gts seminar dubai 7dec2015
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Int. Symposium on Recent Advances in High-Rise Buildings & Geotechnical Analysis 7-Dec-15, Knowledge City, Dubai
3D Numerical Analysis of Piled-raft FoundationsConcepts & Case studies
Ahmed Elkadi, PhD, M.ASCE
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Contents
• Piled-raft systems
• Pile modeling & embedded piles
• Single pile calibration
• Parametric analysis
• Case studies
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Piled Rafts (PR)
Advantages of a piled raft foundation
• Limitation of absolute and differential settlements
• Reduction in foundation tilting either due to load eccentricity or due to
irregularities in the subsoil
• Reduction in raft internal stresses
• Economical foundation option for
circumstances where the performance of
the raft alone does not satisfy the design
requirements.
• The addition of a limited number of piles
may improve the ultimate load capacity,
the settlement and differential settlement
performance, and the required thickness
of the raft. (H.G. Poulos, 2001)
Piled-rafts
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www.geomarc.it
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Piled Rafts
SSI of piled-rafts
Interaction influences:
• Pile-Soil interaction
• Pile-Pile interaction
• Raft-Soil interaction
• Pile-Raft interaction
Piled-raft system
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Piled Rafts
• Ensure that the foundation does not undergo excessive displacementsServiceability limit state (SLS) => rmax < r allowable & qmax < q allowable
• Overall stability should be insuredUltimate limit state (ULS) => Rg* ≥ S* (geotechnical)
Design issues
Key questions:• The relative proportion of load carried by the raft and piles
• Which pile configuration reduces total and differential settlements
3D Nonlinear FE Analysis
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Piled Rafts
Desirable characteristics for the analysis of piled rafts
• Pile groups subjected to vertical load and
moments in both horizontal directions
• Realistic (nonlinear) soil behavior
• Non-linear soil-pile interface behavior
• Different pile types within group
• Raft/cap stiffness incorporated
• Structure stiffness incorporated
Analysis characteristics
TC18 report, 2001
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Model Simulation
Geotechnical reportSoil profiles
Lab (e.g. Triaxial tests)
Field (e.g. CPT, SPT,..)
Calibration
Foundation Design
• Serviceability Limit State
• Ultimate Limit State
Determine the required structural parameters
Structural Design
Pile TestsSLT, DLT, RLT, PDA
Numerical Model
• Parametric Study
• Load Combinations
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Three pile modeling approaches are available:
• Solid Element Model
• Beam-Solid Connectivity Model
• Line-to-Solid Interface Model (embedded pile)
Pile modeling in DIANAPile modeling concepts
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Model = Soil (solid) + Pile (solid) + Interface (surface)
Nodal connectivity is required on pile outer surface
Solid element modelSolid element model
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Points of attention for solid element models:
• Model definition and mesh-generation could be elaborative for large number of piles
• Many elements in model large computation times
• Pile forces and moments are not directly available in post-processing
• Interface behavior: elastic, nonlinear elastic, coulomb friction, and user-supplied material
Surface interface elements for solid-to-solid connection:
Solid element modelSolid element model
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Model = Soil (solid) + Pile (beam) + Interface (line)
Nodal connectivity is required along pile length
Beam solid connectivity modelBeam-solid model
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Points of attention for beam-solid element models:
• The nodal compatibility requirement makes geometry modeling and
meshing of the soil elaborative.
• For piled rafts with large number of piles, this technique produces
large models large computation times
Line interface elements for beam-to-solid connection:
Beam solid connectivity modelBeam-solid model
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Model = Soil (solid) + Pile (beam) + Interface (line-to-solid)
No nodal connectivity required => well-suited for PRs
Line-to-soild interface model
Sadek & Shahrour (2004):
A three dimensional embedded beam element for reinforced geomaterials
Shear interaction between beam element and surrounding soil.
Line-to-solid (Embedded pile) model
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Elementary Coordinate
y
z
x
Line-to-solid interface elements for beam-to-solid connection:
Characteristics of line-to-solid interface modeling in DIANA:
• Pile and soil geometries and meshes can be specified independently
• Intersections of line and solid elements are calculated automatically
• Nonlinear friction-slip properties for line-solid interface elements
• Mesh refinement requirements for the soil are minimum
reduced computation time
Line-to-soild interface modelLine-to-solid (Embedded pile) model
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Model = Soil (solid) + Pile (beam) + Interface (point-to-solid)
Axis of pile tip bearing
y
z
x
Pile tip sping
Point-to-soild interface model
Characteristics of point-to-solid interface modeling in DIANA:
• The pile tip can be arbitrarily placed in the solid element
• Nonlinear properties for point-solid interface elements
Point-to-solid (Embedded pile) model
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Relative Slipdisplacement
Shaft friction forceper unit length of pile
1
Ks
Ultimate shear force, qu
Input parameters:
• Ultimate shear force, qu [kN/m]
per unit length of the pile, at reference depth
• Shear Stiffness Modulus, Ks [kPa]
Linear elastic penalty stiffness of the interface
in the longitudinal direction of the pile.
• Normal Stiffness Modulus, Kn,Kt [kPa]
Linear elastic penalty stiffness of the
interface in the transversal direction.
These input parameters are best extracted from
SLT results after separating shaft friction and
base bearing behavior from the total response
Pile element parameters
Pile bearing capacity is input in pile elements and not a result of the calculation!
=> Deformation behavior
Line-to-solid interface model
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Pile element parametersPile element parameters
Skin tractions
ts = qs/length = ks * (Du) ≤ qult
tn = qn/length = kn * (Du)
tt = qt/length = kt * (Du)
Displacement
Specified bearing capacity
Force
Relative
displacement
Tau
Base (tip) bearing capacity
qb = kb * (Du) ≤ qbult
Relative
displacement
Tip
capacity
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VerificationSingle pile analysis of the Alzey Bridge pile loading test
The pile load test was conducted by Sommer & Hammabach in 1974 to optimize the foundation
design of Alzey Highway Bridge in Germany (El-Mossallamy 1999)
Calibration analysis
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VerificationSingle pile analysis of the Alzey Bridge pile loading test
Calibration analysis
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O. Elkadi (2011):
M.Sc. Thesis “Performance of Piled Raft Systems”
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Parametric study
D = 1.3m
S/D = 2, 3 & 4
L/D = 5 & 20
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Parametric study
29MM 15MM
D = 1.3m S/D = 2 L/D = 5
21
30MM
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D = 1.3m
S/D = 2, 3 & 4
Pile Group L/D=20 Pile Group L/D=5
Parametric study
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Piled-raft L/D=20 Piled-raft L/D=5
D = 1.3m
S/D = 2, 3 & 4
Parametric study
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Parametric study
% load carried by raft for different pile layouts in piled-raft
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Single pile vs pile group vs piled raft
Group behavior and pile-raft interaction reduce on the one hand the stiffness
of the piles and increase on the other hand their bearing capacity
Pile behavior
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Single pile vs pile group vs piled raftPile behavior
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Piled raft foundation
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Case study: Pentominium Tower
Hyder Consulting, 2008
Worlds Tallest residential building
• > 100 stories tall (>500m)
• Preliminary design 233 piles
• 1.5m Diameter
• 46-51m long
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Piled raft foundation
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Case study: Pentominium Tower
Kamiran et. al., Proceedings ICE, Civil Engineering, 162, Nov. 2009
Site Investigation
Field
• 8 boreholes 80-125 deep boreholes
• standard penetration testing
• packer permeability testing
• pressuremeter testing at 3 m intervals in
three of the boreholes
• geophysics (cross-hole, cross-hole
tomography and down-hole testing)
Lab
• cyclic undrained triaxial
• cyclic simple shear
• stress path triaxial testing
• resonant column
• constant normal stiffness testing
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Piled raft foundation
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Case study: Pentominium Tower
Model statistics
• 102355 nodes
• 6260 beam elements
• 22200 plate elements
• 3520 interface elements
• 6250 pile interface elements
• 162184 solid wedge elements
• 10 Load cases
MIDAS GTS software
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Piled raft foundation
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Case study: Pentominium Tower
User defined Nonlinear elastic &
Nonlinear Elasto-plastic soil models
MIDAS GTS software
Kamiran et. al., Proceedings ICE, Civil Engineering, 162, Nov. 2009
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Piled raft foundation
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Case study: Pentominium Tower
Final design from 36MN => 32MN
Pile length of 42m
Hyder: “complex geotechnical finite element analysis has been carried
out, which has been validated using standard geotechnical calculation
techniques. The application of such testing and analysis approach has
resulted in a cost-effective and optimised foundation design solution.”
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Piled raft foundation>250 Piles of 1.5m diameter
Varying length: 35m edge, 65m center
Marine sediments underlayed by Sandstone
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Case study: Kingdom Tower
Langan International
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jeddah_tower.jpg#/media/File:Jeddah_tower.jpg
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Piled raft foundation
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Case study: Kingdom Tower
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Piled raft foundation
Deformed shape of vertical displacement
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Case study: Kingdom Tower
DIANA SOFTWARE
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Piled raft foundation
Axial forces in the piles
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Case study: Kingdom Tower
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Introduction to Pile Analysis
Q & AShams Tower, 2006
Palazzo Versace & D1 Tower, 2007
FAD Towers, 2007