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GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY B.E Semester: 4

Mechanical Engineering

Subject Code 141901 Subject Name MECHANICAL MEASUREMENT AND METROLOGY

Sr.No Course content

1. Introduction to Metrology: Meaning, Necessity and Objectives of Metrology; Standards of Measurement; Elements of Measuring System; Methods of Measurement; Precision and Accuracy; Sources of Errors; Selection and Care of instruments; Standardizing organizations.

2. Linear Measurements: Introduction & classification of Linear Measuring Instruments; Least count; Engineer’s Steel rule; Callipers; Vernier Calliper: working principle, construction, types & precautions to be taken; Vernier Height Gauge; Vernier Depth Gauge, Micrometers: principle, construction, Sources of errors and precautions to be taken, types of micrometers, Miscellaneous linear measuring instruments like bore gauge, telescopic gauge, slip gauges, Dial indicators: construction & working; comparators; calibration of various linear measuring instruments; Applications, Advantages & Limitations of commonly used linear measuring instruments.

3. Angular and Taper Measurements: Introduction; Working principle & construction of Angular Measuring instruments like Protractors, Sine bars, Sine centre, Angle gauges, Spirit level, Clinometers, angle dekkor; Applications, Advantages & limitations of commonly used angular measuring instruments; Taper Measuring instruments: Measurement of taper shafts & holes.

4. Screw Thread Measurements: Introduction & classification of Threads; Elements, Specification & forms of Screw Threads; Various Methods for measuring elements of External & Internal Screw Thread; Screw Thread Gauges; Errors in Threads.

5. Gear Measurements: Introduction & Classification of gears; Forms of gear teeth; Gear tooth terminology; Measurement and testing of spur gear: Various methods of measuring tooth thickness, tooth profile & pitch; Gear Errors.

6. Measurement of Surface Finish: Introduction; Surface Texture; Methods of Measuring Surface finish- Comparison Methods & Direct Instrument Measurement; Sample Length; Numerical Evaluation of Surface Texture; Indication of Surface roughness Symbols used; Adverse effects of poor surface finish.

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7. Straightness, Flatness, Square ness, Parallelism and Machine Tool Tests: Introduction; Measurement of Straightness, Flatness, Square ness and Parallelism; run out and concentricity; tool makers microscope; Interferometry & its use in checking flatness, surface contour, parallelism etc.; Interferometers & optical flats; Introduction to Machine tool testing; Various Alignment test on lathe, Milling Machine, Drilling Machine etc.

8. Basic Concepts of Measurements: Introduction, Measurement and it’s aim; Generalized Measurement system; Performance Characteristics –static & dynamic characteristics of instruments, types of measurement system , Transducers, Instrumental error & its analysis.

9. Temperature Measurement: Introduction; Temperature and Temperature Scales; Methods of temperature Measurement; Expansion thermometers; Filled System thermometers; Electrical temperature measuring instrument; Pyrometers; Calibration of temperature measuring instruments.

10. Pressure Measurement: Introduction; Pressure standards and methods of pressure measurement; Manometers; Elastic pressure transducers; Measurement of Vacuum; Force balance pressure gauges; Electrical pressure transducers; pressure switches; Calibration of pressure measuring instruments, Maintenance and repair of pressure measuring instrument; Trouble shooting.

11. Miscellaneous measurement: Measurement of force, torque, power, displacement, velocity, acceleration, speed, frequency.

Reference Books:

1. Mechanical Measurement and Metrology by R K Jain, Khanna Publishers

2. Mechanical Measurement & Control by D.S. Kumar.

3. Industrial Instrumentation & Control by S K Singh, Tata McGrawHill

4. Mechanical Measurements by Beckwith & Buck, Narosa publishing House




Subject Code 141902 Subject Name KINEMATICS OF MACHINES


1. Mechanism & Machines: Terminology and Definitions, Mechanism & Machines. rigid and resistance body, link, Kinematic pair Types of motion, degrees of freedom, classification of Kinematic pairs, Kinematic Chain, Linkage, Mechanics, Kinematic Inversion of Single and Double slider crank Chain, Four bar Chain Mechanism with lower pairs, Straight line mechanism and approximate straight line mechanism such as Paucellier, Hart’s mechanism, Watt, Modified Scott- Russel, Grasshoper, Robert’s mechanism, Hooke’s Joint it’s analysis, condition for equal speed of driven and driver shafts, Double Hooks Joint, Quick return mechanisms, Steering gear mechanisms such as Davis and Ackermann Steering gear.

2. Kinematics: Displacement, velocity and acceleration and analysis in simple mechanisms, Graphical Method velocity and acceleration polygons, Instantaneous Centre of Velocity, Kennedy Theorem, Angular velocity ratio theorem, Kinematic analysis by Algebric methods, Vector Approach, Acceleration analysis, Klein’s Construction, Coriolis Acceleration. Computer aided Kinematic Analysis of Mechanism like Slider Crank Mechanism, Four-Bar Mechanism.

3. Belts, Ropes, Chains: Introduction, belt and ropes drives, selection of belt drive, types of belt drives, V-belts, materials used for belt and rope drives, wire rope, Slip and Creep of belt, tensions for flat belt drive, angle of contact, centrifugal tension, maximum tension of belt, Chains, Classification, length, angular speed ratio, classification of chains.

4. Gears & Gear Trains: Introduction, Classification of Gears, Gear Terminology, Law of Gearing, Velocity of Sliding, Forms of teeth, Cyclodial Profile Teeth, Both of Contact, Arc of the contact, Numbers of pairs teeth in contact, Interference in involutes gears, Minimum Number of teeth, Interference between Rack and Pinion, Under cutting, Comparison of Cyclodial and involutes tooth forms, Efficiency of Helical, Spiral, Worm, Worm Gear, and Bevel Gears. Simple, Compound, Reverted, Epicyclic gear train.


5. Cams: Introduction, Definitions of cam and followers their uses, Types of Cams, Types of Followers and their motion, Cam Terminology, Displacement Diagrams, Motion of the Followers, Analysis of motion of followers : Roller follower, circular cam with straight, concave and convex ,flanks Graphical Construction of the Profile.

6. Friction: Surface contacts, Types of friction, Friction in screws with square thread and V threads, Pivot and collar friction, Friction clutches-single, multi-plate, cone clutch, Friction aspects in Brakes, Film friction, greasy friction.

Reference Books:

1. Shigley, J.E and Uicker, J.J: Theory of Machines and Mechanisms, McGraw-

Hill International Book Co.

2. Rattan S.S.: Theory of Machines Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Ltd. New

Delhi,

3. Rao J.S. and Dukkipati R.V: Mechanisms and theory Machines theory, Wiley

Eastern Ltd.

4. Mabie H.H and Ocvirk, F.W: Kinematic and Dynamics of Machinery,3rd

Edition ,John wiley and sons.

5. Green, W.G: Theory of Machines, 2nd

Edition, Blackie, London, 1992.

6. Hollowenko, A.R: Dynamics of Machinery, John wiley and sons. Inc. New

York, 1955.

7. Wilson, Kinematics and Dynamics of Machinery, 3rd

Edition, Pearson

Education.

8. Bevan Thomas, Theory of Machines




Subject Code 141903 Subject Name ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS


1. Basic Concepts: Microscopic & macroscopic point of view, Thermodynamic system and control volume, Thermodynamic properties, processes and cycles, Thermodynamic equilibrium, Quasi-static process, pure substance, vapour-liquid-solid phase in a pure substance, p-v-t surface, critical and triple point of pure substance.

2. First law of Thermodynamics: First law for a closed system undergoing a cycle and change of state, Energy-A property of the system, Perpetual motion machine of the first kind, steady flow energy equation applied to nozzle, diffuser, boiler, turbine, compressor, pump, heatexchanger,throttling process and filling and emptying process.

3. Second law of thermodynamics & Entropy: Limitations of first law of thermodynamics, Kelvin-Planck and Clausius statements and their equivalence, Perpetual motion machine of the second kind, carnot cycle, carnot’s theorem, corollary of carnot theorem, thermodynamic temperature scale. Clausius theorem, the property of entropy, inequality of Clausius, entropy change in a open system, reversible and irreversible process, principle of increase of entropy, Third law of thermodynamics, Entropy and disorder, concept of exergy.

4. Availability, Irreversibility & Thermodynamic Relations: Available and unavailable energy, available energy referred to a cycle, availability in non-flow and steady flow systems, reversibility and irreversibility. Maxwell’s equation, T-ds equations, difference in heat capacities, ratio of heat capacities, Helm-holtz and Gibbs function, Internal energy relations, Clausius- Claperyon equation, Joule-Thomson co-efficient.

5. Vapour & Gas Power cycles: Carnot cycle, Rankine cycle, comparison of carnot and rankine cycle, modified rankine cycle, calculation of cycle efficiencies, variables affecting efficiency of rankine cycle. Carnot, Otto, diesel, dual, atkinson and brayton cycle. Comparison of otto, diesel and dual cycles, calculation of air standard efficiencies, mean effective pressure, brake thermal efficiencies, relative efficiencies of I.C. engine.


6. Combustion of fuels: Combustion of air, combustion equations, minimum air requirement, excess air and air fuel ratio, wet and dry analysis of products of combustion, conversion of volumetric analysis by mass, Determination of calorific value of fuel by Bomb calorimeter and Junkers gas calorimeter, Enthalpy of formation, Enthalpy of reaction, Adiabatic flame temperature.

7. Properties of gases and Mixtures: Avogadro’s law, equation of state, ideal gas equation, Vander Waal’s equation, reduced properties, law of corresponding states, compressibility chart. Gibbs-Dalton law, volumetric analysis of gas mixture, apparent molecular weight and gas constant, specific heat of a gas mixture, adiabatic mixing of perfect gases, gas and vapour mixtures.

Reference Books:

1. Engineering Thermodynamics by P.K. Nag, Tata McGraw-Hill , New Delhi

2. Engineering Thermodynamics by R.K. Rajput, Laxmi Publications, New Delhi

3. Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics by R.Yadav, Central Publishing

House, Allahabad

4. Thermodynamics – An Engineering Approach by Yunus Centel & Boles, Tata

Mc

5. Graw-Hill, New Delhi

6. Thermodynamics by J.P. Holman, Tata Mc Graw-Hill.

7. An introduction to Thermodynamics by YVC Rao, New Age publishers, New

Delhi.

8. Thermodynamics – Theory & Application by Robert Balmer, Jaico publication

house.

9. Fundamentals of Thermodynamics by Sonntag, Borgnakke & Van wylen, John

Wiley & sons (ASIA) PVT. LTD.



Subject Name Mathematics-IV


1. Complex numbers and functions: Limits of Functions, Continuity, Differentiability, Analytic functions, Cauchy-Riemann Equations, Necessary and Sufficient condition for analyticity, Properties of Analytic Functions, Laplace Equation, Harmonic Functions, Finding Harmonic Conjugate functions Exponential, Trigonometric, Hyperbolic functions and its properties. Multiple valued function and its branches: Logarithmic function and Complex Exponent function.

2. Complex Integration: Curves, Line Integrals (contour integral) and its properties. Line integrals of single valued functions, Line integrals of multiple valued functions (by choosing suitable branches). Cauchy-Goursat Theorem, Cauchy Integral Formula, Liouville Theorem, Fundamental Theorem of Algebra, Maximum Modulus Theorems.

3. Power Series: Convergence (Ordinary, Uniform, Absolute) of power series, Taylor and Laurent Theorems, Laurent series expansions. Zeros of analytic functions. Singularities of analytic functions and their classification Residues: Residue Theorem, Rouche’s Theorem, Argument Principle.

4. Applications of Contour Integration: Evaluating various type of definite real integrals using contour integration method.

5. Conformal Mapping and its applications: Mappings by elementary functions, Mobius transformations, Schwarz-Christoffel transformation.

6. Interpolation: Interpolation by polynomials, divided differences, error of the interpolating polynomial.

7. Numerical integration: Composite rules, error formulae, Gaussian integration.

8. Linear algebraic equation: Solution of a system of linear equations: implementation of Gaussian elimination and Gauss-Seidel methods, partial pivoting.

9. Roots of equation: Solution of a nonlinear equation: Bisection and Secant methods, Newton’s method, rate of convergence, Power method for computation of Eigen values.

10. Ordinary differential equations: Numerical solution of ordinary differential equations, Euler and Runge-Kutta methods.

Reference Books:

1) R. V. Churchill and J. W. Brown, Complex variables and applicati (7th Edition),

McGraw-Hill (2003).

2) J. M. Howie, Complex analysis, Springer-Verlag (2004).

3) M. J. Ablowitz and A. S. Fokas, Complex Variables- Introduction and

Applications, Cambridge University Press, 1998 (Indian Edition).

4) E. Kreyszig, Advanced engineering mathematics (8th Edition), John

Wiley (1999).

5) S. D. Conte and Carl de Boor, Elementary Numerical Analysis- An Algorithmic

Approach (3rd Edition), McGraw-Hill, 1980.

6) C. E. Froberg, Introduction to Numerical Analysis (2nd Edition), Addison-Wesley,

1981.

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