guest worker programs and circular migration: what works?

8/8/2019 Guest Worker Programs and Circular Migration: What Works?

1/17

ImmIgratIon PaPer SerIeS 09

GUEST WORKER PROGRAMS

AND CIRCULAR MIGRATION: WHAT WORKS?

FRIEDRICH HECKMANN

European Forum for Migration Studies

ELMAR HNEKOPP

Institut fr Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung

EDDA CURRLE

European Forum for Migration Studies
http://gmfus.org/


2/17

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4/17

Guest Worker Programs and Circular Migration:

What Works?

3

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Introduction1


5/17

The German Marshall Fund of the United States4

The guest worker

program was

conceived as a

strictly temporary

program in which

new workers

would rotate

between their

country of origin

and Germany.


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Expansion of secondary and higher

education: M v,

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Demography: T b

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market during the 1960s: I

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week: G w v 4

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Lessons from the guest worker

program in Germany, 195519732


6/17


What Works?

5

The developme

of the immigratio

situation

Germany can b

better understoo

by looking at wh

happened to th

initial intentions

the main actors

employe

receiving count

and workers

the proces

w. A, b w v b

v w

w. T , ,

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G .

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w w

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b

(Kb , 11).

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abroadw v b

at home. G w wv,

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v

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The employers: E z v

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A , w v

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w . E

z b

w: T F

Lb O b

w w w w v

w .

Rv w v

z w

(J 18: 748).

The receiving country: U

, G bb

Deutschland ist kein Einwanderungsland,

. T w

17 18 w Integration auf

Zeit.Y, , b

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v, w

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7/17


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The workers: T v, ,

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b

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w b w b

M E.

The main

lesson to be

learned from

the German

guest worker

program is that

it is very difficult

to restrict such

workers to an

economic role.


8/17


What Works?

7

The curtailment

of the Bracero

Program in 1960

and its end in

1964 saw the

beginning of the

increasing wave

illegal immigratio

that we see up to

the present.

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Lessons from the Bracero Program in

the United States, 194219643


9/17


Against the

widespread

understanding,

circular migration

is more than only

a special form

of temporary

migration.

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b (M 7: 37). B

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v.

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New programs for a changed

situation4

Table: Typology of circular migration according to Agunias and Newland

Permanent migrants Temporary migrants

Permanent returnReturn of Irish diaspora in the

late 1990s

Korean turnkey project managers

in the Middle East

Temporary returnTaiwanese migrants from Canada

and Silicon Valley

Contract workers from the

Philippines

S: A/Nw 7, 4


10/17


What Works?

9

The European

Commission

will develop a

number of legal

instruments to

promote circular

migration. The

general purpose

of these activitie

is to increase

the welfare of

both the membe

states and the

sending countrie

b , b b

, b

v.

Second proposal package: Promotion and

development of circular migration

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Increasingillegalimmigrationandillegal

, w

Growingnumbersofseasonalworkersfrom

EU

Highunemploymentratesamonglow-

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q w

Agingofsocietyanddecreasinglaborsupply EU ,

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Increasingdemandfor(highly)qualified

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Internationalcompetitionforhighlyqualified

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C 7).

First proposal: Establishment of mobility

partnerships

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b b. I , v w x b

1 C 5 b B/H 7.

The present discussion on labor

migration programs in the European

Union15


11/17


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regarding the control of circular migrationT E C

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Cons:Becauseofshorterstays,incentivesto

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Result:Circularmigrationisobviouslymore

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Circular

migration can

contribute to

a reduction of

unemployment

via flexible

adaptation of

labor supply to

labor demand.

However, circular

migration

workers usually

do not gain

human capital

in the receiving

countries.


12/17


What Works?

11

Migration in

general and

circular migration

can speed up

the convergence

process.

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Alternative political proposals

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.


13/17


An immigration

policy for long-

term change that

also takes into

consideration the

interests of the

sending countries

should pay

attention to six

decisive criteria.

1. Increased qualification level of immigrants:

I G E

,

v v w q v (

U S, C, A,

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b . C

b q

w w .

2. Increased immigration rates in the long run:

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v . A

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b .

R .

3. Increased incentives for return and circular

migration:

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b

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4. Limiting the granting of temporary work and

residence permits:

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v v .

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.

5. Promotion and support of investments ineducation in the sending countries:

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q

v . M

b w b

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..,

vb v

w . B

bw v b

v .

6. Contribution to economic development and

improvement of the institutional framework

in the sending countries:

A

b w b

b

v , .., b

b

b v v w . S

x

bw

C E

E EU. T w b

v v

( )

,

q w .

Final remarks: Circular migration as

part of the development of a European

migration policy

I Db 1 E S

T (F)

j E

b v. G EU, b


14/17


What Works?

13

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bj

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w

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bw EU b . T

w v b 8,

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b b E

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8. A v ,

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b w E

P I A, b

E C B

Ob 1516, 8. N w

w b ,

b b v

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EU

C.

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1. L : q

w, B C,

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3. B : v b

v w ,

b, Fx (EU x b

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(1)

5. C :

v

bw v

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w b H .


15/17


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Policy Routes and Ways Forward. W,

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=1&=EN&L=

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