guías de uso de secadores solares

7/28/2019 Guías de uso de secadores solares

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W]Ù@BOB

Ern+ Lnrìn Wnz CijcvcrranrznCeuiniaùk LC]IBYS]

SKCYIB Lbktcvaecb

Cs ibk n`corìn quc niblpnþnlbs cstns Ouìns ec Ssb ecIbiakns, Jbrkbs y Ycinecrbs Yb`nrcs+ Jnic scas nþbsquc vckalbs trnmnfnkeb ck eadcrcktcs prbycitbs ibk `n Dukeniaùk y ibkbiclbs su mösqucen ec n`tcrkntavns ec ùijnibktrn `n pbmrczn y prbtciiaùk ec` Lceab Nlmacktc+ ]ciucreb ck ectn``c ukn aktcrvckiaùk ceuintavn quc p`nkcnlbs fuktb n Ceuiniaùk SKCYIB Lbktcvaecb n lbeb ec prbycitbpa`btb ck trcs csiuc`ns pömàins, pnrn ckscþnrkbs n pcksnr y

nitunr ck n ecdcksn y rciupcrniaùk ec` lceab nlmacktc ecsec kucstrb lnkentb ec Ceuiniaùk pnrn Ubebs+ Yak ùonr neuen, eaijn aktcrvckiaùk lnriù ck inen ukb ec bs quc `cvnlbsnec`nktc c` Wrbycitb, ckscþnkzns quc vckalbs npàinkeb y jniackeb ircicr ck btrbs ibktcxtbs ec Wnrnouny y ec `n sumrcoaùk+Ck ecdakatavn, `bs pcrda`cs ceuintavbs cxp`brnebs ibk ircntavaenercd`cxavn ck satuniabkcs ec `n vaen ibtaeankn, sbk `bs quc kbs

jnmaàtnk `n mösqucen ec sbùiabkcs b ec lcfbrcs pbsamaàenecspnrn ùijnr ibktrn `n pbmrczn ck kucstrbs pucm`bs+

Cstnlbs ibkvckiaebs quc cstns Ouìns y `bs Un``crcs quc jnmaàtck su usb y nprbpaniaùk pbr pnrtc ec `bs y `ns iauenenknspnrnounyns, scrîk btrb cs`nmùk lîs ck csc inlakb ec ceuiniaùk d`cxam`c y pbsam`c pnrn tbebs n `b `nrob ec `n vaen+

Tnyn kucstrn dcàiatniaùk n `n Dukeniaùk y su Cquapb, pbr c`csducrzb ibkicrtneb ck cstc aksulb y cspcrnlbs quc ck prùxalns ceaiabkcs ec cstns Ouìns sc pucen akiùar bs tcstalbkabsec nquc``bs quc jnk saeb mckcdaianrabs ec` csducrzb nsì iblbsus ibkscfbs, irìtains y ckscþnkzns+



AKEAIC

Aktrbeuiiaùk ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3

²Wbr quá scinr `bs nàlcktbs2+ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ?

Sk látbeb trneaiabkn`6 Ycineb n` narc àmrc +++++++++++++++++++++++ :

@n akkbvniabk tcikb`ùoain6Ycinr ibk scinebrcs sb`nrcs ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1

²Iuî`cs sbk `ns táikains pnrnuk scineb ibrrcitb2 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++>>

²ûá tapbs ec scinecrbs sb`nrcs cxastck2 +++++++++++++++++++++++++ >=

²Iuî`cs sbk `bs pnsbs prakiapn`cspnrn scinr nàlcktbs2 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ >3

²Iùlb nscournr `n inàene ec` scineb2 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ >:

²Iùlb sc inron c` scinecrb sb`nr2 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ =9

²Ec quá ecpckec c` taclpb ec scineb2 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++ =5

²Iùlb sc cvn`ön c` dak ec` scineb2 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ =5

²Iùlb sc ckvnsnk y n`lnicknk `bs prbeuitbs scibs2 =:

²Iùlb sc utaàznk `bs prbeuitbs scibs2 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ =1

Ouìn mîsain ec scineb +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++99

Mamàborndìn ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 5>



© Dukeniaùk Ic`cstakn Wárcz ec N`lnenNven+ Inr`bs N+ @ùpcz ==?9+ NsukiaùkUc +6 *313 =>! 5=3 953Clna`6 dukeniabkGracecr+kct+py

Lntcran` c`nmbrneb pbr6Lnrtìk N`lnen

Lnrìn Ytc``n IîicrcsLnrtn LnijnìkYakocrFcnk I`nuec Wu`dcr

A`ustrniabkcs6Inr`bs N`mcrtb ]bens

Eascþb Orîdaib c alprcsaùk6Iblukainiaùk Tasun`

Nsukiaùk, WnrnounyNþb =773

SQ"=773"CE"WA"=



Ecsec taclpbs nktaoubs yjnstn kucstrbs eìns, c` scineb ec

p`nktns lceaiakn`cs, ornkbs y inrkcs

jn saeb ukn prîitain jnmatun` ec ibkscrvniaùk

ck c` inlpb pnrn nscournr n easpbkamaàene ec

`bs prbeuitbs nàlcktaiabs y lceaiakn`cs eurnk

tc tbeb c` nþb+ Jby ck eìn c` scineb ec vcoctn

`cs y inrkc kb tackc sb`nlcktc ukn dukiaùk ec nutbnmnstcialacktb iblb nktcs, sakb quc bdrcick ukn n`tcrkntavn prbeui

tavn y iblcrian` pnrn c` lcrineb kniabkn` c aktcrkniabkn`+ @bs

jnmatnktcs ec bs pnìscs akeustranàznebs quacrck ibksular inen

vcz lîs prbeuitbs knturn`cs y snkbs, cktrc `bs iun`cs sc ck

iucktrnk tnlmaák drutns scins, ijnrquc cib`ùoaib y p`nktns

lceaiakn`cs y nrblîtains y c` Wnrnouny tackc uk ornk pbtck

ian` nök kb cxp`btneb pnrn sntasdnicr cstn eclnken irciacktc+ Wbr uk `neb, cxastck pnrn luijbs prbeuitbs pcrcicecrbs

cxicecktcs tclpbrnrabs ck ápbins ec ibscijn, quc ockcrnk

la``bknrans páreaens pnrn bs prbeuitbrcs y pbr btrb neb, kucs

trb pnìs easpbkc ec ukn bdcrtn nmukenktc ec rneaniaùk sb`nr

pnrn scr nprbvcijnen n dakcs ckcroátaibs, cktrc btrbs pnrn `n

ecsjaerntniaùk ec cstbs cxicecktcs+

@n Dukeniaùk ‐Ic`cstakn Wárcz ec N`lnen“, akaiaù ck >115 nsrc`niabkcs ec ibbpcrniaùk táikain ibk c` Orupb S@BO ec Yuazn

ck lntcran ec` nprbvcijnlacktb ec `n ckcroìn sb`nr pnrn `n

ùijn ibktrn `n pbmrczn y `n prbtciiaùk ec` Lceab Nlmacktc+

@n pralcrn nitavaene duc `n lasaùk ec nsastckian táikain ec`

Ako+ FcnkI`nuec Wu`dcr, ibk uk Yclaknrab Un``cr ec ibks

truiiaùk y usb ec scinecrbs sb`nrcs+ Wbstcrabrlcktc, sc ``cvn

rbk n inmb vnrans nitavaenecs ec akvcstaoniaùk pnrn vnàenr `ntcikb`boìn trnìen ec Yuazn y ecsnrrb``nr `ns táikains ec scin

AKU]BESIIAÙK



Ssb ec scinecrbs sb`nrcs4

eb pnrn eadcrcktcs prbeuitbs tìpaibs ec` Wnrnouny+ Eaijns ak

vcstaoniabkcs ducrbk ``cvnens n inmb, tnktb pbr `n Dukeniaùk

iblb pbr n clprcsn ICECYB@ Akockacrìn, quc neclîs ecsn

rrb``ù vnrabs lbec`bs ec scinecrbs sb`nrcs ec eadcrcktcs tn

lnþbs y eascþbs, quc pcrlatck prbicsnr inktaenecs sclaakeustran`cs pnrn prbeuitbrcs pralnrabs aktcrcsnebs ck `n ib

lcrian`azniaùk ec prbeuitbs ecsjaerntnebs+

Cstc Lnkun` cs drutb ec `n cxpcrackian nequaraen eurnktc tb

ebs cstbs nþbs y bs akvatnlbs n iblpnrtar ibk kbsbtrbs cstc

lukeb lnrnva``bsb ec` nprbvcijnlacktb ec `n ckcroìn sb`nr

pnrn `n ibkscrvniaùk ec n`alcktbs+

Dukeniaùk ‐Ic`cstakn Wárcz ec N`lnen“



Dukeniaùk Ic`cstakn Wárcz ec N`lnen ?

Jny vnrans rnzbkcs pbr `ns iun`cs cs alpbrtnktcscinr `bs nàlcktbs6

• Ibkscrvnr `bs nàlcktbs eurnktc luijbs lcscs y

ibksular`bs ibkscrvnebs ck pcrìbebs ec csinscz b ducrn

ec tclpbrnen+

• Nscournr `n inàene ec `n nàlcktniaùk ec `n dnlaàn

eurnktc tbeb c` nþb+

• Nprbvcijnr `n ckcroìn orntas y alpan ec` sb` y n ornkinktaene ec drutns quc tbebs `bs nþbs sc prbeuick, iblb

lnkobs, paþns, nounintcs y cktrc btrns sù`b eurnktc lu

ijbs lcscs+

• Ockcrnr trnmnfb+ @ns drutns y btrbs nàlcktbs, sc puceck

scinr, ounrenr neciunenlcktc y prcpnrnr pnrn `n vcktn, ec

cstn lnkcrn sc pucec nmrar ukn kucvn ducktc ec trnmnfb+

@n c`nmbrniaùk ec drutns scins pnrn ibksulb earcitb b ckon``ctatns b ck pnkcs cs njbrn, luy vn`brneb pbr c` nzöinr

y `ns vatnlakns quc pbscck+

²WB] ^SC YCIN] @BY N@ALCKUBY2



Ssb ec scinecrbs sb`nrcs:

C` Wnrnouny pbscc ukn ec `ns vnracenecs ec mnknkns lîs

ecàiabsn ec` lukeb+ Yc pucec jnicr usb ec cstc mckcdaiab y

sulnr vn`br, sciîkeb`n+ @n inàene ec` nàlcktb, cs luy n`tn y

mckcdaiabsn+ C` nspcitb sc pucec lcfbrnr cspb`vbrcnkeb nzö

inr alpn`pnm`c b inkc`n+ @ns mnknkns scins tackck ck ib`brbsiurb, pcrb su snmbr saouc sackeb ecàiabsb+

Ck c` Wnrnouny trneaiabkn`lcktc sc scink nòukbs nàlcktbs,tn`cs iblb6 inrkc vniukn, ornkbs ec lnìz, lnkì y pbrbtb, n`la

eùk ec lnkeabin, p`nktns lceaiakn`cs, cti+, sak kakoök cquapn

lacktb cspcian`+ Yc ib`bink sbmrc ukn lnktn, `bkn b tnm`ns ec

lnecrn b sc iucònk pbr uk ja`b n` narc àmrc, ck c` Yb` b ck `n

sblmrn scoök c` prbeuitb nprbvcijnkeb c` in`br nlmacktn`+

SK LÁUBEB U]NEAIABKN@6YCINEB N@ NA]C @AM]C



Dukeniaùk Ic`cstakn Wárcz ec N`lnen 1

Cstc látbeb knturn` tackc `bs saouacktcs akibkvckacktcs6

• C` prbicsb cs `cktb ecmaeb n `n c`cvnen julcene ck c`

nlmacktc+

• Luijns vcics, `bs nàlcktbs sc scink ln`, sbmrc tbeb `bsquc ibktackck uk n`tb pbricktnfc ec noun, y sc puerck b sc

cklbjcick+

• @bs prbeuitbs cstîk cxpucstbs n` pb`vb, n akscitbs y btrbs

nkaln`cs quc puceck ectcrabrnr `bs nàlcktbs y inusnr ck

dcrlcenecs n` ibksular`bs+

• Ck c` insb ec` scineb n` Yb`, sc kcicsatn ukn ntckiaùk pnr

taiu`nr pnrn prbtcocr `bs nàlcktbs ec `n aktclpcrac *noun

icrbs, rbiìb!+

• @n cxpbsaiaùk earcitn ec `bs nàlcktbs n `bs rnybs sb`nrcs

pucec scr pcrfueaian` ck iunktb n su inàene *páreaen ec`

ib`br knturn`, ecstruiiaùk ec vatnlakns y vn`br kutratavb!,

ecmaeb n `n niiaùk ec `bs rnybs u`trnvab`ctns+

Btrb prbicsb trneaiabkn` ec scineb ck kucstrb pnìs cs c` ec nycrmn lntc, pnrn c` iun` sc utaàzn uk ‐mnrmniuî“, b quc sc

inàcktn ibk uk ducob ec `cþn+

@n ckcroìn ec` Yb`, sc pucec utaàznr ibrrcitnlcktc pnrn mckc

daiab ec `n snùe y pnrn `n cibkblìn dnlaànr+ Wnrn c``b, sc jnk

ircneb látbebs b prbicealacktbs quc nscournk uk muck prb

icsb n trnvás ec npnrntbs cspcian`lcktc eascþnebs+

@N AKKBTNIAÙK UCIKB@ÙOAIN6

YCIN] IBK YCINEB]CY YB@N]CY



Ssb ec scinecrbs sb`nrcs>7

Ck c` scinecrb sb`nr `bs rnybs ulakbsbs ec` Yb` sbk trnksdbr

lnebs ck in`br n trnvás ec` cdcitb akvcrknecrb ck uk `nlneb

ib`citbr sb`nr, quc tackc `bs saouacktcs c`clcktbs6

• Skn supcrdaiac lctîàin bsiurn, prcdcram`clcktc ec ib`br

kcorb, ockcrn`lcktc bracktnen jniìn `n earciiaùk ec` Yb`,quc rciamc y nmsbrmc bs rnybs ulakbsbs+ C` in`br prbeuia

eb ec cstn lnkcrn cs trnksdcraeb n` narc, quc cstî ck ibk

tnitb ibk eaijn supcrdaiac+

• Skn ibmcrturn trnkspnrcktc *vaerab b p`îstaib!, quc ecfn pnsnr

`n rneaniaùk ulakbsn y quc cvatn c` csinpc ec` narc inàcktc

Wnrn uk lnybr rckealacktb, nòukbs lbec`bs ec scinecrbssb`nrcs ec ornk inpniaene easpbkck ec uk sastcln ec in`c

dniiaùk iblmakneb+ Yc usn uk iblmustam`c b ckcroìn c`áitra

in iblb ducktc ec ckcroìn nuxaànr pnrn `bs pcrabebs ibk ec

daiackian ec rneaniaùk sb`nr, pnrn `bs eìns kum`nebs y pnrn sc

ouar trnmnfnkeb ck jbrns ec `n kbijc+

C` prbicsb ec` scineb sc prbeuic pbr `n niiaùk ec narc iîàeb y

scib, quc pnsn pbr bs prbeuitbs n scinr, umainebs ockcrn`lck

tc ck mnkecfns ck c` aktcrabr ec` scinecrb+ Ec cstn dbrln `n ju

lcene ibktckaen ck `bs nàlcktbs sc cvnpbrn n n supcrdaiac ec

`bs laslbs y pnsn ck dbrln ec vnpbr n` narc, quc `bs rbecn+



Dukeniaùk Ic`cstakn Wárcz ec N`lnen >>

@bs dnitbrcs i`nvcs pnrn uk muck scineb sbk cktbkics6

>+ Narc inàcktc n ukn tclpcrnturn ec 57 n ?7¶I

=+ Narc ibk uk mnfb ibktckaeb ec julcene

9+ Lbvalacktb ibkstnktc ec` narc

N` in`cktnr narc, quc cstî n n tclpcrnturn ec` nlmacktc y ibk uk

iacrtb pbricktnfc ec julcene, nulcktn su inpniaene ec nmsbr

mcr vnpbr ec noun+ Wbr inen =7¶I ec nulcktb ec n tclpcrnturnec` narc su inpniaene ec rctckcr vnpbr ec noun sc trapàin y pbr

ibksciuckian su julcene rc`ntavn sc rceuic n uk tcriab+

Wnrn càlaknr `n julcene ec `bs nàlcktbs, cs kcicsnrab quc

c` narc quc pnsn pbr `bs prbeuitbs cstá ck ibkstnktc lbva

lacktb y rckbvniaùk+ Cstn vckta`niaùk sc pucec `bornr ck dbr

ln knturn` ornians n` cdcitb ijalckcn b ck dbrln dbrznen

lceanktc vckta`nebrcs, ecpckeackeb ec` lbec`b ec` scinec

rb+ Wnrn bmtckcr uk muck scineb, `bs prbeuitbs tackck quc

scr ib`binebs ec tn` dbrln quc jnyn sudaiacktc cspniab cktrc

`ns pnrtcs quc `bs iblpbkck+

²ISÎ@CY YBK @NY UÁIKAINY WN]N SKYCINEB IB]]CIUB2

N a r c i n a c k t c

N a r c i n a c k t c

A r r n e a n i a ù k s b ` n r

Nar c ec` lceab nlmackt c

Nar c ckt r nkt c



Ssb ec scinecrbs sb`nrcs>=

>+ Uapb ‐inrpn“6Cs uk lbec`b sckia``b, iblpnitb, avankb, p`conm`c y trnkspbr

tnm`c pnrn scinr iun`quacr tapb ec nàlcktb ck pcqucþns ink

taenecs+ Cstî jcijb ec ukn cstruiturn lctîàin *quc pucec scr

tnlmaák ec lnecrn! ec n dbrln ec ukn inrpn trankou`nr, iumacr

tn ck ornk pnrtc pbr ukn `îlakn ec p`îstaib trnkspnrcktc, rcsas

tcktc n bs rnybs u`trnvab`ctns *pbàcta`ckb nron eurniaùk! y pucec

tckcr eadcrcktcs tnlnþbs+

@ns nmcrturns ec vckta`niaùk cstîk umainens nmnfb, pbr ukb ec

`bs `nebs `bkoatueakn`cs y nrramn pbr c` btrb, `bs ebs iumacrtbs

ec ln``n lbsquatcrb pnrn cvatnr c` akorcsb ec akscitbs+ N =7

il ec` suc`b nprbxalnenlcktc sc ckiucktrn n mnkecfn ec scin

eb rclbvam`c, ibksastackeb ck uk tcfaeb pbr cfclp`b ec ja`b ec

ky`bk+ Ybmrc ástc sc ib`bin ukn onsn b ukn ln``n dakn sbmrc `n

iun` sc ib`binrîk `bs prbeuitbs n scinr+

²^SC UAWBY EC YCINEC]BYYB@N]CY CZAYUCK2

Npcrturn ecvckta`niaùksupcrabr Ibmcrturn

trnkspnrcktc

Mnkecfn ecscineb

Npcrturn ecvckta`niaùkakdcrabr



Dukeniaùk Ic`cstakn Wárcz ec N`lnen >9

=+Uapb ‐nrlnrab“

Cs uk lbec`b lîs iblp`cfb pnrn scinr tbeb tapb ec nàlck

tbs, cspcian`lcktc nquc``bs quc kcicsatnk lnktckcr uk muck

ib`br y prbtcocr sus prbpacenecs knturn`cs+

Ibksastc ck ukn iîlnrn ec scineb y uk ib`citbr sb`nr akiàkn

eb, ukaebs cktrc sì ck `n pnrtc akdcrabr ec `n iîlnrn+ Ck ástn

sc ckiucktrnk supcrpucstns vnrans mnkecfns ec scineb rclb

vam`cs ibk tcfaeb+ @ns mnkecfns cstîk prbtcoaens pbr ukn pucrtn

ib`binen ck `n pnrce trnscrn ec `n iîlnrn+

C` ib`citbr cstî iumacrtb ibk vaerab y tackc ck su aktcrabr ukn

ijnpn ec ib`br kcorb ebm`nen ck zaozno, pnrn nulcktnr su su

pcrdaiac ec aktcrinlmab ec in`br ibk c` narc+ C` narc nlmacktn`

cktrn pbr `n cxtrclaene akdcrabr ec` ib`citbr, quc cstî iumacrtn

pbr ukn ln``n lbsquatcrb, y sc inàcktn orneun`lcktc jnstn ukn

tclpcrnturn ec =3 n 97·I supcrabr n `n tclpcrnturn nlmacktn`+

Cktrn dakn`lcktc ck `n iîlnrn, ebkec ntrnvacsn `ns mnkecfns

cfcriackeb su pbecr scinebr+ Sk cxtrnitbr c`áitraib ec narc ck

`n pnrtc supcrabr ec `n iîlnrn onrnktazn `n muckn vckta`niaùk

ec` npnrntb+

Iîlnrn ecscineb

Ib`citbrsb`nr

Mnkecfnsec scineb

Cxtrnitbrc`áitraib




9+ Uapb ‐tökc`“

Cstc lbec`b sarvc pnrn pcqucþbs clprckealacktbs akeustran

`cs+ Ibksastc ck uk tökc` jbrazbktn` c`cvneb ibk ukn mnsc rìoaen

ec jacrrb y ukn ibmcrturn trnkspnrcktc ec `îlakn ec pbàcta`ckb

ec `nron eurniaùk, aoun` quc c` tapb inrpn+ C` tökc` cstî eavaeaebck scitbrcs n`tcrknktcs ec ib`citbr y scinebr+ @bs pralcrbs tac

kck `n dukiaùk ec in`cktnr c` narc, quc ùcob ck `bs ö`talbs cs

utaàzneb pnrn c` scineb ec `bs prbeuitbs ck `ns mnkecfns+

C` narc iariu`n ck dbrln jbrazbktn` n trnvás ec tbeb c` tökc`,

akorcsn pbr uk cxtrclb y sn`c pbr c` btrb, ockcrn`lcktc ibk

`n nyuen ec uk vckta`nebr c`áitraib+ Ck satabs sak ckcroìn c`áitrain cstî npbyneb pbr ukn ijalckcn umainen ck n snàen ec`

scinecrb+ C` npnrntb cs ukn ibkstruiiaùk lbeu`nr p`nkn ibk

lnrib rìoaeb, iblpucstn ec ebs ijnpns, ibk ukn inpn ec

nas`nktc tárlaib+ Cstn cstruiturn sc ib`bin sbmrc inmn``ctcs+

@ns mnkecfns ec scineb sbk rclbvam`cs y sc puceck cstarnr

`ntcrn`lcktc iblb `bs infbkcs ec ukn iùlben+ Wbr `n n`turn

rc`ntavnlcktc ornkec ec `ns mnkecfns cs pbsam`c scinr tnl

maák prbeuitbs quc biupnk luijb vbùlck, tn`cs iblb jacr

mns b d`brcs+ @n cktrnen y `n snàen ec` narc cstîk prbtcoaens

ibk ukn ln``n lbsquatcrb pnrn cvatnr c` akorcsb ec akscitbs+

C` scinecrb sc inàcktn n ukn tclpcrnturn ec =7 n =3·I supc

rabr n `n tclpcrnturn nl

macktn`+ Wnrn uk lcfbr nprb

vcijnlacktb ec scinecrb, sc

pucec norconr uk sastcln

ec in`cdniiaùk nuxa anr+

Ib`citbr

sb`nr

Mnkecfns ecscineb

Ynàenec narc

Cktrnenec narc




YC@CIIABKN] *>ª TCV!

Ycpnrnr `bs prbeuitbs ck muck cstneb

y ecsinrtnr `bs prbeuitbs ck ln` cstn

eb, luy lneurbs b ibk lnkijns+

@NTN] *>ª TCV!

Ibk noun `alpan pnrn `alpanr `n suiac

ene ec `n supcrdaiac ec `bs prbeuitbs n

scinr+

YC@CIIABKN] *=ª TCV!Ibrtnr ibk uk muck iuija``b tbens `ns

pnrtcs akscrvam`cs ec` prbeuitb6 iîsin

rn, rcstbs ec rnìz, tn``b, scla``ns y `ns

pnrtcs ecsiblpucstns, `nstalnens b

aklneurns, cti+

5+ IB]UN]

Ycoök c` prbeuitb y n prcscktniaùk ec

scnen, ibrtnr ck dbrln ec iumbs, trb

zbs, rbenfns b tarns+ Ck tbebs `bs insbs

c` cspcsbr ec `bs pcenzbs kb ecmc pn

snr bs 7,3 n > il ec orucsb, pnrn dnvbrcicr uk scineb neciuneb+

²ISN@CY YBK @BY WNYBY W]AKIAWN@CYWN]N YCIN] N@ALCKUBY2

>

=

9

5




@NTN] *=ª TCV!

Wbr scouken vcz ibk nmukenktc noun

pnrn càlaknr iun`quacr suiacene+ Insinrn quc pucen jnmcr+

W]CU]NUN]

Ycoök c` tapb ec prbeuitb sc npàinrîk

eadcrcktcs tapbs ec prctrntnlacktbs tn

`cs iblb m`nkqucneb, mnþb ck fuob ecàlùk, sn`neb, mnþb ck sbùiaùk ec

lctnmasu`datb ec sbeab b pbtnsab, cti+

YCIN]

Ib`binr bs prbeuitbs prcpnrnebs sbmrc

`bs tnlaics ec scineb ck inpns ecòn

ens y rcou`nrcs+ Cs prcdcram`c pbkcr `bs

prbeuitbs n scinr mack tclprnkb n `n

lnþnkn, pnrn cxtrncr n lnybr inktaene

ec noun eurnktc c` pralcr eìn+ Eurnktc

c` scineb sc ecmc ibktrb`nr rcou`nrlck

tc `bs prbeuitbs+ N` daknàznr c` scineb,

rctarnr `bs prbeuitbs ec` scinecrb+

YC@CIIABKN] *=ªTCV!

Nktcs ec ckvnsnr`bs scpnrnr nquc``ns

pnrtcs ln` scinens b quclnens+

3

?

4

:



Dukeniaùk Ic`cstakn Wárcz ec N`lnen >?

CKTNYN]Ecspuás ec` scineb `bs prbeuitbs tackckquc scr ckvnsnebs rîpaenlcktc, pnrn quckb vuc`vnk n julcecicrsc pbr `n julcene ec` nlmacktc+ Wnrn c` cdcitb sc puceck utaàznr rciapacktcs ec p`îstaib, infnsb `ntns jcrlátains ec lctn` b mb`sns ecpbàprbpa`ckb *kb pbàcta`ckb!, quc sc tackck quc sc``nr ibk vc`n b ukn lîquaknsc``nebrn+ Ctaquctnr inen rciapacktc ibk bssaouacktcs entbs6 ibktckaeb, pcsb, dcijnec ckvnsneb+ Cs luy alpbrtnktc ecfnr ukbs

pnquctcs b drnsibs ck inktaene ec ‐tcstaobs“pnrn ibkbicr su eurniaùk y ck bs prùxalbsscinebs, ib`bin cstc entb iblb ukn alpbrtnktc akdbrlniaùk kutraiabkn` quc bs ibksulaebrcs nprcianrîk luijb+

>7+ N@LNICKN]

Wnrn `n muckn ibkscrvniaùk ec `bs prbeuitbs scibs, ecmc n`lnicknr`bs ck muckns ibkeaiabkcs6

• Ounrenr bs prbeuitbs ck uk uonr scib,narcneb, sa cs pbsam`c drcsib y prbtcoaebec `n ùz+

• Cstc ùonr ecmc scr àlpab y prbtcoaebec akscitbs y rntbkcs+

• Inen iacrtb taclpb, jny quc ibktrb`nr c`cstneb ec `bs prbeuitbs+

• Kb ecpbsatnr bs prbeuitbs n`lnicknebsck c` suc`b ka ibktrn ns pnrcecs pnrn cvatnr c` racsob ec nmsbrmcr julcene+

• Ya `bs prbeuitbs scibs sbk ec muckninàene y cstîk ck muckns ibkeaiabkcsec n`lnickneb puceck ibkscrvnrsc eurnktc luijbs lcscs+

1

>7



Ssb ec scinecrbs sb`nrcs>:

¡Yc born ibk uk trntnlacktb prcvab quc ibksastc ck uk prbic

sb dìsaib y"b quìlaib nktcrabr n` scineb, quc tackc iblb dakec cvatnr b rceuiar c` ectcrabrb ec` prbeuitb eurnktc y ecs

puás c` scineb b lcfbrnr su inàene ec nòukn dbrln+ Cxastck

`bs saouacktcs tapbs ec trntnlacktbs prcvabs6

n! M`nkqucneb

m!Yu`datneb

i! Urntnlacktb ibk îiaebs broîkaibs

e!Ssb ec mainrmbkntb ec sbeab

c! Noractneb

d! Yn`neb

o!N`lamnrneb

N ibktakuniaùk, ecsiramalbs inen ukb ec c``bs6

n! M`nkqucneb

Ibksastc ck sulcroar c` prbeuitb ck noun n tclpcrnturns ec

13¶I pbr uk taclpb vnranm`c, quc ecpckeck ec `n cspciac,

ec` cstneb ec lneurcz y c` tnlnþb ec` prbeuitb+ Uackc `bs

saouacktcs bmfctavbs6

• Aknitavniaùk ec `ns ckzalns

• Nm`nkenlacktb ec` prbeuitb

• Càlakniaùk pnrian` ec` ibktckaeb ec noun ck `bs tcfaebs

• Dafniaùk y nicktuniaùk ec` ib`br knturn`

• Ecsnrrb``b ec` snmbr y b`br inrnitcrìstaib

• ]ceuiiaùk pnrian` ec `bs lairbbronkaslbs prcscktcs

²IBLB NYCOS]N] @N IN@AENEEC@ YCINEB2




@n aknitavniaùk ec `ns ckzalns lcfbrn `n inàene ec` prbeui

tb, rceuiackeb bs inlmabs akecscnm`cs ec ib`br, snmbr y b`br+

Neclîs dnvbrcic `n rctckiaùk ec nòukns vatnlakns, iblb `n

vatnlakn I+ C` m`nkqucneb cs utaàzneb drciucktclcktc pnrn

`n aknitavniaùk ec `bs sastclns ckzalîtaibs akjamackeb `ns rcniiabkcs ec bsiurcialacktb b pnrcecnlacktb+ Cstns rcniiab

kcs sbk luy iblukcs ck drutns y vcoctn`cs, enkeb iblb

prbeuitb dakn` paolcktbs bmsiurbs ``nlnebs lc`nkakns+

C` m`nkqucneb tackc quc rcnàznrsc ec tn` dbrln quc `bs prbeui

tbs sc inàcktck n ukn tclpcrnturn ec 17 n 13·I jnstn su icktrb

b ibrnzùk+ Skn vcz tcrlakneb c` m`nkqucneb `bs nàlcktbs sc

ecmck ckdranr rîpaenlcktc, sulcroaákeb`bs ck noun drìn pnrncvatnr quc ibktaköc `n ibiiaùk+

Wnrn cstc prbicsb sc utaàznk prcdcram`clcktc inicrb`ns ornkecs

y ukn cstudn b ibiakn ibk ducob pbtcktc+ Wnrn bmtckcr uk m`nk

qucneb jblboákcb, sc rciblacken ckvb`vcr `bs prbeuitbs ck

uk pnþb pcrlcnm`c n` noun, znlmu`àr cstc pnquctc ck c` noun

jarvackeb y nulcktnr c` ducob n` lîxalb, pucs n` pbkcr bs prbeuitbs drìbs ck c` noun, ástn ecfn ckscouaen ec jcrvar+ Cspcrnr c`

taclpb kcicsnrab jnstn bmtckcr c` rcsu`tneb rcqucraeb+ C` ckdran

lacktb sc rcnàznrî prcdcram`clcktc ck btrn inicrb`n ornkec b

ukn pa`ctn ibk noun mack drìn, ck `n iun` sc sulcroc c` pnquctc

rîpaenlcktc+ Skn vcz suian ecspuás ec vnrabs mnþbs ec m`nk

qucneb y ec ckdranlacktb, inlmanr c` noun+

m! Yu`datneb

@n neaiaùk ec su`datbs akjamc ns rcniiabkcs ec bsiurcialacktb ec

`bs prbeuitbs n ecsjaerntnr, nitunkeb sbmrc bs nzöinrcs+ @n dbr

ln lîs iblök ec rcnàznr c` su`datneb cs `n aklcrsaùk ec` prb

euitb ck ukn sbùiaùk niubsn ec lctnmasu`datb ec sbeab b pbtnsab

n rnzùk ec 3 n >7 o ec eaijb prbeuitb pbr àtrb eurnktc 3 n >7lakutbs n tclpcrnturn nlmacktc+ Wnrn cstc trntnlacktb jny quc



Ssb ec scinecrbs sb`nrcs=7

usnr rciapacktcs kb scksam`cs n `n ibrrbsaùk, tn`cs iblb nicrb

akbxaenm`c, vaerab, cktrc btrbs+

Iblb c` nzudrc ck ibkicktrniabkcs c`cvnens cs tùxaib, jny

quc iuaenr mack n ebsas+ @ns kbrlns ec n Bronkazniaùk Luk

ean` pnrn `n Ynùe *BLY! dafnk `n ibkicktrniaùk lîxaln ecnzudrc ck uk prbeuitb ecsjaerntneb n 7+73#

i! Urntnlacktb ibk îiaebs broîkaibs

Unktb c` îiaeb iìtraib b c` fuob ec alùk knturn`, iblb c` îiaeb

nsiùrmaib b vatnlakn I tackck uk cdcitb ec ibkscrvniaùk ec`

ib`br knturn` ec iacrtns drutns quc dîia`lcktc sudrck ec` bsiurcialacktb ckzalîtaib+ Ck drutns pucec scr npàineb ck vcz

ec` su`datneb, n pcsnr quc kb tackc `n lasln cdaiackian+ Nec

lîs, pbr su niaecz inlman aocrnlcktc c` snmbr ec` prbeuitb+

Ockcrn`lcktc sc prcpnrn ukn sbùiaùk ibk c` fuob ec > alùk

lceankb pbr àtrb ec noun sulcroackeb c` prbeuitb eurnktc

ukbs lakutbs+

e! Mainrmbkntb ec sbeab

C` mainrmbkntb ec sbeab cstnmaàzn n i`brbda`n *paolcktb vcrec

ec ns p`nktns! jniaákebsc lîs rcsastcktcs n n niiaùk earcitn

ec `bs rnybs sb`nrcs iunkeb `bs prbeuitbs sbk sblctaebs n`

scinecrb sb`nr earcitb, ibkscrvnkeb ec ástn lnkcrn su ib`br

vcrec braoakn`+

Unlmaák prbeuic uk nm`nkenlacktb ec `ns inpns cxtcrabrcs

ec` prbeuitb, dniaàtnkeb `n snàen ec` noun eurnktc c` scineb

y cvcktun`lcktc cvatnkeb c` ckeurcialacktb ec `n inpn cxtc

rabr+ Ockcrn`lcktc sc npàin cstc prctrntnlacktb pnrn jbrtnà



Dukeniaùk Ic`cstakn Wárcz ec N`lnen =>

zns y `coulakbsns ec ib`br vcrec easb`vackeb 97 o ec mainr

mbkntb ec sbeab lîs 9 o ec sn` iblök pbr inen atrb ec noun+

C` ibktckaeb ec mainrmbkntb ec sbeab ck c` noun ecmcrî n`

inkznr uk pJ ec 1, `b quc sc pucec ibktrb`nr ibk pnpc` akea

inebr ec pJ+

c! Noractneb

Cstc prctrntnlacktb sc utaàzn prakiapn`lcktc ibk drutns quc

kb sc pc`nk nktcs ec scinr`ns, iblb iaruc`ns, uvns c jaobs,

pnrn ibkscouar uk noractneb ec `n iîsinrn, dniaàtnkeb ec ástn

lnkcrn c` scineb+

C` noractneb ibksastc ck n aklcrsaùk ec n drutn ck ukn sbùiaùk

inàcktc *:7¶I! ec jaerùxaeb ec sbeab n rnzùk ec >7 o pbr inen

àtrb ec noun pbr c` `npsb ec 3 n >7 s, pbstcrabrlcktc `nvnr ibk

noun pbtnm`c y kcutrnàznr eurnktc 97 s ibk îiaeb iìtraib n tìtu`b

ec = o pbr àtrb ec noun nktcs ec ``cvnr n` scinecrb+

d! Yn`neb y n`lamnrneb

Ck c` insb ec` sn`neb kbs rcdcralbs n n neaiaùk ec i`brurb ec

sbeab *sn` iblök! quc ecpckeackeb ec` prbeuitb n ecsjaerntnr,

pucec nicktunr su snmbr braoakn`+ Ck c` n`lamnrneb, cs `n nea

iaùk ec sninrbsn *nzöinr iblök!+

@n niiaùk iblök ec` sn`neb y n`lamnrneb cs `n easlakuiaùk

ec `n nitavaene ec noun quc akjamc c` ecsnrrb``b lairbmankb b

pbr b lckbs b rctnren+ Cstc prbicealacktb dniaàtn n pralcrn

dnsc ec` scineb+



S s b

e c

s c i n

e cr b s s b` nr c s

= =

Unm`n iblpnrntavn ec `bs látbebs ec trntnlacktbs

Ecsnrrb``b

lairbmab`

― ML@

― ML@

― ML@

― ML

― L@

― ML@

Bxaeniaùk

ec `ìpaebs

―

(

B

―

B

]cniiaùk

ec Lna``nre

B

B

B

―

(

(

(((

Ckkcorcialacktb

ckzalîtaib

B

B

―

―

B

Bt

inl

ecspnr

nictnia

nictnilcfI, eneen

easl

easl

ecspnr

M < mnitcran , alatn pbib ( dnvbrcic pbibL < lbjb ― alatn (( dnvbrcic@ < cvneurn ― `alatn ducrtclcktc ((( dnvbrcic ducrB kb akd`uyc

]cdcrckians

Wrctrntn,

lacktb

Njulneb

Mnþb cksn`lucrn

M`nkqucneb

Yu`datneb

Îiaebiìtraib

Îiaebnsiùrmaib

Mnþb ckn`lìmnr



Dukeniaùk Ic`cstakn Wárcz ec N`lnen =9

Skn vcz ibkiùaeb c` prbicsb ec prcpnrniaùk y prctrntnlacktb

ec bs prbeuitbs, sc tackc quc `cvnr aklceantnlcktc n` scinecrb+ Ya `ns mnkecfns sbk ec ukn ln``n orucsn, sc ecmc ib`b

inr sbmrc c``ns ukn onsn b uk tcfaeb dakb akib`brb, quc scrvarî

ec mnsc pnrn `bs prbeuitbs+ Eaijb tcfaeb tackc quc scr rcsastck

tc n` in`br, n uz sb`nr, bs îiaebs ec ns drutns, kb pconrsc luijb

n bs prbeuitbs ck vìn ec scineb y scr dîia` ec `nvnr, tn`cs iblb6

ln``n ec nicrb akbxaenm`c, ln``n lcean sblmrn ec n`tb orneb ec

sblmrcneb *47 n :7#! y ec ja`b dakb b onsn ec nòbeùk+

Ycoök c` tapb ec scinecrb sc puceck ``cknr mack `ns mnkecfns

ibk c` prbeuitb *scinecrb sb`nr tapb tökc`, drutns6 >3 ho"l≥! b sc

tackc quc ecfnr uk iacrtb pbricktnfc ec cspniab àmrc cktrc `bs

trbzbs pnrn quc c` narc pucen iariu`nr àmrclcktc n trnvás ec `ns

mnkecfns *scinecrb sb`nr tapb inrpn y nrlnrab, drutns6 >7 n >=

ho"l≥!+ Wnrn nprbvcijnr n` lîxalb ec bs rnybs sb`nrcs, cs rcib

lckenm`c inronr c` scinecrb npckns snòn c` sb`+

²IBLB YC IN]ON C@YCINEC]B YB@N]2




C` taclpb ec scineb ecpckec ec vnrabs dnitbrcs+ @bs lîs

alpbrtnktcs sbk6

• Uapb ec prbeuitb *lnybr ibktckaeb ec noun, lnybr taclpb!

• Unlnþb ec bs trbzbs ec` prbeuitb *lîs ornkec, lnybr

taclpb!

• Uclpcrnturn ec` narc *lîs c`cvnen, lckbr taclpb!

• Julcene rc`ntavn ec` narc *lîs c`cvnen, lnybr taclpb!

• Tc`biaene ec` narc *lîs c`cvnen, lckbr taclpb!

C` iratcrab lîs alpbrtnktc pnrn ecdakar c` dak ec` scineb cs cìbktckaeb rcsaeun` ec julcene, quc kb tackc quc supcrnr `bs

vn`brcs akeainebs ck n tnm`n quc sc akeain lns nmnfb+ Wbeclbs

ectcrlaknr c` lblcktb fustb pnrn daknàznr c` scineb n trnvás ec

`n cvbùiaùk ec` pcsb ec ukn

lucstrn ec prbeuitb quc sc

cstî scinkeb+ Wnrn c` cdcitb sc

rcquacrc ukn mn`nkzn ec prcia,saùk y rcn aznr `bs iîìu`bs uta a,

znkeb `ns dùrlu`ns ec nmnfb+

²IBLB YC CTN@SN C@ DAK EC@ YCINEB2

²EC ^SC ECWCKEC C@ UACLWBEC YCINEB2




Wrbicealacktb pnrn cvnùnr c` ibrrcitb scineb ec `bsprbeuitbs6

>+ Ectcrlaknr n julcene drcsin ec` prbeuitb utaàznkeb c` vn`br

ec `n tnm`n b lcfbr scinkeb ukn lucstrn ec` prbeuitb ck uk

jbrkb c`áitraib n tclpcrnturn ibkstnktc *37 n ?7¶I!, laeackeb c` pcsb ec n lucstrn inen 97 lak+, jnstn quc kb sc bmscr

vc lîs kakoukn rceuiiaùk ec pcsb+ Ck cstc lblcktb sc puc

ec ibksaecrnr, quc c` prbeuitb pcreaù n tbtnàene ec su noun y

qucen sb`nlcktc `n lntcran scin *Wls!+

=+ Inìu`nr `n Jd usnkeb `n dùrlu`n *>!+

9+ Inìu`nr ibk `n dùrlu`n *=! c` rckea

lacktb ], quc vn scr uk vn`br ibks

tnktc pnrn inen tapb ec prbeuitb+

5+ Yc càoc ukn lucstrn ec` prbeuitb drcs

ib quc sc vn scinr y sc `n pcsn *Wd!+

Nkbtnr c` vn`br ck ukn tnm`n+

3+ Inìu`nr ibk `n dùrlu`n *9! c` Ws quc ibrrcs

pbkec n `n Js rciblckenm`c+

4+ Ck c` trnksiursb ec` scineb *pbr cfclp`b inen = jbrns! pcsnr

`n lasln lucstrn y nkbtnr `bs vn`brcs ibrrcspbkeacktcs ck

lckiabknen tnm`n+ Ibktakunr c` scineb jnstn quc c` Ws lcea

eb ibrrcspbkec n` Ws inìu`neb+

?+ Wnrn jacrmns lceaiakn`cs y nrblîtains quc ibktackck pbin

noun c` puktb ec dak ec scineb sc ectcrlakn sckia``nlcktcpbr `n tcxturn ec` prbeuitb+ Iunkeb sc trntn ec jbfns, c`

scineb jn tcrlakneb, iunkeb ns jbfns sc scpnrnk ec` tn``b

y sc quacmrnk ibk dniaàene+




*>! Jd < *Wd Wls! " Wd & >77#

*=! ] < *>77# Jd! " *>77# ’ Js! < Ws " Wd

*9! Ws < ] & Wd

Ws < pcsb scib Jd < julcene drcsin ck #

Wd < pcsb drcsib Js < julcene scin ck #

Wls < pcsb lntcran scin ] < rckealacktb

Yaokadaink

Wbr cfclp`b6 Yupbkonlbs quc cstnlbs scinkeb tblntcs,

iuyb Jd cs ec 13#+ @n Js rciblckenm`c cs ec :#+ C` rckea

lacktb ] scrìn cktbkics ec 7+735+ Kucstrn lucstrn ck cstneb

drcsib *Wd! pcsn 537 o+ C` pcsb scib kcicsnrab Ws scrìn cktbk

ics ec 7+735 & 537 o < =5+3 o+



Dukeniaùk Ic`cstakn Wárcz ec N`lnen =?

Ibktckaeb ec julcene ec nòukbs prbeuitbs ytclpcrnturn lîxaln tb`crnm`c

Wrbeuitb6 drcsib*#! scib*#! ¶I

Ornkbs6nrrbz =5 >5 37

lnìz 93 >3 47

pbrbtb ?7 3 k"e

lnkì 57 1 k"e

indá 37 >> k"e

Uumáriu`bs6pnpn ?3 >9 33

lnkeabin 4= >9 k"emntntn :7 >9 ?7

Jbrtnàzns6nrvcfn :7 3 47

icmb``n :7 5 33

jbrtnàzns ck jbfn :7 >7 37

tblntc 13 : 43

rcpb``b 15 5 33

znknjbran ?7 3 47

`bibtc y nfì :4 3 47

nfb :7 : n >7 33

Drutns6eurnzkb :3 >: k"e

lnkznkn :5 >5 37mnknkn :7 >3 ?7

ounynmn :7 ? k"e

uvn :7 >3 n =7 33

lnkob :3 >= n >3 43

lnlùk :3 = n >3 43

pcsineb *sak sn`neb! :7 >3 57

pcsineb *ibk sn`neb! :7 93 n 53 57



Ssb ec scinecrbs sb`nrcs=:

Skn vcz tcrlakneb c` scineb y trns ukn cvcktun` trnksdbrln

iaùk neaiabkn`, `bs nàlcktbs scibs tackck quc scr ckvnsnebsaklceantnlcktc+ C` ckvnsc tackc quc scr jcrlátaib pnrn cva

tnr `n rcjaerntniaùk ec` prbeuitb scib pbr `n julcene nl

macktn` y sc càoc ec niucreb n `ns kcicsaenecs ec iblcrian

àzniaùk, ec n`lnicknlacktb b ec` ibksulb prbpab+ Sk lntc

ran` luy rciblckenm`c pnrn c` ckvnsneb ec pcqucþns inkta

enecs jnstn nprbxalnenlcktc > ho sbk mb`sns ec pbàprbpa

`ckb trnkspnrcktc, iuyn nmcrturn sc pucec sbènr ibk c` in`brec ukn vc`n b lîquakn sc``nebrn+ Wnrn c` ckvnsneb n ornkc` sc

rciblackenk tnlmbrcs ec p`îstaib ibk tnpn jcrlátain+

Cs luy alpbrtnktc ctaquctnr neciunenlcktc c`

prbeuitb ckvnsneb+

@n ctaquctn tackc quc ibktckcr `ns akdbrlniabkcssaouacktcs6

• kblmrc ec` prbeuitb

• kblmrc ec` prbeuitbr ibk n earciiaùk iblp`ctn y kölcrb

ec tc`ádbkb

• ibktckaeb, akiùyckeb cvcktun`cs neatavbs

• inktaene

• dcijn ec ckvnsneb y"b ec vckialacktb

• btrbs6 lbeb ec usb, entbs kutraiabkn`cs, iùeaob ec mnrrn, kö

lcrbs ec rcoastrb ]YWN y ]CK, prciab

Ck n nitunàene, bs ibksulaebrcs y ns ibksulaebrns, kcic

satnk ibkbicr c` vn`br kutraiabkn` ec `bs prbeuitbs pnrn nscournr quc cstî pcrlataeb b nibkscfneb ck su eactn+ Wbr c``b,

²IÙLB YC CKTNYNK Q N@LNICKNK@BY W]BESIUBY YCIBY2




cs rciblckenm`c ib`binr btrn ctaquctn ibk n akdbrlniaùk ib

rrcspbkeacktc+

Unk alpbrtnktc iblb c` ckvnsneb cs c` n`lnicknlacktb,

pbr `b quc ecmclclbs6

• Ounrenr bs prbeuitbs ck uk uonr scib, narcneb, sa cs pbsa

m`c drcsib y prbtcoaeb ec `n ùz+ Cstc ùonr ecmc scr àlpab

y prbtcoaeb ec akscitbs y rntbkcs+

• Inen iacrtb taclpb, jny quc ibktrb`nr c` cstneb ec `bs prb

euitbs+

• Kb ecpbsatnr bs prbeuitbs n`lnicknebs ck c` suc`b ka ibktrn

`ns pnrcecs pnrn cvatnr c` racsob ec nmsbrmcr julcene+

• Ya `bs prbeuitbs scibs sbk ec muckn inàene y cstîk ck

muckns ibkeaiabkcs ec n`lnickneb puceck ibkscrvnrsc

eurnktc luijbs lcscs+

n! Drutns

• Iblcr earcitnlcktc

iblb lcrackens b sup`c

lcktbs ec eactns• Norconr ck `n prcpnrn

iaùk ec pnkcs euìcs ck

vcz ec drutns nmra``nktn

ens quc ibktackck neata

vbs quìlaibs

²IBLB YC SUA@AVNK @BYW]BESIUBY YCIBY2




• ]cjaerntnr`bs ibk noun, `cijc

b ybour y iblcr`bs iblb ck

sn`nen ec drutn b iblpbtn

• Lczi`nr ibk icrcn`cs pnrn

`n prcpnrniaùk ec ornkb`n

• @n mnknkn scin, sc pucec

iblcr sb`n iblb uk vnàbsb

nàlcktb n iun`quacr jbrn+

@ns drutns scins puceck scr ibk

sulaens earcitnlcktc iblb ‐npc

ratavb b ob`bsakns“+ Cs pbsam`c tnlmaákrcjaerntnr`ns ck noun drìn eurnktc 97 lakutbs+

m! Jbrtnàzns

• Staàznr ck `n prcpnrniaùk ec inèbs ec vcreurns, norcoîk

eb`bs earcitnlcktc ck c` noun ec ibiiaùk+

• Staàznr ck `n prcpnrniaùk ec ouasbs b sn`sns rcjaerntîk

eb`ns ck noun prcvanlcktc

• Uraturnr b lb`cr`ns y utaàznr iblb ibkealcktb ck sn`sns b

cksn`nens, cti+

i! W`nktns lceaiakn`cs y nrblîtains

• Yc utaàznk iblb rclceab y"b ibkealcktb ck `n dbrln jn

matun` b ck prcpnrniabkcs dnrlnib`ùoains+



Dukeniaùk Ic`cstakn Wárcz ec N`lnen 9>

e! Inrkcs

• Iblcr earcitnlcktc iblb ‐ijnrquc“, ck lcrackens, su

p`clcktbs ec eactns, b ibk `ns iblaens+

• Staàznr ck `n prcpnrniaùk ec inèbs norcoîkeb`bs earcitn

lcktc ck c` noun

• Staàznr ck n prcpnrniaùk ec ouasbs b sn`sns rcjaerntîkeb`ns

ck noun prcvanlcktc

Ec lnkcrn ockcrn`, `bs prbeuitbs scibs puceck rcclp`nznr

n tbebs bs prbeuitbs drcsibs ck sus rcictns ec ibiakn eanran+

Wnrn utaàznr `bs prbeuitbs scibs, ecmc rclbfnr`bs ck ukn pc

qucþn inktaene ec noun pnrn rcjaerntnr`bs+ C` taclpb ec rc

lbfb cs vnranm`c scoök c` prbeuitb scib y scoök sc usc noun

taman b inàcktc+

• icmb``n, tblntc, rcpb``b6 >7 n >3 lakutbs+

• znknjbran, ijnuijn, mcrckfckn,lnkeabin, pnpn, mntntn+97 lakutbs+



Ssb ec scinecrbs sb`nrcs9=

Wcsb prbeuitb

scib>77 ors+

37 n ?3 ors+

>=3 ors+

>37 n =37 ors+

WrbeuitbIcmb``n, rcpb``b, znkn

jbrans, mcrckfckn, lnk

ob, mnknkn, lnlùk

Ublntc scib

Ijnuijn

Wnpn, lnkeabin, mntntn

Inrkcs

Cquavn`ckian Wcsb

prbeuitb drcsib>ho+

>ho+

>ho+

>ho+

Wnrn ectcrlaknr `ns inktaenecs n utaàznr6

Yc puceck rcnàznr `ns rcictns iuàknrans

ökainlcktc ibk prbeuitbs scibs b ck

iblmakniaùk ibk prbeuitbs drcsibs



OSÌN

MÎYAINEC YCINEBYB@N]




W@NKUNY LCEAIAKN@CY Q N]BLNUAINY

Wrbeuitbs kcicsnrabs

• W`nktns lceaiakn`cs y nrblîtains

Uáikain

• @alpanr rcstbs ec tacrrn+

• C`alaknr pnrtcs ecsiblpucstns c akscrvam`cs+

• Ib`binr ck c` scinecrb

Eurniaùk ec` scineb ibk muck sb`

• > n 9 eìns, scoök sa sbk jbfns, tn``bs b rnìics

]ckealacktb

> ha`b ec prbeuitb drcsib rakec >77 n >37 o ec prbeui

tb scib, scoök tapb ec p`nktn+




D]SUNY


• Drutns lneurns ec muckn inàene *mn

knkn, paþn, lnkob, lnlùk, ounynmn, cti+!

• Noun

• Lctnmasu`datb6 9 ornlbs"àtrb ec

noun b fuob ec > n = alùk"àtrb

ec noun

Uáikain• @nvnr `ns drutns sc`ciiabknens

• Wc`nr y quatnr ns pnrtcs akscrvam`cs *scla``ns, pnr

tcs ecsiblpucstns, cti+!+

• Ibrtnr scoök c` tapb ec drutn ck latnecs, iunrtbs,

rbenfns, tarns b iumbs

• Mnþnr pbr >3 lak+ ck sbùiaùk ec lctnmasu`datb b

fuob ec àlùk *bptntavb!



= n 3 eìns, scoök tnlnþb ec `bs ibrtcs ec drutn

]ckealacktb> ha`b ec prbeuitb drcsib rakec >37 n =37 o ec

prbeuitb scib, scoök tapb ec drutn+

Bmscrvniabkcs6Ibk c` scineb sak prctrntnlacktb n ib`brniaùk sc

tbrkn n lckueb lnrrùk bsiurn n` dakn` ec` prbic

sb+ Cstb sc pucec cvatnr sulcroackeb `ns drutns

prcvanlcktc ck fuob ec àlùk b ck sbùiaùk eclctnmasu`datb pnrn kb n`tcrnr c` snmbr+




JB]UN@AVNY EC JBFN Q UN@@B


• Jbrtnàzns ec jbfn y tn``b *rcpb``b, icmb``n ec jbfn,

cspaknin, nicòn, npab, cti+!

• Noun

Uáikain

• Ecslckuznr `ns jbfns, quatnr `ns pnrtcs akscrvam`cs

• @nvnr

• Ibrtnr ck îlakns b tarns *jbfns! b rbenfns *tn``bs!


> n = eìns *jbfns iblukcs!, = n 9 eìns *rcpb``b y

tn``bs!

]ckealacktb

> ha`b ec prbeuitb drcsib rakec 47 o *rcpb``b!,

=77 n =37 o *jbfns! ec prbeuitb scib+

Bmscrvniabkcs6

Ibk c` scineb sak prctrntnlacktb `ns jbrtnàznsvcrecs pacreck dîia`lcktc su ib`br knturn`+ Cstb

sc pucec cvatnr rcnàznkeb prcvanlcktc uk m`nk

qucneb ck noun inàcktc+



Dukeniaùk Ic`cstakn Wárcz ec N`lnen 9?

JB]UN@AVNY EC D]SUB


• Jbrtn`azns ec drutb *tblntc, `bibtc, znpn``b, cti+!• Noun

Uáikain

• @nvnr `ns jbrtn`azns sc`ciiabknens¿

• Ibrtnr ck ebs b lîs pcenzbs, quatnr `ns pnrtcs ak

scrvam`cs *scla``ns, pnrtcs ecsiblpucstns, cti+! ¿• Ibrtnr ck tarns *`bibtc!, rbenfns b iunrtbs *tblntc!,

iumbs *znpn``b!



= n 9 eìns

]ckealacktb

> ha b ec prbeuitb drcsib rakec nprbxalnenlcktc 37 o

*tblntc!, >37 o * bibtc!, 977 o *znpn`b! ec prbeuitb scib



Ssb ec scinecrbs sb`nrcs9:

JB]UN@AVNY EC MS@MB


• Jbrtn`azns ec mu`mb *icmb``n, nfb!

• Noun

Uáikain

• Wc`nr, ecslckuznr `bs eacktcs y pc`nr`bs *nfb!

• @nvnr

• Ibrtnr ck rbenfns b `îlakns *icmb``n!

• Ibrtnr `bs eacktcs ornkecs ck = b 9 *nfb!



= n 9 eìns

]ckealacktb

> ha`b ec prbeuitb drcsib rakec >37 n =77 o ec prb

euitb scib




JB]UN@AVNY EC ]NAV Q USMC]IS@BY


• Jbrtnàzns ec rnìz y tumáriu`bs *znknjbran, pnpn, mn

tntn, lnkeabin, cti+!

• Noun

Uáikain

• @nvnr `ns jbrtnàzns y tumáriu`bs sc`ciiabknebs

• Wc`nr

• Ibrtnr ck rbenfns b iumbs b rn``nr ibk rn``nebr orucsb

• M`nkqucnr ibk b sak lctnmasu`datb >= o"` *n cxicp

iaùk ec `n lnkeabin!



= n 9 eìns

]ckealacktb

> ha`b ec prbeuitb drcsib rakec >37 n =77 o *pnpn!,

=77 n =37 o *mntntn!, 977 n 937 o *znknjbran!,

577 n 537 o *lnkeabin! ec prbeuitb scib+

Bmscrvniabkcs6

Ibk c` scineb sak prctrntnlacktb ns znknjbrans pacr

eck dîia`lcktc su ib`br knturn` y `n pnpn y `n mntn

tn sc pbkck kcorbs+

Cstb sc pucec cvatnr rcn

àznkeb prcvanlcktc uk

m`nkqucneb ck noun inàcktc+




IN]KCY Q WCYINEBY


• Inrkc lnorn, pcsineb drcsibs

• Yn`

• Noun

Uáikain

• @nvnr

• Ibrtnr inrkc ck tarns b csin`bpcs dakbs, quatnr tben n

ornsn vasam`c, da`ctcnr b trbznr pcsineb scoök tnlnþb

• Mnþnr ck sn`lucrn ec >37 n =77 o"` eurnktc 3 lak+

*inrkc!, rcspcitavnlcktc sn`lucrn snturnen eurnktc

>7 n =7 lak+ *pcsineb! scoök tnlnþb ec pcenzbs


Eurniaùk ec` scineb ibk muck sb`= n 9 eìns

]ckealacktb

> ha`b ec prbeuitb drcsib rakec 977 n 577 o ec

prbeuitb scib+

Bmscrvniabkcs6

• Inrkcs y pcsineb puceck tnlmaák scr scinebs sak

prcvab sn`neb+ Yak clmnrob, sc pucec ecsiblpbkcr

ibk lîs dnia`aene eurnktc y ecspuás ec` scineb+

• M`nkqucnr *bptntavb!¿




Dukeniaùk Ic`cstakn Wárcz ec N`lnen 5>

MAM@ABO]NDÌN•Ckcroìn Yb`nr Uárlain+ N`mcrt

Latfî, Atanl ]una y C` Akstatutb Intn`îk ec Ckcroìn+ =77=+ Mamàbtcin ecIntnùþn+ Intnùþn, Cspnþn+

• C` Yb`+ Lnenkfcct Yakoj+ SKCYIB+ >11:+Mnric`bkn, Cspnþn

• Cstrntcoan Yb`nr+ Jcrlnkk Yijccr+ >119+W`nzn $ Fnkcs+ Mnric`bkn, Cspnþn+

• Akockabs Yb`nrcs+ Fbsá Lnkuc` Falákcz+ >11?+ Knvnrrn+ Wnlp`bkn, Cspnþn+

• Inpniatniaùk pnrn tblnr eciasabkcs ck c` îrcn ecCkcroìn+ Claàb @ámrc @n ]bvcrc y Lnric`b ]bmcrt++ >1:3+

Lbktcvaecb, Sruouny+

• Ckcroìn Yb`nr Wnrn Ubebs+ Akockacrb Wcerb Ycrrnkb+ >11>+ NrtcYb`+Ija`c

• Ckcroìn ]ckbvnm`cs+ Fckkadcr Inr`css+ >113+ CENLCZ+ Ib`bkansec` Tn``c, Láxaib+

• Ycinebr ec iblcstam`cs Yb`nr+ Orupb S@BO+ >114+ Yuazn

• ]c`cvnlacktb ec scinecrbs sb`nrcs norìib`ns+ Mrnic ]cscnrij

Akstatutc+ >1?3+ Inkneî+

• Ckcroan Yb`nr, Ducktc Wurn Aknobtnm`c+ Y+C+K+E+N++ Nrocktakn

• Mckcdaiabs ec `n Ckcroìn Yb`nr+ Db``ctb Akdbrlntavb+ Y+C+K+E+N+Nrocktakn+

• Kntabkn` Urnakako Yclaknr bk _blck nke Kcw ]ckcwnm`cYburic bd Ckcroy+ AKYU]N_+ >117+ Coaptb+

• Nláàbrntabk ct eavcrsadaintabk eu sáijnoc sb`narc eblcsta

quc ecs druats, ecs áoulcs ct ecs dcua``cs+ N`nak ]abux, DNB, >113

• @n prbeuiiaùk ec pcsineb scib+ F+F+ _ntcrlnk, DNB, >1?:, Atnàn

• @c sáijnoc sb`narc ç pctatc áijc``c ecs druats ct `áoulcs +Wjaàppc Euecz, O]CU, >114, Drnkian

• Yb`nr Eryako Ucijkb`boy dbr Dbbe Wrcscrvntabk+ Lnttjcw O+Orcck, Easjkn Yijwnrz, OUVONUC, =77>, N`clnkan

• Lnkun` ec Ycineb Yb`nr Uáikaib ec Nàlcktbs+ U+ Tîzqucz y

btrbs, Ckcroátain y DNHU+ Ibijnmnlmn, Mbàvan, >11?+

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