"guests" of the dear leaer: shin sang-ok, choi eun-hee, and north korea's cultural crisis by kim...

8/3/2019 "Guests" of the Dear Leaer: Shin Sang-Ok, Choi Eun-Hee, and North Korea's Cultural Crisis by Kim Suk-young

1/17


2/17

JLD]ND]Z

[qnfejn $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ v``

^$Z$/QLB Znj~q`}p Qnie}`ldz

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Blqnez Mlonz}`j Aezn flq Eiièdjn x`}g }gn ^d`}nm Z}e}nz

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^$Z$/QLB Njldlo`j Qnie}`ldz

@zz~nz `d ^$Z$/QLB Njldlo`j Qnie}`ldz

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Inzzldz fqlo }gn Dlq}g Blqned D~jineq @zz~n

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Qnv`z`}nm

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Dlq}gnez} Ezè

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J~i}~qei Jq`z`z

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3/17

]lxeqmz Z~z}e`deain Njldlo`j & Znj~q`}p Qnie}`ldz `d Nez} Ezè3 ^$Z$ & QLB [li`jp L{}`ldz 50>

H^NZ]Z LF ]GN MNEQ INEMNQ3

ZG@D ZEDH/LB) JGL@ N^D/GNN) EDM DLQ]G

BLQNEZ JÎ]^QEI JQ@Z@Z

Bò Z~b/pl~dh #

JLD]ND]Z

@$ @d}qlm~j}`ld

@@$ Fìo edm J~i}~qn ez e [li }`jei ]lli

@@@$ Hqlx`dh J~i}~qei @zlie} ld lf Dlq}g Blqne

@V$ Bò Cldh/ìz J~i}~qei Qlin

V$ ]gn Qlin lf Zg`d edm Jgl` d }gn Dlq}g/Zl~}g Mpdeo`j

# Bò Z~b/pl~dh `z Ezz`z}ed} [qlfnzzlq lf }gne}qn e} }gn ^d`vnqz`}p lf Jei`flq/

dè e} Zed}e Aeqaeqe$ Gnq eq}`jinz gevn e{{neqnm `d ]gne}qn Qnzneqjg @d}nqde/

}`ldei edm ]gn Mqeoe Qnv`nx$ Zgn `z j~qqnd}ip jlo{in}`dh e allb {qlcnj} nd/

}`}inm @ii~z`vn ^}l{è3 ]gne}nq Fìo edm Nvnqpmep [nqflqoedjn `d Dlq}g Blqne

xg`jg nw{ilqnz glx }gn z}e}n/{qlm~jnm {ql{ehedme {nqflqoedjnz `d}nqznj} x`}g

nvnqpmep i`fn `d Dlq}g Blqne$ Edl}gnq allb Ildh Qlem Glon3 E ]nz}òldp lf

e Dlq}g Blqned Jeo{ Z~qv`vlq 'jle~}glqnm x`}g Bò Pldh) `z flq}gjlo`dh fqloJli~oaè ^d`vnqz`}p [qnzz$


4/17

5 06 ^$Z$Blqne Ejemno`j Zpo{lz`~o

Bò RCldh/ì_ xl~im an e {nqfnj} jedm`me}n }l qn{iejn }gn mnjneznm fìo jq`}`j

Hndn Z`zbni edm cl`d Qlhnq Nanq} ez g`z jl/glz}$

Oeb`dh Lffnqz M`j}e}lqz Jeddl} Qnf~zn

E}ied}`j Old}gip Mnjnoanq 1;;1

@$ @d}qlm~j}`ld

Ld 50 Lj}lanq 507: d Bò Cldh/ìz lff`jn e} }gn Jnd}qei [eq}p A~ìm`dh d [pldhpedh

e {q`ve}n jldvnqze}`ld }llb {iejn an}xnnd Bò edm }xl Zl~}g Blqned fìooebnqz3

m`qnj}lq Zg`d Zedh/lb edm g`z ej}qnzz x`fn Jgl` N~d/gnn xgl gem z{nd} f`vn pneqz d

Dlq}g Blqne ef}nq }gnp gem annd eam~j}nm edm aql~hg} }gnqn ~dmnq Bò Cldh/ìz

{nqzldei m`qnj}`ld d 5087$ ]ge} mep Zg`d edm Jgl` znjqn}ip qnjlqmnm xge} }gnp mnzjqànez Bò Cldh/ìz }`qemn/i`bn oldlilh~n qe}gnq }ged e mèilh~n an}xnnd Bò edm ~z

xg`jg iez}nm flq olqn }ged }xl gl~qz$5 Ejjlqm`dh }l }gn }qedzjq`{} lf }g`z qnjlqm`dh

'Zg`d edm Jgl` 1;;5 1=0) Bò Cldh/ì xez z}q~hhi`dh x`}g }gn u~nz}`ldz lf glx }l

ninve}n Dlq}g Blqned fìo }l ed emvedjnm invni x`}gl~} cnl{eqm`s`dh }gn }`hg} jld}qli

lf }z {nl{in3

Xn zndm l~q {nl{in }l Nez} Hnqoedp }l z}~mp nm`}`dh }l Jsnjglzilvebè }l

z}~mp Jeonqe }njgdlilhp edm }l }gn Zlv`n} d`ld }l ineqd m`qnj}`dh$ L}gnq }ged

}ge} xn jeddl} zndm l~q {nl{in }l hl edpxgnqn z`djn }gnp eqn ndnop z}e}nz$Dl Fqedjn dl Xnz} Hnqoedp dl Hqne} Aq`}e`d$ Xn nz{njèiip gevn }l gevn

jldm~j} nwjgedhn x`}g Ce{ed a~} xn jeddl} nvnd eiilx RDlq}g Blqned {nl{in_

}l xe}jg Ce{ednzn fìoz$ Xn ndm ~{ edeips`dh flqn`hd fìoz }l o`}e}n }gno a~}

}gnqn z iò`} }l xge} xn jed ml a~} l~q nfflq}z gevn aql~hg} dl {qlhqnzz$ @ gevn

annd z}q~hhi`dh x`}g }g`z {qlaino flq > pneqz Rz`djn 5087_$ Eii xn ndmnm ~{

ml`dh xez }l zndm e jl~{in lf {nl{in }l }gn Zlv`n} d`ld ef}nq }gn iànqe}`ld edm

}l nz}eai`zg e Fìo @dz}`}~}n a~} }gnp eqn dl} }ge} ò{qnzz`vn ef}nq eii$ @

ejbdlxinmhn }ge} xn ieh ang`dm d fìooeb`dh }njgdù~nz$ Xn gevn }l bdlx

}ge} xn eqn iehh`dh ang`dm edm oebn nfflq}z }l qe`zn dnx hndnqe}`ld lffìooebnqz$

Ei}gl~hg vnqp i`}}in z bdlxd eal~} Dlq}g Blqned j`dnoe d }gn l~}z`mn xlqim oedp

gevn gneqm lf }gn anilvnm inemnq Bò Cldh/ìz d}òe}n qnie}`ldzg`{ x`}g fìo$ Ez

}g`z z{nnjg }nz}`f`nz gn {iepnm e x`mn qedhn lf qlinz jldjnqd`dh Dlq}g Blqned

j`dnoefqlo {qlm~jnq nm`}lq edm zjq`{} xq`}nq }l jq`}`j g`z}lqèd edm v`z`ldeqp$

5$ Jgl` g`m e zoeii qnjlqmnq d gnq gedmaeh edm z~jjnzzf~iip }e{nm }gn jldvnqze}`ld zgn edm gnq g~zaedmgem x`}g Bò$ Jgl` xql}n `d gnq onol`q }ge} zgn gem mnj`mnm }l }ebn }gn q`zb lf }e{n qnjlqm`dh }gnjldvnqze}`ld anje~zn zgn xed}nm }l {qlvn }ge} Bò Cldh/ì gem b`mde{{nm gnq edm gnq g~zaedm edm }ge}}gnp gem annd mn}e`dnm `d Dlq}g Blqne ehe`dz} }gn`q xìi$ ]gn nwjnq{}nm }qedzjq`{} lf }g`z qnjlqm`dh `z{~ai`zgnm `d Zg`d edm Jgl` '1;;5)$


5/17

]lxeqmz Z~z}e`deain Njldlo`j & Znj~q`}p Qnie}`ldz `d Nez} Ezè3 ^$Z$ & QLB [li`jp L{}`ldz 508

Ejjlqm`dh }l m`qnj}lq Zg`d Bò Cldh/ì z dl} ldip e mnm`je}nm fìo {qlm~jnq a~} gn z

eizl e g`hgip }eind}nm jq`}`j lf mqeoe edm o~z`j eiinhnmip je{eain lf {`d{l`d}`dh e

z`dhin l~}/lf/}~dn dz}q~ond} fqlo e f~ii lqjgnz}qe 'Zg`d edm Jgl` 1;;5 177)$ F~q}gnq

ejjl~d}z ap Zg`d {l`d} l~} }ge} Bòz al~dminzz bdlxinmhn d eq}z lxnz }l e ieqhn

eol~d} lf oe}nqèiz jliinj}nm fqlo eql~dm }gn xlqim oe}nqèiz gn gez annd

zpz}noe}`jeiip jlo{ì`dh lvnq e ildh {nq`lm lf }òn$ Zg`d gem e jgedjn }l znn Bò

Cldh/ìz ndlqol~z {q`ve}n jliinj}`ld lf fìoz xg`jg gn }gl~hg} xez {lzzàip }gn ieqhnz}

lf }z b`dm d }gn xlqim3

Ld Oeqjg 5=}g 507: N~d/gnn RZg`dz x`fn_ edm @ xnqn dv`}nm }l e }l~q

lf Fìo Eqjg`vn$ @ g~qq`nmip hl} {qn{eqnm anje~zn }g`z xez e {iejn @

eixepz xed}nm }l v`z`}$ ]gn Fìo Eqjg`vn z}llm ld }gn gìiz d }gn o`mmin

lf [pldhpedh$ ]`hg}ip iljbnm gnevp on}ei mllqz xnqn h~eqm`dh }gn

Eqjg`vn edm dl {nl{in xnqn }l an znnd eql~dm$ ]g`z xez e jld}qliinm

ejjnzz eqne $ $ $ Xn xnqn dv`}nm dz`mn flq e aq`nf`dh edm xnqn }lim }ge}

5>;;; jl{`nz lf fìoz xnqn z}lqnm gnqn$ Dneqip 1>; no{ilpnnz dji~m`dh

vl`jn ej}lqz }qedzie}lqz z~a}`}in z{njèi`z}z {qlcnj}`ld`z}z edm qnjlqm`dh

z{njèi`z}z xnqn xlqb`dh flq }g`z fejì`}p$ ]gn fìoz e} }gn Eqjg`vn jeon

fqlo eii eql~dm }gn xlqimfqlo al}g jloo~d`z} edm je{`}ei`z}z

mnvnil{nm edm ~dmnqmnvnil{nm jl~d}q`nz ei`bn$ ]gn z`sn lf }gn }gqnn

z}lqp a~ìm`dh onez~qnm ~{ }l }ge} lf edp oe`d zjglli a~ìm`dhz d Zl~}g

Blqne$ Ez @ xez i`z}nd`dh }l }gn aq`nf`dh lf ed Eqjg`vn no{ilpnn @

}gl~hg} }ge} }g`z jl~im {lzzàip an }gn ieqhnz} R{q`ve}n_ jliinj}`ld d }gn

nd}`qn xlqim$ Ef}nq }gn aq`nf`dh }gn oedehnq }llb ~z eql~dm flq e }l~q$

]gn x`m}g lf }gn a~ìm`dh xez eal~} 5;; on}nqz edm eii }gqnn z}lq`nz

z}qn}jg`dh 5;; on}nqz xnqn fìinm x`}g fìoz$ ]gn qllo x`}g }gn anz}

nu~`{ond} xez }gn ldn glim`dh Dlq}g Blqned fìoz$ @d }ge} qllo nvnqp

z`dhin Dlq}g Blqned fìo nvnq oemn xez z}lqnm ejjlqm`dh }l jgqldlilh`jei

lqmnq$ ]gn qllo alez}nm lf e {nqfnj} }no{nqe}~qn edm g~o`m`}p jld}qli

zpz}no$ 'Zg`d edm Jgl` 1;;5 18=8>)

Zg`d hlnz ld }l mnzjqàn }ge} ef}nq }g`z o{qnzz`vn d}qlm~j}`ld gn xez h`vnd {nqo`zz`ld}l v`z`} }gn Fìo Eqjg`vn edm xe}jg eii b`dmz lf olv`nz ez o~jg ez gn x`zgnm$ Ejjnzz

}l }g`z a~ìm`dh xez iò`}nm ldip }l }glzn xgl xnqn qnjloondmnm ap Bò Cldh/ì

gòznif edm flq }g`z qnezld }gnqn xez ed eqjg`vn no{ilpnn xglzn ldip qnz{ldzàì`}p

xez }l }ebn jeqn lf jloo~d`je}`ldz x`}g Bò Cldh/ìz lff`jn xg`jg }nz}`f`nz }l }gn

fej} }ge} }gn eqjg`vn xez dmnnm e {q`ve}n ldn$ Jgl` edm Zg`d eizl dl}`jnm }ge} eii lf

Bò Cldh/ìz qnz`mndjnz ejqlzz Dlq}g Blqne gevn {qlcnj}`ld qlloz xgnqn Bò z

bdlxd }l xe}jg fìoz eiolz} nvnqp d`hg} 'Zg`d edm Jgl` 1;;5 170)$ Bò Cldh/ì xez

e g`hgip ol}`ve}nm e~}lm`mej} lf xlqim fìoz xg`jg ejjlqm`dh }l Zg`d oemn Bò

Cldh/ìz j`dnoe}`j bdlxinmhn edm }eind} z~q{ezz }glzn lf l}gnq Dlq}g Blqnedfìooebnqz$ Olz} fìooebnqz xnqn aeqqnm fqlo ~z`dh }g`z iàqeqp lx`dh }l Dlq}g


6/17

5 07 ^$Z$Blqne Ejemno`j Zpo{lz`~o

Blqnez z}q`dhnd} `mnlilh`jei jld}qli edm jldznu~nd}ip `} xez m`ff`j~i} flq edp

fìooebnqz ~dmnqz}edm`dh lf xlqim j`dnoe }l onez~qn ~{ }l Bò Cldh/ìz bdlxinmhn$

Bò Cldh/ìz {qnmìnj}`ld flq fìo anjeon e xnii bdlxd z}lqp }gql~hg }gn ejjl~d}z lf

}gn fnx {nl{in xgl gem e qeqn jgedjn }l xlqb jilznip x`}g gò$ M`qnj}lq Zg`d xez

ldn lf }glzn demvnq}nd}ip jglznd ldnz xgl gem e qeqn hiò{zn lf Bò Cldh/ìz

`dvlivnond} d Dlq}g Blqned fìoz xgìn ezz`z}`dh gò }l qnei`sn g`z hqedm j`dnoe}`j

v`z`ld$ @d }gn oe`dz}qneo onmè }g`z a`seqqn z}lqp lf }gn eam~j}`ld lf }gn Zl~}g Blqned

jl~{in gez lf}nd znqvnm ez e {l{~ieq nd}qp {l`d} flq nw{ilq`dh }gn {zpjgl}`j de}~qn lf

}gn Mneq Inemnq$ Dldn}gninzz }gn fej} }ge} }gn Dlq}g Blqned inemnq jglzn Zl~}g

Blqned fìooebnqz j`}`sndz lf }gn zxlqd ndnop z}e}n }l aeì }gn iljei fìo dm~z}qp

gn gem flz}nqnm l~} lf }gn j~i}~qei mnem ndm `} fl~dm `}znif `d {qlv`mnz ~z x`}g }gn

l{{lq}~d`}p }l mnivn mnn{nq `d}l olqn jlo{inw `zz~nz z~qql~dm`dh Dlq}g Blqned

zlj`n}p edm j~i}~qn z~jg ez }gn qnhònz e}}no{}z }l z}q`bn e aeiedjn an}xnnd l~}z`mn

j~i}~qn edm dm`hndl~z j~i}~qn edm }gn xepz d xg`jg }gn Dlq}g Blqned inemnqzg`{

ndv`z`ldnm j~i}~qn ez ed nffnj}`vn }lli flq zge{`dh }gn o`dmz lf }z {nl{in$ Ei}gl~hg

Zg`d edm Jgl`z allb lffnqz ed d/mn{}g edeipz`z lf }gn fìoz {qlm~jnm ap }gn b`mde{{nm

Zl~}g Blqned jl~{in xn xìi illb e} }gn {qnzndjn lf }g`z fìo jl~{in ez e xep lf

nw{ilq`dh e jlo{inw oe}q`w d}l xg`jg Dlq}g Blqned zlj`n}pz jld}qem`j}`ldz edm

`qld`nz eqn xlvnd$ ]gn fìooebnqz allb {qlv`mnz ed l{{lq}~d`}p }l }g`db eal~} Dlq}g

Blqnez j~i}~qn ez e g`hgip {li`}`j`snm flqo lf {lxnq$

@@$ F@IO EDM JÎ]^QN EZ E [LI@]@JEI ]LLI

]gn b`mde{{`dh xez e mqez}`j onez~qn }ge} }gn fq~z}qe}nm v`z`ldeqp jeon ~{ x`}g

ef}nq gn ezz~onm f~ii {lxnq ez gn`q mnz`hde}n$ Bò Cldh/ìz jldvnqze}`ld x`}g Zg`d

edm Jgl` }llb {iejn d 507: a~} Bò gem annd z}q~hhi`dh x`}g }gn `dgnqnd} Dlq}g

Blqned jld}qem`j}`ldz z`djn gn nd}nqnm {li`}`jz `d }gn ie}n 508;z edm gn zex }gn

{lxnq lf fìo edm eq} d hndnqei ez }gn {qòeqp zl~qjn lf lq g`z xep }l hlvnqdedjn$

]gn fìo dm~z}qp z e jliiealqe}`vn f`nim l{nqe}nm ap o~i}`{in jldz}`}~ndj`nz anje~zn

`} z e onm`~o {qlm~jnm j`qj~ie}nm edm jldz~onm ld e oezz`vn zjein xg`jg oebnz`} o{lzzàin }l oeh`dn }ge} ldn {nqzldz d`}è}`vn edm }ez}n jed zge{n }gn jld}l~qz lf

fìo {qlm~j}`ld flq ed nd}`qn de}`ld$ A~} ez }gn eflqnond}`ldnm n{`zlmnz ii~z}qe}n

Bò Cldh/ìz l{`d`ld gez e flqoe}`vn dfi~ndjn ld nvnqp ez{nj} lf j~i}~qei {qlm~j}`ld

`d Dlq}g Blqne xg`jg oebnz } vnqp m`ff`j~i} }l oeh`dn Dlq}g Blqned fìo {qlm~j}`ld

x`}gl~} Bòz {nqzldei d}nqvnd}`ld$1

1$ @} z dl xldmnq }ge} }gn xlqim onmè gez jldz`z}nd}ip ze}`q`snm }gn Mneq Inemnqz {ndjged} flq fìo edmeq} olz} dl}eaip vè e oe`dz}qneo Gliipxllm olv`n ]neo Eonq`je `d 1;;= edm }gn OEM}v 'ld FLW)Bò Cldh/ì znq`nz$


7/17

]lxeqmz Z~z}e`deain Njldlo`j & Znj~q`}p Qnie}`ldz `d Nez} Ezè3 ^$Z$ & QLB [li`jp L{}`ldz 500

Xge} z lf}nd lvnqillbnm d }gn xlqimz fezj`de}`ld eal~} Bò Cldh/ìz j`dnoedè

glxnvnq `z }ge} }gn f~dj}`ld lf fìo ez ed nzznd}èiip {li`}`jei }lli xez eiqnemp

nz}eai`zgnm ildh anflqn Bò Cldh/ìz jlo`dh }l {lxnq edm } z {qnj`znip ap onedz lf

olaì`s`dh fìoz {li`}`jei {l}nd}èi }ge} Bò Cldh/ì ezjndmnm }l anjlon }gn z~jjnzzlq

lf g`z fe}gnq z}qndh}gnd`dh g`z {lz`}`ld ez gn f~q}gnq d}ndz`f`nm }gn o{lq}edjn lf fìo$

Anh`dd`dh e} }gn nz}eai`zgond} lf Dlq}g Blqne d 50=7 Bò Cldh/ìz fe}gnq Bò @i/

z~dh l{ndip qnjlhd`snm fìoz {l}nd}èi }l znqvn g`z {li`}`jei m`qnj}`ld olqn nffnj}`vnip

}ged edp l}gnq onedz lf jloo~d`je}`ld$ Ei}gl~hg e} }gn }òn lf }gn fl~dm`dh lf

Dlq}g Blqne Bò @i/z~dhz jloqemnz fqlo }gn ed}`/Ce{ednzn h~nqìie z}q~hhin d

Oedjg~qè xez jlo{q`znm lf }gn inez} nm~je}nm lf }gn Jloo~d`z} fej}`ldz edm }gn

inez} dvlivnm d j~i}~qei effe`qz 'Eqoz}qldh 1;;: 585)$ Bò @i/z~dh dnvnq}gninzz

fliilxnm }gn nweo{inz lf l}gnq zljèi`z} z}e}nz edm qnjlhd`snm }gn nm`fp`dh {l}nd}èi

lf fìo flq g`z dnxip fl~dmnm qn{~ai`j$

Bò @i/z~dh ineqdnm e vei~eain inzzld fqlo Ind`d edm Oel xgl gnim d g`hg qnheqm

fìoz {l}nd}èi }l znqvn ez nffnj}`vn {ql{ehedme$ Ind`d gòznif {qnzehnm fìoz eaì`}p

}l {ndn}qe}n }gn ii`}nqe}n oezznz edm jldji~mnm3 Flq ~z }gn olz} o{lq}ed} lf eii eq}z

`z j`dnoe 'Bndns 1;;5 18)$ Flq }gn zeon qnezldz }gn fìo dm~z}qp d Jg`de xez

f~iip ~}ì`snm ap De}`ldei`z}z edm Jloo~d`z}z ei`bn d lqmnq }l nm~je}n edm olaì`sn

}gn oezznz$ G`z}lqèd Jgeqinz Eqoz}qldh '1;;1 1) nd~onqe}nm }gn qnezldz xgp }gn

Zlv`n} inemnqz emgnqnm }l fìo ez e oeclq }lli }l znqvn {li`}`jz xg`jg f~dj}`ldz ez e

~znf~i qnfnqndjn }l nweo`dn }gn Dlq}g Blqned jezn3

]gn Alizgnv`bz xnqn e}}qej}nm }l }gn {ql{ehedme {l}nd}èi lf fìo flq

znvnqei qnezldz$ @d e vez} m`vnqzn {qnmlo`ded}ip ehq`j~i}~qei edm ieqhnip

ìi`}nqe}n zlj`n}p z~jg ez }gn Zlv`n} d`ld j`dnoe jl~im qnejg feq olqn

{nl{in }ged flq nweo{in i`}nqe}~qn$ F~q}gnqolqn }gn dlvni}p lf fìo edm

}gn oonmè}n {lxnq lf }z oehnqp oemn fìo lq zl }gn Zlv`n} inemnqzg`{

ani`nvnm {eq}`j~ieqip nffnj}`vn$ Fìo/v`nx`dh }znif xez e {~ai`j jliinj}`vn

ej} edm }gnqnflqn nvnd }gn olmn lf v`nx`dh jl~im an e onedz lf dz}ìi`dh

jliinj}`vn jldzj`l~zdnzz$ F`deiip }gn hqne} nw{ndznz lf oeb`dh fìoz

eiilxnm }gn z}e}n }l jld}qli j`dnoe}`j {qlm~j}`ld olqn nezìp }ged l}gnqeq}z$

]gn eflqnond}`ldnm qnezldz xgp }gn Zlv`n}z {q`vìnhnm fìo flq {ql{ehedme lvnq

l}gnq onmènezn lf jld}qlii`dh }gn fìooeb`dh {qljnzz fìoz eaì`}p }l qnejg l~} }l

e x`mnq {l{~ie}`ld }gn dlvni}p lf }gn j`dnoe}`j onm`~o }l e}}qej} e}}nd}`ld fqlo e

x`mn qedhn lf {l{~ie}`ld edm fìo jldz~o{}`ld ez e jliinj}`vn {qljnzz f~q}gnq`dh e

jliinj}`vn jldzj`l~zdnzze{{ip }l }gn Dlq}g Blqned z`}~e}`ld xnii$

]gn fìo {qlm~j}`ld {qljnzz qnu~`qnz oezz`vn {eq}`j`{e}`ld edm jldz~o{}`ld$ ]gnjliinj}`vn de}~qn lf {qlm~j`dh fìo zò~ie}nz xnii }gn xep Dlq}g Blqnedz inem }gn`q


8/17

1 ;; ^$Z$Blqne Ejemno`j Zpo{lz`~o

i`vnz d veq`l~z jliinj}`vn lqhed`se}`ldz$: ]gn fìooeb`dh {qljnzz lf zgll}`dh nm`}`dh

edm xe}jg`dh l}gnqz i`vnz o`qqlqz glx }gn Dlq}g Blqnedz jldz}ed}ip old`}lq ldn

edl}gnq `d }gn`q meìp i`vnz$ [~} l}gnqx`zn }l xe}jg }l an xe}jgnm }l oebn e

{qnznd}eain zglxjezn }gql~hg nm`}`dh eii qn{qnznd} oeclq {q`dj`{inz lf }gn Dlq}g Blqned

xep lf i`fn$ ]g`z {l`d} qn`dflqjnz Xll/pl~dh Innz laznqve}`ld '1;;= =1) lf xgp

~dmnqhql~dm i`}nqe}~qn z m`ff`j~i} }l mn}nj} a~} ~dmnqhql~dm j`dnoe z m`ff`j~i} }l

oebn z`djn }gn {qlm~j}`ld {qljnzz z dl} ldip jliinj}`vn a~} eizl g`hgip jld}qliinm }l

}gn mnhqnn }ge} `} mlnz dl} eiilx flq edp ò{qlv`ze}`ldz lq ejj`mnd}z }l }ebn {iejn$

Fqlo }gn {iedd`dh z}ehn }l }gn f`dei j~} fìooebnqz qn{ne} }gn {qlm~j}`ld {qljnzz }l

ejg`nvn }gn òehn }gnp mnz`qn xg`jg qnzlde}nz x`}g }gn xep Dlq}g Blqnedz fì}nq

}gn`q iedh~ehn edm angev`lq }l ea`mn ap }gn q~inz$ ]gn qngneqzei {qljnzz lf }gnzn

{qlm~j}`ldz jl~im an v`nxnm dl} ldip ez onedz }l qnejg e hlei lf {qlm~j`dh ed ndm

{qlm~j} a~} ed ndm `d `}znif$ [~} l}gnqx`zn }gn m`mej}`j de}~qn lf }gn {qlm~j}`ld

{qljnzz anjlonz ldn lf }gn olz} z`hd`f`jed} {~q{lznz lf {qlm~j`dh fìoz$

Ld e olqn no{`q`jei invni }gn qnezld xgp fìo he`dnm e {qlo`dnd} {iejn d Dlq}g

Blqne z anje~zn } eiilxnm flq nezp edm fez} j`qj~ie}`ld eql~dm }gn jl~d}qp$ ]gne}nq

{qlm~j}`ldz d jld}qez} gem }l zndm {nl{in {ql{z edm jlz}~onz }l {qlv`djnz xg`jg

jl~im an e jlz}ip edm zilx {qljnzz xgnqnez fìo qnniz jl~im nezìp qnejg feq ndmz lf

}gn Dlq}g Blqned }nqq`}lqp$ Flq }gnzn qnezldz }gn Dlq}g Blqned z}e}n oebnz g~dmqnmz

lf jl{`nz lf nejg dnx Dlq}g Blqned {qlm~j}`ld }l an znd} de}`ldx`mn$ Glxnvnq }gn

m`z}qà~}`ld lf fìo qnniz qnfinj}z }gn dgnqnd} g`nqeqjgp lf veq`l~z znj}lqz x`}g`d }gn

jl~d}qp ez }gn hlvnqdond} zndmz jlilq jl{`nz }l ieqhn j`}`nz edm aiejb edm xg`}n ldnz

}l q~qei eqnez$ @} z dl} e} eii z~q{q`z`dh }l znn }ge} fìoz eal~} }gn inemnqz eqn mnvnil{nm

`d }gn g`hgnz} u~ei`}p ~z`dh ldip $Z$ Blmeb lq Ce{ednzn F~c` fìoz edm }gn g`hgnz}

u~ei`}p jgno`jeiz 'Zg`d edm Jgl` 1;;5 180)$

Ei}gl~hg q~qei eqnez eqn h`vnd znjldmeqp }qne}ond} d }nqoz lf fìo m`z}qà~}`ld }l e

q~qei {nezed} x`}g dl {qnv`l~z nw{lz~qn }l fìo xge}zlnvnq }gn jnd}qei hlvnqdond}z

nfflq}z }l qnejg l~} x`}g ~dfeoìèq pn} oeqvnil~z olv`dh oehnz o~z} gevn annd e

xnijlon nvnd}$ ]g~z dl oe}}nq glx mlhoe}`j lq ldn/mòndz`ldei }gn jld}nd} lf fìo

o`hg} gevn annd }gn dlvni}p lf fìo ez e dnx onm`~o o~z} gevn e}}qej}nm }gn e}}nd}`ldlf }gn vez} oeclq`}p lf }gn Dlq}g Blqned {l{~ie}`ld$

@d }gn eazndjn lf l}gnq jlo{n}`dh onmè fìo zlld anjeon }gn dnxalqd z}e}nz olz}

{qnz}`h`l~z eq} flqo zl ez }l mnznqvn }gn g`hgnz} qnheqm fqlo }z inemnq$ @d }gn 506;z

Bò @i/z~dh '5075 510) xql}n3

:$ ]gn olz} jineq nweo{in xl~im an `do`daed }gn zoeiinz} zljèi ~d`} d Dlq}g Blqne xg`jg jldz`z}z lf

f`vn gl~znglimz$ Nejg `do`daed zgeqnz }gn m~}p lf old`}lq`dh `}z onoanqz edm {qlv`m`dh }gn dnjnzzeqpiealq flqjn flq jloo~dei {qlcnj}z z~jg ez qnjq~`}`dh {eq}`j`{ed}z flq z}qnn} {eqemnz m~q`dh z}e}n jninaqe/}`ldz$


9/17

]lxeqmz Z~z}e`deain Njldlo`j & Znj~q`}p Qnie}`ldz `d Nez} Ezè3 ^$Z$ & QLB [li`jp L{}`ldz 1;5

Fìo `z }gn anz} flqo lf {ql{ehedme flq }gn {eq}p$ @} jed an zglxd }l

o~i}`}~mn lf {nl{in d o~i}`{in {iejnz$ Fìo z je{eain lf {qlcnj}`dh e

ildh {nq`lm lf g`z}lqp d e c~z} jl~{in lf gl~qz$ @} z e an}}nq flqo }ged

dlvniz lq dnxz{e{nqz d nm~je}`dh xlqbnqz$ Fìo z eizl z~{nq`lq }l }gne}qn

`d e zndzn }ge} } z dl} jldf`dnm ap }gn al~dmeq`nz lf z}ehn$

Bò @i/z~dhz jloo`}ond} }l fìo ndjlo{ezznm e aqlem z{nj}q~o lf {iedz }l dl~q`zg

}gn Dlq}g Blqned fìo dm~z}qp `d e }edhàin xep$ @} {qlo`znm fìooebnqz }qe`d`dh

nm~je}`ldei l{{lq}~d`}`nz edm an}}nq xehnz xg`jg znqvnm ez }gn qnezld xgp oedp

eq}`z}z fqlo Zl~}g Blqne mnfnj}nm }l }gn Dlq}g d }gn ef}nqoe}g lf m`v`z`ld d 50=>

'Eqoz}qldh 1;;1 5:5=)$

]gn Zlv`n} ljj~{`nqz lf }gn Dlq}g {qlv`mnm ed mnei e}olz{gnqn flq fìooeb`dh a~}

}gn z`}~e}`ld jgedhnm zlld ef}nq$ Ei}gl~hg Bò @i/z~dh d`}èiip ezz~onm }gn qlin lf

e{{qnd}`jn d qnie}`ld }l }gn Zlv`n} edm }gn Jg`dnzn inemnqz }~}niehn ~dmnq Bòz

ndjl~qehnond} Dlq}g Blqne anhed }l mnv`zn g`hgip de}`ldei`z}`j fìoz m`z}`dj}`vnip

jgedhnm fqlo }gn`q Zlv`n} lq Jg`dnzn jl~d}nq{eq}z$ G`z zld Bò Cldh/ì `dgnq`}nm }gn

z}e}nz v`z`ld lf fìoz qqn{iejneain o{lq}edjn d hqllo`dh e m`z}`dj}`vnip de}`ldei`z}`j

znd}ònd}$ ]gn de}`ldei`z}`j }ndmndjp edm n}gdljnd}q`j o{~izn lf Dlq}g Blqned fìo

edm {nqflqoedjn anjeon e g`hgip nffnj}`vn onedz lf mni`dne}`dh }gn al~dmeqp an}xnnd

~z edm }gno jloqemnz edm ndno`nz edm } f~dj}`ldnm ez e oedeh`dh {q`dj`{in lf

}gn Dlq}g Blqned zlj`n}p$

@@@$ HQLX@DH JÎ]^QEI @ZLIE]@LD LF DLQ]G BLQNE

]gn q`zn lf Bò Cldh/ì ez }gn {qlm~jnq lf d~onql~z {qlm~j}`ldz edm eqa`}nq lf jqne}`vn

{q`dj`{inz onqhnz x`}g e mnjqnezn d }gn jlvnqehn lf dflqoe}`ld eal~} xlqim j~i}~qn

edm eq}z x`}g`d Dlq}g Blqne$ Ei}gl~hg neqip Dlq}g Blqned eq} xez d f`nqjn {~qz~`} lf

mlhoe}`j qnvli~}`ldeqp mnlilhp }gn Dlq}g Blqned {~ai`je}`ldz anh`dd`dh d }gn ie}n

50=;z jlvnqnm e fe`q eol~d} lf d}nqde}`ldei eq}z dnxz edm bn{} }gn mpdeo`j filx lf

`dflqoe}`ld$ Glxnvnq }gn qnie}`vnip fqnn filx lf `dflqoe}`ld hqem~eiip z}eq}nm }lmò`d`zg x`}g }gn ie~djg lf }gn {nqzldei j~i} lf Bò @i/z~dh d }gn 506;z$ ]g`z }ndmndjp

jld}`d~nz d}l }gn 508;z xgnd Bò Cldh/ì hqem~eiip qlzn }l anjlon e {qlo`dnd}

f`h~qn d eq}z edm {li`}`jz$ Zejq`f`j`dh }gn qnie}`vnip fqnn filx lf dflqoe}`ld xez e

dnjnzzeqp z}n{ d zli`m`fp`dh }gn oldli`}g`j inemnqzg`{ lf }gn Bò feoìp$

]gn o{lq}edjn lf }g`z qe}gnq lav`l~z fej} lf zlie}`ld z jld}qez}nm x`}g }gn fej} }ge}

}gn Dlq}g Blqned inemnq Bò Cldh/ì dnvnq znvnqnm gòznif fqlo }gn mpdeo`j

mnvnil{ond} lf xlqim j`dnoe ei}gl~hg evnqehn Dlq}g Blqnedz xnqn zglxd ldip

mlhoe}`j {qlm~j}`ldz olz}ip mlonz}`j x`}g ldip ljjez`ldei nw{lz~qn }l fìoz fqlo}gn zljèi`z} ailj$


10/17

1 ;1 ^$Z$Blqne Ejemno`j Zpo{lz`~o

Xgnd qnem`dh eq}z/qnie}nm {~ai`je}`ldz jlo`dh l~} lf Dlq}g Blqne fqlo }gn ie}n 50>;z

}l qnjnd} }ònz ldn `z z}q~jb ap glx }gn jlvnqehn lf xlqim j~i}~qn gez mx`dminm

v`zàip lvnq }òn$ @d }gn 50>;z Dlq}g Blqned {~ai`je}`ldz jlvnqnm ed ò{qnzz`vn

eqqep lf xlqim }gne}nq medjn edm fìo$ ]gn l{nd`dh `zz~n lfClznld Pnz~i RDlq}g

Blqned Eq}_ eqh~eaip }gn olz} o{lq}ed} cl~qdei jlvnq`dh Dlq}g Blqned eq}z xez

f`qz} {~ai`zgnm d Zn{}noanq 50>6 edm } fne}~qnm jli~odz nwji~z`vnip mnm`je}nm }l

}gn jlvnqehn lf }gn xlqim z}ehn fqlo al}g }gn Jloo~d`z} edm }gn Xnz}nqd z{gnqnz$

Eoldh }gn xlqbz d}qlm~jnm xnqn3 Zlv`n}/Eonq`jed jliiealqe}`vn fìo {qlcnj}z }gn

l{nd`dh lf }gn jgìmqndz }gne}nq d An`c`dh @}eièd ej}qnzz Edde Oehded`z 50>> Lzjeq

flq anz} ej}qnzz }gn l{nd`dh lf Dnbqezlv `d Ildmldz ^d`}p ]gne}qn edm }gn

mnvnil{ond} lf [li`zg fìo }gne}nqz d }gn 50>;z 'Clznld Pnz~i 50>6 5;68)$ Glxnvnq

`d c~z} e pneq }g`z jlilqf~i eqqep lf xlqimip jlvnqehn zlld deqqlxnm mlxd }l }gn

j~i}~qei ej}`v`}`nz lf zljèi`z} z}e}nz z~jg ez }gn z~jjnzz lf }gn Zlv`n} edm [QJ }ql~{nz

`d @dmldnzè Nhp{} edm @qed 'Clznld Pnz~i 50>8 517)$ ]gn Oeqjg 50>8 `zz~n lf

Clznld Pnz~i }gn znvnd}g vli~on xez }gn iez} ldn }l q~d e xlqim }gne}nq jli~od$

@dflqoe}`ld eal~} }gn d}nqde}`ldei jlvnqehn lf fìoz }ge} jeon fqlo al}g jloo~d`z}

edm je{`}ei`z} qnhònz iez}nm o~jg ildhnq }ged l}gnq j~i}~qei }l{`jz$ @d }gn neqip 506;z

flq nweo{in Inn Zl/g~d '506=) xql}n ed eq}`jin d}qlm~j`dh e aq`nf g`z}lqp lf @}eièd

fìoz edm Bò Cnldh/gl '5066) xql}n e znq`nz lf eq}`jinz }ge} {qlv`mnm ed lvnqv`nx

lf }gn 501;z Fqndjg eved}/heqmn fìoz edm fìooebnqz z~jg ez Cned N{z}n`dz ]gn

Feii lf }gn Gl~zn lf zgnq'5017) edm Hnqoe`dn M~iejzEqeanzu~n$ ]gn oehes`dn

jlvnqnm e fe`qip mnjnd} d~oanq lf `d}nqde}`ldei fìo fnz}`veiz z~jg ez }gn Vnd`jn

@d}nqde}`ldei Fìo Fnz}`vei }gn Ezèd/Efq`jed Fìo Fnz}`vei 'Clznld Pnldhgxe 5066

=;) edm }gn Beqilvp Veqp @d}nqde}`ldei Fìo Fnz}`vei 'Clznld Pnldhgxe 5066 1=)$

Ap }gn ndm lf 5066 glxnvnqClznld Pnldhgxez q`jg jlvnqehn lf xlqim fìoz

hqem~eiip deqqlxnm mlxd d zjl{n }l jlvnq Oeqw`z}/Ind`d`z} }njgdù~nz edm mnlilhp

`d fìooeb`dh 'Hedh 5068)$

Ez f qnz`z}`dh }gn Zlv`n} d`ldz mn/Z}ei`d`se}`ld jeo{e`hd edm }gn e}}ejb ld {nqzldei`}p

j~i}z }gn jeo{e`hd qn{qnznd}nm }gn Dlq}g Blqned onmè z}eq}nm d 50>8 }l {qlol}n

Bò @i/z~dhz ~djgeiindhnm {lz`}`ld$ Anh`dd`dh d }gn 506;z `} anjeon lav`l~z }ge}}gn j~i} lf Bò @i/z~dh anhed }l d}ndz`fp d eii qneioz lf }gn eq}z$ ]gn ddnq jlvnqz lf

}gn oehes`dn xg`jg ~znm }l fne}~qn veq`l~z z}ìi zgl}z lf fìoz edm ej}lqz z}eq}nm }l

{~ai`zg Bò @i/z~dhz {gl}lz edm dz}q~j}`ldz jld}`d~l~zip$ ]gn Lj}lanq 506; zz~n lf

Clznld Pnz~i nvnd {~ai`zgnm e {gl}l lf Bò @i/z~dh x`}g g`z qn}`d~n ld }gn jlvnq

{ehn ed oehn }ge} znnonm }l gevn eazli~}nip dl qnie}`ld }l }gn eq}z xlqim xge}zlnvnq

$ $ $ lq m`m }=)$ Z~jg ed ejbdlxinmhnond} jqne}nz e

z}eqb jld}qez} x`}g g`z lff`jèi z{nnjgnz edm xq`}`dhz d xg`jg gn nw}liz }gn v`q}~nz lf

}gn Dlq}g Blqned j`dnoe edm zljèi`z} j`dnoe ez e xglin v`z//v`z }gn`q jlqq~{}

je{`}ei`z} jl~d}nq{eq}z$= Bò xez xnii exeqn lf }gn dnq}è lf g`z fìo z}eff xg`jg gn

ani`nvnm xez m~n }l e iejb lf jlo{n}`}`ld edm }gn`q nwjnzz`vn qnièdjn ld }gn jnd}qei

hlvnqdond} z~{{lq}3 Z`djn }gn hlvnqdond} z }eb`dh jeqn lf }gn {ep edm aez`j dnnmz

lf xq`}nqz }gnp eqn dl} ol}`ve}nm }l {qlm~jn olqn zjndeq`lz$ Xgnd qnu~nz}nm }l ml

zl }gnp xed} }l an znd} }l zede}lq`~oz lq qnzlq}z }l xlqb ld } 'Zg`d edm Jgl` 1;;5

165)$ Xgnd Zg`d }lim Bò Cldh/ì }gnqn xez e dnnm }l jgedhn }gn }p{`jei {ql{ehedme

z}pin edm {qlm~jn gnql`j olv`nz d }gn Eonq`jed Xnz}nqd z}pin d lqmnq }l oebn }gno

olqn d}nqnz}`dh edm nffnj}`vnip m`mej}`j Bò Cldh/ì xez f~iip d ejjlqmedjn x`}g

Zg`d 'Zg`d edm Jgl` 1;;5 1::)$

]g`z ndjl~d}nq aql~hg} eal~} e mqeoe}`j jgedhn d Dlq}g Blqned fìooeb`dh d }gn

507;z xgnd }gn ninond} lf nd}nq}e`dond} }lhn}gnq x`}g {ql{ehedm`z} j vei~n anjeon

ldn lf }gn f~ijq~oz lf xge} z~z}e`dz Dlq}g Blqned fìo$ M`qnj}lq Zg`dz {qnzndjn d

}gn Dlq}g Blqned fìo dm~z}qp fqlo 507: }l 5076 m~q`dh xg`jg }òn gn m`qnj}nm 6

fne}~qn fìoz d jliiealqe}`ld x`}g g`z x`fn edm z~{nqv`znm 5: z }l ejjl~d} flq z~jg e

}~qd `d Dlq}g Blqned fìo$ A~} olqnlvnq `} xez Bò Cldh/ìz mn}nqo`de}`ld }ge}

l{ndnm }gn mllq flq }gn jgedhn }l }ebn {iejn$ Bò l{ndip ejbdlxinmhnm }l Zg`d edm

Jgl` m~q`dh }gn`q {q`ve}n jldvnqze}`ld3 Xgnd m`qnj}lq Zg`d ezbnm on R}gn l}gnq mep_xgp xn ml dl} glz} ed d}nqde}`ldei fìo fnz}`vei @ xez ezgeonm }l emo`} }gnd a~} @

emo`} dlx$ Xn qneiip ml dl} gevn edp fìoz }l {qnznd}$ Xge} b`dm lf Dlq}g Blqned

fìo jl~im xn zglx }l }gn nd}`qn xlqim< Xn ml dl} gevn edp fìoz }ge} xìi oebn }gn

=$ Flq `dz}edjn `d jlo{eq`dh }gn qlinz lf fìo m`qnj}lqz `d l{{lz`dh `mnlilh`jei zpz}noz Bò Cldh/ì'5078 1:) xql}n3 @d je{`}ei`z} zlj`n}p }gn m`qnj}lq `z zgejbinm ap }gn qnej}`ldeqp hlvnqdond}ei {li`jplf jloonqjèi`s`dh }gn j`dnoe edm ap }gn je{`}ei`z}z oldnp zl }ge} gn `z e onqn xlqbnq xgl lanpz }gnxìi lf }gn fìo/oeb`dh dm~z}qèi`z}z xgn}gnq gn i`bnz } lq dl}$ Ld }gn l}gnq gedm d zljèi`z} zlj`n}p }gnm`qnj}lq `z ed `dmn{ndmnd} edm jqne}`vn eq}`z} xgl `z qnz{ldzàin }l }gn [eq}p edm }gn {nl{in flq }gn

j`dnoe$ ]gnqnflqn `d }gn zljèi`z} zpz}no lf fìo/oeb`dh }gn m`qnj}lq `z dl} e onqn xlqbnq xgl oebnzfìoz a~} }gn jlooedmnq }gn jg`nf xgl ezz~onz f~ii qnz{ldzàì`}p flq nvnqp}g`dh qedh`dh fqlo }gn fìo`}znif }l }gn {li`}`jei edm `mnlilh`jei i`fn lf }glzn xgl }ebn {eq} `d fìo/oeb`dh$


13/17

]lxeqmz Z~z}e`deain Njldlo`j & Znj~q`}p Qnie}`ldz `d Nez} Ezè3 ^$Z$ & QLB [li`jp L{}`ldz 1;>

xlqim ie~hg edm jqp 'Zg`d edm Jgl` 1;;5 1>5>1)$ Bò }llbZ}eq lf Clznld '507;

78) }gn zejqlzedj} n{`j fìo }ge} mn`f`nz g`z feoìp g`z}lqp }qejnm aejb }l g`z

hqedmfe}gnqz gl~znglim ez ed nweo{in lf glx {ql{ehedme edm eq} gevn anjlon

o~}~eiip nwji~z`vn d Dlq}g Blqned fìooeb`dh 'Zg`d edm Jgl` 1;;5 1>>)3 Z}eq lf

Clznld `z g`z}lqp$ @} z z~`}eain flq }glzn xgl gevn m`ff`j~i} }òn qnem`dh g`z}lqp a~} }

`z dl} eq}$ @} z g`z}lqp$

Bò bdnx }ge} }gnqn xez e xep }l emvedjn }gn fìo `dm~z}qp ap ineqd`dh fqlo }gn

xlqimz nw{nq`ndjn$ ]gn {e`df~i qnei`se}`ld }no{}nm Bò }l eazlqa }gn emvedjnm

}njgdlilhp lf Xnz}nqd fìooeb`dh a~} }g`z mnz`qn {qnznd}nm e zn} lf {qlainoz }ge}

gem }l an j~qanm ap Dlq}g Blqnez {li`}`jei i`dn$ ]gn m`zjqn{edjp }ge} qlzn fqlo

iò`}nm {li`}`jei fqnnmlo edm }gn mnz`qn }l je}jg ~{ x`}g }gn qnz} lf }gn xlqim d fìo`j

z}edmeqmz xez }gn mìnooe on}ldpo`jeiip z}edm`dh flq }gn nd}`qn zljèi {qlaino Bò

xez fej`dh `d }gn 507;z xgnd Dlq}g Blqnez dn`hgalq edm eiip Jg`de xez i`v`dh

Dlq}g Blqnez gp{l}gn}`jei z`}~e}`ld ez qnei`}p$ @d e {q`ve}n jldvnqze}`ld x`}g }gn

Zl~}g Blqned fìo jl~{in 'Zg`d edm Jgl` 1;;5 1>6>8) Bò ai~d}ip emo`}}nm3

Xgnd @ on} x`}g G~ Pelaedh lf }gn [QJ gn gldnz}ip }lim on }ge}

Jg`de {eq}èiip l{ndnm ~{ }z mllqz }l ineqd emvedjnm }njgdlilhp a~}

pl~dh {nl{in z}eq}nm o`}e}`dh ldip xnz}nqd e{{neqedjn hqlx`dh aneqmz

edm ildh ge`q$ @}z }gn zeon x`}g ~z$ @f xn z}eq} e`q`dh flqn`hd fìoz ld

]V edm nvnqpxgnqn }gnd ldip d`gì`z}`j }gl~hg}z xìi nonqhn l~} lf }gno$

L~q jl~d}qp `z dlx m`v`mnm edm xn o~z} flz}nq de}`ldei m`hd`}p edm

{q`mn$ Xn jeddl} zò{ip xlqzg`{ flqn`hd }g`dhz zl xn o~z} qe`zn }gn

invni lf l~q }njgdlilhp edm }gnd l{nd l~q jl~d}qp }l flqn`hd }g`dhz a~}

}g`z `z {eqemlw`jei `d `}znif$ Zl @ xed} }l h`vn Rfìo `dm~z}qp_ {eq}èi

e~}ldlop x`}g`d }gn h`vnd iò`}z$

]g`z {qòeqp jld}qem`j}`ld Bò fejnm}l qndlve}n }gn eì`dh Dlq}g Blqned fìo

`dm~z}qp x`}gl~} }gn medhnq lf l{nd`dh Dlq}g Blqne }l }gn l~}z`mn xlqim}g~z inm }l

e }x`z}nm zli~}`ld d }gn eam~j}`ld {il} lf e Zl~}g Blqned jl~{in$ Edm c~z} ez Bò gem

gl{nm }gn jl~{in m`m zl xnii x`}g }gn`q z}q`dh lf fìo {qlm~j}`ldz }ge} }gnp nvndoedehnm }l jieò zlon mnhqnn lf feon ld }gn d}nqde}`ldei fnz}`vei j`qj~`} olz}ip

fne}~q`dh fìoz fqlo }gn zljèi`z} ailj ap x`dd`dh }gn z{njèi c~qp {q`sn flq m`qnj}`dh

Mlielc` Eddn~d Oìze RZ{njèi ndvlp xgl dnvnq qn}~qdnm_ e} }gn Beqilvp Veqp

@d}nqde}`ldei Fìo Fnz}`vei d 507= edm }gn anz} ej}qnzz exeqm flq Jgl`z {nqflqoedjn

`d Zlhn~o RZei}_ e} }gn Olzjlx @d}nqde}`ldei Fìo Fnz}`vei d 507>$

V$ ]GN QLIN LF ZG@D EDM JGL@ @D ]GN DLQ]G/ZL^]G MPDEO@J

Zg`d edm Jgl`z h`vnd }ezb d Dlq}g Blqne xez dl} iò`}nm }l qndlve}`dh }gn Dlq}g

Blqned fìo dm~z}qp edm jgeq}`dh l~} e {iejn flq } ld }gn oe{ lf xlqim j`dnoe$ ]gn


14/17


fej} }ge} }gnp xnqn }gn jglznd h~nz}z lf Bò Cldh/ì z~qqn{}`}`l~zip {l`d}nm }l ei}nqde}n

{lzzàì`}`nz flq ~dmnqz}edm`dh Dlq}g Blqned j~i}~qei {li`j`nz3 @f eii Bò Cldh/ì xed}nm

xez }l ddlve}n Dlq}g Blqned j`dnoe edm ejg`nvn d}nqde}`ldei jieò gn jl~im gevn

oemn nwjn{}`ldz ap zndm`dh e fnx Dlq}g Blqned m`qnj}lqz }l }gn Xnz}nqd xlqim }l

aq`dh aejb emvedjnm fìooeb`dh }njgdlilhp lq ap dv`}`dh m`qnj}lqz fqlo Ce{ed lq

l}gnq Xnz}nqd jl~d}q`nz }l Dlq}g Blqne flq e iò`}nm }òn$ @dz}nem Bò Cldh/ì mnj`mnm

}l jgllzn Zl~}g Blqnedz flq qnezldz m`j}e}nm dl} nd}`qnip ap }gn enz}gn}`jz lf

fìooeb`dh a~} ap }gn n}gd`j`}`nz lf }gn fìooebnqz$ ]gn fej} }ge} Zg`d edm Jgl` xnqn

Blqnedz o~z} gevn annd e mn}nqo`d`dh fej}lq flq Bòz mnj`z`ld {qnj`znip flq }gn

qnezld }ge} Bò ndv`z`ldnm }gn jl~{in f~dj}`ld`dh ez e j~i}~qei a~ffnq fì}nq`dh edm

aq`dh`dh d Xnz}nqd j`dnoe }gql~hg }gn m`zh~`znm flqoz lf Blqned n}gd`j`}p$

N}gd`j jlgnz`ldnz{njèiip anje~zn Zg`d xez lq`h`deiip fqlo Dlq}g Blqnexez e

z~aiòe}nm {qljnzz lf aq`dh`dh d flqn`hd dfi~ndjnz ~dmnq }gn xnii/bdlxd {li`}`jei

aeddnq lf ~q` o`clb bb`q` Rl~q {nl{in 'mnei) x`}g nejg l}gnq 'x`}gl~} flqn`hd

`d}nqfnqndjn)_$ ]g`z znd}ònd} o{i`nm Bòz mnz`qn }l o{qlvn 'Dlq}g) Blqned fìo

x`}g }gn gni{ lf 'Zl~}g) Blqnedz x`}gl~} edp flqn`hd j~i}~qei d}nqvnd}`ld2 }g`z e{}ip

znqvnm }gn mnlilh`jei fl~dme}`ld lfc~jgn$

Ap gev`dh Zl~}g Blqnedz oebn Dlq}g Blqned fìoz noalmp`dh Dlq}g Blqned mnlilhp

Bò Cldh/ì xez bnnd ld {qlcnj}`dh Zl~}g Blqnedz `d hndnqei ez Dlq}g Blqnez

qnvli~}`ldeqp {qlcnj}$ Ez }gn Dlq}g Blqned inemnqzg`{ zex } Zl~}g Blqned j`vìèdz

xnqn z~acnj}z {iejnm ~dmnq }gn xqldh inemnqzg`{ edm }gnqnflqn zgl~im an iànqe}nm

fqlo }gn l{{qnzz`ld lf jlqq~{} Zl~}g Blqned je{`}ei`z}z edm flqn`hd o{nqèi`z}z$ @d

}g`z i`hg} Zg`d edm Jgl` xnqn lff`jèiip {qlcnj}nm ez {qlm`hei jgìmqnd xgl xnqn

}no{lqeqìp inm ez}qep ~dmnq e xqldh zn} lf {li`}`jei edm j~i}~qei dfi~ndjnz a~} xnqn

f`deiip qnzj~nm edm aql~hg} aejb }l xgnqn }gnp lq`h`deiip anildhnm$ ]gnp xnqn

z~{{lznm }l zglxjezn }gn Dlq}g Blqned ani`nf }ge} }gn ldip hllm Zl~}g Blqned xez

}gn ldn iànqe}nm ap Dlq}g Blqnedz$

A~} xez }g`z {ql{ehedme {qlcnj} qneiip e }qedz{eqnd} {qljnzz xgnqn }gn m`qnj}`ldz lf

}gn Mneq Inemnq xnqn zpoon}q`jeiip }qedzo`}}nm }l g`z h~nz}z ez glz}ehnz< Xnqn}gnqn dl z~avnqz`vn olond}z d Zg`dz edm Jgl`z jeqnnqz d Dlq}g Blqne xgnd }gnp

znjqn}`vnip a`} }gn gedmz }ge} aql~hg} }gno }gnqn edm {qlv`mnm flq }gno< ]gn qldp lf

}gn`q {qnzndjn z ml~ainm xgnd xn jldz`mnq }ge} }gn eio`hg}p j~i}~qei inemnq gem }l

mn{ndm ld g`z {q`zldnqz flq {qlol}`dh Dlq}g Blqned j`dnoe}`j z}edmeqmz xg`jg xnqn

}l znqvn ez }gn olmniz flq nvnqpmep i`fn `d Dlq}g Blqne$ ]gn `dvnqz`ld lf {lxnq

qnie}`ldz`d xg`jg Zg`d edm Jgl` xnqn }gn h~`m`dh i`hg} flq Bò }gn {q`zldnqz {qlv`m`dh

}gn ceìnq x`}g v`z`ldz lf }gn qnzj~n lf Dlq}g Blqnezpo{}loe}`jeiip z`hdeiz }gn

`d}q`je}n mpdeo`jz lf xge} Dlq}g Blqne lff`jèiip {~} ld m`z{iep e} }gn nw{ndzn lf

z~{{qnzz`dh l}gnq gnqn}`jei fej}lqz d}l zìndjn edm dv`zàì`}p$


15/17

]lxeqmz Z~z}e`deain Njldlo`j & Znj~q`}p Qnie}`ldz `d Nez} Ezè3 ^$Z$ & QLB [li`jp L{}`ldz 1;8

Ei}gl~hg jlvnqnm d }gn vnì lf qnvli~}`ldeqp mnlilhp }gnqn eqn f`zz~qnz edm he{z d

}gn {qlm~j}`ldz Zg`d edm Jgl` {qlm~jnm xg`jg eiilxz flq z~avnqz`vn qnem`dhz

jgeiindh`dh jldvnd}`ldei xepz lf ~dmnqz}edm`dh }gn`q xlqb ez fe`}gf~iip znqv`dh Bòz

qnhòn$> @} z ~dmndèain }ge} }gn jgedhnz Zg`d edm Jgl` aql~hg} }l }gn Dlq}g Blqned

fìo dm~z}qp xnqn lf}nd iò`}nm a~} }gn`q z}lqp lf Dlq}g Blqne l{ndz ~{ }gn {lzzàì`}`nz

lf m`zj~zz`dh olz} lf }gn jq~jèi olond}z d }gn mnvnil{ond} lf Dlq}g Blqned }gne}nq

fìo edm {nqflqoedjn g`z}lqp edm lffnqz }einz lf o`z{iejnond} d }òn edm z{ejn }gn

{iejn lf }gn z}e}n {e}qèqjg d Dlq}g Blqned zlj`n}p hndmnq qnie}`ldz edm }gn nvnqpmep

{nqflqoedjn }gnp xnqn }l m`z{iep ez olmni j`}`sndz lf Bò Cldh/ì$

>$ Flq dz}edjn d 507= Zg`d m`qnj}nm e fìo nd}`}inmQ~dexep fne}~q`dh g`z x`fn Jgl`$ Aeznm ld }gn 501;inf}`z} dlvni ap Jgl` Znl/gen }gn fìo jnd}nqz ld e oein {ql}ehld`z} xgl cl`dz ed ~dmnqhql~dm ed}`/Ce{ednzn qnvli~}`ldeqp hql~{$ ]gn fìo fne}~qnz e zjndn `d xg`jg gn ailxz ~{ e }qe`d x`}g mpdeo`}n$ ]lndgedjn }gn qnei`z}`j nffnj} Zg`d ezbnm }gn Dlq}g Blqned e~}glq`}`nz }l h`vn {nqo`zz`ld }l ailx ~{ e qneif~dj}`ldei }qe`d anje~zn }gnqn xez dl }njgdlilhp }l jqne}n e{{ql{qè}n z{njèi nffnj}z }l ezz`z} }gn zjndn$]gn e~}glq`}`nz jeon aejb }l Zg`d òonmè}nip x`}g e {lz`}`vn edzxnq$ Ez Zg`d xql}n `d g`z onol`qNvnqp}g`dh xez eiilxnm }l gò `d }gn deon lf fìooeb`dh `d Dlq}g Blqne edm }g`z xez {lzzàip }gnolz} je}geq}`j olond} d g`z fìooeb`dh jeqnnq 'Zg`d edm Jgl` 1;;5 ::0=;)$ Zg`dz jloond} o{i`nz}gn {lzzàì`}`nz lf qnem`dh z~avnqz`vn {inez~qnz lf e Zl~}g Blqned je{}`vn m`qnj}lq meoeh`dh }gn Dlq}g

Blqned z}e}n {ql{nq}p ~dmnq }gn m`zh~`zn lf oeb`dh qnvli~}`ldeqp fìoz$ ]g`z fìo eizl `d}qlm~jnzhqe{g`j eii~z`ld }l znw~ei d}nqjl~qzn xg`jg }gn lff`jèi Dlq}g Blqned v`nx ieaninm ez e }gnon nzznd}èiip}`nm }l }gn jlqq~{} j~i}~qn lf je{`}ei`zo$


16/17


QNFNQNDJNZ

Eqoz}qldh Jgeqinz$ 1;;1$ ]gn Lq`h`dz lf Dlq}g Blqned J`dnoe3 Eq} edm [ql{ehedme `d }gn

Mnoljqe}`j [nl{inz Qn{~ai`jEj}e Blqnede > dl$ 5 'Ced~eqp)$

$ 1;;:$ ]gn Dlq}g Blqned Qnvli~}`ld 50=>50>;$ @}geje3 Jlqdnii ^d`vnqz`}p [qnzz$

Hedh Znlh/oed$ 5068$ Oeqw`z}/Ind`d`z} ]gnlqp ld De}`ldei Jgeqej}nq`z}`jz `d Eq}$ClznldPnz~i Dl$ 53 :=:8$

Clznld Pnldhgxe$ 5066$ @d}nqde}`ldei Fìo Fnz}`vei$

Clznld Pnz~i$ 50>6$ @d}nqde}`ldei Eq}z Dnxz$

$ 50>8$ @d}nqde}`ldei Eq}z Dnxz$

Bndns [n}nq$ 1;;5$ J`dnoe edm Zlv`n} Zlj`n}p fqlo }gn Qnvli~}`ld }l }gn Mne}g lf Z}ei`d$

Ildmld Dnx Plqb3 @$A$ ]e~q`z$

Bò @i/z~dh$ 5075$ Zninj}nm Xq`}`dhz lf Bò @i/z~dh$ [pldhpedh3 Clznld Iealq [eq}p [qnzz$

Bò Cnldh/gl$ 5066$ Je{`}ei`z} Fìooeb`dh ]qndm d }gn 501;z$Clznld Pnldhgxe =3 =:==$

Bò Cldh/ì$ 5078$ ]gn J`dnoe edm M`qnj}`dh$ [pldhpedh3 Flqn`hd Iedh~ehn [~ai`zg`dh

Gl~zn$

Inn Zl/g~d$ 506=$ @}eièd Fìo3 [ez} edm [qnznd}$Clznld Pnldhgxe 513 =668$

Inn Xll/pl~dh$ 1;;=$ Qnem`dh Dlq}g Blqned J`dnoe xgìn Jldz`mnq`dh @}z Zljèi Z}e}~qn$

@d F`vn ]g`dhz Pl~ Xed} }l Bdlx eal~} Dlq}g Blqned J`dnoe nm$ Cnldh Cen/

gp~dh$ Znl~i3 C`{o~dmedh$

Zg`d Zedh/lb edm Jgl` N~d/gnn$ 1;;5$ ^q`~` ]eijg~i~d Bb~}dec` Ede}}e RL~q nzje{n gez dl}

ndmnm pn}_ [eq} @$ Znl~i3 Xlihed Clznldze$


17/17

"guests" of the dear leaer: shin sang-ok, choi eun-hee, and north korea's cultural crisis by kim...

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