t in hnh trong vn phong kinh t.

1

HC VIN CHNH TR-HNH CHNH QUC GIA H CH MINH

BO CO TM TT

TI NGHIN CU KHOA HC CP B 2009-2010

M s B.09-26

Tn ti: T IN THUT NG KINH T

NGA - VIT - ANH (Dnh cho cn b v hc vin

Hc vin chnh tr - hnh chnh quc gia H Ch Minh).

Ch nhim ti: TS. Lu Ho Bnh

H Ni - 2010

2

BO CO TM TT TI NGHIN CU KHOA HC CP B Ch nhim ti: TS. Lu Ho Bnh n v thc hin ti: V quan h quc t

Hc vin CT-HC QG H Ch Minh. Nhng ngi tham gia thc hin ti:

TS. Lu Ho Bnh. ThS Nguyn Th Thanh H

PGS.TSKH Nguyn Ngc Hng. PGS.TS Nguyn Khc Thanh . PGS.TS Nguyn Tn Vit.

Mc lc.

Bo co tm tt kt qu thc hin ti. Phn mt. 1. Tn ti. 3 2. Tnh cp thit ca ti. 3 3. Mc ch, yu cu ca cng trnh nghin cu. 4 4. Cu trc t in. 5 5. Tnh hnh nghin cu lin quan n ti. 6 6. Phng php nghin cu. 7 7. Ni dung nghin cu. A. Mt s vn l lun v thut ng. 7 B. T in hc v t in thut ng chuyn ngnh. 20 Phn hai. T in thut ng kinh t NGA-VIT-ANH.

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TM TT KT QU THC HIN TI 1. Tn ti:

T in thut ng kinh t Nga - Vit Anh (Dnh cho cn b v hc vin

Hc vin chnh tr-hnh chnh quc gia H Ch Minh).

2. Tnh cp thit ca ti: Tnh hnh chnh tr, kinh t nc Nga thi k hu x vit c nhiu bin ng to ln. Nhng bin i c nh hng trc tip ti quan h kinh t gia Vit Nam v LB Nga. Hai nn kinh t mang tnh tp trung, bao cp cao bt u i mi - chuyn sang nn kinh t th trng. Cng vi nn kinh t, nhiu lnh vc khc ca i sng x hi cng bin i theo. Nhng bin i trong i sng chnh tr, kinh t c phn nh r nt trong ting Nga hin i, trc ht l trong lnh vc t vng qua cc phng tin thng tin i chng. T vng bin i nhanh chng: trong xut hin mt khi lng ln thut ng kinh t, biu th nhng khi nim mi khng nhng i vi ngi hc ting Nga, m i vi c ngi bn ng. Do gn y LB Nga cho xut bn cun t in Nhng t mi xut hin trong ting Nga cui th k 19 - u th k 20. Cun t in ny gip cho ngi c hiu c nhng vn bn kinh t mi. Cun T in kinh t Nga-Vit-Anh l tng u tin ca tp th tc gi tham gia ti mun phn nh tnh cht a dng, phong ph ca thut ng trong lnh vc kinh t. Vic lm ny ht sc cn thit, bi l xu hng hi nhp v hp tc trong i sng kinh t-x hi v chnh tr ang l xu hng ch o trn phm vi ton cu. Hn na, nhng cun t in kinh t song ng hoc a ng c xut bn trc y Lin X cng nh Vit Nam ch yu cha ng nhng thut ng phn nh nhng phm tr v khi nim kinh t XHCN m hin nay it s dng.

T thp nin 90 tr li y LB Nga v Vit Nam chuyn i sang nn kinh t th trng. C ch kinh t th trng l sn phm v thnh qu ca nn vn minh nhn loi. Trong ting Nga xut hin nhiu thut ng kinh t mi do c cu kinh t-chnh tr-x hi thay i trong nhng nm qua. Hn na ni hm ng nghi ca nhng t ang s dng b thay i do nh hng ca nhng bin ng chnh tr-x hi v kinh t nc Nga. Qua thng k ca cc nh ngn ng, ting Nga vay mn nhiu thut ng ting Anh, nht l trong lnh vc kinh t. Nhiu thut ng cha c cp nht trong nhng t in truyn thng, do vy vic cung cp cho ngi hc v bn c Vit Nam mt h thng thut ng trong lnh vc kinh t

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chung v nhiu lnh vc lin quan, d cn hn ch, l vic lm cp thit nhm gip h d dng tip cn c vi cc phng tin thng tin bng ting Nga, ng thi i chiu vi ting Anh hin i trong iu kin nuc ta ngy cng hi nhp su sc hn vo i sng kinh t- chnh tr- x hi v vn ho khu vc v trn phm vi ton th gii.

Tnh cp thit ca cun T in kinh t Nga-Vit-Anh khng nhng ch ch cn thit thng k nhng thut ng kinh t c s dng vi tn s cao cho ngi Vit, gii thch v a ra nhng thut ng ting Vit tng ng, m cn nhim v phc v cho vic nghin cu quan h kinh t gia Vit Nam v LB Nga ngy cng m rng sau hng lot hi ngh cp cao ca chnh ph hai nc.

3. Mc ch v yu cu ca cng trnh nghin cu. L kt qu v sn phm ca cng trnh nghin cu tin hnh trong hai nm, cun T in kinh t Nga-Vit-Anh nhm phc v cho i ng cn b nghin cu, ging vin, hc vin cc h c nhn chnh tr, h cao hc v h nghin cu sinh ca Hc vin chnh tr-hnh chnh quc gia H Ch Minh trong vic hc ting Nga, trong vic tham kho, c sch, bo, ti liu ting Nga su tm ti liu cho lun n, lun vn, tiu lun v nghin cu khoa hc. Khc vi danh php, thut ng trong cunT in kinh t Nga-Vit-Anh ny l b phn t ng c bit ca cc ngn ng Nga, Vit, Anh. N phi bao gm nhng t v cm t c nh l tn gi (nh danh) chnh xc ca cc loi khi nim v i tng thuc cc lnh vc chuyn mn kinh t nh: kinh t chnh tr hc, qun l kinh t. kinh t pht trin, kinh doanh, ti chnh, tip th, lut kinh t v.v. Nhng thut ng trong cun t in ny phi phn nh c nhng c im c bn ca thut ng nh: a/ Tnh chnh xc.

Ni chung, mi t trong ngn ng u lin h vi khi nim, nhng cc khi nim c biu hin trong cc t thng thng khc vi cc khi nim biu hin trong thut ng. Theo gio s A.A. Reformatsky, H thut ng l mt c im ca khoa hc, k thut, chnh tr, tc l ca nhng lnh vc hot ng x hi c t chc mt cch tr tu (d cho i tng l t nhin i na). Chnh v th, cc khi nim c biu hin trong thut ng l cc khi nim chnh xc ca mt mn khoa hc no . Trong nhiu cng trnh nghin cu ngi ta khng s dng khi nim ngha t vng cho cc thut ng, m ch ni ni dung ca thut ng m thi. Trong ng cnh khc nhau, cng nh khi ng mt mnh, thut ng khng thay i v

5

ni dung. Ni hm ngha ca thut ng khng ph thuc vo s pht trin ca bn thn khoa hc.

b/Tnh h thng. Mi thut ng u b qui nh bi hai trng: trng t vng v

trng khi nim. Trng t vng l nhng lin kt ca thut ng vi cc t khc trong ngn ng ni chung. Tt c cc t khng phi thut ng cng nm trong cc trng nh vy. Nhng i vi thut ng, trng khi nim c tnh cht tt yu hn v cng ch thut ng mi b qui nh bi ci trng ny.

Mi lnh vc khoa hc u c mt h thng cc khi nim cht ch, hu hn, c th hin bng h thng cc thut ng ca mnh. Nh vy, mi thut ng u chim mt v tr trong h thng khi nim. u nm trong mt h thng thut ng nht nh. Gi tr ca mi thut ng c xc nh bi mi quan h ca n vi nhng thut ng khc cng trong h thng. Nu tch mt thut ng ra khi h thng, th ni dung thut ng ca n khng cn na. Tm li, cc thut ng khng th ng bit lp mt mnh, m bao gi cng l yu t ca mt h thng thut ng nht nh.

c/ Tnh quc t. Thut ng l b phn t vng c bit biu hin nhng khi nim

khoa hc chung cho nhng ngi ni cc th ting khc nhau. V vy, s thng nht thut ng gia cc ngn ng l cn thit v b ch. Chnh iu ny to nn tnh quc t ca thut ng.

Da trn ba c im c bn va nu ca thut ng, , nhm tc gi c diu kin tuyn la thut ng chnh xc v a vo bng t ca cun T in kinh t Nga-Vit-Anh. 4. Cu trc ca cun T in kinh t Nga-Vit-Anh. Bng t xp sp theo vn ch ci ting Nga. Ngoi nhng thut ng n v ghp (khong 10 000), trong t in cn a vo nhng t t in hnh cho vn phong kinh t, nhm gip ngi s dng hiu thu o hn cc thut ng v s dng chng trong nhng ng cnh ph hp. 5. Tnh hnh nghin cu lin quan n ti: 1/ Vn thut ng. Vn thut ng chng ta nghin cu vn cn hn ch. Chng ta hc tp nhiu kinh nghim ca chuyn gia nc bn ng dng vo vic pht trin l lun v thut ng, thut ng hc, v t in hc, trong c t in thut ng.

6

phc v cho ci cch gio dc nhng nm 80 th k XX B Gio dc ban hnh Qui nh v chnh t ting Vit v Qui nh v thut ng ting Vit (5 - 3 - 1984). Trong nu ra nhng yu cu chun i vi hai lnh vc k trn. thc hin nhng yu cu chun thnh lp ra hai Hi ng cp nh nc: Hi ng chun ho chnh t ting Vit v Hi ng chun ho thut ng. V thut ng cc nh khoa hc a ra nhng qui nh c th, nh cu to v s dng thut ng ting Vit, vic chun ho, h thng ho . . . trong vic bin son sch gio khoa, t in v ging dy. T in kinh t Nga-Vit-Anh c bin son s c bin son theo tinh thn ch o, cng nh nhng nguyn tc ca Hi ng chun ho thut ng k trn. ng thi cc tc gi c gng vn dng nhng thnh qu nghin cu ca nhng nm gn y ca cc hc gi nc ngoi v trong nc nng cao cht lng cng trnh v l lun cng nh thc tin, theo kp s pht trin ca ngnh thut ng hc v t in hc nhm p ng c yu cu hc tp, nghin cu ca thi i.

2/ Vn t in. Ngi Nga hin nay xut bn mt s t in kinh t mi, trong

loi tr nhng t khng ph hp vi nn kinh t th trng hin nay, dc bit l b sung rt nhiu thut ng mi phn nh nhng thay i trong i sng kinh t - x hi nc Nga. Trn cc phng tin thng tin i chng chng ta gp rt nhiu thut ng kinh t mi, hiu chng khng th thiu t in thut ng chuyn ngnh. Vit Nam hin cha c cun t in song ng Nga - Vit no p ng c nhu cu ngi hc v c gi bo ch v t liu ting Nga.

6. Phng php nghin cu: Phng php thng k la chn mc t c tn s xut hin cao. Phng php phn tch ng nghi tng gii ni dung cc thut ng. Phng php i chiu chn thut ng tng dng. 7. Ni dung nghin cu:

A. Mt s vn l lun v thut ng ting Nga.

I. T vng ting Vit xt v phng din phm vi s dng. Cng nh cc ngn ng khc (ting Anh, ting Nga, ting Trung quc) t vng ting Vit bao gm nhiu lp hng khc nhau. Khi xt v phm vi s

7

dng ca cc t trong hot ng giao tip, ta c th chia ra t vng ton dn v t vng hn ch v mt x hi v lnh th.

1. T vng ton dn l nhng t ton dn hiu v s dng. N l vn t chung cho tt c nhng ngi ni ting Vit, thuc cc a phng khc nhau v tng lp x hi khc nhau. y chnh l lp t vng c bn, lp t vng quan trng nht trong mt ngn ng. Nhiu nh khoa hc u nht tr quan im cho rng, t vng ton dn l ht nhn vn t vng ca mt dn tc, khng c n ngn ng khng th tn ti v v th cng khng th c s trao i gia mi ngi. T vng ton dn cn l c s cho s thng nht ngn ng.

V mt ngha, t vng ton dn biu th nhng s vt, hin tng khch quan hay khi nim quan trng v cn thit trong i sng S lng t vng ton dn thng dng bao gm: - danh t: cuc sng, nh sng, ngy, m, bo, tp ch ... - tnh t: thn yu, tr, gi, , xanh ... - ng t: n, , xem, c ... - i t: ti, chng ta, h ... - t tnh thi: tt nhin, hin nhin, ng tic, may thay ...

Trong thnh phn vn t ton an c hng chc ngha t. Thuc tnh ca t vng ton dn l tnh cht ph cp v hiu c. T vng ton dn l b phn nng ct, ht nhn ca t vng vn hc. N l vn t cn thit nht din t t tng , tnh cm, miu t hin tng, s vt trong mi ngn ng.

T vng ton n cng l c s cu to cc t mi, lm giu kho t vng ca ngn ng mi dn tc ni chung. Xt v i th, tuyt i a s cc t thuc lp t vng ton dn l nhng t mang tnh cht trung ho v phong cch, tc l chng c th c s dng mi phong cch chc nng khc nhau. i lp vi lp t vng ton dn l nhng lp t vng dng hn ch mi phong cch nht nh. Nhng lp t vng bao gm t a phng, t ngh nghip, t lng, thut ng.

2, T a phng. T a phng l nhng t c dng hn ch mt hoc mt vi

a phng Nhn chung, t a phng l b phn t vng ca ngn ng ni (khu ng) hng ngy ca b phn no ca dn tc, ch khng phi l t vng ca ngn ng vn hc. Khi dng vo sch bo vn ngh, cc t a phng thng mang sc thi tu t nh din t li c im ca a phng, c im ca nhn vt v.v. Chng hn,

b (ton dn) mn (Thanh Ho) m (Ngh Tnh), ln (ton dn) n (Hi Hng)` heo (Nam B).

8

kia (ton dn) t (Thanh Ho rng (ton dn) ngn (Nam B). T vng a phng ch yu l t vng khu ng. m bo s

trong sng ca ngn ng dn tc, khi dng t a phng trong sch bo vn hc, ngh thut, cn phi ht sc thn trng v c mc . Ni chung, ch nn dng cc t a phng vo sch bo vn ngh trong nhng trng hp hu hn: cc s vt no lc u ch c bit trong mt khu vc nht nh, sau c ph bin rng ri, c tnh cht ton dn. Nhng t a phng c sc thi biu cm mnh m hn so vi cc t ngha tng ng trong ngn ng ton dn. Nguyn Du l mt bc thy trong vic s dng t a phng vo tc phm vn hc.

u lng hai T Nga. Cy em em c chu li.

Nh vn Nguyn Du l ngi min Trung, song truyn Kiu dng rt t t a phng. Chnh v vy Truyn Kiu i vo qun chng khp Trung, Nam, Bc. ng tic mt s tc phm vn hc ca ta dng thi qu t a phng gy n tng nng n i vi bn c. Vn ho Gooc-ki kch lit ln n hin tng dng t a phng mt cch lm dng ng vit: Dng t m ch nhn dn mt vng hiu l mt sai lm nghim trng, l phn ngh thut.

3. Ting lng. Ting lng l nhng t ng c dng hn ch v mt x hi, tc l

nhng t ng khng phi ton dn hiu v s dng, m ch b hp s dng trong mt tng lp x hi no . C ting lng ca gii tr, c ting lng ca bn lu manh, phe phy v.v. . v nh: t vm (n trm), choai (thiu n dy th), bt mi (tm hng) ... Mc d ting lng ch l t c tnh cht thng tc, ch yu c dng trong ngn ng ni ca mt tng lp x hi nht nh, nhng nhng ting lng khng th tc, m ch l tn gi c hnh nh ca s vt, hin tng no c th c dng ph bin, dn dn thm nhp vo ngn ng ton dn. Trong cc tc phm vn hc ngh thut ting lng c dng lm mt phng tin tu t khc ho tnh cch v miu t hon cnh sng ca nhn dn.

4. T ng ngh nghip. T ngh nghip l nhng t ng biu th nhng cng c, sn phm

lao ng v qu trnh sn xut ca mt ngnh ngh no trong x hi. Nhng t ng ny thng c nhng ngi trong cng ngnh ngh

9

bit v s dng. Do , t ng ngh nghp cng l lp t vng c s dng hn ch v mt x hi.

V d: cy, ba, bn lt, gieo thng (ngh nng); gung ci, ng ng, si mc (ngh dt); l, mc vanh, chng nn (ngh lm nn); o, kp, kp , kp xanh (ngh thut tung) v.v.

Nhn chung, tuy l lp t vng khc vi ting lng, t ng ngh nghip l nhng tn gi duy nht ca hin tng thc t. Chng khng c t ng ngha trong ngn ng ton dn. Tuy nhin t ngh nghip d dng tr thnh t vng ton dn, khi nhng khi nim ring ca ngh no tr thnh ph bin rng ri trong ton x hi. Khc vi ting lng, t vng ngh nghip nm trong t vng ca ngn ng vn hc. Chng c th dng trong sch bo chnh lun v vn hc ngh thut.

t Bi c cy b , C ging tm mt, c ngii seo, cau.

5. Thut ng v danh php. Thut ng l b phn t vng c bit ca ngn ng. N bao gm

nhng t v cm t c nh, l tn gi chnh xc ca cc loi khi nim v cc i tng thuc cc lnh vc chuyn mn ca con ngi.

Th d: t bn, tch lu, gi tr thng d (kinh t hc); m v, m tit, hnh v (ngn ng hc).

Chng ta cn phn bit thut ng vi danh php khoa hc. H thut ng trc ht gn lin vi h thng cc khi nim ca mt b mn khoa hc nht nh. Cc danh php l ton b nhng tn gi c dng trong mt ngnh chuyn mn no , n khng gn trc tip vi cc khi nim ca khoa hc ny, m ch gi tn cc s vt trong khoa hc m thi. Th d trong mn a l, cc t: ni, sng, bin, xa mc ... l cc thut ng, cn tn ni, sng, bin, sa mc c th nh Tam o, sng L, bin en, sa mc Xa-ha-ra l danh php; tn cc loi vi-ta-min A, B, C, E cng ch l danh php. Nh vy, v mt chc nng ging vi cc tn ring. V bn cht, danh php l tn ring ca cc i tng. Nu nh thut ng ngi ta nhn mnh chc nng nh ngha ca n, th i vi danh php chc nng nh danh (gi tn) mi l quan trng. Thut ng c th c cu to trn c s cc t hoc cc hnh v c ngha s vt v th. Ni dung ca thut ng t nhiu tng ng vi ngha ca cc t to nn chng. Cn danh php c th c quan nim l mt chui k tip nhau ca cc ch ci (vi-a-min A, vi-a-min B ... ), l mt chui cc con s (TU 104, SU 26) hay bt k cch gi tn v on no. Nh ngn ng hc Vinovic nh ngha danh php nh sau: ... danh php khc h thut ng, n ch l mt h thng cc ph hiu hon ton tru

10

tng v c l, m mc ch duy nht l ch cp cho ta cc phng tin thun li nht v mt thc tin gi tn cc vt, cc i tng khng quan h trc tip vi nhng i hi ca t duy l lun hot ng vi nhng s vt ny. so snh thut ng v danh php vi t bnh thng v tn hiu, ta c th s dng s sau:

Tn hiu danh php - thut ng - t. T v tn hiu vo th i lp, danh php gn vi tn hiiu, cn

thut ng gn vi t. II. Nhng tiu ch xc nh thut ng trong mt ngn ng nht nh. Da vo nhng c im c bn ca thut ng, chng ta c th rt ra

nhng tiu ch xc nh thut ng trong vn t vng mi dn tc. Ni chung, mi t trong ngn ng u lin h vi khi nim, th nhng cc khi nim c biu hin trong cc t thng thng khc vi cc khi nim c biu hin trong thut ng. Theo quan im cua A.A.Re-foc-mat-xki h thut ng l mt c im ca khoa hc, k thut, chnh tr, tc l ca nhng lnh vc hot ng x hi c t chc mt cch tr tu (A.A.Re-foc-mat-xki. Thut ng v h thng thut ng l g? Nhng vn v thut ng, M. 1961, tr. 45-51). Chnh v th, cc khi nim c biu hin trong thut ng l cc khi nim chnh xc ca mt b mn khoa hc no . Trong nhiu cng trnh nghin cu ngi ta khng dng khi nim ngha t vng cho cc thut ng, m ch ni ni dung ca thut ng. Do s tc ng ln nhau, ngha ca cc t thng thng c th thay i trong nhng trng hp khc nhau, cn ni dung ca thut ng l thuc vo lnh vc thun tu v tr tu, chng khng b thay i nh th. S phn ca thut ng khng ph thuc vo s pht trin ca bn thn khoa hc. N ch thay i khi no xut hin biu tng mi, nhng quan nim mi, ch thay i khi cc khi nim m n din t c xc lp li. Trong cc t in thut ng khng c gii thch nh cc t thng thng, m thc cht l c nh ngha. S gii thch ph thuc vo mn cm ch quan ca con ngi. Cn mun nh ngha mt thut ng th phi bit tng tn v mn khoa hc thut ng ny. Ngy nay, tt c cc thut ng u l cc thnh t ca mt l thuyt nht nh v hiu thut ng no , cn phi hiu tt c l thuyt. Cng vic ny i khi vt qu kh nng ca nh ngn ng hc , i hi phi c s hp tc vi nhng nh chuyn mn khc.

Nh vy, c im cng nh tiu ch s mt ca thut ng l tnh chnh xc. Mi thut ng u b qui nh bi hai trng: trng t vng v trng khi nim. Trng t vng l nhng lin h ca thut ng vi cc

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t khc trong ngn ng ni chung. Tt c cc t khng phi thut ng cng nm trong ci trng nh vy. Nhng i vi thut ng trng khi nim c tnh cht tt yu hn. Mi lnh vc khoa hc u c mt h thng cc khi nim cht ch, hu hn, c th hin bng h thng cc thut ng ca mnh. Nh vy, mi thut ng u chim mt v tr trong h thng khi nim, u nm trong mt h thng thut ng nht nh.

Nh vy, mun thut ng khng cn tr i vi cch hiu, li th hin c v tr ca n trong h thng thut ng th qua hnh thc ca thut ng cn phi khu bit n v cht vi cc thut ng khc lot, ng thi c th khu bit n v quan h so vi nhng khi nim cng loi. Th d, m v, m t, m tit, m on, m hng, m iu, trong m c gi tr phn bit v cht loi thut ng ny vi cc thut ng khc. Nhng t cn li: v, t, tit, on, hng, iu c gi tr khu bit ln nhau trong lot thut ng ny. Tng t nh vy, v vi t cch yu t nh nht c gi tr khu bit v mt mt no , c th cu to thnh loi thut ng: hnh v, t v, ngha v, thanh v ...

Tnh quc t. Thut ng l lp t vng c bit biu th nhng khi nim khoa hc

chung cho nhng ngi ni cc th ting khc nhau. V vy, s thng nht gia cc ngn ng l cn thit v b ch. Chnh iu ny to nn tnh quc t ca thut ng. Thng thng khi cp n tnh quc t ca thut ng, ngi ta ch ch ti biu hin hnh thc cu to ca n: cc ngn ng dng cc thut ng ging hoc tng t nhau, cng xut pht mt gc chung. V d: cc thut ng rai, tip th.

Ting Vit rai, marketing Ting Php radio, marketing Ting Anh radio, marketing Ting Nga ,

Thc ra, v hnh thc cu to, tnh quc t ca thut ng c tnh cht tng i. Dng nh khng c thut ng no c s thng nht tt c cc ngn ng trn th gii. Mc thng nht ca cc thut ng l khc nhau, c thut ng thng nht trn mt phm vi rng, c thut ng thng nht trn mt phm vi hp hn do lch s truyn thng hnh thnh cc khu vc vn ho khc nhau.

Tnh thng nht. Tnh thng nht Tnh thng nht ca thut ng th hin trc ht

s thng nht trong phm vi cc khu vc vn ho. Cc ngn ng n u chu nh hng ca nn vn ho Hy lp, cho nn thut ng ca chng thng bt ngun t cc ting La tinh v Hy lp. Ting Vit v mt s th

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ting khc ng Nam , nh ting Triu Tin, Nht Bn v.v. xy dng thut ng phn ln da trn c s cc t t gc Hn cng l v cc dn tc ny c bang giao vn ho lu i vi Trung Quc. C l do s thng nht tng i v hnh thc cu to ca thut ng gia cc ngn ng m nhiu ngi xem nh tnh quc t ca thut ng. Trong hi ngh v chn ho thut ng khoa hc t chc nm 1978 mi ngi tham d ch nht tr c vi nhau tnh chnh xc v tnh h thng ca thut ng, cn v nhng im khc ca thut ng th mi ngi quan nim mt khc: ngi th a thm tnh dn tc, ngi th a thm tnh n ngha, ngi th a thm tnh ngn gn v.v. Theo quan im ca chng ti, tnh dn tc, tnh d hiu, tnh ngn gn ... khng ch l c trng ring ca thut ng, m nhng t thng thng cng phi c, cng phi c nhng tnh y. Khi xy dng thut ng chng nhng phi bo m nhng tnh cht ring ca thut ng, m cn phi bo m c nhng tnh cht chung ca thut ng vi nhng lp t vng khc.

III. Thut ng v t ng thng thng.

Thut ng khng cch bit hon ton i vi t ton dn v cc lp t vng khc. Thut ng du sao vn l mt b phn ca h thng t vng ni chung, c quan h vi t khc trong h thng ngn ng. C cc t thng thng ln thut ng u chu s chi phi ca cc qui lut ng m, cu to t v ng php ca ngn ng ni chung. Mu sc chuyn mn cng nh phm vi s dng hn ch ca thut ng s khng cn l ci g hon ton i lp vi ngn ng ton dn khi m trnh khoa hc ca qung i qun chng c nng ln. Khi cc thut ng, tr cc thut ng chuyn mn qu hp, khng cn l lnh vc ring ca cc nh chuyn mn thuc ngnh khoa hc no . Gia t ton dn v thut ng c quan h xm nhp ln nhau. T ton dn c th tr thnh thut ng v ngc li. Mt khi t ton dn tr thnh thut ng, th ngha ca n c hn ch li, c tnh cht chuyn mn ho: tnh cht hnh tng v gi tr gi cm mt i, nhng mi lin h mi xut hin. V d: Thuc lp t ton dn nc c ngha l cht lng ni chung, v vy n c th kt hp vi cc t khc nh: nc bin, nc sng, nc h, nc l khoai ... Khi chuyn thnh thut ng ho hc nc ch cn biu th cht lng do s kt hp ca -xy v hy-dr m thnh. N cng khng cn gi ln mt hnh tng p y nc in tri nh trc y.

Cc thut ng trong mt s trng hp nht nh cng c th tr thnh t vng ton dn. Tuy nhin khng phi ton b thut ng vi c khi nim khoa hc m n din t u c th chuyn ho vo ngn ng

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ton dn, m ch l ci v ng m ca n m thi. V d: thut ng dt im vn l thut ng ca ngnh th dc th thao c dng rng ri ch hin tng lm vic g c tnh ton, c chng tnh sp xp trc sau, nh: Chng ta cn phi gii quyt dt im xo ngho trong qu I v.v.

Chnh do s chuyn ho ln nhau gia thut ng v t ng ton dn m chng ta thy ngoi nhng thut ng ch nm trong h thng thut ng no (m v, cm t, ng php ... ) cn c nhng thut ng ng thi l nhng t thng thng ca ngn ng ton dn (m, ting, nc, li v.v. ). Mt khc, hin tng cc t thng thng c th tr thnh thut ng m ra cho chng ta kh nng cu to hng lot thut ng trn c s ngn ng ton dn. Ni tm li, tnh chnh xc, tnh h thng, tnh quc t, tnh thng nht l nhng c trng c bn ca thut ng, ng thi cng l nhng tiu ch quan trng gip chng ta phn bit thut ng vi cc lp t vng khc. IV. Con ng hnh thnh v pht trin thut ng ting Vit.

Nhn mt cch tng qut, c th thy thut ng trong ting Vit hnh thnh nh ba con ng c bn l: thut ng ho t ng thng thng, cu to nhng thut ng tng ng vi thut ng nc ngoi bng phng thc m phng v mn nguyn nhng thut ng nc ngoi. H qu ca nhng qu trnh ny l hnh thnh ba lp thut ng vi nhng c trng khc nhau v hnh thi v ng ngha trong vn thut ng ting Vit. l lp thut ng thun Vit, lp thut ng m phng thut ng quc t. 1/ Con ng thut ng ho t ng thng thng thc cht l con ng dng php chuyn di ng ngha ca t to thut ng. S chuyn di ng ngha nay tuy kh tinh t v phc tp, nhng vn c th qui v hai dng: hnh thi chuyn di khng dn n chuyn ngha v hnh thi chuyn di dn n chuyn ngha. Hnh thi th nht c th gp s kh ln cc t thng l nhng t thuc vn c bn nh: ngi, cy, c, vng, , vung, trn ... nhng t ny, trong thc ngi bn ng, ranh gii gia ngha thng dng v ngha thut ng khng phi bao gi cng r nt. Dng nh ngha thng dng (ngha gc) v ngha thut ng (cng l ngha gc) v cn bn l ng nht. V th, cc nh t in hc thng gp phi vn nan gii l: nn gii thch ngha ca nhng t ny theo li ng vn hay theo li hn lm (I.V.Sec-ba, 1958, tr. 68). ng thng gii thch theo li hn lm l ng hay khong cch ngn nht gia hai im, nhng trong cch hiu thng thng th l ng khng lch v bn phi hay bn

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tri. Th d ny cho thy gia cch hiu ngha c tnh ng vn v cch hiu ngha c tnh cht hn lm c chnh nht nh. chnh y c th ln hay nh tu thuc rt nhiu vo trnh pht trin ca khoa hc, trnh hiu bit ca con ngi v th gii xung quanh. Do nhn thc khc nhau v gi tr ca cc thuc tnh ca s vt m s la chn cc tiu ch phn loi s vt cng khc nhau. Chng hn, trong cch hiu thng thng, c voi dc lit vo loi c, song cch hiu khoa hc, c voi khng thuc loi c, m thuc loi ng vt c v. V vy, c th ni rng, ngha thut ng l ngha c tnh cht xc nh trong mt h thng xc nh. Khi vt ra ngoi h thng, hoc khi chuyn h thng thut ng t phi lp li mt tnh xc nh mi v ngha. Th d: than - ngha thng dng trong cm t than trong bp l; than - ngha thut ng trong cm t m than hay trong hi ho - v than.

Trong vic xc nh ni dung khi nim do thut ng biu th c th thy s khc nhau khng ch gia cc trng phi, m thm ch gia cc nh khoa hc trong cng trng phi vi nhau. iu l t nhin, l l thng trong i sng khoa hc. V nhiu khi s khc nhau y li l cht men kch thch nhng cuc tranh lun si ni lm sng t chn l, thc y khoa hc pht trin.

Tm li, hnh thi chuyn di ng ngha va xt thc cht l s chuyn di phm vi ng dng ca mt ngha thng l ngha gc, ngha cn bn ca t t lnh vc ny sang lnh vc khc, vi nhng cch nhn nhn t nhng gc khc nhau. Do hnh thi chuyn di ng ngha ny, tnh qui tc ca qu trnh thut ng ho thng rt m nht. V ngha thng dng l ngha thut ng cha c s tch bit rnh rt.

Tnh qui tc. Tnh qui tc ch th hin r rt hnh thi th hai ca s chuyn di

ng ngha ca thut ng ho t ng thng thng. Th d: no trong n no khc vi ngha no trong ho hc. Trong

trng hp ny, ngha thut ng l mt mt khu ca qu trnh pht trin ngha t. Nu hiu cu trc ngha ca t l ton b cc ngha ca t y nm trong nhng mi quan h hu c vi nhau lp thnh mt h thng, th ngha thut ng l mt b phn, mt thnh t trong h thng y.

C s chuyn di t ngha thng dng, ngha gc sang ngha thut ng, ngha phi sinh trong cc trng hp ang xt l mi quan h tng ng hay mi quan h tng ng nhng thuc tnh ca s vt, qu trnh ... c phn nh trong khi nim do t ng biu th.

Nu s chuyn di ng ngha y da vo quan h tng ng, th cng ta s c ngha thut ng hnh thnh theo php n d ho. Th d:

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Ngha ca cnh trong cnh chim khc vi ngha ca cnh trong cnh t, cnh hu ... Ngha ca hai t sau l ngha ca thut ng hnh thnh theo php n d.

Nu s chuyn di ng ngha da vo quan h tng cn, th chng ta s c ngha thut ng hnh thnh theo php hon d ho. l ngha u ngi trong binh qun thu nhp theo u ngi v.v.

Php n d v php hon d l hai hnh thc chuyn di ngha c tnh nguyn tc. l nhng hnh thi rt c bn trong s pht trin ngha ca t, bao gm c ngha ca thut ng. Qu trnh chuyn di ng ngha di hai hnh thi ny din ra u n. Khi s chuyn di ng ngha xy ra mt t trong nhm hoc trng t vng no , th thng ko theo s chuyn di ng ngha xy ra mt t trong nhm hay trng t vng no , th thng ko theo s chuyn di ng ngha nhiu t khc trong cng trng t vng y theo mt hng nht nh.

Th d: Trng v en ko theo nhau cng mt hng khi chuyn di sang ngha thut ng trong sch trng, sch en. Cng nh vy, khi , xanh v vng c dng vi ngha thut ng trong nhc , nhc xanh, nhc vng hay trong cng hi , cng on vng v.v.

Nhn chung, hnh thi ca cc thut ng thun Vit khng c g c bit so vi hnh thi ca cc t ng thng thng. Du hiu duy nht gip chng ta c th nhn din c thut ng l c im ca chu cnh xut hin ca n, tc l c im v kh nng t hp ca n vi nhng t ng nht nh. Tt nhin, c im ny cng ch c th bc l ra khi chng ta i lp chu cnh ca t vi t cch thut ng vi chu cnh ca t dng vi ngha thng thng.

Hy so snh: ng trong t hp men ng khc vi k ng, ngi ngi, dng ng. y mi quan h gia ng ngha v ng php trong nhng trng hp ang xt l rt ng ch .

2/ Cu to thut ng theo phng php m phng thc cht l s dng nhng yu t v m hnh cu to t ting Vit dch ngha nhng thut ng tng ng trong ting nc ngoi. Th d: cnh cng trong su b. Thut ng ny l s m phng ca colo plre, trong cnh tng ng vi vi plre, cng tng ng vi colo.

Theo Nguyn Nh , neeusa ch xt v hnh thi, th c th coi thut ng cu to trong ting Vit l thut ng Vit. Tuy nhin, nu xt v ng ngha, tc l mt khi nim do n biu th, th c th coi n l thut ng quc t. Do thi quen trong cch din t ca ngn ng hc, chng ta gi thut ng c to ra theo phng thc nh th l thut ng m phng. Khi nim khoa hc do cc thut ng ny biu th l thnh tu chung ca

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tr tu loi ngi. Ni dch ngha hay mn ngha l ni theo thi quen vi cch hiu t nhiu c tnh c l.

Tt nhin, khi biu th nhng khi nim khoa hc chung ny, mi dn tc u lm theo cch ring ca mnh. Cch ring ny th hin vic s dng nhng yu t v phng thc cu to t vn c trong mi ngn ng. V th, mun nhn din c trng ca cc thut ng m phng, phi phn tch t m c trng ca cc yu t v m hnh cu to nn nhng thut ng y.

Trong ting Vit cc yu t tham gia cu to nhng thut ng ang xt l nhng yu t c ngha, tc l nhng yu t c t cch lm hnh v: tnh, th, na (bn), ho v.v. V ngun gc nhng yu t ny c th thun Vit, nh: hai, cp, i, kp, c th l gc Hn nh: nh, lng, song ...

V mt hnh thi cc yu t ny c nhng dc trng sau y: a/ C kh nng hot ng vi t cch nhng n v c lp hay

khng c lp mc khc nhau. Th d: my, s, sc ... Mt s n v khc khng c kh nng hnh chc c lp, kiu nh: ho trong hin i ho, cng nng ho, k trong nhit k, ng trong ng cp, bnh ng ... S n v th ba l nhng n v trung gian gia hai loi va nu, tc l nhng n v m trong hon cnh ny th c dng c lp, song trong hon cnh khc th li c dng hn ch.. So snh: hc trong ngi c hc v hc trong hc thuyt v sinh vt hc. b/ C s phn b v v tr v c vai tr khc nhau trong cu trc ca thut ng. Nhng yu t trung tm chnh l nhng yu t c kh nng hnh chc c lp , nh: lc: trong lc ko, ni lc, ngoi lc. nhng yu t ngoi bin l nhng yu t khng c lp, trong :

- c nhng yu t chuyn ng trc, nh: t trong t tr, t ph phn. - c nhng yu t chuyn ng sau, nh: t trong lng t, phn t. - c nhng yu t va c th ng trc, va c th ng sau, nh: tnh trong tnh ng, tnh giai cp, lng tnh, nam tnh, n tnh

... c/ Sc sn sinh ca cc yu t ang xt khng u nhau, v c mt s ng k cc yu t c sc sn sinh kh ln. Th d: yu t ch ngha - ch ngha x hi, x hi ch ngha, ch ngha t bn, t bn ch ngha.

V mt ng ngha cc n v ang xt c nhng c trng sau y: a/ Ngha ca s ln nhng n v ang xt l ngha t vng-ng

php, v n biu th cc khi nim thuc nhng phm tr rt khi qut. Th

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d: s, tnh, v, t, ho ... Do c trng ny m cc n v ang xt c gi tr chuyn bit trong vic phm tr ho thut ng. Tht vy, c nhng yu t chuyn ng ng ho thut ng, nh ho trong m ho, -xy ho. C nhng yu t chuyn tnh ng ho thut ng, nh: phi trong phi v sn, phi chnh ngha, phi giai cp. C nhng yu t chuyn danh ng ho, nh s trong s tn ti, s vt. php trong php bin chng, php nhn, php tng hp.

b/ Do cc yu t ang xt biu th nhng khi nim khi qut, c tnh cht phm tr, ng thi li c ngun gc khc nhau, nn gia chng thng din ra s xung t ng ngha. Hin tng ny l h qu tt yu ca qu trnh tip xc ngn ng, khi c cc yu t thuc ngn ng ny xm nhp vo ngn ng khc (hin tng giao thoa).Th d: yu t gc Hn i xm nhp vo ting Vit, trong khi ting Vit c t to, ln. V gia i v to, ln tt yu s xy ra s xung t ng ngha. Yu t ngoi lai c th thay th yu t thun Vit trong nhng trng hp nht nh: i gia, v i ... Yu t ngoi lai v yu t thun Vit c th song song tn ti v c s phn b v ngha v phm vi s dng Th d: hn // lnh, ho // la. Mt bn l thut ng ca ngnh y, mt bn l t thng dng trong i sng hng ngy. Khi cu to cc thut ng m phng th vic tuyn chn yu t thun Vit hay yu t gc Hn tr thnh mt vn quan trng. Trong vic ny cc nh thut ng hc phi cng mt lc vn dng lm sao cho nhun nhuyn nhng nguyn tc khc nhau, nhiu khi mu thun nhau, to nn nhng thut ng va chnh xc, va c tnh h thng, m li ngn gn. 3/ Tht vy, con ng thut ng ho t ng thng thng v con ng cu to thut ng bng phng thc dch ngha, hay m phng l hai con ng xy dng vn thut ng trn c s ting Vit. Khi no khng hoc cha tm c kh nng thut ng ho t ng thng thng v cu to thut ng m phng, th cc nh khoa hc tm n con ng th ba - con ng tip nhn thut ng nc ngoi. Trong mt thi gian di, do nhng iu kin lch s ca s giao lu vn ho qui nh, nn vic tip nhn thut ng nc ngoi vo ting Vit thng thng qua ting Hn. iu hu nh l t nhin, v cng c nhng thun tin nht nh, bi l ting Vit v ting Hn cng thuc mt loi hnh, c quan h tip xc t lu i. V trong thc t c nhiu thut ng gc Hn c c theo m Hn-Vit. c bit l nhng thut ng chnh tr, trit hc i vo vn t vng ca ting Vit vi t cch nh nhng yu t n nh v c ng ho nhng mc khc nhau. Th d: c lp, t do, hnh phc, cch mng, dn tc, dn ch ... Trong my thp k gn y, khi m ting Vit

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tr thnh ngn ng pht trin, pht huy y cc chc nng x hi ca mnh v c s dng trong mi lnh vc hot ng ca i sng x hi, khi m hp tc kinh t, giao lu vn ho din ra trn phm vi ton cu, th thy ni ln hai xu hng ng ch trong vic tip nhn thut ng nc ngoi. l:

a/ Xu hng dng thut ng c cu to bng cc yu t Vit thay cho cc thut ng gc Hn trong nhng trng hp cho php:

my bay thay cho phi c, sn bay thay cho phi trng tn la thay cho ho tin ...

b/ Xu hng tip nhn trc tip nhiu thut ng gc ting nc ngoi (n-u) khng thng qua trung gian l ting Hn: acid thay cho cng toan, vitamin thay cho sinh t ... T nhng phn trnh by trn y c th rt ra kt lun: Vn thut ng ca ting Vit, cng nh ca bt k ngn ng no khc, bao gi cng bao gm mt b phn thuc bn ng v mt b phn ngoi lai. Trong tin tnh hnh thnh v pht trin thut ng, lun lun thy c hai xu hng, mi xem th c v tri ngc nhau, song trong thc t li c quan h rt bin chng. DDps l xu hng bn ng ho v xu hng quc t ho. Nu nhn thc phin din v khng su sc nhng thc t ny, thi kh trnh khi nhng sai lm v ch trng v quan im trong khoa hc.

B. T in hc - t in thut ng chuyn ngnh.

Vn thut ng trong t in. 1. Lch s vn . Chuyn ngnh t in hc Vit Nam v mt l lun so vi cc nc cn rt non tr v cha c my thnh tu l lun lm c s cho cc nh lm t in da vo bin son c th. Mc d vy, trong nhiu thp k qua do nhu cu thc bch cc nh ngn ng kt hp vi cc chuyn gia rt nhiu ngnh khc nhau bin son c nhiu loi t in chuyn ngnh phc v cho cng tc nghin cu, dch thut v hc tp. Trc ht phi k n cc loi t in song ng chuyn ngnh Nga - Vit, mt s ln c bin son c s hp tc vi cc chuyn gia Nga. Nhng cun t in ny ng gp to ln v mt thc

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tin trong qui trnh o to chuyn gia, cng nh trong vic ph bin khoa hc-k thut, xy dng c s vt cht-k thut cho Vit Nam.

Gn y, nht l sau ngy nc ta thng nht hai min, quan h chnh tr, kinh t, vn ho c m rng trong xu th ho nhp chung, ting Anh c ph bin rng ri hn theo nhu cu thc t, cng nh di s p t cng nhc ca nhng ngi qun l gio dc. Cng vi hin tng trn th trng sch xut hin rt nhiu loi t in Anh - Vit, Vit - Anh. Chng rt a dng v mt th loi, mc tiu, ni dung v phng php bin son n mc khng th kim sot ni v khng d g chn c cho mnh mt cun ph hp vi nhu cu s dng. Vic thnh lp Vin T in hc & Bch khoa th mi y (2009) l rt ng lc: cn phi c mt c quan chc nng ng ra ch o v mt chuyn mn cng nh thc tin h tr cho cc nh chuyn mn bin soan nhng sch cng c khng th thiu c trong hc tp, nghin cu v hot ng khoa hc, sn xut hin nay ...

2. Cc loi hnh t in.

T in l mt loi sch cng c khng th thiu c trong i sng vn ho thng ngy. T in rt a dng v mc ch bin son, kch c, ni dung (s lng t, phng php bin son ... ), i tng phc v v.v. V d nh chng ta thng gp cc loi t in sau: t in tng gii, t in song v a ng, t in ng ngha, t in tri ngha, t in tc ng v thnh ng, t in bch khoa th vn vn.

Trong phn ny chng ti mun bn ti loi t in song v a ng, hn na tp trung s ch ti loi t in hc tp mang tnh chuyn ngnh (c th l chuyn ngnh kinh t rng, bao gm: ti chnh, ngn hng, chng khon, thng mi ...

TS. Bi Hin, trong bi vit T in song ng, a ng, nhn t gc gio hc php ngoi ng gii thiu mt s loi t in song ng in hnh.

1/ T in i dch n thun. Mc t phong ph, nhng ngha n gin v thiu ng cnh nn kh dng chnh xc cc ngha khc nhau v trong nhng ng cnh c th.

2/ T in i dch c th d minh ho. S phn chia ng ngha c th hn v sau mi ngha u c th d

minh ho vi nhng ng cnh c th. Nhng th d ny gip cho ngi hc v s dng t in hiu v s dng t ng chnh xc hn, d hn.

3/ T in i dch c gii thch v minh ho. Loi t in ny cung cp cho ngi s dng phn gii thch c th hn ng ngha ca t bng

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nhng t ng ngha, gn ngha ... , trnh c nhng nhm ln trong cch hiu v s dng chng trong nhng tnh hung c th.

4. T in i dch gio khoa. Mc ch c bn ca loi t in ny l p ng nhu cu dy/hc

ngoi ng. Do vy cc tc gi ch trc ht n bng t hn ch cho tng loi i tng, vic phn ngha rnh mch v km theo th d minh ho trong nhng tnh hung s dung khc nhau.

V d cun T in gio khoa Nga-Vit do TS Bi Hin ch bin, c bin son theo nhng nguyn tc sau:

- Ti thiu ho t vng v ng ngha. - Tch cc ho cc ngha c bn ca mc t. - Chi tit ho, a dng ho mc t v cc ngha. 5. T in i dch gio khoa v tra cu. Loi t in nay khng ch phc v cho cng vic day/hc ngoi

ng, m cn c chc nng tra cu nhm gip cc phin dch vin v cc nh nghin cu ngn ng tm hiu su hn. Khi lng t vng c tn s s dng cao c tng, nghia t vng v th d minh ho c th hin bng hai ngn ng i dch. Theo nhn nh ca TS Bi Hin, t in song ng, a ng cn c kh nng pht trin, a dng ho trong tng lai kp thi phc v nhu cu x hi. (T in hc & Bch khoa th s 1, 2009, tr. 53).

T in song ng, a ng thut ng khoa hc c c trng ring - trc ht c phn chia ra theo cc ngnh khoa hc chung (rng): T in thut ng khoa hc x hi (Nga-Php-Vit), H Ni, 1979; T in l thut tng hp Nga-Vit, H Ni-Matxcva, 1973, v cc chuyn ngnh su (hp) nh: T in thut ng trit hc- chnh tr Nga-Vit, H Ni, 1970; T in thut ng m thut Php-Vit, H Ni, 1970; T in thut ng lut hc Nga-Trung-Php-Vit, H Ni, 1971; T in Nga-Vit c kh, H Ni, 1970; T in Nga-Vit nng nghip, H Ni, 1970; T in xy dng Nga-Vit, H Ni - Matxcva, 1989; T in ti chnh - tn dng Nga-Vit, H Ni, 1982 v cn nhiu cun khc na. 3. Thut ng khoa hc trong t in chuyn ngnh. bin son thnh cng cun T in thut ng kinh t Nga-Vit-Anh, trc ht phi kho st hin trng thut ng kinh t trong hai ngn ng i chiu, c th trong ting Nga v ting Vit qua nhng vn bn c th, qua cc t din hin c. y l nhng ng liu rt cn thit cho cc son gi.

1/ V thut ng ni chung (xem phn A trn).

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2/ c trng thut ng kinh t trong ting Vit. Thut ng kinh t trong ting Vit tri qua mt qu trnh hnh

thnh cha lu, song v mt l thuyt cc nh nghin cu cng c kt c mt s kt lun lm c s cho vic nghin cu v ng dng sau ny. Chng ti tham kho cc nhn xt chung v thut ng ca TS H Quang Nng, Vin T in hc & Bch khoa th kho st h thng thut ng thuc chuyn ngnh kinh t.

1/ V vic hnh thnh v pht trin thut ng ting Vit. Nhng nm 60 th k trc chng ta bin son ra nhiu t in

thut ng khoa hoc song ng Nga - Vit. Nhng cun t in ny c vai tr lch s rt quan trng, chng nh du mt giai on, mt qu trnh pht trin v bc u ho nhp ca khoa hc Vit Nam vi khoa hc quc t, ng thi gp phn chun ho thut ng khoa hc ni chung v thut ng kinh t ni ring nc ta.

Gn y trong xu th hi nhp, kp nm bt nhng kin thc mi, tin kp pht trin ca khoa hc-k thut, kinh t th trng, th thut ng hc bc sang mt giai on mi - giai on pht trin cao hn v i mi. Giai on ph bin rng ri ting Anh, ngn ng hin c nhiu nc s dng trong mi hot ng x hi. Cng theo cc loi t in Anh - Vit v Vit-Anh c pht trin rm r. Nh thng k cho bit, trong s 118 cun t in song ng th c ti 55 cun l t in thut ng. V trong s 55 cun t in k trn th c ti 15 cun thuc chuyn ngnh kinh t (H.Q.Nng. T in hc & Bch khoa th, s 2, 2009, tr.33).

2/ Cc con ng xy dng thut ng ting Vit. Nh trnh by phn A, cng vi cc ngn ng pht trin, thut

ng ting Vit cng tri qua ba con ng c bn l; 1/ Thut ng ho t ng thng thng. y l phng thc c bn - s dng nhng ng liu c sn trong

ngn ng pht trin bn ng, trc ht bng con ng bin i v pht trin nghia ca t - to ra mt ngha mi mang tnh cht thut ng.

2/ Cu to nhng thut ng tng ng vi thut ng nc ngoi bng phng thc sao phng. Sao phng y l qu trnh chuyn ngha, khi ngi dch khng tm c t ng tng ng vi t ng nc ngoi trong ting m . y cng l mt phng thc ph bin v cn c khuyn khch. Thut ng kiu ny d ph bin, d i vo cuc sng v c vai tr quan trng trong vic gi gn s trong sng ca ting Vit, v chng c cu to t nhng yu t v m hnh cu to t vng sn c trong ting Vit chuyn ti ngha ca nhng thut ng nc ngoi cn du nhp vo h thng thut ng ca chng ta. Thc cht ca phng thc ny l dch

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tng thnh t cu to thut ng hoc tng t trong thnh phn cu to thut ng ting nc ngoi ra ting Vit.

3/ Vay mn nguyn thut ng nc ngoi. Vay mn t vng ni chung v thut ng ni ring l hin tng

ph bin trong cc ngn ng. Hin tng ny ngy cng pht trin cng vi s m rng xu th ho nhp v ton cu ho. S giao lu v thng thng trn phm vi ton th gii lm tng r rt c tnh quc t ca thut ng, nht l trong lnh vc khoa hc-k thut. Qua kho st chng ti thy vic vay mn ln nhau xy ra ch yu trong phm vi cc ngn ng cng loi hnh vi nguyn dang hoc vi s bn ng ho v hnh thi v cu trc. Tu theo loi hnh ngn ng v vn t chng ta c th gp nhng hnh thc vay mn nh sau: Bng phng thc phin m, chuyn t hoc gi nguyn dng.

4. Cu to.

c im cu to ca thut ng khoa hc trong ting Nga v ting Vit c bn ging nhau. V cu trc ta c th gp:

- thut ng n, - thut ng ghp gm t hai thnh t tr ln, bng phng thc kt

hp khc nhau gia cc t loi khc nhau mt cch cht ch. - trong qu trnh hnh thnh c th gp nhng trng hp m t ng

ngha di dng, v thut ng cha c nh hnh ngn gn ng vi tnh cht c th ca mt thut ng khoa hc. - nhiu thut ng mi vay mn cn c phn tng gii hoc ch thch ni ln c ng bn cht ca s vt.

1/ Thut ng kinh t. Trong lch s pht trin nn kinh t nc ta cng nh ca LB Nga c

nhiu im tng ng: trc kia tn ti mt nn kinh t k hoch ho cht ch v bao cp, nay ang chuyn i dn sang nn kinh t th trng t do ph hp vi xu th ton cu ho v mi mt, khng ch v kinh t. V bn cht hai nn kinh t trc kia v hin nay hai nc khc nhau c th hin v c cu, qun l, mc tiu, o to chuyn gia ... Nhng thay i trong i sng kinh t c phn nh trong ngn ng, trc ht l v mt t vng - nhng khi nim c, lc hu, khng s dng na s mt i, thay vo l nhng ci mi, nhng ci ang pht trin ph hp vi xu th hi nhp v ton cu ho, nhng ni dung mi tt yu s ko theo nhng bin i trong lnh vc t vng ca ngn ng, trong h thng thut ng buc phi i mi - mt s t khng s dng na hoc c s dung vi t cch t lch s, song song vi hin tng ngn ng cn mt khi lng

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thut ng mi chuyn ti nhng khi nim mi v dn n vic b sung h thng thut ng chuyn ngnh bng nhiu cch khc nhau theo qui lut chung ca cc ngn ng. Mt c trng quan trng ca thut ng l tnh quc t, c trng ny cho php vay mn t cc thut ng ca cc ngn ng khc, ch yu l cc ngn ng cng loi hnh.

Qua kho st v lp bng t cho cun T in thut ng kinh t Nga-Vit-Anh chng ti c mt s nhn xt chnh v tnh hnh thut ng kinh t ting Nga hin nay trn c s la chn nhng thut ng i dch phn ting Vit v phn so snh trong ting Anh.

H thng thut ng kinh t ca ting Vit hin lc hu, cn phi b sung v h thng ho li cho kp vi s pht trin ca nn kinh t nc ta v gp phn vo vic nghin cu, hc tp v ph bin kin thc khoa hc kinh t.

2/ c trng ca thut ng kinh t Nga. Qua kho st qua mt s t in song ng Nga - Vit, Nga - Anh)

chng ti nhn thy: - Nhiu thut ng i din cho h thng kinh t k hoch ho, quan

liu bao cp trc kia nay khng cn na. - Xut hin nhiu thut ng mi, nhng ngha mi c phi sinh t

vn t vng c trong ting Nga. - Nhiu (rt nhiu) thut ng c vay mn t ting nc ngoi,

ch yu t ting Anh bng nhiu phng thc theo quy lut chung ca cc ngn ng v phng thc c th cho ngn ng bin t nh ting Nga.

V cu trc: thut ng n it. Ch yu l nhng thut ng ghp t hai thnh t tr ln. V d: Chuyn ngha: dt giy, giy t, giy c gi, chng khon. tri phiu chnh

ph. chng khon chit khu.

dt 1. i, i bng, nn i. 2. thiu, khan him. nn khan him tin mt. khan him la. nn i sch / ngoi th trng/.

Vay mn. a/ Vay nguyn dng thut ng v chuyn t t vn t la-tinh sang vn t ki-ri-li-xa..

- ayditor - kim ton vin.

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- vostro - ti khon vostro. - grant - quyn hng tr cp. - gratis - min ph. - damno - s st gim t gi chng khon. - decort - chit gi. - default - v n, khng thc hin ngha v chi tr. - jobber - ngi bun bn c phn chng khon. - - jont-venture - lin doanh. - pauperism - tnh trng i ngho. - - prime-rate - li sut c bn. - profit - tin li, tin li, li nhun. - invoice - ho n. - insider - ngi nm c thng tin ni b. e- - counter check - sc ti quy. - kaffir - c phn khai thc m. - colonat - s ph thuc vo ch t ca ngi lnh canh. - counter offer - th hon gi cho hng. - - roll-over - chuyn qua, kht li, mang sang. - - roll-over mortgage - th chp lun hi. - symmetalism - ch song bn v. b/ Vay mn, nhng Nga ho hnh thi tn ti /sao phng/

bng cc ph t trong ting Nga (hu t v bin t ca danh t, tnh t v ng t). Mt s th d:

- - generic - sao bn. - device - tri phiu c chuyn i ra ngoi t. - - annulment - xo b, trit tiu. - - assimilation - mua chng khon mi. - - guild - phng hi. - - prolongation - ko di, gia hn. - - securitisation - chng khon ho. - - authenticity - xc thc , --, -- - avance. , -- - advice. - - authentic - xc thc. - balance - bng cn i, s d cn cn, s kt.

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- active balance - kt s d. - passive balance - kt s thm. - accounting balance - bng kt ton /cn i/ ti sn.. - report balance - bng tng kt ti sn - balance - balance profit - li nhun cn i. - - balance method - phng php cn i. - - balance account - ti khon cn i. - - balance - cn i. - - balance an account - cn i ti khon.

Thut ng ghp t hai n v tr ln. / / qu tng t vng. c ch s chng khon Nga. li sut thc t m. vn hot ng m. thu thu nhp m. tri phiu bi thng. li rng.

Phn ln l hai n v, gm nhng n v thun Nga hoc vay mn.

T in thut ng kinh t Nga-Vit-Anh . Quan h kinh t gia Cng ho x hi ch ngha Vit Nam v Lin

bang Nga ngy cng pht trin k t khi kinh t ca hai nc chuyn t c ch kinh t bao cp sang kinh t th trng. Cng nh trc y, s chuyn i c cu kinh t ca hai nc c nhiu im chung c th trao i vi nhau. Xut pht t tnh hnh thc t , nhu cu v hc v nghin cu ting Nga ngy cng cp thit v dn dn c phc hi, nht l trong lnh vc kinh t ni chung v kinh t th trng ni ring. Trc nhu cu Hc vin chnh tr - hnh chnh quc gia H Ch Minh t chc bin son cun T in thut ng kinh t NGA-VIT-ANH dnh cho cn b v hc vin ca Hc vin cng nh ca cc Phn vin khc trong c nc. Sch cng c ting Nga hin nay v lnh vc kinh t th trng nc ta cn qu ngho nn, h thng thut ng kinh t lc hu, chm i

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mi, k c ting Nga ln ting Vit. Thc t khng p ng c nhu cu nghin cu ca cn b, nhu cu hc tp ca hc vin cc c s nghin cu v ging dy thuc ngnh kinh t.

Nhim v ca T in khng ch hn ch trong vic bc u cung cp cho ngi s dng h thng thut ng kinh t th trng trong ting Nga v ting Vit, m cn quan tm ti vic hng dn cch khai thc v s dng thut ng ting Nga, mt ngn ng bin t mang tnh tng hp cao, ng thi gp phn vo vic xy dng h thng thut ng kinh t mi. Do vy, T in cn mang tnh cht gio khoa v c mt cu trc ring, khng ging nhng t in song ng khc. Kinh t th trng mi m i vi Vit Nam v LB Nga. H thng thut ng phn nh nhng khi nim ca h thng ny cha hnh thnh y v cn thi gian cng nh thc t n nh. Cn lu rng thut ng kinh t th trng ca ting Nga c vay mn t ting Anh kh nhiu, cho nn cc son gi T in a thm cc thut ng ting Anh vo sau phn ting Vit gip ngi s dng i chiu, hiu r hn ni dung ca khi nim do thut ng ting Nga v ting Vit biu t. Cu trc T in. 1. Bng t gm nhng danh t, tnh t v ng t. Chn lc theo cc t in ting Nga n hnh. a/ Danh t: Nhng danh t - thut ng n, mang ngha khi qut, tng ng vi thut ng ting Vit. Cc thut ng n ny c th lm ht nhn cu to ra nhng thut ng kp mang ngha khu bit, k c trong ting Nga ln ting Vit. Nhng thut ng ny c xp sp theo vn ch ci ABC v nh du bng k hiu . Cu trc ca chng c th l: tnh t + danh t; danh t + danh t (khng gii t v c gii t). Ngoi ra, gip ngi hc ting Nga nm vng hn ng php ting Nga, vn phong khoa hc, cng nh s dng vn thut ng kinh t chnh xc hn, chng ti a vo cui mc t nhng kt hp thng gp trong cc vn bn v kinh t. Nhng kt hp ny thng l kt hp ng t vi thut ng c trong mc t v c nh du bng k hiu . minh ho chng ti trch mt s mc t bin son lm th d. ddtt cc pphhnn,, cc pphhiiuu ((sshhaarree,, ssttoocckk)).. cc pphhiiuu hhnngg hhaaii //hhnngg llii ssaauu// ((ddeeffeerrrreedd ssttoocckk))..

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cc pphhiiuu cc pphhtt hhnnhh ((iissssuueedd sshhaarreess)).. cc pphhiiuu cc qquuyynn bbiiuu qquuyytt ((vvoottiinngg sshhaarreess)).. cc pphhiiuu nnhh nncc ((ggoovveerrnnmmeenntt ssttoocckk,, ppuubblliicc ssttoocckk)).. cc pphhiiuu nnhh //ggii tthhpp// ((ppeennnnyy ssttoocckk)).. cc pphhiiuu bb ssuunngg ((ssuupppplleemmeenntt sshhaarree)).. cc pphhiiuu vvnngg ((ggoollddeenn ssttoocckk)).. cc pphhiiuu gghhii ddaannhh ((ppeerrssoonnaall sshhaarree,, nnoommiinnaall sshhaarree)).. cc pphhiiuu ttcchh lluu //ddnn llii// ((ccuummuullaattiivvee sshhaarree)).. cc pphhiiuu cc qquuyynn bbiiuu qquuyytt nnhhiiuu llnn ((mmaannyyvvooiiccee sshhaarree)).. cc pphhiiuu kkhhnngg cc qquuyynn bbiiuu qquuyytt ((nnoonn--vvoottiinngg ssttoocckk //sshhaarree//)).. cc pphhiiuu nnhh ddaannhh ((rreeggiisstteerreedd sshhaarree)).. cc pphhiiuu tthhnngg,, cc pphhiiuu pphh tthhnngg ((oorrddiinnaarryy sshhaarree,, ccoommmmoonn ssttoocckk)).. cc pphhiiuu hhnn cchh ((lliimmiitteedd sshhaarree)).. cc pphhiiuu hhnngg llii ssaauu ((ddeeffeerreedd ssttoocckk)).. (()) cc pphhiiuu bb tthhuu hhii //bbii mmiinn// ((ccaallllaabbllee ssttoocckk)).. cc pphhiiuu hhnngg nnhhtt ((ggllaammoouurr sshhaarree,, ggllaammoorr ssttoocckk)).. cc pphhiiuu cc qquuyynn bbiiuu qquuyytt nnhhiiuu llnn ((mmaannyyvvooiiccee sshhaarree)).. cc pphhiiuu vv ddaannhh ((bbeeaarreerr ssttoocckk //sshhaarree//,, sshhaarree wwaarrrraanntt)).. cc pphhiiuu uu ttiinn ((pprreeffeerrrreedd ssttoocckk)).. cc pphhiiuu uu ii ((pprreeffeerreennccee sshhaarree)).. ,, cc pphhiiuu tthhnngg ((oorrddiinnaarryy //ccoommmmoonn,, ggeenneerraall,, eeqquuiittyy// ssttoocckk)).. cc pphhiiuu cc bbiitt ((ssppeecciiaall sshhaarree)).. == -- cc pphhiiuu nnnngg kk ((hheeaavvyy sshhaarree)).. ,, cc pphhiiuu ssnngg llpp ((ffoouunnddeerrss sshhaarree)).. cc pphhiiuu ccaa ccnngg ttyy ((sshhaarreess ooff aa ffiirrmm)).. ,, cc pphhiiuu ggcc ((oorriiggiinnaall ssttoocckk)).. cc pphhiiuu kkhhnngg llii ttcc ((eexx--ddiivviiddeenndd sshhaarree //ssttoocckk//)).. cc pphhiiuu kkhhnngg gghhii ddaannhh ((bbeeaarreerr sshhaarree,, sshhaarree wwaarrrraanntt))..

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cc pphhiiuu cc qquuyynn bbiiuu qquuyytt hhnn cchh ((rreessttrriicctteedd vvoottiinngg sshhaarree)).. cc pphhiiuu tthhaamm dd ((ppaarrttiicciippaattiinngg sshhaarree )).. ll cc pphhiiuu kkiimm ssoott ((ccoonnttrroolliinngg bblloocckk //ppaarrcceell// ooff sshhaarreess)).. cc ggii,, nnhh ggii cc pphhiiuu ((qquuoottaattiioonn ooff sshhaarreess)).. tt ggii //ggii// cc pphhiiuu ((sshhaarree //ssttoocckk// pprriiccee,, qquuoottaattiioonn)).. pphhnn pphhii cc pphhiiuu ((aalllloottmmeenntt ooff sshhaarreess //ssttoocckkss)).. rrtt //tthhuu hhii// cc pphhiiuu ((rreeccaallll ssttoocckkss)).. nnmm ggii cc pphhiiuu ((hhoolldd sshhaarreess)).. mmuuaa cc pphhiiuu ((ppaayy uupp sshhaarreess)).. tthhaannhh ttoonn cc pphhiiuu ((ppaayy ooffff sshhaarreess //ssttoocckkss//)).. pphhnn cchhiiaa cc pphhiiuu ((aalllloott //ppllaassee// sshhaarreess)).. mmuuaa hhtt cc pphhiiuu ((aaccqquuiirree sshhaarreess)).. b/ Tnh t. Bn thn tnh t khng l thut ng (tr mt s t c danh ho). Nhng tnh t c nhiu kh nng cu to ra nhng thut ng kp mang ngha khu bit rt quan trng trong h thng thut ng ting Nga v ting Vit, nn cn chng thnh nhng mc t ring. Hn na, v phng din s phm s gip cho ngi hc d tm v so snh gia cc thut ng mang nhng ngha khu bit khc nhau, d nh v d s dng chng trong nhng ng cnh c th. thun tin cho vic tra cu, chng ti a nhng thut ng kep vo cc mc t ca thut ng n cu to ra chng ( bin ngn hng (bank margin) - c trong mc t ), ( s giao dch ngoi t, th trng ngoi t (currency market) c trong mc t ). Th d: tttt tthhuucc vv nnggnn hhnngg ((bbaannkk,, bbaannkkiinngg)).. hhiipp hhii cccc nnggnn hhnngg ((bbaannkk aassssoocciiaattiioonn)).. bboo hhiimm,, bboo llnnhh ccaa nnggnn hhnngg ((bbaannkkiinngg gguuaarraanntteeee)).. tt kkhhaaii nnggnn hhnngg ((bbaannkkiinngg ddeeccllaarraattiioonn)).. ttnnhh tthhaannhh kkhhoonn nnggnn hhnngg ((bbaannkk lliiqquuiiddiittyy)).. bbiinn nnggnn hhnngg ((bbaannkk mmaarrggiinn)).. cchhnngg nnhhnn ccaa nnggnn hhnngg ((bbaannkkiinngg iinnssccrriippttiioonn)).. llii ssuutt nnggnn hhnngg ((bbaannkkiinngg rraattee)).. bboo mmtt nnggnn hhnngg ((bbaannkkiinngg sseeccrreeccyy))..

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hhii ss nnggnn hhnngg ((bbaannkkiinngg hhoollddiinngg ccoommppaannyy)).. ggiiaaoo ddcchh nnggnn hhnngg ((bbaannkkiinngg ttrraannssaaccttiioonn)).. nnhhnngg iiuu kkiinn ccaa nnggnn hhnngg ((ggeenneerraall ccoonnddiittiioonn ooff bbaannkk)).. ddcchh vv nnggnn hhnngg ((bbaannkkiinngg sseerrvviicceess)).. nnhhnn ttrr ccaa nnggnn hhnngg ((bbaannkkiinngg aacccceeppttaannccee)).. hhii pphhiiuu nnggnn hhnngg ((bbaannkkiinngg bbiillll)).. ttiinn ggii nnggnn hhnngg ((bbaannkk ddeeppoossiitt)).. lluutt nnggnn hhnngg ((bbaannkkiinngg llaaww)).. tthhaannhh ttoonn bb ttrr qquuaa nnggnn hhnngg ((bbaannkkiinngg cclleeaarriinngg)).. tt hhpp nnggnn hhnngg ((bbaannkkiinngg ccoonnssoorrttiiuumm)).. ttnn ddnngg nnggnn hhnngg ((bbaannkk ccrreeddiitt)).. cchhuuyynn ttiinn qquuaa nnggnn hhnngg ((dduuee ffrroomm bbaannkkss)).. ttii kkhhoonn nnggnn hhnngg ((bbaannkkiinngg aaccccoouunntt)).. sscc nnggnn hhnngg ((bbaannkk cchheecckk)).. c/ ng t: Bn thn ng t khng l thut ng, nhng chng ng vai tr quan trng trong vic t chc cc kt cu vi thut ng, trong vic s dng chun xc vi vn phong khoa hc. Hn na trong ting Vit vic phn nh t loi rt phc tp, ph thuc nhiu vo vn cnh, do a ng t thnh mc t ring l cn thit. Th d: ggtt ccpp ttmm nngg ((aaddvvaannccee,, mmaakkee //ppaayy// aann aaddvvaannccee,, ppaayy oonn aaccccoouunntt)).. ccpp ttmm nngg cchhoo xx nngghhiipp ((aaddvvaannccee mmoonneeyy ttoo aann eenntteerrpprriissee)).. ggtt ccnn ii ((bbaallaannccee,, kkeeeepp tthhee eeqquuiilliibbrriiuumm)).. cn i ti khon (balance an account). ggtt tthhuu ((lleevvyy,, ccoolllleecctt,, rraaiissee)).. tthhuu tthhuu ((rraaiissee ttaaxxeess)).. tthhuu ttiinn bbii tthhnngg ((eexxaacctt aa lliinnee)).. tthhuu pphh //ll pphh// ((cchhaarrggee //ccoolllleecctt//,, ppaayymmeenntt)).. tthhuu tthhuu ((ccoolllleecctt aa dduuttyy)).. tthhuu llii ssuutt ((cchhaarrggee iinntteerreesstt)).. tthhuu ll pphh,, tthhuu cccc ((lleevvyy cchhaarrggeess)).. tthhuu ttiinn bboo hhiimm ((ccoolllleecctt iinnssuurraannccee

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ppaayymmeennttss)).. tthhuu ttiinn nnpp pphhtt ((eexxaacctt aa ppeennaallttyy))..

S xp sp cc thut ng trong bng t c nhiu cch khc nhau: qun trit theo th t ABC t u n cui hoc theo tng nhm kt hp chung quanh mt thut ng ht nhn.

T in thut ng kinh t Nga-Vit-Anh c bin son theo phng php th hai v mang tnh cht gio khoa: ngoi mc ch tra cu cn nhm mc ch h tr cho vic day/hc ngoi ng. Cu trc ny s gip ngi hc d nhn bit, d ghi nh, cng nh c th t lm giu thm vn thut ng ca mnh. Mc t thng l nhng thut ng n (mt n v in m), di s thng k cc thut ng ghp c cu to vi s kt hp ca tnh t tip l danh t vi thut ng u mc (ch thch bng k hiu ). ngi s dng t in tin tra cu nhng thut ng ghp kh hoc c tn s s dng cao, chng ti c gng a vo hai mc t (trong tng lai, nu c iu kin chng ti s thng k v a ht vo bng t nhng trng hp ).

Cn nhn mnh rng, tnh t bn thn khng th l thut ng (tr s c danh ho). Nhng tnh t ng vai tr rt quan trng trong vic cu to ra cc thut ng ghp, v s ny cn ln hn nhiu so vi thut ng n trong ting Nga.

Chng ti a tnh t thnh mc t ring khng ngoi mc ch gip ngi hc bit cch cu to thut ng ghp theo qui tc ng php ca ngn ng bin t, qua suy on c ngha ca chng, cng nh t lm giu thm vn thut ng ca mnh.

ng t khng cu to thut ng, nhng chng ng vai tr ng dng - gip ngi s dng thut ng dng ng chun mc ca vn phong khoa hc. Nhng cu trc ng t vi danh t c gii t hoc khng gii t, cng nh nhng kt hp danh t vi nhau khng to nn mt thut ng ghp c nh du bng k hiu .

V vn thut ng kinh t ca ta cn cha n nh, nhiu thut ng cn ang trong qu trnh hnh thnh, hn na thut ng kinh t ca ting Nga c vay mn t ting Anh kh nhiu, nn chng ti a thm phn ting Anh vo cui vi mc ch tra cu ngun gc, cng nh lm r hn nghia ca thut ng ting Nga v ting Vit - y khng hn ch l cc thut ng tng ng.

Cng trnh nghin cu cp B ny c mc ch bc u a ra mt s nguyn tc bin soan t in song ng chuyn ngnh kinh t Nga - Vit v kt qu cui cng l mt cun t in thut ng kinh t Nga - Vit dng

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ni b cho cn b v hc vin Hc vin chnh tr - hnh chnh quc gia H Ch minh. Chng ti mong mun s ng gp ca c gi, ch ra nhng khim khuyt hoc b sung hon thin cho vic xut bn rng ri cng trnh ny.

H Ni, thng 5 nm 2010

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TT iinn tthhuutt nngg kkiinnhh tt NNGGAA--VVIITT--AANNHH (Dng cho cn b v hc vin Hc vin chnh tr - hnh chnh quc gia

H Ch Minh). Li ni u.

Quan h kinh t gia Cng ho x hi ch ngha Vit Nam v Lin bang Nga ngy cng pht trin k t khi kinh t ca hai nc chuyn t c ch kinh t bao cp sang kinh t th trng. Cng nh trc y, s chuyn i c cu kinh t ca hai nc c nhiu im chung c th trao i vi nhau. Xut pht t tnh hnh thc t , nhu cu v hc v nghin cu ting Nga ngy cng cp thit v dn dn c phc hi, nht l trong lnh vc kinh t ni chung v kinh t th trng ni ring. Trc nhu cu Hc vin chnh tr - hnh chnh quc gia H Ch Minh t chc bin son cun T in thut ng kinh t NGA-VIT-ANH dnh cho cn b v hc vin ca Hc vin cng nh ca cc Phn vin khc trong c nc.

Sch cng c ting Nga hin nay v lnh vc kinh t th trng nc ta cn qu ngho nn, h thng thut ng kinh t lc hu, chm i mi, k c ting Nga ln ting Vit. Thc t khng p ng c nhu cu nghin cu ca cn b, nhu cu hc tp ca hc vin cc c s nghin cu v ging dy thuc ngnh kinh t.

Nhim v ca T in khng ch hn ch trong vic bc u cung cp cho ngi s dng h thng thut ng kinh t th trng trong ting Nga v ting Vit, m cn quan tm ti vic hng dn cch khai thc v s dng thut ng ting Nga, mt ngn ng bin t mang tnh tng hp cao, ng thi gp phn vo vic xy dng h thng thut ng kinh t mi. Do vy, T in cn mang tnh cht gio khoa v c mt cu trc ring, khng ging nhng t in song ng khc.

Kinh t th trng mi m i vi Vit Nam v LB Nga. H thng thut ng phn nh nhng khi nim ca h thng ny cha hnh thnh y v cn thi gian cng nh thc t n nh. Cn lu rng thut ng kinh t th trng ca ting Nga c vay mn t ting Anh kh nhiu, cho nn cc son gi T in a thm cc thut ng ting Anh vo sau phn ting Vit gip ngi s dng i chiu, hiu r hn ni dung ca khi nim do thut ng ting Nga v ting Vit biu t.

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Cu trc T in. 1. Bng t gm nhng danh t, tnh t v ng t. Chn lc theo cc t in ting Nga n hnh. a/ Danh t: Nhng danh t - thut ng n, mang ngha khi qut, tng ng vi thut ng ting Vit. Cc thut ng n ny c th lm ht nhn cu to ra nhng thut ng kp mang ngha khu bit, k c trong ting Nga ln ting Vit. Nhng thut ng ny c xp sp theo vn ch ci ABC v nh du bng k hiu . Cu trc ca chng c th l: tnh t + danh t; danh t + danh t (khng gii t v c gii t). Ngoi ra, gip ngi hc ting Nga nm vng hn ng php ting Nga, vn phong khoa hc, cng nh s dng vn thut ng kinh t chnh xc hn, chng ti a vo cui mc t nhng kt hp thng gp trong cc vn bn v kinh t. Nhng kt hp ny thng l kt hp ng t vi thut ng c trong mc t v c nh du bng k hiu . minh ho chng ti trch mt s mc t bin son lm th d. ddtt cc pphhnn,, cc pphhiiuu ((sshhaarree,, ssttoocckk)).. cc pphhiiuu hhnngg hhaaii //hhnngg llii ssaauu// ((ddeeffeerrrreedd ssttoocckk)).. cc pphhiiuu cc pphhtt hhnnhh ((iissssuueedd sshhaarreess)).. cc pphhiiuu cc qquuyynn bbiiuu qquuyytt ((vvoottiinngg sshhaarreess)).. cc pphhiiuu nnhh nncc ((ggoovveerrnnmmeenntt ssttoocckk,, ppuubblliicc ssttoocckk)).. cc pphhiiuu nnhh //ggii tthhpp// ((ppeennnnyy ssttoocckk)).. cc pphhiiuu bb ssuunngg ((ssuupppplleemmeenntt sshhaarree)).. cc pphhiiuu vvnngg ((ggoollddeenn ssttoocckk)).. cc pphhiiuu gghhii ddaannhh ((ppeerrssoonnaall sshhaarree,, nnoommiinnaall sshhaarree)).. cc pphhiiuu ttcchh lluu //ddnn llii// ((ccuummuullaattiivvee sshhaarree)).. cc pphhiiuu cc qquuyynn bbiiuu qquuyytt nnhhiiuu llnn ((mmaannyyvvooiiccee sshhaarree)).. cc pphhiiuu kkhhnngg cc qquuyynn bbiiuu qquuyytt ((nnoonn--vvoottiinngg ssttoocckk //sshhaarree//)).. cc pphhiiuu nnhh ddaannhh ((rreeggiisstteerreedd sshhaarree)).. cc pphhiiuu tthhnngg,, cc pphhiiuu pphh tthhnngg ((oorrddiinnaarryy sshhaarree,, ccoommmmoonn ssttoocckk))..

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cc pphhiiuu hhnn cchh ((lliimmiitteedd sshhaarree)).. cc pphhiiuu hhnngg llii ssaauu ((ddeeffeerreedd ssttoocckk)).. (()) cc pphhiiuu bb tthhuu hhii //bbii mmiinn// ((ccaallllaabbllee ssttoocckk)).. cc pphhiiuu hhnngg nnhhtt ((ggllaammoouurr sshhaarree,, ggllaammoorr ssttoocckk)).. cc pphhiiuu cc qquuyynn bbiiuu qquuyytt nnhhiiuu llnn ((mmaannyyvvooiiccee sshhaarree)).. cc pphhiiuu vv ddaannhh ((bbeeaarreerr ssttoocckk //sshhaarree//,, sshhaarree wwaarrrraanntt)).. cc pphhiiuu uu ttiinn ((pprreeffeerrrreedd ssttoocckk)).. cc pphhiiuu uu ii ((pprreeffeerreennccee sshhaarree)).. ,, cc pphhiiuu tthhnngg ((oorrddiinnaarryy //ccoommmmoonn,, ggeenneerraall,, eeqquuiittyy// ssttoocckk)).. cc pphhiiuu cc bbiitt ((ssppeecciiaall sshhaarree)).. == -- cc pphhiiuu nnnngg kk ((hheeaavvyy sshhaarree)).. ,, cc pphhiiuu ssnngg llpp ((ffoouunnddeerrss sshhaarree)).. cc pphhiiuu ccaa ccnngg ttyy ((sshhaarreess ooff aa ffiirrmm)).. ,, cc pphhiiuu ggcc ((oorriiggiinnaall ssttoocckk)).. cc pphhiiuu kkhhnngg llii ttcc ((eexx--ddiivviiddeenndd sshhaarree //ssttoocckk//)).. cc pphhiiuu kkhhnngg gghhii ddaannhh ((bbeeaarreerr sshhaarree,, sshhaarree wwaarrrraanntt)).. cc pphhiiuu cc qquuyynn bbiiuu qquuyytt hhnn cchh ((rreessttrriicctteedd vvoottiinngg sshhaarree)).. cc pphhiiuu tthhaamm dd ((ppaarrttiicciippaattiinngg sshhaarree )).. ll cc pphhiiuu kkiimm ssoott ((ccoonnttrroolliinngg bblloocckk //ppaarrcceell// ooff sshhaarreess)).. cc ggii,, nnhh ggii cc pphhiiuu ((qquuoottaattiioonn ooff sshhaarreess)).. tt ggii //ggii// cc pphhiiuu ((sshhaarree //ssttoocckk// pprriiccee,, qquuoottaattiioonn)).. pphhnn pphhii cc pphhiiuu ((aalllloottmmeenntt ooff sshhaarreess //ssttoocckkss)).. rrtt //tthhuu hhii// cc pphhiiuu ((rreeccaallll ssttoocckkss)).. nnmm ggii cc pphhiiuu ((hhoolldd sshhaarreess)).. mmuuaa cc pphhiiuu ((ppaayy uupp sshhaarreess)).. tthhaannhh ttoonn cc pphhiiuu ((ppaayy ooffff sshhaarreess //ssttoocckkss//)).. pphhnn cchhiiaa cc pphhiiuu ((aalllloott //ppllaassee// sshhaarreess)).. mmuuaa hhtt cc pphhiiuu ((aaccqquuiirree sshhaarreess))..

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ddtt nnggnn hhnngg,, nnhh bbnngg ((bbaannkk)).. nnggnn hhnngg cchhpp nnhhnn tthhaannhh ttoonn ((aacccceeppttaannccee //aacccceeppttiinngg// bbaannkk)).. nnggnn hhnngg cc pphhnn ((jjooiinntt--ssttoocckk bbaannkk)).. nnggnn hhnngg nnggooii tthhnngg ((ffoorreeiiggnn ttrraaddee bbaannkk)).. nnggnn hhnngg nnhh nncc ((nnaattiioonnaall bbaannkk,, ssttaattee--oowwnneedd bbaannkk)).. nnggnn hhnngg uu tthhcc,, nnggnn hhnngg ggiimm hh ((ddeeppoossiitt bbaannkk)).. nnggnn hhnngg uu tt ((iinnvveessttmmeenntt bbaannkk)).. nnggnn hhnngg ttii ccpp vvnn ((iinnnnoovvaattiinngg bbaannkk)).. nnggnn hhnngg cchhoo vvaayy cc tthh cchhpp ((mmoorrttggaaggee bbaannkk)).. nnggnn hhnngg ddoo nnhh nncc ggii //kkhhnngg cchh// ((qquuaassii--ssttaattee bbaannkk,, qquuaassiippuubblliicc bbaannkk)).. nnggnn hhnngg tthhaannhh ttoonn bb ttrr ((cclleeaarriinngg bbaannkk)).. nnggnn hhnngg tthhnngg mmii ((ccoommmmeerrcciiaall bbaannkk,, uussiinneessss bbaannkk)).. nnggnn hhnngg hhpp ddooaannhh ((ccoonnssoorrttiiuumm bbaannkk)).. nnggnn hhnngg hhpp ttcc xx ((ccooooppeerraattiivvee bbaannkk)).. nnggnn hhnngg nngg ttiinn ccyy ((rreelliiaabbllee bbaannkk)).. nnggnn hhnngg qquucc ggiiaa ((nnaattiioonnaall bbaannkk)).. nnggnn hhnngg mmtt kkhh nnnngg tthhaannhh ttoonn ((iinnssoollvveenntt bbaannkk,, bbaannkk uunnaabbllee ttoo ppaayy)).. nnggnn hhnngg bb pphh ssnn ((rruupptt bbaannkk)).. nnggnn hhnngg llooii mmtt ((ffiirrsstt bbaannkk,, pprriimmee bbaannkk)).. ???? nnggnn hhnngg cc kkhh nnnngg tthhaannhh ttoonn ((ssoollvveenntt bbaannkk)).. nnggnn hhnngg ccnngg nngghhiipp ((iinndduussttrriiaall bbaannkk)).. nnggnn hhnngg dd ttrr ((rreesseerrvvee bbaannkk)).. nnggnn hhnngg ttiitt kkiimm ((ssaavviinngg//ss// bbaannkk)).. nnggnn hhnngg cchhuuyynn ddooaannhh ((ssppeecciiaalliizzeedd bbaannkk)).. nnggnn hhnngg tthhnngg mmii ((ccoommmmeerrccaall bbaannkk,, mmeerrccaannttiillee bbaannkk)).. nnggnn hhnngg ttnngg hhpp ((ffuullll sseerrvviiccee bbaannkk)).. nnggnn hhnngg ttrruunngg nngg ((cceennttrraall bbaannkk,, bbaannkkeerrss bbaannkk)).. nnggnn hhnngg tt nnhhnn ((pprriivvaattee bbaannkk)).. nnggnn hhnngg pphhtt hhnnhh ((iissssuuiinngg bbaannkk //hhoouussee,, bbaannkk ooff iissssuuee// cciirrccuullaattiioonn))..

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-- nnggnn hhnngg ii ll ((aaggeenntt bbaannkk)).. -- nnggnn hhnngg cchhpp nnhhnn tthhaannhh ttoonn ((aacccceeppttaannccee bbaannkk)).. -- nnggnn hhnngg bboo llnnhh ((ggaarraannttoopp)).. nnggnn hhnngg dd lliiuu ((ddaattaa bbaannkk)).. nnggnn hhnngg pphhcc vv kkhhcchh hhnngg nnggii ttrroonngg xxee ((ddrriivvee iinn bbaannkk)).. -- nnggnn hhnngg ii ll ((ccoorrrreessppoonnddiinngg bbaannkk,, ccoorrrreessppoonnddeenntt bbaannkk)).. -- nnggnn hhnngg ttnn ddnngg ttiiuu ddnngg ((ccoonnssuummeerr ccrreeddiitt bbaannkk)).. nnggnn hhnngg pphhtt ttrriinn ((ddeevveellooppmmeenntt bbaannkk)).. -- nnggnn hhnngg nnhhnn nngg kk mmuuaa cchhnngg kkhhoonn ((rreecceeiivviinngg bbaannkk)).. -- nnggnn hhnngg pphhtt hhnnhh ((iissssuuee bbaannkk,, bbaannkk ooff iissssuuee)).. -- nnggnn hhnngg pphhtt hhnnhh tthh ttnn ddnngg ((ccaarrdd iissssuuiinngg bbaannkk)).. ss pphh ssnn ccaa nnggnn hhnngg ((bbaannkk ffaaiilluurree)).. mm bboo ccaa nnggnn hhnngg ((bbaannkk gguuaarraanntteeee)).. tt bbnn //vvnn// ccaa nnggnn hhnngg ((bbaannkk ccaappiittaall)).. bbiinn llaaii ccaa nnggnn hhnngg ((bbaannkkeerrss //bbaannkkss// rreecceeiipptt)).. ss pphh ssnn ccaa nnggnn hhnngg ((bbaannkk ffaaiilluurree)).. kkhh nnnngg tthhaannhh ttoonn ccaa nnggnn hhnngg ((ccrreeddiitt ssttaannddiinngg //wwoorrtt--hhiinneessss// ooff bbaannkk)).. ddooaannhh ss ccaa nnggnn hhnngg ((bbaannkkss ttuurrnnoovveerr)).. cchhii nnhhnnhh nnggnn hhnngg ((bbaannkkss bbrraanncchh)).. qquunn ll nnggnn hhnngg ((bbaannkkss bbooaarrdd ooff ddiirreeccttoorrss)).. ccnn bb,, ccnngg cchhuuwwcc,, nnhhnn vviinn nnggnn hhnngg ((bbaannkk eemmppllooyyeeee,, ooffffiicceerr ooff bbaannkk)).. ddcchh vv nnggnn hhnngg ((bbaannkkiinngg ffaacciilliittiieess)).. ggii ttiinn vvoo nnggnn hhnngg ((ddeeppoossiitt mmoonneeyy wwiitthh //iinn// bbaannkk,, ppuutt //ppllaaccee// mmoonneeyy iinnttoo bbaannkk)).. ggii ttiinn nnggnn hhnngg ((hhaavvee aa bbaannkk//iinngg// aaccccoouunntt)).. rrtt ttiinn tt nnggnn hhnngg ((wwiitthhddrraaww ddeeppoossiitt ffrroomm bbaannkk)).. mm ttii kkhhoonn nnggnn hhnngg ((ooppeenn aann aaccccoouunntt wwiitthh bbaannkk)).. qquunn ll nnggnn hhnngg ((aaddmmiinniisstteerr bbaannkk))..

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b/ Tnh t. Bn thn tnh t khng l thut ng (tr mt s t c danh ho). Nhng tnh t c nhiu kh nng cu to ra nhng thut ng kp mang ngha khu bit rt quan trng trong h thng thut ng ting Nga v ting Vit, nn cn chng thnh nhng mc t ring. Hn na, v phng din s phm s gip cho ngi hc d tm v so snh gia cc thut ng mang nhng ngha khu bit khc nhau, d nh v d s dng chng trong nhng ng cnh c th. thun tin cho vic tra cu, chng ti a nhng thut ng kep vo cc mc t ca thut ng n cu to ra chng ( bin ngn hng (bank margin) - c trong mc t ), ( s giao dch ngoi t, th trng ngoi t (currency market) c trong mc t ). Th d: tttt tthhuucc vv nnggnn hhnngg ((bbaannkk,, bbaannkkiinngg)).. hhiipp hhii cccc nnggnn hhnngg ((bbaannkk aassssoocciiaattiioonn)).. bboo hhiimm,, bboo llnnhh ccaa nnggnn hhnngg ((bbaannkkiinngg gguuaarraanntteeee)).. tt kkhhaaii nnggnn hhnngg ((bbaannkkiinngg ddeeccllaarraattiioonn)).. ttnnhh tthhaannhh kkhhoonn nnggnn hhnngg ((bbaannkk lliiqquuiiddiittyy)).. bbiinn nnggnn hhnngg ((bbaannkk mmaarrggiinn)).. cchhnngg nnhhnn ccaa nnggnn hhnngg ((bbaannkkiinngg iinnssccrriippttiioonn)).. llii ssuutt nnggnn hhnngg ((bbaannkkiinngg rraattee)).. bboo mmtt nnggnn hhnngg ((bbaannkkiinngg sseeccrreeccyy)).. hhii ss nnggnn hhnngg ((bbaannkkiinngg hhoollddiinngg ccoommppaannyy)).. ggiiaaoo ddcchh nnggnn hhnngg ((bbaannkkiinngg ttrraannssaaccttiioonn)).. nnhhnngg iiuu kkiinn ccaa nnggnn hhnngg ((ggeenneerraall ccoonnddiittiioonn ooff bbaannkk)).. ddcchh vv nnggnn hhnngg ((bbaannkkiinngg sseerrvviicceess)).. nnhhnn ttrr ccaa nnggnn hhnngg ((bbaannkkiinngg aacccceeppttaannccee)).. hhii pphhiiuu nnggnn hhnngg ((bbaannkkiinngg bbiillll)).. ttiinn ggii nnggnn hhnngg ((bbaannkk ddeeppoossiitt)).. lluutt nnggnn hhnngg ((bbaannkkiinngg llaaww)).. tthhaannhh ttoonn bb ttrr qquuaa nnggnn hhnngg ((bbaannkkiinngg cclleeaarriinngg)).. tt hhpp nnggnn hhnngg ((bbaannkkiinngg ccoonnssoorrttiiuumm)).. ttnn ddnngg nnggnn hhnngg ((bbaannkk ccrreeddiitt)).. cchhuuyynn ttiinn qquuaa nnggnn hhnngg ((dduuee ffrroomm bbaannkkss))..

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ttii kkhhoonn nnggnn hhnngg ((bbaannkkiinngg aaccccoouunntt)).. sscc nnggnn hhnngg ((bbaannkk cchheecckk)).. tttt //tthhuucc vv// ttiinn tt ((ccuurrrreennccyy)).. ss ggiiaaoo ddcchh nnggooii tt,, tthh ttrrnngg nnggooii tt ((ccuurrrreennccyy mmaarrkkeett)).. llii nnhhuunn kkiimm cc bbnngg nnggooii tt ((ccuurrrreennccyy ggaaiinn)).. cchhnnhh sscchh nnggooii hhii ((ffoorreeiiggnn ccuurrrreennccyy ppoolliiccyy)).. kkhhuu vvcc ttiinn tt ((ccuurrrreennccyy aarreeaa)).. ccaann tthhiipp nnggooii tt ((ccuurrrreennccyy iinntteerr--vveennttiioonn)).. rr ((ggii)) ttiinn tt ((ccuurrrreennccyy bbaasskkeett)).. tt ggii hhii ooii nniimm yytt ((ccuurrrreennccyy qquuoottaattiioonn)).. ss cc qquuyynn nnggooii hhii ((ccuurrrreennccyy mmoonnooppoollyy)).. iiuu kkhhoonn nnggooii hhii ((ccuurrrreennccyy rreesseerrvvaattiioonn,, ccuurrrreennccyy ccllaauussee)).. vv tthh nnggooii hhii ((ccuurrrreennccyy ppoossiittiioonn)).. ss cchhnnhh llcchh tt ggii hhii ooii ((eexxcchhaannggee pprreemmiiuumm)) llii nnhhuunn bbnngg nnggooii tt ((ccuurrrreennccyy pprrooffiitt)).. tt cchh vvnn nnggooii tt ((ccuurrrreennccyy sseellff--rreeppaayymmeenntt)).. qquunn ll nnggooii tt ((ccuurrrreennccyy mmaannaaggeemmeenntt)).. -- tthh ttrrnngg ttrraaoo ii nnggooii tt ((ffoorreeiiggnn eexxcchhaannggee mmaarrkkeett)).. -- kkiinnhh ddooaannhh ttii cchhnnhh nnggooii tt ((ccuurrrreennccyy ddeeaalliinngg)).. uu tt nnggooii tt ((iinnvveessttmmeenntt pprreemmiiuumm)).. hhnn mmcc //nnhh mmcc// ttiinn tt ((ccuurrrreennccyy lliimmiittaattiioonnss)).. ttii pphhmm nnggooii tt ((ccuurrrreennccyy ooffffeenncceess)).. dd ttrr nnggooii tt ((ccuurrrreennccyy rreesseerrvveess)).. nnhhnngg ggiiaaoo ddcchh nnggooii tt ((ccuurrrreennccyy ttrraannssaacc--ttiioonnss)).. nnhhnngg hhpp nngg kk hhnn bbnngg nnggooii tt mmnnhh ((ccuurrrreennccyy ffuuttuurreess)).. kkiinnhh ddooaannhh cchhnnhh llcchh ggii nnggooii tt ((ccuurrrreennccyy aarrbbiittrraaggee)).. bbnn uu ggii nnggooii tt ((ccuurrrreennccyy aauuccttiioonn))..

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kkhhii ttiinn tt ((ccuurrrreennccyy bblloocc)).. nnggii mmii ggiiii ttiinn tt ((ffoorreeiiggnn eexxcchhaannggee bbrrookkeerr)).. ggiiyy pphhpp mmuuaa cchhnngg kkhhoonn bbnngg nnggooii hhii ((ccuurrrreennccyy wwaarrrraanntt)) kkiinnhh ddooaannhh nnggooii tt ((ccuurrrreennccyy ddeeaalliinngg)).. tthh ttrrnngg nnggooii hhii cchhuu uu ((eeuurroo--ccuurrrreennccyy mmaarrkkeett)).. tthhaannhh ttoonn bb ttrr bbnngg nnggooii tt ((ccuurrrreennccyy cclleeaarriinngg)).. hhpp nngg ggiiaaoo ddcchh nnggooii hhii ((ffoorreeiiggnn eexxcchhaannggee ccoonnttrraacctt)).. kkiimm ssoott nnggooii hhii ((ccuurrrreennccyy ccoonnttrrooll,, ffoorreeiiggnn eexxcchhaannggee ccoonnttrrooll)).. hh ss hhii ooii ((eexxcchhaannggee ccooeeffffiicciieenntt)).. qquuyynn cchhnn mmuuaa hhaayy cchhnn bbnn ttiinn tt ((ccuurrrreennccyy ppoottiioonn)).. nngg ggii //nnggaanngg ggii// hhii ooii,, nngg //nnggaanngg bbnngg// tt ggii,, ((ccuurrrreennccyy ppaarriittyy,, eexxcchhaannggee rraattee ppaarriittyy,, ppuurrcchhaassiinngg,, ppoowweerr ppaarriittyy)).. hhoonn ii llii ssuutt hhii ooii ((ccrroossss--ccuurrrreennccyy iinntteerreesstt rraattee sswwaapp)).. dd ttrr nnggooii tt ((ffoorreeiiggnn eexxcchhaannggee)).. rrii rroo nnggooii hhii ((eexxcchhaannggee rriisskk,, rriisskk ccuurrrreennccyy)).. tthh ttrrnngg ttiinn tt,, tthh ttrrnngg nnggooii hhii ((ccuurrrreennccyy mmaarrkkeett,, ffoorreeiiggnn eexxcchhaannggee mmaarrkkeett)).. hhoonn ii ttiinn tt ((ccuurrrreennccyy sswwaapp)).. lliinn mmiinnhh ttiinn tt ((mmoonneettaarryy uunniioonn)) ttii kkhhoonn nnggooii tt,, ttii kkhhoonn nnggooii hhii ((ccuurrrreennccyy aaccccoouunntt)).. qquu nnggooii tt ((mmoonneettaarryy ffuunndd)).. c/ ng t: Bn thn ng t khng l thut ng, nhng chng ng vai tr quan trng trong vic t chc cc kt cu vi thut ng, trong vic s dng chun xc vi vn phong khoa hc. Hn na trong ting Vit vic phn nh t loi rt phc tp, ph thuc nhiu vo vn cnh, do a ng t thnh mc t ring l cn thit. Th d: ggtt ccpp ttmm nngg ((aaddvvaannccee,, mmaakkee //ppaayy// aann aaddvvaannccee,, ppaayy oonn aaccccoouunntt))..

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ccpp ttmm nngg cchhoo xx nngghhiipp ((aaddvvaannccee mmoonneeyy ttoo aann eenntteerrpprriissee)).. ggtt ccnn ii ((bbaallaannccee,, kkeeeepp tthhee eeqquuiilliibbrriiuumm)).. cn i ti khon (balance an account). ggtt tthhuu ((lleevvyy,, ccoolllleecctt,, rraaiissee)).. tthhuu tthhuu ((rraaiissee ttaaxxeess)).. tthhuu ttiinn bbii tthhnngg ((eexxaacctt aa lliinnee)).. tthhuu pphh //ll pphh// ((cchhaarrggee //ccoolllleecctt//,, ppaayymmeenntt)).. tthhuu tthhuu ((ccoolllleecctt aa dduuttyy)).. tthhuu llii ssuutt ((cchhaarrggee iinntteerreesstt)).. tthhuu ll pphh,, tthhuu cccc ((lleevvyy cchhaarrggeess)).. tthhuu ttiinn bboo hhiimm ((ccoolllleecctt iinnssuurraannccee ppaayymmeennttss)).. tthhuu ttiinn nnpp pphhtt ((eexxaacctt aa ppeennaallttyy)).. Ti liu tham kho. Ting Nga. Ting Vit. m Quang Chiu (Ch bin).T in thut ng kinh t th trng Nga-Anh-Vit. H Ni, 2006. Hu Vinh. T in thut ng kinh t thng mi Anh-Vit. NXB GTVT, 2007. Nguyn c D (ch bin). T in kinh t-kinh doanh Anh-Vit. H Ni, 2000. Nguyn Trng n. T in chng khon Anh-Vit. NXB Thng k, 2007. Nguyn Vn V, Nguyn Hu Nguyn Hu Nguyn, inh Thanh Tnh, Bi ng Ti. T in Vit-Anh thng mi-ti chnh. H Ni, 1996. L Minh c. T in kinh doanh AnhVit. NXB Tr, 1994. Cung Kim Tin. T in kinh t Anh-Vit & Vit-Anh. NXB Nng, 2008.

41

HC VIN CHNH TR-HNH CHNH QUC GIA H CH MINH

BO CO TM TT

TI NGHIN CU KHOA HC CP B 2009-2010

M s B.09-26

Tn ti: T IN THUT NG KINH T

NGA - VIT - ANH (Dnh cho cn b v hc vin

Hc vin chnh tr - hnh chnh quc gia H Ch Minh).

Ch nhim ti: TS. Lu Ho Bnh

H Ni - 2010

42

BO CO TM TT TI NGHIN CU KHOA HC CP B Ch nhim ti: TS. Lu Ho Bnh n v thc hin ti: V quan h quc t

Hc vin CT-HC QG H Ch Minh. Nhng ngi tham gia thc hin ti:

TS. Lu Ho Bnh. ThS Nguyn Th Thanh H

PGS.TSKH Nguyn Ngc Hng. PGS.TS Nguyn Khc Thanh . PGS.TS Nguyn Tn Vit.

Mc lc.

Bo co tm tt kt qu thc hin ti. Phn mt. 1. Tn ti. 2. Tnh cp thit ca ti. 3. Mc ch, yu cu ca cng trnh nghin cu. 4. Cu trc t in. 5. Tnh hnh nghin cu lin quan n ti. 6. Phng php nghin cu. 7. Ni dung nghin cu.

A. Mt s vn l lun v thut ng. 7 B. T in hc v t in thut ng chuyn ngnh. Phn hai. T in thut ng kinh t NGA-VIT-ANH.

43

TM TT KT QU THC HIN TI 1. Tn ti:

T in thut ng kinh t Nga - Vit Anh (Dnh cho cn b v hc vin

Hc vin chnh tr-hnh chnh quc gia H Ch Minh).

2. Tnh cp thit ca ti: Tnh hnh chnh tr, kinh t nc Nga thi k hu x vit c nhiu bin ng to ln. Nhng bin i c nh hng trc tip ti quan h kinh t gia Vit Nam v LB Nga. Hai nn kinh t mang tnh tp trung, bao cp cao bt u i mi - chuyn sang nn kinh t th trng. Cng vi nn kinh t, nhiu lnh vc khc ca i sng x hi cng bin i theo. Nhng bin i trong i sng chnh tr, kinh t c phn nh r nt trong ting Nga hin i, trc ht l trong lnh vc t vng qua cc phng tin thng tin i chng. T vng bin i nhanh chng: trong xut hin mt khi lng ln thut ng kinh t, biu th nhng khi nim mi khng nhng i vi ngi hc ting Nga, m i vi c ngi bn ng. Cun T in kinh t Nga-Vit-Anh l tng u tin ca tp th tc gi tham gia ti mun phn nh tnh cht a dng, phong ph ca thut ng trong lnh vc kinh t. Vic lm ny ht sc cn thit, bi l xu hng hi nhp v hp tc trong i sng kinh t-x hi v chnh tr ang l xu hng ch o trn phm vi ton cu.

Tnh cp thit ca cun T in kinh t Nga-Vit-Anh khng nhng ch ch cn thit thng k nhng thut ng kinh t c s dng vi tn s cao cho ngi Vit, gii thch v a ra nhng thut ng ting Vit tng ng, m cn nhim v phc v cho vic nghin cu quan h

3. Mc ch v yu cu ca cng trnh nghin cu. L kt qu v sn phm ca cng trnh nghin cu tin hnh trong hai nm, cun T in kinh t Nga-Vit-Anh nhm phc v cho i ng cn b nghin cu, ging vin, hc vin cc h c nhn chnh tr, h cao hc v h nghin cu sinh ca Hc vin chnh tr-hnh chnh quc gia H Ch Minh trong vic hc ting Nga, trong vic tham kho, c sch, bo, ti liu ting Nga su tm ti liu cho lun n, lun vn, tiu lun v nghin cu khoa hc.

Nhng thut ng trong cun t in ny phi phn nh c nhng c im c bn ca thut ng nh: a/ Tnh chnh xc.

b/Tnh h thng. c/ Tnh quc t. Da trn ba c im c bn va nu ca thut ng, nhm tc gi c diu

kin tuyn la thut ng chnh xc v a vo bng t ca cun T in kinh t Nga-Vit-Anh. 4. Cu trc ca cun T in kinh t Nga-Vit-Anh. Bng t xp sp theo vn ch ci ting Nga.

44

Ngoi nhng thut ng n v ghp (khong 10 000), trong t in cn a vo nhng t t in hnh cho vn phong kinh t, nhm gip ngi s dng hiu thu o hn cc thut ng v s dng chng trong nhng ng cnh ph hp. 5. Tnh hnh nghin cu lin quan n ti: phc v cho ci cch gio dc nhng nm 80 th k XX B Gio dc ban hnh Qui nh v chnh t ting Vit v Qui nh v thut ng ting Vit (5 - 3 - 1984). Trong nu ra nhng yu cu chun i vi hai lnh vc k trn. thc hin nhng yu cu chun thnh lp ra hai Hi ng cp nh nc: Hi ng chun ho chnh t ting Vit v Hi ng chun ho thut ng. V thut ng cc nh khoa hc a ra nhng qui nh c th, nh cu to v s dng thut ng ting Vit, vic chun ho, h thng ho . . . trong vic bin son sch gio khoa, t in v ging dy. T in kinh t Nga-Vit-Anh c bin son s c bin son theo tinh thn ch o, cng nh nhng nguyn tc ca Hi ng chun ho thut ng k trn. ng thi cc tc gi c gng vn dng nhng thnh qu nghin cu ca nhng nm gn y ca cc hc gi nc ngoi v trong nc nng cao cht lng cng trnh v l lun cng nh thc tin, theo kp s pht trin ca ngnh thut ng hc v t in hc nhm p ng c yu cu hc tp, nghin cu ca thi i.

6. Phng php nghin cu: Phng php thng k la chn mc t c tn s xut hin cao. Phng php phn tch ng nghi tng gii ni dung cc thut ng. Phng php i chiu chn thut ng tng dng. 7. Ni dung nghin cu:

A. Mt s vn l lun v thut ng ting Nga.

Trong phn ny cp n nhng vn chnh sau: I. T vng ting Vit xt v phng din phm vi s dng.

1. T vng ton dn. 2, T a phng. 3. Ting lng. 4. T ng ngh nghip. 5. Thut ng.

II. Nhng tiu ch xc nh thut ng trong ngn ng.. Da vo nhng c im c bn ca thut ng, chng ta c th rt ra nhng tiu

ch xc nh thut ng trong vn t vng mi dn tc. 1. Tnh chnh xc. 2. Tnh quc t. 3. Tnh thng nht.

III. Thut ng v t ng thng thng. Thut ng khng cch bit hon ton i vi t ton dn v cc lp t vng

khc. Thut ng du sao vn l mt b phn ca h thng t vng ni chung, c quan h vi t khc trong h thng ngn ng. Gia t ton dn v thut ng c quan h xm nhp ln nhau. T ton dn c th tr thnh thut ng v ngc li.

45

IV. Con ng hnh thnh v pht trin thut ng ting Vit. Nhn mt cch tng qut, c th thy thut ng trong ting Vit hnh thnh nh

ba con ng c bn l: 1. Thut ng ho t ng thng thng (con ng dng php chuyn di ng ngha ca t to thut ng).

2. Cu to thut ng theo phng php m phng (s dng nhng yu t v m hnh cu to t ting Vit dch ngha nhng thut ng tng ng trong ting nc ngoi).

3. Tip nhn thut ng nc ngoi.

B. T in hc - t in thut ng chuyn ngnh. Vn thut ng trong t in.

1. Lch s vn . Chuyn ngnh t in hc Vit Nam v mt l lun so vi cc nc cn rt non tr v cha c my thnh tu l lun lm c s cho cc nh lm t in da vo bin son c th. 2. Cc loi hnh t in.

T in l mt loi sch cng c khng th thiu c trong i sng vn ho thng ngy. T in rt a dng v mc ch bin son, kch c, ni dung ... V d nh chng ta thng gp cc loi t in sau: T in tng gii, t in song v a ng, t in ng ngha, t in tri ngha, t in tc ng v thnh ng, t in bch khoa th vn vn.

3. Thut ng khoa hc trong t in chuyn ngnh. a/ c im cu to ca thut ng khoa hc trong ting Nga v ting Vit c bn

ging nhau. V cu trc ta c th gp: - thut ng n, - thut ng ghp gm t hai thnh t tr ln, bng phng thc kt hp khc

nhau gia cc t loi khc nhau mt cch cht ch. - trong qu trnh hnh thnh c th gp nhng trng hp m t ng ngha di

dng, v thut ng cha c nh hnh ngn gn ng vi tnh cht c th ca mt thut ng khoa hc. - nhiu thut ng mi vay mn cn c phn tng gii hoc ch thch ni ln c ng bn cht ca s vt.

b/ c trng ca thut ng kinh t Nga. Qua kho st qua mt s t in song ng Nga - Vit, Nga - Anh) chng ti

nhn thy: - Nhiu thut ng i din cho h thng kinh t k hoch ho, quan liu bao cp

trc kia nay khng cn na. - Xut hin nhiu thut ng mi, nhng ngha mi c phi sinh t vn t

vng c trong ting Nga. - Nhiu (rt nhiu) thut ng c vay mn t ting nc ngoi, ch yu t

ting Anh bng nhiu phng thc theo quy lut chung ca cc ngn ng v phng thc c th cho ngn ng bin t nh ting Nga.

V cu trc: thut ng n it. Ch yu l nhng thut ng ghp t hai thnh t tr ln. V d:

46

Chuyn ngha. dt giy, giy t, giy c gi, chng khon. tri phiu chnh

ph. chng khon chit khu.

Vay mn. a/ Vay nguyn dng thut ng v chuyn t t vn t la-tinh

sang vn t ki-ri-li-xa.. - ayditor - kim ton vin. - vostro - ti khon vostro. - grant - quyn hng tr cp. b/ Vay mn, nhng Nga ho hnh thi tn ti /sao phng/ bng cc ph

t trong ting Nga (hu t v bin t ca danh t, tnh t v ng t). - - generic - sao bn. - device - tri phiu c chuyn i ra ngoi t. - - prolongation - ko di, gia hn. - - authenticity - xc thc , --, -- - avance. , -- - advice. - - authentic - xc thc. - report balance - bng tng kt ti sn

Thut ng ghp t hai n v tr ln. qu tng t vng. c ch s chng khon Nga. li sut thc t m. tri phiu bi thng. li rng.

T in thut ng kinh t Nga-Vit-Anh .

Cu trc T in. 1. Bng t gm nhng danh t, tnh t v ng t. Chn lc theo cc t in ting Nga n hnh. a/ Danh t: Nhng danh t - thut ng n, mang ngha khi qut, tng ng vi thut ng ting Vit. Cc thut ng n ny c th lm ht nhn cu to ra nhng thut ng kp mang ngha khu bit, k c trong ting Nga ln ting Vit. Nhng thut ng ny c xp sp theo vn ch ci ABC v nh du bng k hiu . Cu trc ca chng c th l: tnh t + danh t; danh t + danh t (khng gii t v c gii t). Ngoi ra, gip ngi hc ting Nga nm vng hn ng php ting Nga, vn phong khoa hc, cng nh s dng vn thut ng kinh t chnh xc hn, chng ti a vo cui mc t nhng kt hp thng gp trong cc vn bn v kinh t. Nhng kt hp ny thng l kt hp ng t vi thut ng c trong mc t v c nh du bng k hiu .

minh ho chng ti trch mt s mc t bin son lm th d.

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ddtt cc pphhnn,, cc pphhiiuu ((sshhaarree,, ssttoocckk)).. cc pphhiiuu hhnngg hhaaii //hhnngg llii ssaauu// ((ddeeffeerrrreedd ssttoocckk)).. cc pphhiiuu cc pphhtt hhnnhh ((iissssuueedd sshhaarreess)).. cc pphhiiuu cc qquuyynn bbiiuu qquuyytt ((vvoottiinngg sshhaarreess)).. cc pphhiiuu nnhh nncc ((ggoovveerrnnmmeenntt ssttoocckk,, ppuubblliicc ssttoocckk)).. cc pphhiiuu nnhh //ggii tthhpp// ((ppeennnnyy ssttoocckk)).. cc pphhiiuu bb ssuunngg ((ssuupppplleemmeenntt sshhaarree)).. cc pphhiiuu vvnngg ((ggoollddeenn ssttoocckk)).. cc pphhiiuu gghhii ddaannhh ((ppeerrssoonnaall sshhaarree,, nnoommiinnaall sshhaarree)).. cc pphhiiuu ttcchh lluu //ddnn llii// ((ccuummuullaattiivvee sshhaarree)).. cc pphhiiuu cc qquuyy