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  • 7/28/2019 Gut-1986-Duggan-929-33

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    G u t , 1 9 8 6 , 2 7 , 9 2 9 - 9 3 3

    P e p t i c u l c e r a n d n o n - s t e r o i d a l a n t i - i n f l a m m a t o r ya g e n t sJ M DUGGAN, ANNETTE J DOBSON, H JOHNSON, AND P FAHEYFrom t h e G a s t r o e n t e r o l o g y U n i t , R o y a l N e w c a s t l e H o s p i t a l , a n d F a c u l t y o f M a t h e m a t i c s a n d A s i a n a n dP a c i f i c C e n t r e f o r C l i n i c a l E p i d e m i o l o g y , U n i v e r s i t y o f N e w c a s t l e , N e w c a s t l e , New S o u t h W a l e s , A u s t r a l i aSUMMARY A s p i r i n i s g e n e r a l l y r e g a r d e d as a cause o f g a s t r i c u l c e r b u t t h e r o l e o f n o n - s t e r o i d a la n t i - i n f l a m m a t o r y a g e n t s a n d p a r a c e t a m o l i n t h e a e t i o l o g y o f p e p t i c u l c e r i s u n c l e a r . Toi n v e s t i g a t e t h i s ' we c o n d u c t e d a case c o n t r o l s t u d y o f 1 8 0 m a t c h e d p a i r s o f p e p t i c u l c e r p a t i e n t sa n d c o n t r o l s o b t a i n e d f r o m s u r g i c a l a n d d e r m a t o l o g y o u t p a t i e n t c l i n i c s . T h e r e were 9 5 g a s t r i cu l c e r a n d 8 5 d u o d e n a l u l c e r p a t i e n t s . A s t a t i s t i c a l l y a n d c l i n i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t a s s o c i a t i o n ( r e l a t i v er i s k = 5 ) was f o u n d b e t w e e n t h e r e g u l a r us e o f n o n - s t e r o i d a l a n t i - i n f l a m m a t o r y a g e n t s a n d g a s t r i cu l c e r . T h e r e was a l s o e v i d e n c e o f p o s i t i v e a s s o c i a t i o n s b e t w e e n g a s t r i c u l c e r a n d a s p i r i nc o n t a i ni n g p r e p a r a t i o n s w i t h o r w i t h o u t n o n - s t e r o i d a l a n t i - i n f l a m m a t o r y a g e n t s . B y c o n t r a s t ,d u o d e n a l u l c e r was u n r e l a t e d t o t h e s e d r u g s . Too f e w p a t i e n t s u s e d p a r a c e t a m o l f o r a nyc o n c l u s i o n t o b e d r a w n on i t s r o l e .A l t h o u g h a s p i r i n u s e i s w i d e l y r e g a r d e d a s r e l a t e d t oc h r o n i c g a s t r i c u l c e r , ' t h e r o l e o f t h e n o n - s t e r o i d a la n t i - i n f l a m m a t o r y a g e n t s ( N S A I A ) a n d p a r a -c e t a m o l i n p e p t i c u l c e r , p a r t i c u l a r l y d u o d e n a l u l c e r ,i s u n c l e a r . 2 6 R e c e n t s t u d i e s h a v e s h o w n a n a s s o c i a -t i o n o f f a s t r i c u l c e r w i t h a s p i r i n a n d t h e o t h e rNSAIAs a n d o f p e r f o r a t e d u l c e r , b o t h d u o d e n a la n d g a s t r i c , w i t h a s p i r i n a n d t h e N S A I A s . " Toc l a r i f y t h i s i s s u e we c o n d u c t e d a c a s e c o n t r o l s t u d yo f g a s t r i c u l c e r a n d d u o d e n a l u l c e r p a t i e n t s a n dc o n t r o l s , c o m p a r i n g t h e i r c o n s u m p t i o n o f t h e s ed r u g s .M e t h o d sPA T I ENTSCASEST h e s e w e r e a l l t h e p a t i e n t s p r e s e n t i n g f o r t h e f i r s tt i m e t o t h e G a s t r o e n t e r o l o g y U n i t o f t h e R o y a lN e w c a s t l e H o s p i t a l f r o m M a r c h 1 9 8 0 t o A p r i l 1 9 8 1wh o w e r e d i a g n o s e d a t e n d o s c o p y a s h a v i n g d u o -d e n a l u l c e r o r g a s t r i c u l c e r , b u t n o t b o t h . P r e s e n t i n gf e a t u r e s w e r e a b d o m i n a l p a i n ( 4 3 % ) , a c u t e b l e e d i n g( 4 2 % ) , a n d o t h e r s y m p t o m s ( 1 5 % ) .CONTROLST h e s e w e r e r e c r u i t e d f r o m p a t i e n t s a t t e n d i n gA d d r e s s f o r c o r r e s p o n d e n c e : Dr J M D u g g an , R o y al N e w c a s t l e H o s p i t a l ,N e w c a s t l e , NSW, 2 3 0 0 , A u s t r a l i a .R e c e i v e d f o r p u b l i c a t i o n 2 9 November t 9 8 5 .

    s u r g i c a l a n d d e r m a t o l o g y c l i n i c s f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e a tt h e s a m e h o s p i t a l d u r i n g t h e s a m e p e r i o d w i t h t h ee x c l u s i o n o f p a t i e n t s w i t h k n o w n p e p t i c u l c e r o ra b d o m i n a l p a i n . T h e c o n t r o l s w e r e d r a w n f r o m t w od i f f e r e n t c l i n i c p o p u l a t i o n s i n o r d e r t o r e d u c es e l e c t i o n b i a s . 9DATA COLLECTIONA q u e s t i o n n a i r e w a s a d m i n i s t e r e d t o p a t i e n t s a n dc o n t r o l s b y t h e s a m e t r a i n e d i n t e r v i e w e r s e e k i n gi n f o r m a t i o n r e l a t i n g t o d e m o g r a p h i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c sa n d u s e o f d r u g s c o nt a i n i ng a s p i r i n , p a r a c e t a m o l ,a n d o t h e r N S A I A s . S o c i a l c l a s s w a s d e f i n e d b yo c c u p a t i o n i n t o c a t e g o r i e s l ' w i t h 1 t h e h i g h e s t s t a t u sa n d 5 t h e l o w e s t . T h o s e n o t e m p l o y e d , m a i n l yh o u s e w i v e s a n d p e n s i o n e r s , w e r e a l l o c a t e d t o a na d d i t i o n a l c a t e g o r y . R e s p o n d e n t s w e r e a s k e d a b o u tt h e f r e q u e n c y , q u a n t i t y , a n d d u r a t i o n o f u s e o f e a c hd r u g . R e g u l a r d r u g u s e w a s d e f i n e d a s t w o o r m o r ed o s e s o f t h e d r u g t a k e n w e e k l y i n t h e l a s t t h r e em o n t h s . D r u g u s e w a s c l a s s i f i e d i n t o s i x c a t e g o r i e s :a s p i r i n t a k e n a l o n e o r a s a c o m p o u n d p r e p a r a t i o nc o n t a i n i n g a s p i r i n a n d c a f f e i n e ; NSAIAs a l o n e ;NSAIAs a n d a s p i r i n o r a s p i r i n a n d c a f f e i n e ; p a r a -c e t a m o l a l o n e ; ' o t h e r ' c o m p r i s i n g p a t i e n t s w i t hi r r e g u l a r d r u g c o n s u m p t i o n p a t t e r n s a n d n o n -r e s p o n d e n t s t o t h e s e q u e s t i o n s ; a n d l e s s t h a n t w od o s e s o f t h e s e d r u g s p e r w e e k . A s p i r i n a b u s e w a sd e f i n e d a s t h e u s e o f o n e d o s e p e r d a y o f a na n a l g e s i c c o n t a i n i n g a s p i r i n f o r 1 0 y e a r s , o r t w od o s e s p e r d a y f o r f i v e y e a r s , a n d s o o n , t o 1 0 d o s e s

    9 2 9

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    P e p t i c u l c e r a n d n o n - s t e r o i d a l a n t i - i n f l a m m a t o r y a g e n t sT a b l e 3 A s p i r i n a b u s e i n r e l a t i o n t o l o c a t i o n o f p e p t i c u l c e r *G a s t r i c u l c e r C o n t r o lNo a b u s e A b u s e T o t a l

    C a s e No a b u s e 6 1 4 6 5 R e l a t i v e r i s k = 4 - 5a s e A b u s e 1 8 4 2 2 C o n f i d e n c e i n t e r v a l = ( 1 - 5 , 1 8 - 3 )T o t a l 7 9 8 8 7 S i g n i f i c a n c e l e v e l = 0 - 0 0 4D u o d e n a l u l c e r C o n t r o lNo a b u s e A b u s e T o t a l

    C a s e No a b u s e 5 9 6 6 5 R e l a t i v e r i s k = 1 - 1 7A b u s e 7 1 8 C o n f i d e n c e i n t e r v a l = ( 0 - 3 , 4 - 2 )T o t a l 6 6 7 7 3 S i g n i f i c a n c e l e v e l = 1 - 0* F o r 8 GU a n d 1 2 DU c a s e - c o n t r o l p a i r s t h e r e w a s i n s u f f i c i e n t i n f o r m a t i o n t o d e t e r m i n e a n a l g e s i c a b u s e f o r a t l e a s t o n e member o f t h ep a i r .

    T a b l e 4 S m o k i n g h a b i tC u r r e n t N e v e r E x s m o k e r o rs m o k e r s m o k e d m i s s i n g d a t a T o t a l

    D u o d e n a l M 3 8 1 6 1 1 6 5u l c e r ( D U ) F 5 1 5 - 2 0T o t a l 4 3 3 1 1 1 8 5G a s t r i c M 3 6 1 3 5 5 4u l c e r ( G U ) F 1 4 2 3 4 4 1T o t a l 5 0 3 6 9 9 5C o m p a r i n g DU w i t h GU o v e r a l l , b y s m o k i n g h a b i tx 2 = 0 - 5 7 , d f = 2 , p > 0 - 7 .F o r men X 2 = 1 - 6 4 , d f = 2 , p > 0 - 4F o r women X 2 = 1 3 3 , d f = 2 , p > 0 - 5

    w e r e s m a l l . F o r d u o d e n a l u l c e r p a t i e n t s t h e r e w e r en o s t a t i s t i c a l l y o r c l i n i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t a s s o c i a t i o n sw i t h c o n s u m p t i o n o f a n y o f t h e d r u g s c o n s i d e r e d .A s p i r i n a b u s e w a s r e c o r d e d f o r 2 2 g a s t r i c u l c e rp a t i e n t s a n d e i g h t o f t h e i r c o n t r o l s . T h i s w a s h i g h l ys i g n i f i c a n t ( p = 0 0 0 4 , r e l a t i v e r i s k = 4 - 5 ) ( T a b l e 3 ) .T h e r e w a s n o c o r r e s p o n d i n g a s s o c i a t i o n b e t w e e na s p i r i n a b u s e a n d d u o d e n a l u l c e r .T h e r e w a s n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i n s m o k i n gh a b i t b e t w e e n t h e u l c e r s i t e s ( T a b l e 4 ) .D i s c u s s i o nT h e r e i s a w e a l t h o f a n i m a l d a t a s u g g e s t i n g a s s o c i a -t i o n s o f m o s t o f t h e a n a l g e s i c d r u g s a n d NSAIAsw i t h a c u t e g a s t r o d u o d e n a l d a m a g e . F o r c h r o n i cp e p t i c u l c e r i n m a n , h o w e v e r , a p a r t f r o m a s p i r i n ,t h e d a t a a r e o f t e n c o n t r a d i c t o r y . 5 T h i s may b eb e c a u s e o f m e t h o d o l o g i c a l p r o b l e m s i n i n v e s t i g a t i n gt h e r o l e o f t h e s e d r u g s i n p e p t i c u l c e r . S u c hp r o b l e m s i n c l u d e : t h e u s e o f m u l t i p l e d r u g s ; t h ep o s s i b i l i t y o f d i f f e r e n t a e t i o l o g i e s f o r a c u t e a n dc h r o n i c l e s i o n s a n d f o r u l c e r s a t d i f f e r e n t l o c a t i o n s ;

    a n d d i f f i c u l t i e s w i t h c a s e c o n t r o l s t u d i e s , f o re x a m p l e , t h e c h o i c e o f c o n t r o l s a n d s e l e c t i v e r e c a l lb i a s .To o v e r c o m e s o m e o f t h e s e d i f f i c u l t i e s i n t h i ss t u d y we c o n s i d e r e d o n l y c h r o ni c p e p t i c u l c e r c a s e s ,d i s t i n g u i s h i n g b e t w e e n d u o d e n a l u l c e r a n d g a s t r i cu l c e r , a n d c o m p a r e d t h e m w i t h o u t p a t i e n t c o n t r o l s .W e i n v e s t i g a t e d s e p a r a t e l y t h e u s e o f v a r i o u s c l a s s e so f d r u g s . T h e e f f e c t s o f u s i n g h o s p i t a l b a s e dc o n t r o l s , wh o may h a v e h a d h i g h e r d r u g u s e t h a nc o m m u n i t y c o n t r o l s , c o u l d h a v e l e d u s t o u n d e r -e s t i m a t e a s s o c i a t i o n s b e t w e e n d r u g u s e a n d u l c e r s .On t h e o t h e r h a n d t w o f a c t o r s c o u l d h a v e l e d t oo v e r e s t i m a t i n g t h e e f f e c t s . F i r s t l y , t h e i n t e r v i e w e rw a s n o t b l i n d e d a s t o w h e t h e r t h e p a t i e n t w a s a c a s eo r a c o n t r o l n o r t o t h e h y p o t h e s i s b e i n g t e s t e d ;n e v e r t h e l e s s we d o n o t b e l i e v e t h i s w a s a s o u r c e o fb i a s . S e c o n d l y , i t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t c a s e s h a d t h o u g h tm o r e a b o u t t h e i r h i s t o r y o f d r u g u s e t h a n c o n t r o l s ,s o l e a d i n g t o r e c a l l b i a s . W e d i d n o t m a t c h f o rs m o k i n g b e c a u s e t h i s w a s n o t t h o u g h t t o b ea s s o c i a t e d w i t h a n a l g e s i c d r u g u s e ( i n d e p e n d e n t o fa g e , s e x a n d s o c i a l c l a s s ) a n d s o i t c o u l d h a v e l e d t oo v e r m a t c h i n g . 1 1F o r NSAIAs we f o u n d a s t r o n g a s s o c i a t i o n w i t hg a s t r i c u l c e r b u t n o t d u o d e n a l u l c e r . T h i s s u p p o r t sd a t a f r o m a n i m a l s t u d i e s 2 a n d , f o r m a n , e v i d e n c e o fa c u t e 4 1 4 a n d c h r o n i c 6 7 1 5 g a s t r o t o x i c i t y .F o r a s p i r i n o u r r e s u l t s s u g g e s t a n a s s o c i a t i o n w i t hg a s t r i c u l c e r b u t n o t d u o d e n a l u l c e r . T h e s e f i n d i n g sa r e c o n s i s t e n t w i t h o t h e r r e p o r t s 1 b u t a t v a r i a n c ew i t h a r e c e n t r e p o r t o f a n a s s o c i a t i o n o f p e r f o r a t e dd u o d e n a l u l c e r a n d N S A I A s . 8 I n p a r t i c u l a r , t h ep r e s e n t s t u d y s h o w i n g a n r e l a t i v e r i s k f o r g a s t r i cu l c e r o f t h r e e f o r a s p i r i n a t a l e v e l o f t w o o r m o r ed o s e s / w e e k i s c o n s o n a n t w i t h f o u r p r e v i o u s s t u d i e sf r o m t h e US A a n d A u s t r a l i a s h o w i n g r e l a t i v e r i s k so f b e t w e e n 3 - 2 a n d 1 0 f o r r e g u l a r i n t a k e s o f f o u r t o1 5 d o s e s w e e k l y . 1 6 F u r t h e r m o r e , we f o u n d a h i g h l y

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    9 3 2 D u g g a n , D o b s o n , J o h n s o n , a n d F a h e ys i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n g a s t r i c u l c e r a n dv e r y h i g h a n d / o r p r o l o n g e d a s p i r i n u s e ( a s p i r i na b u s e ) ; t h i s i s i m p o r t a n t i n a c o m m u n i t y w h e r e h i g hu s e w a s w i d e s p r e a d ' 7 ( a t l e a s t b e f o r e l e g i s l a t i v er e s t r i c t i o n s o n a s p i r i n a n d c a f f e i n e c o m p o u n d s i n1 9 7 9 ) .

    T h e r e c e n t r e p o r t 8 o f a n a s s o c i a t i o n o f b o t hp e r f o r a t e d d u o d e n a l u l c e r a n d g a s t r i c u l c e r w i t h t h eu s e o f a s p i r i n a n d o t h e r NSAIAs i s d i f f i c u l t t oe x p l a i n i n v i e w o f t h e g e n e r a l a b s e n c e o f a s s o c i a t i o no f d u o d e n a l u l c e r a n d d r u g u s a g e . ' T h e d i s t i n c t i o nb e t w e e n p e r f o r a t e d d u o d e n a l u l c e r a n d p r e p y l o r i cu l c e r may b e d i f f i c u l t a t o p e r a t i o n a n d i t i s p o s s i b l et h a t s o m e o f t h e u l c e r s l a b e l l e d ' d u o d e n a l ' i n t h a ts e r i e s w e r e , i n f a c t , p r e p y l o r i c f o r w h i c h we h a v es u g g e s t e d a s t r o n g a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h a s p i r i n u s e i n ap r e v i o u s s t u d y o f a s p i r i n a n d p e r f o r a t e d u l c e r . ' 8T h e r e i s t h e q u e s t i o n o f w h e t h e r a s p i r i n w a s t a k e nt o r e l i e v e u l c e r s y m p t o m s o r w h e t h e r i t s u s ep r e c e d e d t h e s y m p t o m s . O u r f i n d i n g s , t h a t a s p i r i nu s e w a s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h g a s t r i c u l c e r b u t n o t d u o -d e n a l u l c e r a n d t h a t a s p i r i n a b u s e ( o f t e n r e g u l a r u s eo v e r many y e a r s ) w a s s i g n i f i c a n t , s u g g e s t t h a ta s p i r i n w a s n o t t a k e n t o r e l i e v e u l c e r s y m p t o m s .T h e r e i s s i m i l a r e v i d e n c e f r o m o t h e r s t u d i e s . ' 9 2 0F o r p a r a c e t a m o l r e l a t i v e l y f e w o f o u r p a t i e n t sw e r e u s e r s s o o u r d a t a p r o v i de l i t t l e new i n f o r m a -t i o n . I t h a s b e e n c l a i m e d , h o w e v e r , t h a t t h i s d r u gd o e s n o t d a m a g e t h e g a s t r i c m u c o s a 2 1 a n d i sp r o b a b l y a s s o c i a t e d , b u t n o t c a u s a l l y , w i t h h a e m a -2 2t e m e s i s . On t h e o t h e r h a n d , P i p e r e t a l l r e p o r t e d ar e l a t i v e r i s k o f 2 4 f o r g a s t r i c u l c e r a n d p a r a c e t a m o lu s e b u t w i t h o u t c o n s i d e r i n g c o n c u r r e n t u s e o f o t h e ra n a l g e s i c s o r NSAIA.I n t e r e s t i n g l y , we f o u n d n o e v i d e n c e o f a s s o c i a t i o nb e t w e e n d u o d e n a l u l c e r a n d a n y o f t h e d r u g si n v e s t i g a t e d . T h i s t o o i s i n k e e p i n g w i t h m o s tp r e v i o u s s t u d i e s w h i c h h a v e f a i l e d t o s h o w a na s s o c i a t i o n o f a s p i r i n u s e a n d c h r o n i c d u o d e n a lu l c e r . 1 6T h i s s t u d y s h o w s t h a t t h e NSAIAs l i k e a s p i r i n ,a r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h c h r o n i c g a s t r i c u l c e r b u t n o td u o d e n a l u l c e r . D a t a o n p r e s c r i p t i o n s o f NSAIAs t op e n s i o n e r s a r e p r o b a b l y r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f p r e -s c r i b i n g p a t t e r n s t o o t h e r u s e r s . T h e y s h o w t h a td u r i n g t h e s t u d y p e r i o d 36% o f NSAIA p r e s c r i p -t i o n s w e r e f o r n a p r o x e n , 29% f o r i b u p r o f e n , 28%f o r i n do m e t h a c i n a n d f a r f e w e r f o r p h e n y l b u t a z o n ea n d s u l i n d a c . T h e r e f o r e t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y s h e d s n ol i g h t o n t h e u l c e r o g e n i c p o t e n t i a l o f t h e n e w e rNSAIA.T h e l i m i t a t i o n o f t h e a s s o c i a t i o n o f b o t h a s p i r i na n d NSAIA t o g a s t r i c u l c e r a n d n o t d u o d e n a l u l c e ri s f u r t h e r e v i d e n c e f o r a d i f f e r e n t p a t h o g e n e s i s f o rt h s e t w o a n d s u p p o r t s p r o p o s a l s t h a t t h e u l c e r o g e n i ce f f e c t o f g a s t r i c u l c e r a r e m e d i a t e d b y t h e i r common

    p r o p e r t y o f c y c l o - o x y g e n a s e i n h i b i t i o n r a t h e r t h a nb y t h e D a v e n p o r t m e c h a n i s m . 2 3Our t h a n k s a r e d u e t o D r s E S m i t h a n d C J T h u r s b ywh o c a r e d f o r a n u m b e r o f t h e p a t i e n t s u s e d i n t h i ss t u d y .

    R e f e r e n c e s1 P i p e r D W , M c I n t o s h J H , A r i o t t i DE, F e n t o n BH,M c L e n n a n R . A n a l g e s i c i n g e s t i o n a n d c h r o n i c p e p t i cu l c e r . G a s t r o e n t e r o l o g y 1 9 8 1 ; 8 0 : 4 2 7 - 3 2 .2 R a i n s f o r d KD. An a n a l y s i s o f t h e g a s t r o - i n t e s t i n a l s i d e -e f f e c t s o f n o n - s t e r o i d a l a n t i - i n f l a m m a t o r y d r u g s , w i t hp a r t i c u l a r r e f e r e n c e t o c o m p a r a t i v e s t u d i e s i n man a n dl a b o r a t o r y s p e c i e s . R h e u m a t o l I n t 1 9 8 2 ; 2 : 1 - 1 0 .3 P e m b e r t o n RE, S t r a n d L J . A r e v i e w o f u p p e r - g a s t r o -i n t e s t i n a l e f f e c t s o f t h e n e w e r n o n s t e r o i d a l a n t i -i n f l a m m a t o r y a g e n t s . D i g D i s S c i 1 9 7 9 ; 2 4 : 5 3 - 6 4 .4 C l i n c h D , B a n e r j e e AK, O s t u k G , L e v y D W . N o n -s t e r o i d a l a n t i - i n f l a m m a t o r y d r u g s a n d g a s t r o i n t e s t i n a la d v e r s e e f f e c t s . J R C o l l P h y s i c i a n s L o n d 1 9 8 3 ; 1 7 :2 2 8 - 3 0 .5 K u r a t a J H , E l a s h o f f J D , G r o s s m a n MD . I n a d e q u a c y o ft h e l i t e r a t u r e o n t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n d r u g s , u l c e r sa n d g a s t r o i n t e s t i n a l b l e e d i n g . G a s t r o e n t e r o l o g y 1 9 8 2 ;8 2 : 2 7 3 - 8 6 .6 L a n g m a n M J S . W h a t i s h a p p e n i n g t o p e p t i c u l c e r ? B rMed J 1 9 8 2 ; 2 3 4 : 1 0 6 3 - 4 .7 M c I n t o s h J H , B y t h K , P i p e r D W . E n v i r o n m e n t a lf a c t o r s i n a e t i o l o g y o f c h r o n i c g a s t r i c u l c e r : a c a s ec o n t r o l s t u d y o f e x p o s u r e v a r i a b l e s b e f o r e t h e f i r s ts y m p t o m s . G u t 1 9 8 5 ; 2 6 : 7 8 9 - 9 8 .8 C o l l i e r D S t J , P a i n J A . N o n - s t e r o i d a l a n t i - i n f l a m m a -t o r y d r u g s a n d p e p t i c u l c e r p e r f o r a t i o n . G u t 1 9 8 5 ; 2 6 :3 5 9 - 6 3 .9 L i l i e n f e l d AM. F o u n d a t i o n s o f e p i d e m i o l o g y . NewY o r k : OUP, 1 9 7 6 : 1 7 5 .1 0 R e g i s t r a r G e n e r a l . C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f o c c u p a t i o n s . O f f i c eo f P o p u l a t i o n C e n s u s a n d S u r v e y s . L o n d o n : HMSO,1 9 7 0 .1 1 S c h l e s s e l t n a n J J . C a s e - c o n t r o l s t u d i e s : d e s i g n , c o n d u c ta n d a n a l y s i s , New Y o r k : OUP, 1 9 8 2 .1 2 F l e i s s J L . S t a t i s t i c a l m e t h o d s f o r r a t e s a n d p r o p o r t i o n s .2 n d e d . New Y o r k : J o h n W i l e y , 1 9 8 1 .1 3 D i e m K , L e n t n e r C . e d s . D o c u m e n t a G e i g y . S c i e n t i f i ct a b l e s . 7 t h e d . B a s l e , S w i t z e r l a n d : JR G e i g y , 1 9 7 0 .1 4 C a r u s o D , P o r r o G B . G a s t r o s c o p i c e v a l u a t i o n o f a n t i -i n f l a m m a t o r y d r u g s . B r Med J 1 9 8 0 ; 1 : 7 5 - 8 .1 5 E m m a n u e l J H , M o n t g o m e r y RD. G a s t r i c u l c e r a n d t h ea n t i - a r t h r i t i c d r u g s . P o s t g r a d Med J 1 9 7 1 ; 4 7 : 2 2 7 - 3 2 .1 6 P i p e r D W . A n a l g e s i c d r u g s a n d p e p t i c u l c e r : humans t u d i e s . I n : P f e i f f e r C J , e d . D r u g s a n d p e p t i c u l c e r . V o l2 . B o c a R a t o n : CR C P r e s s , 1 9 8 2 .1 7 D u g g a n J M . A s p i r i n i n c h r o n i c g a s t r i c u l c e r : a nA u s t r a l i a n e x p e r i e n c e . G u t 1 9 7 6 ; 1 7 : 3 7 8 - 8 4 .1 8 D u g g a n J M . A s p i r i n i n g e s t i o n a n d p e r f o r a t e d p e p t i cu l c e r . G u t 1 9 7 2 ; 1 3 : 6 3 1 - 3 .1 9 C h a p m a n B L , D u g g a n J M . A s p i r i n a n d u n c o m p l i c a t e dp e p t i c u l c e r . G u t 1 9 6 9 ; 1 0 : 4 4 3 - 5 0 .

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    P e p t i c u l c e r a n d n o n - s t e r o i d a l a n t i - i n f l a m m a t o r y a g e n t s 9 3 32 0 C a m e r o n A J . A s p i r i n a n d g a s t r i c u l c e r . Mayo C l i n i cP r o c . 1 9 7 5 ; 5 0 : 5 6 5 - 7 5 .2 1 I v e y K , S i l v o s o GR, K r a u s e W J . E f f e c t o f p a r a c e t a m o l

    on g a s t r i c m u c o s a . B r Med J 1 9 7 8 ; 1 : 1 5 8 6 - 8 .2 2 C o g g o n D , L a n g m a n M J S , S p i e g e l h a l t e r D . A s p i r i n ,

    p a r a c e t a m o l a n d h a e m a t e m e s i s a n d m e l a e n a . G u t1 9 8 2 ; 2 3 : 3 4 0 4 .2 3 R a i n s f o r d KD, W i l l i s C . R e l a t i o n s h i p o f g a s t r i cm u c o s a l d a m a g e i n d u c e d i n p i g s b y a n t i - i n f l a m m a t o r yd r u g s t o t h e i r e f f e c t s o n p r o s t a g l a n d i n p r o d u c t i o n . D i gD i s S c i 1 9 8 2 ; 2 7 : 6 2 4 - 3 5 .

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    doi: 10.1136/gut.27.8.9291986 27: 929-933Gut

    J M Duggan, A J Dobson, H Johnson, et al.anti-inflammatory agents.Peptic ulcer and non-steroidal

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