Bacteriology, Sanitation, & Sterilization

Learning Objectives1.) Differentiate between pathogenic and

nonpathogenic organisms.2.) Describe the 3 different types of bacteria

and the diseases they cause.3.) Differentiate between bacteria, fungi, and

viruses.4.) Describe hepatitis and HIV, how they are

spread, and how transmission can be prevented.

Learning Objectives continued

5.) Understand disease causation and prevention.

6.) List the various methods of sterilization and disinfectants as they pertain to the salon/clinic.

7.) Apply the principles of hygiene, sanitation, sterilization, and good housekeeping.

Key TermsAntisepticsAsepsisAutoclaveBacillusBacteriaCocciEndosporeFungi

HepatitisHIVMicroorganismsMicrobesPathogenicProtozoa SpirillumSporeVirus

Personal Service WorkerYou will be a PSW!An individual whose work brings them into

direct contact with other individualsHealth care professionals and allied health

workersAllows for the possibility of the transmission and

spread of contagious diseases (through coughing, sneezing, unclean hands, instruments and work areas, sharing of eating and drinking utensils

Questions you need to ask yourselfWhat surfaces or equipment do I touch in

my treatment area?

What surfaces and tools do my clients come into contact with?

Imagine red paint covering everything.

MicrobiologyBranch of biology that deals with micro-

organismsMicrobes include: bacteria, fungi, viruses,

protozoa, algae

Bacteria2 classifications: pathogenic and

nonpathogenicPathogenic – harmful and disease causingNonpathogenic – harmless, helpful, useful

Bacteria – The big pictureMost are nonpathogenicFound EVERYWHERE! Air, water, all over

and in our bodies, in foods, in medicinesBeneficialEx. Saprophytes – decompose waste and

dead matter (used in fertilizer)

Conditions to grow BacteriaThrive in damp, warm, dark places with a

food source; some can survive in dry, cool, well-lighted.

Unfavorable ConditionsDuring unfavorable conditions, bacteria form

sporesSpores protect the bacteria until more favorable

conditions ariseRemain for long periods and can be transmitted

Endospore – allow bacteria to resist heat, antiseptics, disinfectants, antibioticsAbility to kill endospores along with the other

bacteria allows for complete sterilization.

3 shapes of Pathogenic Bacteria1.) Coccus (cocci) – round

2.) Bacillus (bacilli) – rod shaped

3.) Spirillum (spirilla) – corkscrew shaped

CoccusProduce pus3 common cocci:

Diplococcus – pairs; causes pneumoniaStaphylococcus – bunches; folliculitis,

abscesses, boils, pimplesStreptococcus – chains; blood poisoning, strep

throatTransmitted through air, dust, and substances

in which they are found

BacillusMost common, most harmful, most difficult

to destroyCauses tuberculosis, tetanus, diphtheria,

typhoid feverHave flagella or cilia to help propel

themselves through liquids

SpirillumSpiral shapedCauses syphilis, cholera, and Lyme disease

Bacterial InfectionMay enter through mouth, nose, eyes, ears,

broken skin causing an infectionInfection can be localized in form of pus or

carried throughout the blood stream causing a general infection

FungiPlant and vegetable parasitesEx. Yeasts, molds, mildewsMany are useful and beneficialNature’s main decomposersCauses athlete’s foot and ringworm or if

inhaled, attacks lung tissue causing chest ailments

VirusesCannot live or reproduce on their ownOnce host is found, they multiply, cause

damage and possibly death to cellsMade of an outer coating of protein and

DNA or RNA on the inside

TreatmentViruses are difficult to treat or control b/c

antibiotics DO NOT destroy themSymptoms can be treated, but not the virus

itself

Viruses of ConcernHepatitis, common cold, influenza,

measles, chicken pox, mumps, genital herpes, herpes simplex, mononucleosis, and HIV.

ProtozoaSingle celled animal microbeFound in water, foods, plants, blood, body

fluidsEx. Amoeba – causes dysenteryEx. Malaria – carried by mosquitoes

HepatitisInflammation of the liver caused by alcohol

abuse, medications, injury, certain viruses4 main types:

HAVHBVHCVHDV (spread only when HBV is present)

HAVSpread by ingesting food or water

contaminated with fecesFound when hands are not washed after

using the restroom

HBVMore serious than HAVTransmitted mainly through contaminated

needles, saliva, semen, vaginal fluidSame methods of transmission as HCV

HCVNot as devastating as HBVTransmittable through blood and saliva

Sexual intercourseNeedle sharingNeedle-stick accidentsPregnancyBlood transfusionsContact nonintact skin with nonintact skin of

infected person, razors, toothbrushes

Hepatitis SymptomsLow-grade feverHeadacheMuscle acheFatigueLoss of appetiteNauseaVomitingdiarrhea

Later stage symptoms include:

Dark urinePale fecesAbdominal painJaundiceCirrhosis (scarring)

of liver

Universal PrecautionsAssume each client might be infectedGuidelines set forth by CDC

Hand washingGlove usagePPE (personal protection equipment) lab

coats, masks, gogglesHandling and disposal of needles, probes,

lancets, other sharp tools

HIVVirus that causes AIDSCannot “catch” AIDS, but you can acquire HIV

which leads to AIDSAcquired through:

Sexual intercourseNeedle sharingPregnancy transmissionBlood transfusionContact nonintact skin with nonintact skin of

infected person

HIVCANNOT be transmitted through:Blood donationInsect bitesCasual contact (kissing, hugging, etc)AirborneSurfaces (doorknobs, phones, etc.)Food and water

SanitationSignificant reduction in the number of

pathogens on a surface through cleaningNOT TOTAL eliminationMeticulous cleaning is essential before

disinfecting or sterilizing to remove debris

Hand WashingVERY IMPORTANT!!!!Instills confidence in the clientCDC guidelines state that plain soap may

be used, but it MUST be in a pump bottle

Hand Washing Procedure

1.) Remove all jewelry.2.) Wet hands with tepid water.3.) Apply soap and lather 10 – 15 seconds (sing

Happy Birthday). Rub vigorously, pay attention to fingernails and between fingers.

4.) Rinse thoroughly until all lather is removed.

Hand Washing procedure cont5.) Dry hands thoroughly with clean,

disposable paper towels. 6.) Use paper towels to turn off faucets.7.) Discard paper towels in a lined foot-pedal

bin.

When do I wash my hands?BEFORE and AFTER each clientBEFORE and AFTER gloves are wornIf you need to leave treatment room or to

touch a door handle during service.Immediately after accidental contact with

blood or other bodily fluidsAfter using a tissue to wipe mucus from

eyes, nose, or mouthAfter using hands to cover mouth for a

cough or a sneeze.

Glove GuidelinesNew pair should be used with each clientDiscard gloves that are torn or punctured.

Hands should be rewashed and a new pair of gloves donned.

Vinyl vs. latexQuestion patient on latex allergiesWear gloves during cleaning and handling

of instruments.Wear gloves when handling disinfectants

and antiseptics.

AntisepticsFormulated to prevent, retard, or stop

bacterial growthNot as strong as disinfectants but safe to use

on the skinSANITIZES DOES NOT DISINFECT

Bacteriostats and fungistats do not kill germs!Temporarily inhibit growth, growth resumes

when static properties have worn off.

DisinfectionTerm used for the reduction of

microorganisms on a surface.Not all spores and endospores will be

destroyedFollow MSDS on instructions and guidelines

for use

DisinfectionDisinfectants are used to kill bacteria and

certain viruses on nonporous surface areas and tools.

Not suitable for human skinException: 70% ethyl alcohol or 99%

isopropyl alcohol used on skin will disinfect

Types of DisinfectantsOne-step cleaners

Clean, disinfect, and deodorize all at onceTwo-step cleaners

Require general cleaning before disinfecting, are more corrosive, have a strong odor, and require careful measuring for dilution and use.

Ex. glutaraldehyde

HousekeepingEquipment and work surfaces (carts and

cabinets) should be disinfected regularly between clients.

Regular and routine housekeeping on way of maintaining state of asepsis Condition in which no living disease-causing

microorganisms are present.

SterilizationShould be habitual and ongoing.Goal: Complete elimination of ALL forms of

bacteria, especially endospores and viruses.

2 types of sterilization: physical and chemical

Physical SterilizationSteam-heat sterilization

Autoclave applies steam heat under pressureDry-heat sterilization

Forced air-oven most popular in hospitalsIrradiation (light rays)

Considered ineffective on HBVBoiling

Chemical SterilizationLiquid

Instruments submersed in 2% glutaraldehyde aqueous solution

FumigationEthylene oxide in a sealed cabinet

Eye ShieldsClean with soap and water, rinse and dry

thoroughlySuspected conjunctivitis (a sty) or other

possibly contagious disorder, eye shields must be sterilized

Postexposure StrategiesIn the event skin is punctured:1.) Excuse yourself, do not alarm the client.2.) Wash hands, allow wound to bleed out.3.) Apply antiseptic and Bandaid.4.) Record client’s name, date, and time of

treatment.5.) Resume tx, with bandaid and gloves.6.) Keep accurate account of following

patient names.7.) Get tested for HIV/HBV.

1.) What is the difference between bacteria and a virus? (4)

Bacteria can be treated with antibiotics, viruses cannot.

Bacteria live and reproduce on their own, viruses require a host.

Bacteria can form spores to survive until more favorable conditions arise, viruses cannot.

Viruses contain DNA or RNA, bacteria do not.

2.) Name two ways HIV can be transmitted and two ways it cannot.Can be

transmitted:Sexual intercourseNeedle sharingPregnancyBlood transfusionsContact nonintact

skin with nonintact skin of infected person

Cannot be transmittedBlood donationInsect bitesCasual contact

(kissing, hugging, etc)

AirborneSurfaces

(doorknobs, phones, etc.)

Food and water

3.) What is the difference between disinfection and sanitation?Disinfection is the reduction of pathogens

except for spores and endospores; is used on nonporous surfaces and tools, NOT skin.

Sanitation is a significant reduction of pathogens; mostly for skin.

5.) Name two FDA/EPA methods of sterilization.Autoclave (steam-heat)Dry-heat sterilizationIrradiation (UV)BoilingLiquid (2% glutaraldehyde)Fumigation (ethylene oxide)

6.) How should eye shields be cleaned? When should they be sterilized?Cleaned with soap and water, rinsed, and

dried.

Must be sterilized if used by client with contagious disorder.

7.) How is sterilization different from sanitation and disinfection? It is the complete elimination of ALL forms

of bacteria, especially endospores and viruses.

8.) Which is the lowest level of decontamination? Give an example.Sanitation

Washing hands

9.) What are the 3 shapes of bacteria?CoccusBacillusSpirillum

10.) Which bacteria is responsible for folliculitis and pimples?Staphylococcus

11.) What is hepatitis? What are the 6 ways HBV is transmitted?Inflammation of the liver.

Sexual intercourseNeedle sharingNeedle-stick accidentsPregnancyBlood transfusionsContact nonintact skin with nonintact skin of

infected person, razors, toothbrushes

12.) Explain the difference between pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria.Pathogenic are disease causing bacteria.Nonpathogenic are harmless and helpful.

13.) Universal precautions tell us to assume what? EVERYONE is infected regardless of sex,

race, age, etc.

14.) Explain the appropriate way to wash your hands.1.) Remove all jewelry.2.) Wet hands with tepid water.3.) Apply soap and lather 10 – 15 seconds

(sing Happy Birthday). Rub vigourously, pay attention to fingernails and between fingers.

4.) Rinse thoroughly until all lather is removed.

5.) Dry hands thoroughly with clean, disposable paper towels.

6.) Use paper towels to turn off faucets.7.) Discard paper towels in a lined foot-

pedal bin.

15.) When must you wash your hands?BEFORE and AFTER each clientBEFORE and AFTER gloves are wornIf you need to leave treatment room or

to touch a door handle during service.Immediately after accidental contact

with blood or other bodily fluidsAfter using a tissue to wipe mucus from

eyes, nose, or mouthAfter using hands to cover mouth for a

cough or a sneeze.

16.) During a treatment, your glove is torn. What do you do?Discard gloves. Wash hands.Put on a new pair of gloves.

17.) Antiseptics are used for what level of decontamination?Sanitation

18.) When should equipment and work surfaces be disinfected?Between EACH client!

19.) When should you wear gloves?When working with patients.During cleaning and handling of

instruments.When handling disinfectants and

antiseptics.

20.) What is the middle level of decontamination?Disinfection