gw&ozone depletion

7/29/2019 GW&Ozone Depletion

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GREEN HOUSE EFFECT

Global Warming


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What does a greenhouse look

like?

Most greenhouses look like aclear mini glass house. Theyare used to grow plants inany environment.Greenhouses work becausewhen the sun comes out thegreen house can trap thesunlight and use it to growplants. The glass panels trap

as much sunlight as possiblebut keeps heat in. Thiscauses the greenhouse toheat up and help the plantsgrow.


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How is the earth like agreenhouse?

Like a greenhousethe earths

atmosphere trapsheat and energyfrom the sun.


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incomingradiation

Solar energy reaches the Earths surface


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incomingradiation

infrared radiation

Earths surface warms, emits radiation


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incomingradiation

infrared radiation

greenhousegases

Greenhouse gases absorb IR leaving the surface


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incomingradiation

infrared radiation

greenhousegases

Gases are energized, then emit radiation (IR)


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incomingradiation

infrared radiation

greenhousegases

Some of this IR reaches the planet surface, warming it further


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THE GREEN HOUSE

EFFECTCarbon Dioxide (CO2)

Methane (CH4)

Nitrous Oxide (Nox)

Methane


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Greenhouse GasesThe following pie chart displays the percent of eachgas which plays a role in the greenhouseeffect.


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Without It

Without the greenhouse effect, the Earthwould not be able to support life. But if thegreenhouse effect becomes too strong, the

earth will be too hot to support life. Even a littletoo much heat could hurt the animals, plants,and everything else on the planet.


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Concentration of GHGs


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carbon_Emission_by_Region.png


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Top ten Co2 emitters1. United States 25%

2. China 15%3. European Union 11%

4. Indonesia 6%

5. India 5%

6. Russia 5%

7. Brazil 4%

8. Japan 3%

9. Canada 2%

10.Mexico 2%


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How we contribute

Burning natural gasses

Population growth


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Effects of Global Warming

The earths temperature will rise from 1-3degrees C in next few decades.

Rise in temperature may rise the sealevels by 0.5 ft. to 5.0 ft because of meltingmountain glaciers and expansion ofoceans.

This would result in islands like Maldivesgetting submerged and many costal citiesgetting flooded.


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Impact of Global warming

1. Temperature extremes2. Rise in sea level, and change in precipitation

3. Injuries from storms, coastal flooding

4. Interruption of power supply, contamination of

drinking water5. Food shortages due to shift in agricultural food

production

6. Air pollution ( made worse by warming)

7. Asthma, bronchitis, emphysema complications

8. Strain on public health systems

9. Increased need due to population migrations

10. Unable to contain spread of infectious diseases


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Earth has a fever and needshelp!


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WHAT CAN WE DO?

We must move to a carbon-free economy.

That means reduce or eliminate use of fossilfuels to limit damage in the future.

Increase forest cover.

Remove carbon from the atmosphere.

If all excess carbon dioxide release stoppedtoday, it is estimated that it would take hundredsof years for levels to return to normal (NASA,2007).


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How to combat GW

In 1992 Earth Summit held at Rio deJaneiro 153 nations signed the conventionon climate change and committed

themselves to reduce emissions of Co2and other GHGs.

Finally in December 1997 in Kyoto a

conference finalised the protocol on GHGemission.


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Kyoto Protocol

The Kyoto Protocol is a protocol to the UNaimed at fighting Global Warming.

It is an environmental treaty with a goal toachieve stabilisation of greenhousegas concentrations in the atmosphere at alevel that would prevent dangerous

human-emitted interference with theclimate system


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Kyoto Protocol

The Protocol was initially adopted on 11December 1997 in Kyoto, Japan, andentered into force on 16 February 2005.

As of September 2011, 191 states havesigned and ratified the protocol

Protocol has 3 mechanisms

Emissions trading

Clean development mechanism

Joint Implementation


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Kyoto protocol

US declared to stabilise emission to 1990levels by 2010, whereas EU, China andother nations demanded reduction in 15%

below 1990 levels.

US came up with a market based emissiontrading mechanism that was included in

the protocol. US insisted even the developing countries

to be included, which were not obliged

earlier to reduce the GHG emission.


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Post Kyoto

US decided to abandon the protocol, astrading for carbon credits proved costlierand they were unsuccessful to pressurize

developing countries like India and Chinato reduce the carbon emission.

Unfortunately the economic and political

compulsion of the US presidency have putthe Kyoto Protocol in deep freeze.


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GW and Business

Daimler-Chrysler, Ford, GM and Toyotaare working on projects that would

produce cars that would run on fuel celltechnology with no carbon dioxideemission.

US Insurance companies have shownconcern that a single hurricanes can cost$ 50 billion to global insurance companies


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Ozone depletion


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The Ozone Layer


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Layers of the atmosphere


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Ozone Layer a shield/barrier to UV rays

Formed by a natural process. Produced by O2 interacting with lightning

and UV radiation. Absorbs most of the shorter wavelengths

- UV radiation which is damaging to livingthings causing cancer, sunburn, cataracts

etc. allows life to live on earth ozone depletion - a reduction of the

ozone layer.


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Hazards of UV radiation

Hazards of UV radiation include increasedrate of skin cancer and cataracts,

depression of the immune system,impaired crop and tree growths etc.

Affects the photosynthesis process in

plants.

1992, NASA reported that chlorine foundin high level in northern hemisphere.


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CFCs, used in air conditioners,refrigerators

They move high into the atmosphere anddamage the Ozone layer.

Industrialize nations have halted theproduction of these compounds.

Scientists dont expect the ozone layer to

fully recover until the middle of thiscentury.

One CFC molecule can destroy 100,000ozone molecules

Ozone depleting substance


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Chlorofluorocarbons


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Health effects of Ozone

depletion

Each 1% drop in ozone is thought toincrease human skin cancer rates by 4-6%.

The United Nations Environment Programpredicts a 26% rise in cataracts and skincancers for every 10% drop in ozone.

This translates to 1.75 million cases of

cataracts and 300,000 more cases of skincancer every year.


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Major CFC pollutants

USA 23%

Japan 16.4%

Russian countries 11.6% Germany 5.7%

UK- 4.3%

O H l b


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Ozone Hole above

Antarctica

During the 1983 scientists discovered a"hole" in the ozone over Antarctica.

By the 1990s atmospheric scientists haddetected an annual loss of 40-50% of theozone above Antarctica, which producedan ozone hole.


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The largest Antarctic ozone hole ever

recorded (September 2006).

The Antarctic ozonehole is an area of the

Antarctic stratosphere inwhich the recent ozonelevels have dropped toas low as 33% of theirpre-1975 values.


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Montreal protocol

A successful multilateral environmentalagreement on substances that decreaseozone layers

The treaty was opened for signature onSeptember 16, 1987.

It has been ratified by 197 states and

European unions.

Aimed to phase out 95% of global


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Aimed to phase out 95% of globalconsumption of ozone depleting substances in

just 20 years.

Ozone layer on the path of recovery by mid-century.

New control schedule,

2015- 10% reduction

2020- 35% reduction

2025- 67.5% reduction

2030- 97.5% allowing 2.5 % for refrigerators andAcs serving until 2040.

2050- 100% reduction


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India and Ozone negotiations

Montreal protocol controls 96 chemicals

India who had not signed the protocol until1990 after the protocol was amended infavour of developing countries.

India calculated the cost of producing analternative to CFC prior signing the protocol.

IICT (Indian Institute of ChemicalTechnology), BPL India, Godrej GE

Appliances (joint venture) and othercompanies switched to CFC free products.


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3M developed the worlds first safe and

effective alternative to CC driven asthamainhales.

The Coca-Cola company committed to userefrigerators that contain no equipmentcontaining CFCs.

Dupont, largest manufacturer of CFCstarted with an alternative .


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Pesticides and their harmful effects onagriculture are well known. Recently the

govt. has insisted upon creatingawareness about sustainable developmentand identifying unsustainable practicesand phasing them out from the agriculturalsector.

As a district collector with responsibility foragricultural development prepare an actionplan for spreading awareness andimplementing plan for discontinuing theuse of harmful pesticides and alternative

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