gt kt chieu sang - vu hung cuong

8/4/2019 Gt Kt Chieu Sang - Vu Hung Cuong

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TRUNG TM IN TMY TNH

TRNG I HC KHOA HC TNHIN TPHCM

GGIIOO TTRRNNHH TTMMTTTT

KK TTHHUUTT

CCHHIIUU SSNNGG(n bn ln thhai)

UBin sonU: V Hng Cng

TPHCM Thng 10/2010


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ULI NOI AU

Giao trnh nay c soan trong boi canh hoc vien cac Lp chuyen e THIET KE IENHP CHUANcan mot giao trnh he thong e tham khao va on tap de dang phan Thiet kechieusang cua Chuyen e. Mat khac, khi tiet kiem thi gian chep bai luc nghe giang, hoc vien se danhnhieu gi hn cho viec tiep thu cac v du, viec hoc tap cac thiet ke mau cung cac phan mem thietke.

Chng 1 noi ve ly thuyet c s ky thuat chieu sang nham nhac lai cho cac hoc vien cac ai lngva n v quang trac, cung vi khai niem cac yeu cau trong ky thuat chieu sang.

Cac chng 2,3 va 4 co tnh hng oi tng, nham vao ky thuat va phng phap tnh toan khacnhau cho 3 oi tng thiet ke chieu sang: chieu sang ben trong (indoor lighting), chieu sang ben

ngoai (outdoor lighting) va chieu sang ng giao thong (road lighting).

Chng 5 nham trnh bay ve en va choa en va cac van e lien quan, la phan kien thc thc tethay oi rat nhanh theo cac thi ky, ma hoc vien thng thieu tai lieu tham khao bang tieng Viet.

Giao trnh nay bam sat cac yeu cau cua cac tieu chuan chieu sang hien hanh cua Viet Nam va cuaUy ban Quoc te ve Chieu sang CIE (Commission Internaltionale DEclairage). o chnh la muctieu chu yeu cua Lp chuyen e THIET KE IEN HP CHUAN.

ay khong phai la mot giao trnh toan tap cho moi ngi, ma ch la mot giao trnh tom tat cho cac

hoc vien cua mot lp chuyen e. Do o tac gia khong co tham vong trnh bay het tat ca cac van eve ky thuat chieu sang. Mat khac co mot so noi dung trnh bay trc quan hay v du tnh toan daidong, a trnh bay trong bai giang cua lp hoc, th cung khong can trnh bay lai trong giao trnhnay, e tiet kiem giay in, gop phan bao ve moi trng.

Trong giao trnh co s dung lai mot so cac hnh ve, d lieu, va hnh anh cua mot soong nghiep,nha san xuat, va chuyen gia khac, ma cha co ieu kien xin phep. Mong cac v lng tnh dung th.

Tac gia ac biet gi li cam ta en PGS TS Nguyen Hu Phng, Nha giao u tu, ngi thay knhmen, luon khuyen khch, cham soc cho Chuyen e THIET KE IEN HP CHUAN. Cung gi li

cam n en hoc vien cac lp C83T, C84T va C85T, a ong vien tac gia mau cho ra giao trnhnay e phuc vu cho cac lp hoc. ong thi tac gia cung gi li cam n sau sac en cac giang vienong nghiep, va cac nhan vien cua Trung tam ien t - May tnh, Trng ai hoc Khoa hoc Tnhien TP.Ho Ch Minh, a giup rat nhieu e lp THIET KE IEN HP CHUAN i c changng en thanh cong nh ngay hom nay.

Giao trnh an hanh lan th hai, van co thecon nhieu sai sot. Tac gia cam n trc tat ca cac banong nghiep hay hoc vien nao giup phat hien cac sai sot o, e sa cha kp cho an ban lan sau./-

Vu Hung Cng


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UMUC LUC

UCHNG 1U : LY THUYET C S VE KY THUAT CHIEU SANG

I. CAC AI LNG QUANG TRAC VA N V 111. Quang thong (luminous flux) 112. Cng o sang (luminous intensity) 11a- Khai niem goc khoi. b- Cng o sang. c- ng cong phan bo cng o sang IDC (Intensity

Distribution Curve).

3. o roi (illuminance) 13

a- nh ngha. b-Cac tr so o roi trong thc te . c- Quan he gia o roi va cng o sang . d- o roitrung bnh.

4. o choi(luminance).............16

a- nh ngha . b-Cac tr so o choi thc te. c-Ban chat cua be mat nhan anh sang. d-Be mat phan xakhuyet tan hoan toan. e-nh luat Lambert. f-He so phan xa cua mot so be mat vat lieu.

5. Nhiet o mau (colour temperature) 18

a-Mot so v du ve nhiet o mau. b-Cac thang nhiet o mau theo CIE va en v du. c-Bieu oKruithoff.

6. Ch so truyen at mau Ra (Colour Rendering Index) .20a-nh ngha. b -Cap chieu sang theo ch so truyen at mau.

II. KHAI NIEM CAC YEU CAU CUA KY THUAT CHIEU SANG 201. Cac yeu cau cua moi trng chieu sang .202. Cac tieu chuan thiet ke chieu sang 213. Phan biet chieu sang lam viec va chieu sang my thuat 21

III. PHAN LOAI KY THUAT CHIEU SANG .211- Chieu sang ben trong (indoor lighting) 212- Chieu sang ben ngoai (outdoor lighting) 22a-Chieu sang cac cong trnh o th. b-Chieu sang cong vien, vn hoa. c-Chieu sang cac cong trnhkien truc, my thuat. d-Chieu sang cac cong trnh The duc the thao ngoai tri.


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3- Chieu sang ng giao thong (road lighting).22UCHNG 2U : CHIEU SANG BEN TRONG

I. AI CNG 231. Cac oi tng thiet ke chieu sang ben trong .232. Cac ch tieu cua moi trng chieu sang .233. Cac tieu chuan cua thiet ke chieu sang ben trong .24

II. O ROI CHO CHIEU SANG TRONG NHA 241. Bac thang o roi .24

2.

o roi lam viec yeu cau theo tieu chuan .25a-Theo TCXD 16:1986. b-Theo tieu chuan Uy ban Quoc te ve Chieu sang (CIE).

3. o roi cua vung can xung quanh (immediate surrounding) .294. He so ong eu .295. Cac cong thc tnh toan o roi iem 29a- o roi tren mat phang ngang. b- o roi tren mat phang ng .c- o roi tren mat phang nghieng.

d- Cong thc cua nguon mat (luminous surface). e- o roi (ban) tru (semi cylindrical illuminance).6. Tnh toan o roi trung bnh 317. Tnh toan o roi trtrung bnh 32a- Cach tnh. b-anh gia.

III. PHAN BO O CHOI (LUMINANCE DISTRIBUTION) .341. o choi thch nghi cho tran va tng .342. o choi cua boi canh 353. o tng phan va o nhn ro .36

a- o tng phan . b-o nhn ro

IV. HAN CHE CHOI LOA .371. Choi loa giam kha nang quan sat (Disability Glare) 37a- o choi gay loa tng ng. b-He so choi loa S va ch so choi loa P.


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2. Choi loa mat tien nghi (Discomfort Glare) .39a-Theo tieu chuan TCVN 16:1986 . b-nh mc choi loa thong nhat UGR (Unified Glare Rating) theoCIE . c-Cach tnh. d-anh gia. e -Ap dung Bieu o Bodman-Sollner e anh gia choi loa.

3.

Goc bao ve cua en ..434. Phong lam viec co man hnh VDT (Video Display Terminal) .44

V. CHIEU SANG S CO CHO CAC TOA NHA .441- Cac yeu cau theo tieu chuan TCXD 16:1986 ..442- Cac yeu cau theo tieu chuan CIE S 020/E:2007 .45a-Yeu cau gii han o roi. b-Yeu cau gii han o choi giam kha nang quan sat. c-Yeu cau th i gianap ng va thi gian ton tai.

VI. CAC KIEU CHIEU SANG PHAN LOAI CHOA EN THEO CIE .471. Cac kieu chieu sang 472. Phan loai choa en theo CIE 483. Cach tnh he so s dung cua mot bo en 48a- Cach tnh. b-V du tnh he so s dung.

4.

Ty so bo tr en 50VII. CAC YEU TO KHAC TRONG THIET KE CHIEU SANG BEN TRONG CAC CONG

TRNH XAY DNG.51

1. Yeu to mau ( colour aspects)..51a- Nhie t o mau cua en. b-Ch so truyen at mau CRI (colour rendering index).

2. Han che nhap nhay (flickering).533. Ket hp vi anh sang ban ngay (daylight)..53

VIII. KINH NGHIEM CHUYEN GIA TRONG CAC KIEU CHIEU SANG BENTRONG54

1- Chieu sang trc tiep va nh hng 542- Chieu sang trc tiep, khuech tan (direct, diffuse lighting) 553- Chieu sang gian tiep (indirect) 564- Chieu sang trc tiep va gian tiep (direct and indirect) 57


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5- Chieu sang quet (washlighting) 59a- Chieu sang que t oi xng (symmetrical washlighting). b-Chieu sang quet ba t oi xng (asymmetricalwashlighting)

6-

Chieu sang iem nhan (accent lighting).637- Chieu sang vi en chieu hnh (projection lighting) 648- Chieu sang dan hng (orientation lighting) .65

IX. MOT SO KY HIEU LOAI CHOA EN TREN BAN VE MAT BANG CHIEU SANG.66

UCHNG 3U : CHIEU SANG BEN NGOAI

I. AI CNG .671. Cac oi tng thiet ke chieu sang ben ngoai .............672. Cac yeu cau ch tieu ky thuat673. Cac tieu chuan chieu sang ben ngoai .67II. PHNG PHAP TNH TOAN ..671. Phng phap cng o sang .672. Phng phap quang thong 68III.HAN CHE CHOI LOA 691. nh mc choi loa GR (Glare Rating .69a- Cong thc nh ngha. b- Cach tnh toan. c-anh gia nh mc choi loa GR

2. Ch so han che choi loa G (Glare Limit Index) .70a- Cong thc. b-Cach tnh SLI. c-anh gia ch so han che choi loa G.

IV.YEU CAU O ROI CHO KHU VC, CONG VIEC VA HOAT ONGBEN NGOAI 71

1- Bac thang o roi tieu chuan .71a- Bac thang o roi theo tieu chuan TCXDVN 333:2005. b-Bac thang o roi theo tieu chuan CIE S015/E:2005.

2- Yeu cau o roi duy tr toi thieu 72a- Theo tieu chuan TCXDVN 333:2005. b-Theo tieu chuan CIE S 015/E:2005


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V. CHIEU SANG MAT TIEN KIEN TRUC VA TNG AI 721. Chieu sang mat tien kien truc .722. Chieu sang tng ai 74

VI.CHIEU SANG THE THAO NGOAI TRI 751. Dien tch cac san the thao va ho bi 75

2. Tom tat cac yeu cau chieu sang cac san the thao 75

3. Cac yeu cau ve cao o at en 76

a- Cao o at en cho san bong a va san van ong a chc nang . b-Cao o at en chieu sang chosan quan v t. c-Cao o at en chieu sang cho san bo ng chuyen, bong ro, cau long. d-Cao o at enchieu sang cho be bi ngoai tri.

4. Cac thiet ke ien hnh ve chiu sng the thao79

a- Chieu sang san bong a. b- Chieu sang san quan vt. c-Chieu sang ho bi

VII. CAC YEU CAU KHAC CHO CHIEU SANG NGOAI TRI 811- o roi duy tr vung can xung quanh vung lam viec .81 2- Li o kiem 81

a- Li o kiem cho chieu sang cac khu vc lam viec ngoai nha.. b-Li o kiem cho cac san thethao3- Van e o nhiem anh sang hay anh sang can tr (obstrusive light) 82VIII. CAC LOAI EN PHA ................841. en pha choa tron, chnh tieu c84

2. en pha choa tron cong suat cao85

3. en pha van nang choa vuong..86

UCHNG 4U : CHIEU SANG NG GIAO THONG

I. AI CNG 871. oi tng thiet ke chieu sang giao thong ..872. Cac ch tieu ky thuat 873. Cac tieu chuan thiet ke.87

a-Tieu chuan Viet Nam. b-Tieu chuan quoc te tham khao.


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II. MC O CHOI (LUMINANCE LEVEL) 881. He so o choi (luminance coefficient) .882. Phng phap o choi trung bnh .89

a-Cong thc. b-Cach tnh toan.

III.HE SO ONG EU CUA O CHOI .921. He so ong eu chung (overall uniformity) Uo .922. He so ong eu doc (longitudal uniformity) Ul..92IV.HAN CHE CHOI LOA 931. Mc tang ngng tng oi (Relative Threshold Increment) .93a- Cong thc. b- Cach tnh. c- anh gia Mc tang ngng tng oi TI.

2. Ch so han che choi loa G (glare control mark) 94a-Cong thc. b-Cach tnh SLI. c-anh gia ch so han che choi loa G

V. QUANG PHO CUA EN 95VI.BO TR EN VA TAC DUNG DAN NG .951. Cac cach bo tr en ..952. Cach bo tr en tren oan ng cong 96

3. Bo tr en tai cac giao lo96

VII. CHOA EN NG.971. Cac loai en ng trang tr o th 97

2. Cac loai en ng cot cao 98

3. en ng at chuan .99

UCHNG 5U : EN VA CHOA EN

I. CAC LOAI EN (LAMPS) 1011. en si ot (Incandescent lamps) .101

a-en si ot thong dng (GSL). b-en si ot a nang (en A). c-en R va PAR. d-entungsten halogen.

2. en phong ien (Discharge lamps) .103


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a-en huynh quang thong dung (General Fluorescent lamps). b-en huy nh quang compact.c-en Sodium cao ap HPS (High pressure sodium lamps). d -en Metal Halide (MH). e-ensodium thap ap (Low pressure sodium lamps). f-en cao ap hi thuy ngan HP-MV (High pressure- Mercury Vapour Lamps). g-en thu y ngan trc tiep (hon hp) (Blended lamps).

3. D lieu chi tiet ve cac en thong dung 1084. ng dung thch hp cho cac nguon sang thong dung .109II. CAC MA EN QUOC TE ..1091- Ma en ILCOS 1092- Ma en LBS.1093- Mot so ma en tieu bieu tng ng gia 2 he thong ma en ILCOS va LBS .111III.AC TNH CAC EN THONG DUNG .114IV.CAC MACH IEU KHIEN EN 1271- Van e tiet kiem nang lng .1272- Cac phu tung cua bo ieu khien en .127

a-Ballast. b-Bo moi. c-Tac-te (starter).

3- Cac mach en .128a-Mach en metal halide va sodium cao ap. b -Mach en sodium thap ap. c- Mach en huynhquang. d-Mach en khan cap (emergency light).

V. LOAI EN CHO CAC KHONG GIAN VA HOAT ONG .129VI.CHOA EN DUNG CHO CHIEU SANG BEN TRONG .1321- Ray en (light tracks) .1322- en chieu iem (spotlights).1323- en pha (floodlights) 1344- en quet tng (wallwashers) 1345- Ket cau sang (light structures) .1376- en chieu xuong (downlights) 1407- en ban (task lights).1448- Choa en lap tng (wallmounted luminaire) 145


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9- en chieu bien (perimeter luminaires) .14610- en am nen (recessed floor luminaires) .14811- en dan hng (oriention luminaires) .14912- en ch dan (directive luminaires) .149

UPHU L UC A U: CAC YEU CAU T CHUN CHO CHIEU SANG BEN TRONG THEO CIE/ISO8995 :2002 ..151

UPHU L UC BU: CAC YEU CAU T CHUN CHO CHIEU SANG BEN NGOAI THEO CIE/ISO8995 :2005.163

UPHU L UC CU: CAC YEU CAU T CHUN CHO CHIEU SANG THE THAO THEO EN12193 :1999..171

UPHU L UC DU: PHAN BO QUANG THONG CA CAC LOI CHOA EN.177

UPHU L UC EU: HE SO LI DNG QUANG THONG CA CAC CHOA EN .178

UPHU L UC FU: THONG SO KY THUAT CUA MOT SO BONG EN THONG DUNG 189

UPHU L UC GU: BANG PHAN XA CHO CAC LOI MT NG R1, R2, R3, R4 .191

UPHU L UC HU : BANG CAC CHAN EN195

UPHU L UC IU : CAC THUAT NG CAN BAN VE CHIEU SANG .197

UCAC TA I LIEU THAM KHAOU ..202

-----oOo-----


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UCHNG 1U : LY THUYET C S

VE KY THUAT CHIEU SANG

I. UCAC AI LNG QUANG TRAC VA N VU:1. UQuang thong (luminous flux U):

Quang thong la nang lng anh sang, c phat ra bi motnguon sang, hay c thu nhan bi mot mat c chieusang, trong mot n v thi gian.

Ky hieu quang thong la (phi), n v la lumen (lm),

boi so ca lumen l kilolumen (klm) : 1 Klm = 1.000lm.

UV du U: Mo t en si o t cong suat 100W cho ra quang thong1.600lm; mo t en huynh quang 40W cho ra quang thong 3.350lm.

UQuang hieu (luminous efficacy)U:Quang hieu, hay hieu suat phat quang, la quang thong (lm) phat ra tnh theo moi n v cong

suat (watt) cua bong en:P

= (1)

Ky hieu cua quang hieu la (e-ta),n v cua quang hieu la lumen/watt (lm/W).

UV du U: Theo V du tren kia, bong en si ot co quang hieu bang: = 1.600/100 = 16 lm/W;bong en huynh quang co quang hieu bang: = 3.350/40 = 84 lm/W.

Quang hieu moi loai bong en co tr sokhac nhau tuy nguyen ly phat quang va cong nghe chetao. en huynh quang co quang hieu cao hn en si ot, en sodium cao ap co quang hieucao hn en thuy ngan cao ap, en sodium thap ap co quang hieu cao nhat.

Ta co the xem quang thong cua mot bong en co cong suat P, va quang hieu cua cac loai enbang cach xem catalogue cua hang san xuat hoac xem Bang 33, Phu Luc 9, TCXDVN 333,c trch trong Phu luc F giao trnh nay.

2. UCng o sang (luminous intensity)U:a- UKhai niem goc khoiU: UGoc phangU: tren mo t ng tron tam O, ban knh R, xem mot

cung tron AB chan bi mot goc tam O.


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Goc (alpha), neu o bang n v radiant (r), th co tr so: =AB

R (2)

Nh vay, t tam O nhn ca ng tron, ta goc phang cua ca mat phang bang 2R/R = 2radiant.

UGoc khoiU: tng t nh vay, tren mot mat cau tam O, ban knh R, xem mot dien tch chomcau A. T tam O ke cac ng sinh ta vao mat A, ta co mo t goc khoi (o-me-ga) nhnmat A t tam O.

Goc khoi, o bang n v steradiant (sr), co tr so: A =2

R (3)

Nh vay t tam O nhn ca mat cau, th ta co goc khoi cua ca khong gian

bang 4R2/R2 = 4 sr. Tng t, goc kho i cua na khong gian la 2

sr.

Goc khoi nhn mot chom cau t tam O cua hnh cau

coth tnh theo cong thc theo na goc nh (gamma)

= 2(1 cos) (4)

UV duU: goc khoi nhn mot phan mat cau t tam cua no,

vi tr so la sr, th na goc nh bang: = Arccos [1 - /2] = /3 r = 60o

UGoc khoi t iem O nhn mot mat A bat kyU:Xem mot mat phang (A) bat ky , co dien tch A, co tamM, phap tuyen vi A tai M lam mot goc vi tia OM.Goc khoi nhn (A) t mot iem O ngoai (A) c nhngha theo cong thc:

A.cos =

2R

(5)

Goc khoi nay co tr so ln nhat khi phap tuyen ma t A trung vi tia OM ( = 0).

UV duU: Mot mat phang (A), dien tch 4 m2, c quan sat t iem O, cach xa 20m, goc nhn tO en (A) tao vi phap tuyen cua (A) mot goc 60o. Goc khoi nhn (A) t O la: = 4 x cos600 / 202= 0,005 sr.

b- UCng o sangU:


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Cng o sang la quang thong phat xa trong mot n v goc kho i, theo mot phng xac nh.Ky hieu cua cng o sang la I, n v cua cng o sang la candela (cd) : 1cd = 1 lm / sr.Boi socua candela la kilocandela (kcd): 1 kcd = 1.000 cd.

Cong thc nh ngha cua cng o sang: I =

(6)

Nguon sang ang hng la nguon sang co cng o sang ong eu theo moi phng.

UV du U: Mot en si ot cong suat 60W, quang thong = 730lm, khong choa, c xem nhmot nguon sang co cng o sang ang hng: I = 730 / 4 = 58 cd.

c- Ung cong phan bo cng o sang IDC (Intensity Distribution Curve)U:e bieu dien cng o sang theo cac phng cua mot bo en (choa en), ngi ta dung ng

cong phan bo cng o sang IDC. o chnh la ng cong ac trng cua bo en.Neu bo en co oi xng tron xoay (v du bo en lonchoa tron), ngi ta ch can mot ng IDC tren motmat phang kinh tuyencua toa o cau la u.

Neu bo en co oixng 2 truc (v du

hop en ong huynh quang), ngi ta phai dung 2 ng IDC

tren 2 mat phang kinh tuyen, 0-180o (mat C0) va 90-270o(mat C90), cung ve tren mot bieu o IDC, e bieu dien actnh cua bo en.

Khi lap ng cong IDC cua mot bo en, ngi ta chuan hoa quang thong cua bong en bang1klm = 1.000lm. Gia tr cng o sang theo mo t phng, theo bien o cua ng cong IDC, la

gia tr tng oi: II' =L

(7)

Trong o: I (cd/klm): cng o sang tng oi theo nguon 1klm; I(cd): cng o sang thc s

cua bo en theo phng ; (klm): quang thong cua bong en.

Suy ra cng o sang thc s la : I = I . L (8)

UV du U: Mot bo en chieu sang ng pho at chuan TCVN 5828 IDC dang ban rong. goc = 60o, trong mat phang kinh tuyen 0 -180o, co cng o sang tng oi la 300 cd/klm.

Vay neu lap bo en vi bong en metal halide 250w co quang thong 30,5 klm, th theophng 60o, en co cng o sang la: I = 300 x 30,5 = 9.150 cd.

3. Uo roi (illuminance)U:


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a. Unh nghaU:o roi tai mot iem tren mot mat phang la quang thong ri

tren mot n v dien tch tai iem o. Ky hieu o roi la E,

n v la lux (lx):

E = A (9)

E (lx): o roi; (lm): quang thong; A (m2): dien tch.

o roi thng noi en la o roi ngang, ngha la o ro i bnh quan tren mat phang ngang. o roico c trong thc te con tuy thuoc he so s dung cua bo en, va he so duy tr cua thiet ke, sekhao sat cac chng sau.

b. UCac tr soo roi trong thc teU:E(lx) o ro i E(lx) o roi0,25

1

20

20-50

75

50-100

100-200

200

em trang ram

tm ng thoat nan ra khoi nha

Nhan ro mat ngi

Loi i va khu vc lam viec ngoai tri

Khu vc xe

nh hng ni khong lau

Phong lam viec khong lien tuc

o ro i to i thieu cho cong viec lien tuc

200-500

300-750

500-1000

1000

1000-2000

2000

5.000

100.000

Cong viec bang mat n gian

Cong viec bang mat, kho trung bnh

Cong viec bang mat, mc o kho cao

Tri nhieu may

Cong viec rat phc tap, quan sat ty my

o ro i toi a tai ni lam viec

o roi tieu iem tren ban mo

Nang gia tra nhiet i

c. UQuan he gia o roi va cng o sangU:Xem mot iem M tren mat phang ngang S, cach nguonsang O mot khoang r. Goc gia phng chieu t O en M

va phap tuyen cua S tai M la . o roi ngang tai iem Mc tnh theo cong thc:

2

I .cosE =

r(10)

hoac:3

2

I .cosE =

h (11)


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Nhan xet: cng o sang I phu thuoc phng, khong phu thuoc khoang cach, o roi E va phuthuoc phng, va phu thuoc khoang cach.

UV du U: Hai cot en ng cao 8m, cach nhau 30m, dung bo en co IDC nh trong tieu chuanTCVN 5828, vi bong en cao ap sodium 150W / 15klm. Hoi o roi tai iem gia 2 cot en ?

Khoang cach t chan cot eniem gia: d = 30/2 = 15m.

Suy ra : = arctan (15/8) = 62o.

Tren ng cong IDC cua boen, ta co: I620 = 290. Vay:I620 = I620. L = 290 x 15 =

4.350 cd; cos 62o = 0,469. Suy ra o roi

b i 2 en tai iem gia 2 cot la:

E = 2 x I. cos3 / h2

= 2x4.350 x 0,4693/82 = 14 lx.

Chu y, ket qua cua bai toan nay cha keen he soduy tr.

d. Uo ro i trung bnhU: Ngi ta thng dung cong thc o roi trung bnh e thiet kechieusang n gian:

n. .U .ME =

A

L F F av (12)

Etb (lx): o roi trung bnh; n: so bo en; L(lm): quangthong tong cua cac bong en trong bo en ; A (m2): dientch c chieu sang;UF (Utilization factor): he so s dungquang thong cua bo

en (theo catalog en, thng co tr so t 0,35 en 0,7);MF(Maintenance factor): he so duy tr cua thie t ke ( thngco tr so t 0,67 en 0,80.

CIE khuyen ngh nen thie t ke sao cho MF t nhat bang 0,7 etiet kiem nang lng). oi khi ngi ta nh ngha he so d

tr: 1k =M

F

(13)

Khi he so duy tr MF bang 0,7 th he sod tr bang: k = 1 / 0,7 = 1,43.


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UV duU: Mot hoi trng dien tch 100m2, c thie t ke chieu sang vi o roi 400lx, dung enhuynh quang choa tan xa 2x18w/2400lm. Cho biet he so s dung 0,52 va he soduy tr bang 0,8.Hoi phai dung bao nhieu bo en cho thiet kenay?

n = A.Eav / (L.UF.MF) = (100 x 400) / (2400 x 0,52x0,8) = 40 bo.

4. Uo choi (luminance)U:a. Unh nghaU:

o choi cua mot nguon mat, hay cua mot mat chieusang phan xa, la ty so cua cng o sang theophng quan sat chia cho dien tch hieu dung cuamat o nhn theo phng quan sat.

o choi ky hieu la L, co n v la candela / m2 (cd/m2):IL =

A.cos (14)

L (cd/m2): o choi theo phng ; I (cd): cng o sang; A(m2): dien tch mat phat sang; : gocgia phng quan sat va phap tuyen mat phat sang.

UV du U: mot bo en huynh quang oi 2x36w, lap lien tran, dien tch mat phat sang khuyech tan0,2m x 1,3m, co quang thong bo en la 4800 lm, co cng o sang tng oi tren IDC goc 65o

trong ma t phang 0-180o la 85 cd/klm. Hoi theo goc o bo en co o choi bang bao nhieu?

I = I.L= 85 x 4,8 = 408 cd. Suy ra o choi theo phng 65o cua bo en: L = I / (A.cos65o) =408/(0,2x1,3x0,4226)= 3.713 cd/m2.

b. UCac tr soo choi thc teU:L (cd/m2) o choi L (cd/m2) o choi

1,5 x 109

1 x 106

20.000 - 50.000

20.000

2.500

>10

0,06

10 -5

Mat tri g ia tra

Day toc bong en

en compact

Bong en m

Trang ram

Ch co te bao hnh non lam viec

Mat giay trang di trang

Mat co the cam nhan c

5 x 106

> 500.000

30.000

5.000

1.000

1


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c. UBan cha t cua be mat nhan anh sangU:Mot be mat c chieu sang vi quang thong ti , th:

- Mot phan quang thong b hap thu: = . (15)- Mot phan quang thong quang thong xuyen sang qua ben kia be mat: = . (16)- Mot phan quang thong phan xa: = . (17)

Ta luon luon co: = + + Suy ra: + + = 1 (18)

: he sohap thu (absorption factor); : he soxuyen sang (transmission factor); : he sophan xa(reflection factor). Cac he soeu nho hn 1, va la tnh chat cua be mat nhan anh sang.

Be mat vat chat He so hap thu (%) He so phan xa (%) He so xuyen sang (%)

Thuy tinh trong suot

Thuy tinh be mat hat lang tru (choame)

Nha trang m (choa uc)

2 - 4

5 - 10

10 - 20

6 - 8

5 - 20

30 - 40

88 - 92

70 - 90

40 - 60

d. UBe mat phan xa khuyet tan hoan toanU:Khao sat cac be mat vat chat khac nhau, ta thay chung co cac ac tnh phan xa khac nhau, khi so

sanh cng o sang mot tia ti v i cng o sang cac tia phan xa:

Phan xa nh hng Phan xa hon hp nh hng Phan xa hon hp khuyech tan

Phan xa khuyech tan hoan toan

Mot mat c goi la co ac tnh phan xa khuyech tan hoan toan, khi cng o phan xa co phanbocosin: I

= Io . cos

(19)


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Io (cd/m2): cng o sang theo phng phap tuyen vi mat phang; I (cd/m2): cng o sangphan xa theo phng .

Ta chng minh c, khi mat phang nhan anh sang co ac tnh phan xa khuyech tan hoan toan,th o cho i phan xa theo cac phng nhn eu bang nhau: L1 = L2 = Lo

L = Lo (20)

e- Unh luat LambertU:

o choi phan xa cua mot mat phang phan xakhuyech tan hoan toan th ty le vi o roi tren matphang o va he sophan xa cua no:

L. = . E (21)

L (cd/m2): o choi phan xa tren mat phang; E (lx): o roi tren mat phang; : he so phan xa cuamat phang.

f- UHe so phan xa cua mot so be mat vat lieuU:

Be mat vat lieu Be mat vat lieu Be mat vat lieu

Lp ma bac

Thach cao

Gng soi

Bot mau trang

Mau sang nhat

B.tong xam va sang nhat

Gra-nt, gach bo ng xam

0,93

0,90

0,85

0,80

0,70

0,60

0,45

Voi vang lat

a tang, gach bong am

Cat trang

San go ep, pa-ke

Be-tong nha mau sang

at sach

Co nhan tao

0,40

0,30

0,25

0,25

0,22

0,20

0,20

Cat vang

Gach lat ng

B.tong nha mau t.bnh

Moc o ng, gang

San be tong, vai, go sn

San go van

Co xanh

0,17

0,17

0,16

0,15

0,13

0,10

0,08

Be mat sang: > 0,4; Be mat phan xa trung bnh: 0,2 < < 0,4; Be mat to i: < 0,2.

UV du U: Mot mat tien kien truc bang gra-nt co hspx 0,45, muon co mot o choi bang 10 cd/m2, thphai c chieu sang vi o roi bang bao nhieu? E = L. / = 10 x 3,14 / 0,45 = 70 lx.

5. UNhiet o mau (colour temperature)U:Mot vat en tuyet o i, c nung nong len t 2.000oK en 10.000 oK, ngi ta co pho mau cua noe so sanh vi mau cua cac nguon sang.


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a. UMot so v du ve nhiet o maUu:Nguon sang Nhiet o mau (oK) Nguon sang Nhiet o mau (oK)

en nen

en si ot

en halogen

en huynh quang

1.900

2.700

3.000

2.800 7.500

Anh sang trang (moonlight)

Anh sang mat tri (sunlight)

Anh sang ban ngay (daylight)

Bau tri xanh trong

4.100

5.000 6.000

5.800 6.500

10.000 26.000

b. UCac thang nhiet o mau theo CIE va en v duU:Ten goi thang nhiet o mau Viet tat oK Anh sang Ma en h/q tieu bieu (Phillips)

Am (warm )

Trung hoa (intermediate)

Lanh (cool)

ww

nw

dw

< 3.300

3.300 5.300

> 5.300

o cam

Vang

Xanh

29,33,82,83,92,9330,31,32,41

84, 9420, 21, 22, 25

25, 76, 86, 9610, 11, 12, 72

c. UBieu o KruithoffU:

Thc nghiem cho thay nguon sang co nhiet o mau thap (mau am) ch phu hp cho viec chieusang vi o roi thap. Vi nhng ni co yeu cau chieu sang vi o roi cao, ngi ta phai dung cacnguon sang co nhiet o mau cao (mau lanh).

V du thiet ke chieu sang vi o roi 300 lx, ngi ta nen dung en co nhiet o mau > 3.000 o K.


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6. UCh so truyen at mau Ra (Colour Rendering Index) U:a. Unh nghaU:

Ch so truyen at mau, thng ky hieu Ra (hoac CRI), la so o cua nguon sang, cho biet mc o

trung thc mau cua cac vat c chieu sang, khi so sanh vi nguon sang chuan (anh sang mattri).

b. UCap chieu sang theo ch so truyen at mauU:Cap truyen at mau Rat tot

1A

Tot

1B

Va

2A

Khong tot lam

2B

Kem

3

Rat kem

4

Ch so Ra Ra 90 80Ra


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- Han chechoi loa giam kha nang quan sat (disability glare), va choi loa mat tien nghi(discomfort glare). Co nhng ai lng ch tieu thc nghiem khac nhau cho chieu sangtrong nha va ngoai tri;

- Ch so truyen at mau, va mot socac yeu cau khac, tuy theo loai chieu sang.2. UCac tieu chuan thiet ke chieu sang U:

Cac tieu chuan thiet ke chieu sang hien hanh yeu cau cac thiet ke phai phu hp:

* Cac tieu chuan Vie t Nam: TCXD 16:1986, Chieu sang nhan tao trong cac cong trnh xay dng;TCXDVN 333:2005, Chieu sang nhan tao ben ngoai cac cong trnh cong cong va ky thuat ha tango th; TCXDVN 259:2001, Chieu sang nhan tao ng pho quang trng o th;

* Cac tieu chuan quoc te can tham khao: ISO 8995:2002 (CIE S 008/E:2001), Lighting of indoor

work places; ISO 9885-2: 2005(E) (CIE S 015/E), Lighting of work places Part 2: Outdoor.Cac tieu chuan cua Uy ban Chieu sang Quoc te CIE (Commission International de LEclairage)co van phong at tai Vien, Ao, la cac tieu chuan ac biet quan trong, c to chc tieu chuan thegii ISO cong nhan. Do o cac ky s va kien truc s Viet Nam thng tham khao cac tieu chuannay, e bo xung cho tieu chuan Viet Nam, khi lam cong tac thiet ke.

3. UPhan biet chieu sang lam viec va chieu sang my thuat U:Cac tieu chuan chieu sang ch quy nh cho chieu sang lam viec.

Chieu sang my thuat la mot pham tru khac nham tao s de chu, tao phong cach cho khong gian,nhan manh cac tieu iem gay chu y, hoac tao cac hieu ng ac bie t trong quang cao,v.v .

Chieu sang my thuat hoan toan do nghe thuat cua cac ky s va kien truc s tao nen, la mot tuybien cho sang tao cua ngi thiet ke, khong co quy nh tieu chuan, nhng o i khi cung co truyenthong hoac tap quan.

III. UPHAN LOAI KY THUAT CHIEU SANGU:Ngi ta phan ra cac ky thuat chieu sang khac nhau tuy theo lnh vc va oi tng cua thie t kechieu sang. Co the phan loai nh sau:

1. UChieu sang ben trong (indoor lighting):- Chieu sang nha , cac cong trnh dan dung ( gom ca sieu th, benh vien, trng hoc, khach

san, nha hang an, dch vu, van phong , .)

- Chieu sang cac nha cong nghiep: nha san xuat, nha kho;


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- Chieu sang cac cong trnh the thao trong nha;- Chieu sang bai o xe (trong nha);- Chieu sang nha ga san bay (phan trong nha).

2. UChieu sang ben ngoai (outdoor lighting):a- UChieu sang cac cong trnh o thU:- Chieu sang cac iem o giao thong cong cong ngoai tri;- Chieu sang ng, cau, ham danh cho ngi i bo;- Chieu sang ben ngoai cac khu trng hoc, benh vien, trung tam thng mai, hoi ch trien

lam, cac tru s;

b- UChieu sang cong vien, vn hoa:- Chieu sang chung khu vc cong ra vao;- Chieu sang san to chc cac hoat ong ngoai tri;- Chieu sang ng i dao;- Chieu sang canh quan, tham co , bn hoa, mat nc;

c- UChieu sang cac cong trnh kien truc, my thuat:- Chieu sang mat dng cac cong trnh;- Chieu sang tng ai;- Chieu sang ai phun nc;d- UChieu sang cac cong trnh The duc the thao ngoai tri:- Chieu sang san bong a, san van ong a nang;- Chieu sang san quan vt (tennis);- Chieu sang san bong chuyen, bong ro, cau long;- Chieu sang be bi ngoai tri;- Chieu sang phuc vu truyen hnh mau;

3. UChieu sang ng giao thong (road lighting)U:Gom chieu sang ng, ng pho, quang trng o th.


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UCHNG 2U : CHIEU SANG BEN TRONG

I. UAI CNGU:1. UCac oi tng thiet ke chieu sang ben trong U:

Chieu sang ben trong (indoor lighting) cac cong trnh xay dng, con go i la chieu sang trong nha(chieu sang noi that), bao gom cac ky thuat thiet kechieu sang cho cac cong trnh:

- Nha va cong trnh cong cong nh trng hoc, benh vien, c quan, van phong ,- Nha cong nghiep: nha xng san xuat, nha kho,- Cac cong trnh thng mai: ca hang thng mai, sieu th, ca hang dch vu, .......- Cac trung tam the thao trong nha, ..

Theo chc nang, chieu sang trong nha c chia ra cac loai: chieu sang lam viec, chieu sang sco, chieu sang phan tan ngi, chieu sang bao ve, chieu sang my thuat.

Chieu sang lam viec con c chia lam cac loai: chieu sang chung (general lighting) va chieusang tai cho (local lighting). Chieu sang chung co the la chieu sang chung eu hoac chieu sangchung khu vc (localized general lighting).

Chieu sang trong nha c thc hien vi cac bo en (luminaires) rat nhieu loai. en (lamp) lap

trong cac bo en gom cac loai thong dung theo cong nghe hien nay: en s i ot va halogen, enhuynh quang thong dung va huynh quang compact, en thuy ngan cao ap, en sodium cao ap,en sodium thap ap, en metal halide.

2. UCac ch tieu cua moi trng chieu sang U:

Thiet ke chieu sang noi that phai bao am cac yeu cau: Nang suat th giac (VisibilityPerformance), An toan th giac (Visibility Safety), va Tien nghi th giac ( Visibility Comfort).

Do o cac ch tieu ky thuat cua moi trng chieu sang phai at la:

* o roi (illuminance): o roi ngang, o roi ng, o roi tru, He so ong eu.

* Phan bo o choi (luminance distribution): o choi thch nghi cua tran va tng, o choi cua boicanh, o tng phan, o nhn ro.

* Han che cho i loa: Choi loa mat tien nghi (discomfort glare), Choi loa giam kha nang quan sat(disability glare).

* nh hng anh sang (directionality of light): cac kieu chieu sang, cac loa i en theo phan loai

CIE.


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* Yeu to mau ( colour aspects): nhie t o mau cua en, ch sotruyen at mau (colour renderingindex).

* Han che nhap nhay (flickering).

* Ket hp vi anh sang ban ngay (daylight).

* ieu khien va bao dng en.

3. UCac tieu chuan cua thiet ke chieu sang ben trong U:

Ngoai chieu sang my thuat ra, tat ca cac loai chieu sang eu phai tuan theo cac quy nh chat checua cac tieu chuan quoc gia hay quoc te, v du:

TCXD 16:1986 Chieu sang nhan tao trong cac cong trnh dan dung.

TCXDVN 253:2001 Lap at chieu sang cho cac cong trnh cong nghiep yeu cau chung.

ISO 8995 (CIE S 008/E) Lighting of indoor workplaces ( Chieu sang cac a iem lam viectrong nha).

EN 1838 ; CIE S 020/E:2007 - Emergency lighting (Chieu sang khan cap).

II.UO ROI CHO CHIEU SANG TRONG NHAU:o ro i ngang tren mat phang lam viec (0,8m cach san) la ieu kien tien quyet trong mo i thiet ke

chieu sang trong nha.1. UBac thang o roiU: Theo tieu chuan TCXD 16:1986, ta co 27 bac trong Bac thang o roi:

Bac thang I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX

o roi (lx) 0,2 0,3 0,5 1 2 3 5 7 10

Bac thang X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII

o roi (lx) 20 30 50 75 100 150 200 300 400

Bac thang XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII

o roi (lx) 500 600 750 1.000 1.250 1.500 2.000 2.500 3.000

* Theo tieu chuan ISO 8995 (CIE S 008/E):2002, ta co 15 bac trong bac thang o roi:

20 30 50 75 100 150 200 300 500 750 1.000 1 .500 2 .000 3.000 5.000 lx.

20 lx la o roi nhn ro mat ngi, 5.000 lx la o roi yeu cau tren ban mo trong benh vien.

Cac bac o roi cach nhau 1,5 lan ; o la mc phan biet c cua mat ngi.


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2. Uo roi lam viec yeu cau theo tieu chuan U:

Thng la o roi ngang trung bnh Etb (Eav). o la o roi duy tr (maintained illuminance), co ke en he sod tr.

a- UTheo TCXD 16:1986U: tham khao cac Bang 3,4,5:


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b- UTheo tieu chuan Uy ban Quoc te ve Chieu sang (CIE):


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Trong tieu chuan CIE S008/E:2002, Muc 5, co quy nh ca o roi yeu cau, ch sohan che choi loava Ch so truyen at mau Ra (CRI) cho cac v tr lam viec trong nha (xem Phu luc A).

Theo CIE, ni co cong viec bang mat lien tuc, o roi lam viec khong c nho hn 200 lx.

3. Uo roi cua vung can xung quanh (immediate surrounding)U:

Theo CIE, vung tiep giap vi vung lam viec, trong khoang 0,5 m xung quanh, goi la vung canxung quanh. Neu o roi trong vung nay giam nhanh, se lam mat can bang phan bo o choi, matmet do ieu tiet thai qua, va se mat tien nghi th giac. Sau ay la o ro i quy nh cho vung canxung quanh theo CIE:

4. UHe so ong euU:

He so ong eu la ty so gia

o roi toi thieu Emin va oroi trung bnh Eav tren motmat phang, trong mot thie t kechieu sang:

minEUE

o

av

= (1)

Theo CIE, ta nen thie t ke sao cho: * Trong vung lam viec: Uo 0,7.

* Trong vung can xung quanh: Uo 0,5.5. UCac cong thc tnh toan o roi iemU:

a. Uo roi tren mat phang ngangU:

ohP 2

IE =

h (2)

3

hP 2 2

I .cos I .cos E = =

d h (3)

o roi tai cong viec (lx) o roi tai vung can xung quanh (lx)

750 500

500 300

300 200

200 Bang o roi tai cong viec


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EhP (lx): o roi ngang tai iem P; Io(cd): cng o sang cua nguon (iem) theo phng truc quang; I(cd): cng o sang cua nguon (iem) theo phng en P; h (m): khoang cach t nguon Oen P, khi OP thang goc vi mat phang ngang; d (m): khoang cach t nguon O en P, khi OPkhong thang goc vi mat phang ngang; : goc tao bi tia chieu OP, va truc quang OH.

b.U o roi tren mat phang ngU:

Xet mot mat phang ng thang goc vi mat phang tiati (mat phang tao bi truc quang OH va tia ti OP):

2

2

I .cos.sinE =

hvP

(4)

EvP (lx): o roi ng tai iem P; I (cd): cng osang cua nguon (iem) theo phng en P; h (m): o

cao chenh lech t nguon O en P; d (m): khoangcach t nguon O en P; : goc tao bi tia chieu OP, va truc quang OH.

c. Uo roi tren mat phang nghiengU:

Xet mot mat phang ng khong thang goc vi matphang tia t i (mat phang tao bi truc quang OH va tiati OP), ma co goc vi mat phang nay:

2

2

.cos .sin .cosvp

IE

h

= (5)

EvP (lx): o roi ng tai iem P; I (cd): cng o sangcua nguon (iem) theo phng en P; h (m): o cao chenh lech t nguon O en P; d (m): khoangcach t nguon O en P.

d. UCong thc cua nguon mat (luminous surface)U:

(6) (7)


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e. Uo roi (ban) tru (semi cylindrical illuminance)U:

Tat ca cac o roi noi tren eu la o ro i phang (plan illuminance). o ro i tru la mot tham so eanh gia o bao hoa cua mot moi trng chieu sang.

Theo nh ngha, o roi tru tai iem P tren mat phang XY (mat phang ngang), la gii han o roitrung bnh tren mot mat ban tru at tai iem P, co ay song song vi mat XY, ma t cong hng vev tr mat ngi quan sat cung trong mat XY, khi ban knh va o cao mat ban tru tien ve 0(khong).

2

(1 cos )sinpsc

IE

d

+= (8)

hay:3

2

(1 cos )cosp

sc

IE

h

+= (9)

Trong mot khong gian chieu sang quan trong nh rap hat, aigiang ng, trung tam hoi ngh, rap xiec ,...., o roi trukhong c thap hn tieu chuan (tham khao cach tnh o roitru cho cac cong trnh cong cong trong Phu luc 4, tieu chuanTCXD 16:1986). Khi ty so o roi tru v i o roi ngang bang0,3 en 0,7 th ta co bao hoa anh sang.

e xac nh o roi tru cua mot phong, ngi ta xac nh tren truc doc qua tam cua phong, tai v tr

cach tng 1m, o cao 1,5 m.6. UTnh toan o roi trung bnhU:

ay la bai toan n gian va thong dung nhat e tnh o roi ngang trung bnh hoac sobo en canthiet cho mot thiet kechieu sang.

. . . L F F av

n U ME

A

= (10)

.

. .

av

L F F

E An

U M=

(11)

Eav: o ro i ngang trung bnh; n: so bo en can dung; L: quang thong cua mot bo en (tong quangthong cac bong en trong bo en o);

MF : he so duy tr cua he thong chieu sang. Theo tieu chuan TCXD 16, he soduy tr c xac

nh nh nghch ao cua he sod tr k:F

1M =

k (12)

Bang 2, TCXD16 cho ta cac gia tr tnh nhanh cho he so d tr k. Khi dung en si ot (nungsang), k = 1,3, suy ra MF = 0,77; khi dung en phong ien, k =1,5, suy ra MF = 0,67.


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Tuy nhien theo cac tieu chuan m i cua CIE, cac nha thiet kec khuyen ngh s dung MF min la0,7. e co the chon gia tr MF co li, tham khao cach tnh MF trong Muc VII, Chng 5 giao trnhnay, theo hng dan cua CIE 97-2006.

UF ( B ): he so s dung quang thong (utilization factor) cua bo en. Xem muc VI-3 ve cach tnh he

so s dung quang thong cua mo t bo en.

7. UTnh toan o roi trtrung bnhU:a. UCach tnhU:xc nh mc bo ha nh sng cho mt cng trnh cng cng, ngi ta phi tnh c ri tr ca mt thit k chiu sng. Thng thng ngi ta c thxc nh ri trqua ringang trung bnh ca thit k, bng pp th (theo TCXD16), c thnh sau:

-

Xc nh ch s phng, loi n c s dng thit k chiu sng, ri ngang trung bnhca thit k.

He so khong gian (cofficient of cavity) con goi lach sophong (room index) c tnh theo congthc:

.

( )tt

a bi

h a b=

+(13)

i: ch sophong ; a,b(m): chieu dai va chieu rongphong; htt(m): chieu cao tnh toan, lay t o caotreo en en mplv (0,8m cach san).

- Xac nh loi en, bng cach so sanh IDC ca bo en vi cac ng cong IDC theo Hnh 4,TCXD16:


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- Can c vao ch so phong I a tnh, he so phan xa cua tng va san, tra cac o th trongHnh 6,7,8, va 9, e tm ty so m gia o ro i ngang trung bnh Etb, va o roi tru Etr:

Neu en co IDC loai 1 (I = Io.cos), ta dung o th hnh 6; en co IDC loai 2 (I =Io.cos1,43), ta dung o th hnh 7; en co IDC loai 3 (I = Io.cos2), ta dung o th hnh 8; enco IDC loai 4 (I = Io.cos3), ta dung o th hnh 9;

Tren o th, ta dung : ng cong 1, khi hspx tng san la: 0,3 0,1; ng cong 2, khi hspxtng san la: 0,3 0,3; ng cong 3, khi hspx tng san la: 0,5 0,1; ng cong 4, khi hspxtng san la: 0,5 0,3.


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Sau o tnh c o roi tru cua thiet kela: tbtr

EE

m= (14)

b. Uanh giaU:e anh gia cong trnh cong cong co thiet kechieu sang at bao hoa anh sanh, ta xem Bang 6,TCXD16:

e anh gia o noi ro cua cac oi tng kien truc c chng bay trong phong, nh tng, phuieu, pa-no, ta co the oi chieu Bang 7, TCXD16:

III. UPHAN BO O CHOI (LUMINANCE DISTRIBUTION)U:

1. Uo choi thch nghi cho tran va tngU:Theo kinh nghiem, cac thiet ke chieu sang trong nha cho cam giac de chu phai co:


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o choi tng: 50 en 100 cd/m2. o choi tran: 100 en 300 cd/m2.

o choi trung bnh tnh theo o roi trung bnh: . avav

EL

= (15)

Trong cac mo i trng chieu sang trong nha cho nha , van phong, vi he sophan xa thong dungcho tran tng san la 0,7 0,5 0,3 ( ky hieu 7 :5 :3), th phan boo choi de chu luon luon at.

2. Uo choi cua boi canhU:o choi cua boi canh (background luminance) Lb la mot tham sotrung bnh dung e tnh toan otng phan (contrast), hay tnh toan ch sochoi mat tien nghi (discomfort glare) trong thiet ke

chieu sang trong nha : indb

EL

= (16)

Lb (cd/m2): o choi cua boi canh; Eind (lx): o roi gian tiep (do cac mat phang phan xa tao nen,khong do trc tiep cac en).

.

(1 )

T avind

T av

EA

=

(17)

T (lm): tong quang thong cac bong en trong phong; AT (m2): dien tch toan phan (dien tch tongcac mat tran, tng, san) cua can phong; av : he so phan xa trung bnh cua phong, lay theo gia

trong dien tch.

. . .c c w w f f av

T

A A A

A

+ += (18)

c, w, f: hspx cua tran, tng, san; Ac, Aw, Af: dien tch cua tran, tng, san. AT (m2): dien tchtoan phan.

AT = 2[L.W +(L+W)H] (19)

U

V duU

: mot phong hoi trng 6mx15mx3,2m, vi cac he so phan xa cua tran tng san la 7:5:3,c chieu sang vi cac bo en co tong quang thong la 80.400 lm, he sos dung quang thong la0,72 he so duy tr la 0,76. Hoi o roi ngang trung bnh va choi thch nghi cua phong bang baonhieu?

o ro i ngang trung bnh cua phong: E = 80.400 x 0,72 x 0,76 / (6x15) = 488 lx.

Dien tch tran va san: Ac = Af= 6 x15 = 90 m2.

Dien tch tng: Aw = 2(6+15) x 3,2 = 134,4 m2.

Tong dien tch tran tng san: AT = 2 x 90 + 134,4 = 314,4 m2.


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He so phan xa trung bnh cua phong: av = (0,7 x 90 + 0,5 x 134,4 + 0,3 x 90) / 314,4 = 0,5.

o roi gian tiep cua phong: Eind = (80.400 x 0,5) / [314,4 x (1-0,5)] = 256 lx.

o choi boi canh cua phong: Lb = 256 / 3,14 = 81,5 cd/m2.

3. Uo tng phan va o nhn roU:o tng phan (contrast) la ch tieu can thie t cho kha nang quan sat trong mot moi trng chieusang, nha t la khi can thiet phan bie t o i tng, trong san xuat, trng bay, hoac cho cac muc chlam noi ro oi tng trong chieu sang trang tr, chieu sang kien truc.

a. Uo tng phanU:v n

n

L LK

L

= (20)

Lv (cd/m2): o choi cua vat; Ln(cd/m2): o choi cua nen.

Co the cho Lb la o choi cua mplv, tng, ke trng bay, hay o choi bo i canh Lb, tuy theo trnghp.

Theo tieu chuan DIN EN cua Chau Au, ngi ta connh ngha He so the hien tng phan CRF (ContrastRendering Factor), va anh gia theo cac hang nhsau:

100( )

0,91 91

v n

n

L LKCRF

L

= = (21)

Cong viec bang mat Mc o tng phan CRF hang CRF CRF min

Mat bong lang Cao 1 1 0,95

Mat m phan chieu Trung bnh 2 0,85 - 1,00 0,70

Mat m Thap 3 0,70 - 0,85 0,50

UV duU: o choi cua nen la 30 cd/m2, tren o at mot mau vat co he so phan xa 0,6. Muon co moto tng phan bang 0,7, th phai chieu sang vat vi o roi bao nhieu?

v n

n

L LK

L

= = 0,7 ; suy ra: Lv = 1,7 Ln = 1,7 x 30 = 51 cd/m2.

Vay can phai chieu sang mau vat vi o roi: E = (51 x 3,14) / 0,6 = 267 lx.

anh gia K

Ln > 0,5

Trung bnh 0,2 en 0,5Nho < 0,2


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b- Uo nhn roU:

Khi hieu o choi cua vat va nen (Lv - Ln) tang len th ngi ta thay o tng phan tang, va ngclai, khi giam hieu soxuong mot mc nao o ngi ta khong con nhn thay ro vat c na. Suy rao nhn ro phu thuoc vao mo t o tng phan nho nhat, goi la ngng tng phan (contrast

threshold) Kth.

Nghch ao cua ngng tng phan Kng c CIE nh ngha la o nhay tng phan tng oiRCS (Relative Contrast Sensibility).

Ln (cd/m2) 1 10 100 1.000 10.000

RCS 13,5 36,2 62,2 83,3 100

Kth 0,074 0,028 0,016 0,012 0,010

Ngng tng phan Kth phu thuoc vao o choi cua nen. Thc nghiem cho thay khi tang o choinen th o nhay tng phan tng oi RCS cung tang, ngha la ngng tng phan Kth giam(nhng ch tang giam cham, theo log cua Ln ).Khi tang Ln len en gii han 10.000 cd/m2 th RCSkhong tang na ma lai giam, do mat b kch qua ngng.

o nhn ro c nh ngha: .th

KV K RCS

K= = (22)

UV duU: Mot nen c chieu sang 100 cd/m2, neu o tng phan cua mot vat tren nen la 0,9, th o

nhn ro la: V = 0,9 x 62,2 = 56;Neu nen c chieu sang 1000 cd/m2, o tng phan cua vat tren nen van la 0,9, th o nhn ro la:

V = 0,9 x 83,3 = 75.

IV. UHAN CHE CHOI LOAU:Choi loa gay ra do cac en at sai v tr, at qua thap, chat lng bo en kem hoac khong thchhp. Ta can phan biet cac loai choi loa:

Choi loa giam kha nang quan sat (disability glare): lam anh hng en nang suat nhn,khong nhn ro.

Choi loa mat tien nghi (discomfort glare): lam anh hng en tien nghi th giac, mat camgiac de chu.

1. UChoi loa giam kha nang quan satU:

Thc nghiem con cho thay, o choi nen bnh thng, ang co o tng phan tot, ma co mot vainguon sang nao o gay nen choi loa nam trong trng nhn cua ngi quan sat, th o nhn ro

cung giam. Ngi ta goi o la mot hien tng choi loa giam kha nang quan sat (disability glare),


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trong trng hp nay c khao sat nh lng bang cach so sanh o nhn ro, trc tien phai nhngha o choi gay loa tng ng.

a. Uo choi gay loa tng ngU:o choi gay loa tng ng(equivalaent vieling luminance) la mot tham so ch nhieu loan gayloa gay ra do moi trng chieu sang thiet kekhong tot. Theo nh ngha, khi co n bo e n gay loatrong trng nhn, th o choi gay loa tng ng la:

210 ( )

eye

vl i

i

EL

= (23)

Eeyei (lx): o roi ng tai mat ngi quan sat gay nen bien th i; ( )i o : goc tao bi tia nhn ngang va tia nhn

en th i.

2

2

.sin .cos

'

i i ieye

IE

h

= (24)

h = h 1,5: o cao t en en mat ngi quan sat.

Ch tnh Lvl cho cac en co goc i t 15o en 60o, cac en khac khong tnh.

o choi gay loa tng ng Lvl cua cac en gay choi loa la mot tham soquan trong e tnhnhieu ch tieu han che choi loa trong chieu sang.

UV duU: mot en cao ap thuy ngan 125W, quang thong 6,2 klm co cng o sang tng oi I taigoc = 50o la 250 cd/klm, treo o cao cach nen 6m. Hoi theo hng o (

i = 90 50 = 40o), bo

en gay nen mot o choi gay loa tng ng bang bao nhieu?

Cng o sang cua en theo hng = 50 o: I = I50o x L =250 x 6,2 = 1550 cd.

sini

= sin 30o = 0,5; cosi

=cos 30o = 0,866; h = 6-1,5 = 4,5m

o roi ng tai mat ngi quan sat:eyeE = (1.550 x 0,5

2 x 0,866) / 4,52 = 16,57 lx.

o choi gay loa tng gay ra bi bo en: Lvl = (10 x 16,57) / 302 = 0,184 cd/m2

b. UHe so choi loa S va ch sochoi loa PU:o nhn ro khi khong co nguon gay choi loa: 1

1 1

( )v n

th n

L LKV RCS

K L

= = (25)

o nhn ro khi co cac nguon gay choi loa: 22 2

( )v n

th n vl

L LKV RCS

K L L

= =

+ (26)


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He so choi loa theo nh ngha: 12

VS

V= (27)

Xem RCS1 ~ RCS2, ng i ta chng minh c cong thc gan ung:

n vl

n

L LS

L

+= (28)

He so choi loa S ln hn 1 mot lng rat be, nen ngi ta nh ngha Ch sochoi loa (giam khanang quan sat) P:

P = 1000(S -1) (29)

Theo tieu chuan TCXD 16, khi thiet kecac nha thi au the thao trong nha, phai thiet kesao cho P 60.

UV duU: mot san thi au the thao trong nha co o choi boi canh bang 30 cd/m2. Hoi o cho i gay loatng ng max cua cac nguon gay loa c phep bang bao nhieu e ch so choi loa P


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b. Unh mc choi loa thong nhat UGR (Unified Glare Rating) theo CIEU: ch khac thang o, theoCIE ta co nh mc cho i loa thong nhat :

2

2

0,258log{ }vi

b

LUGR L p

= (31)

Cac tham so xac nh y nh tren, p chnh la he so vtr ( giong nh ch so hng nhno trong cong thctnh M), xac nh theo bang ch so v tr Guth.

c- UCh so v tr GuthU :Ch so v tr Guth lien quan en hng nhn cuang i quan sat so vi v tr cua nguon gay choi loa.No c CIE cho trong mot Bang theo H/R va T/R,tc la theo o cao va o lech ngang cua en.

UBANG CH SO V TR GUTH U:


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d- UCach tnh choi loa mat tien nghiU: o choi phan sang cua en theo phng cua

mat ngi quan sat :

.cosv

IL

A

= (32)

Trong o: I(cd/m2): cng o sang cua en, theo phng t en en mat ngi quan sat; A (m2):dien tch phan sang cua en chieu tren mat phang ngang; (o): goc tao bi truc quang cua en vaphng en mat ngi quan sat.

o choi thch nghi cua moi trng (o cho i cua boi canh):Lb (cd/m2): tnh theo phan IV-2 trong chng nay.

e- Uanh giaU:Giua Ch soM va nh mc UGR co mo i quan he sau:

UGR = 8 log 0,25 M2 (33)

Chu y: ch soM tnh cho moi en, khi co nhieu en ng vi M1, M2, M3,...., ta co the tnh:

M = (M12 + M22 + M32 + ......)1/2 (34)

Ta co cac bac thang ang gia M va UGR tng ng vi mc o choi loa mat tien nghi cua moitrng chieu sang nh sau:

Mc tien nghi Tot Va Thap Rat thap Khong chu noi

Ch so M 15 25 40 60 100

nh mcUGR

14 18 21 24 27

Theo anh gia cua tieu chuan mi ISO8995 (CIE 008/E:2002):

Mc tiennghi

Rat tot Tot Va Thap Rat thap Thap toi a

UGR


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UV duU: mot xng ve co o choi cua boi canh bang 60 cd/m2, can thiet kechieu sang sao cho phai

at UGR khong ln hn 16. Hoi tong2

2

v

i

L

p

cua cac en c cho phep nho hn bao nhieu ?

2

20,258log{ }v

ib

LUGRL p

= < 16; Suy ra:2

20,25log{ }v

ib

LL p

< 16/8 = 2

Vay ta phai co:2

2

v

i

L

p

< (102 x 60) / 0,25 = 24.000

f. UAp dung Bieu o Bodman-Sollner e anh gia choi loaU:

Khi tnh toan bang tay, khong dung may tnh vi phan mem, e cho n gian, ngi ta co thedung bieu o Bodman-Sollner e anh gia bo en co thch hp vi mot thiet kechieu sang hay

khong, ve mat khong gay choi loa mat tien nghi.

Bieu o Sollner co 2 bieu o khac nhau: Bieu o 1 dung cho cac bo en khong phat sang tren matben nhn thay, hoac co nhn thay nhng song song vi phng quan sat. Bieu o 2 dung cho cac boen co phat sang tren mat ben t phng quan sat. Cac cap chieu sang trong bieu o Sollner co yngha nh sau:

Cap chieu sang Cong viec bang mat r = L70 / Lb

A Yeu cau rat cao: lap rap ien t, kim hoan, cham cho 15

B Yeu cau ac biet: Van phong, lap rap may moc nho 15

C Yeu cau trung bnh: lap rap cac chi tie t trung bnh 20

D Yeu cau bnh thng: lap rap chi tiet ln: o-to 20

E Khong yeu cau han chechoi loa: cong viec khong conh, khong lientuc

50


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Ty soo choi r trong bieu o Sollner la tyso gia o choi goc 70o va o choi Lbcua bo i canh

Theo bieu o phan bocng o sang IDC,

ta tnh toan va em cac o choi cua entheo cac phng goc chieu gt 45o en 85o vao bieu oSollner, ve mot ng cong.Neu ng cong nay vt quang gii han trong bieu oSollner ng vi cap chieusang va o roi thiet ke, th boen khong thch hp, chac

chan gay choi loa ma t tiennghi.

3. UGoc bao ve cua enU:

e khong phai tnh toan phc tap, ngi ta co the han che choi loa bang cach chon goc bao vecua en. Goc bao ve la goc che cua choa en sao cho mat khong b choi loa trc tiep t choa en,co the xac nh theo cac v du hnh ve sau ay:

Neu mot bo en nam trong trng nhn cua ngi lamviec, va co gay choi loa mat kha nang quan sat ang ke,th no phai co choa en vi goc bao ve min:

Loai en o choicua bong

en(kcd/m2)

Gocbaove

min(o)

H.quang tuyp 1 - 20 10

Huynh quang compact 20 - 50 15

Phong ien bong m 50 - 500 20

Phong ien bong trong 500 30


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4. UPhong lam viec co man hnh VDT (Video Display Terminal)U:Choi loa phan xa la mot loai choi loa giam kha nang quan

sat, khi trong cong viec, ngi lam viec thng xuyen bnhng tia sang phan xa chieu vao mat: v du mat man hnh,cong viec tinh vi co mat phang lam viec phan chieu cac tiavao mat.

Theo CIE, khi phong lam viec co VDT thng la nghienggoc 15o, cac bo en thiet kechieu sang lam viec phai co

o choi cua choa en goc 65o nho hn tr soquy nh sau ay, e tranh choi loa phan xa :

VDT theo ISO 9241-7 loai I II III

Chat lng man hnh Tot Kha Trung bnh

Gii han L (65o) 1000 cd/m2 200 cd/m2

Khi ngi lam viec cng o cao vi VDT, co the phai giam quy nh goc 65o con 55o.

Theo Phu luc 3 trong tieu chuan TCXD 16:1986, ta co the tham khao v tr at en chieu sang taicho cho nhng cong viec co yeu cau tranh choi loa phan xa.

V. UCHIEU SANG S CO CHO CAC TOA NHAU:1. UCac yeu cau theo tieu chuan TCXD 16:1986U (trch ieu 2, TCXD 16)

2.1. Phi co chiu sang s c trong cac phong va nhng ni lam vic sau ay:

- Nhng ni co nguy cgay n, chay, nhim oc cho ngi;

- Nhng ni khi chiu sang lam vic ot nhien b mt s lam gian oan quy trnh lam vic hoctrnh t tin hanh cong vic trong mt thi gian dai;

- Nhng cong trnh au mi quan trng nu ngng hot ong s gay nh hng khong tt v chnhtr, kinh t v d nh cac trm bm cp thoat nc cho nha va cong trnh cong cng, h thngthong hi, thong gio trong cac phong v. v...

- Nhng ni co lien quan en tnh mng con ngi nh: Phong m, phong cp cu hi sc, phonge, phong kham bnh v.v...

2.2. ri nh nht tren mt lam vic do cac en chiu sang s c to ra khong c nh


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hn 5% tr s ca o ri chiu sang lam vic quy nh trong bng 4 nhng khong c nh hn 2lux trong nha va l lux ngoai nha.

2.3. Trong cac phong m tr s o ri do chiu sang s c to ra khong c nh hn 150 lux.

2.4. Phi co chiu sang e phan tan ngi nhng ni nh sau:

- nhng ni co th gay nguy him cho ngi i qua

- cac li i, cu thang, hanh lang phan tan;

- Tren cac cu thang ca nhatren 5 tng;

- Trong cac phong ca cong trnh cong cng co tren 100 ngi.

2.5. Tr s o ri nh nht do cac en chiu sang s c va chiu sang phan tan ngi to ra tren

mt san (hoc nn) cac li i, bc cu thang v.v... khong c nh hn 0,5 lux trong nha va 2 luxngoai nha.

2.6. Phi s dng en nung sang (si ot) e chiu sang s c va chiu sang phan tan ngi.

Cm s dng en hunh quang, en thy ngan cao ap en halogen v.v... e chiu sang s c vachiu sang phan tan ngi.

2.7. Mng ien ca h thng chiu sang s c, h thng chiu sang e phan tan ngi phi mcvao ngun ien rieng, khong c mt ien trong bt k tnh hung nao.

2.8. en chiu sang s c trong cac phong co th dung e chiu sang phan tan ngi.

2.9. Trong cac cong trnh cong cng, nhng ca ra ca cac phong co tren 100 ngi phi co enbao hiu ch dn li thoat khi xy ra s c. Nhng en ch dn nay phi mc vao mng ien chiusang s c.

2.10. en chiu sang s c va chiu sang phan tan ngi cn khac vi en chiu sang lam vic vkch thc, chng loi hoc co du hiu rieng tren en.

2. UCac yeu cau theo tieu chuan CIE S 020/E:2007:

a- UYeu cau gii han o roiU:Mo ta khong gian Gii han o roi (lx) He so a dang (Emin/Emax)

ng thoat nan (escape route) Doc theo ng trung tam 1,0lx

dai trung tam 0,5 lx

1:40

Khoang rong (Open area) Xuyen qua khoang rong 0,5lx 1:40


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Khu vc cong viec co rui ro cao(high risk task area)

10% mc duy tr, nhng kho ngnho hn 15,0lx

1:10

b- UYeu cau gii han o choi giam kha nang quan sat:o cao lap at so vi san

H (m)

Cng o sang toi a cua chieusang tren ng thoat nan vakhoang rong (chong nao loan)

Imax (cd/m2)

Cng o sang toi a cua chieusang khu vc cong viec co rui

ro cao

Imax (cd/m2)

H < 2,5 500 1.000

2,5 H 3,0 900 1.800

3,0 H 3,5 1.600 3.200

3,5 H 4,0 2.500 5.000

4,0 H 4,5 3.500 7.000

4,5 H 5.000 10.000

c- UYeu cau thi gian ap ng va thi gian ton tai: Vi nhng ng thoat nan va nhng khoang rong, thi gian ap ng va thi gian ton tai

cua he thong chieu sang khan cap la:

- UThi gian ap ngU: he thong chieu sang khan cap phai at 50% o roi yeu cau trong vong20 giay, va 100% o roi yeu cau trong vong 60 giay (neu cong viec bang mat, hoac rui rocho con ngi oi ho i thi gian ap ng ngan hn th phai at ngay 50% o roi yeu cautrong vong 5 giay).

- UThi gian ton taiU: ngan nhat la 1 gi (neu cong viec bang mat, hoac rui ro cho con ngioi hoi thi gian ton tai dai hn th thi gian ton tai ngan nhat phai la 3 gi).

Vi nhng khu vc cong viec co nhieu rui ro, thi gian ap ng va thi gian ton tai cua hethong chieu sang khan cap la:

- UThi gian ap ngU: he thong chieu sang khan cap phai at ngay tc th 100% o roi yeucau, hoac phai at trong vong 0,5 giay.

- UThi gian ton taiU: tuy theo trng hp, nhng khong thap hn 1 gi.


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VI. UCAC KIEU CHIEU SANG PHAN LOAI CHOA EN THEO CIEU:1. UCac kieu chieu sangU:

Anh sang t cac bong trong bo en, sau khi ra khoi choa en, phan bo trong khong gian theo cacmat o quang thong (cng o sang) khac nhau theo cac phng, do o ngi ta co the phan loaicac kieu chieu sang:

- Chieu sang trc tiep (direct lighting): 90-100% quang thong i xuong, phu hp vi Nhavan phong, ca hang ln, nha xng.

- Chieu sang na trc tiep (semi-direct lighting): 60-90% quang thong i xuong, phu hpvi nha van phong, nha , phong tra, phong an.


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- Chieu sang hon hp (mixed lighting), gom chieu sang hon hp thng (mixed normallighting) hay chieu sang trc tiep/gian tiep (direct/indirect lighting) va chieu sang hon hpkhuyech tan (mixed diffuse lighting): 40-60% quang thong i xuong, phu hp vi cackhong gian co hspx tran tng ln, chieu sang kinh te.

- Chieu sang n a gian tiep (semi-indirect lighting): 60-90% quang thong i len, phu hp vitien nghi chieu sang cao: phong khan gia, nha hang an.

- Chieu sang gian tiep (indirect lighting): 90-100% quang thong i len, phu hp vi tiennghi rat cao, moi trng chieu sang bao hoa: ai sanh, phong hoanhac, trung tam hoi ngh.

2. UPhan loai choa en theo CIEU:

Theo cac kieu chieu sang, CIE phan loai tat ca cac bo en (choa en) thanh 20 loai, e thuan tienquy chuan, va xac nh cach tnh he so s dung cho mot bo en, theo tnh nang phan bo quang

thong trong khong gian:

- Trc tiep hep: 5 loai: A, B, C, D, E.- Trc tiep rong: 5 loai: F, G, H, I, J.- Na trc tiep: 4 loai: K, L, M, N.- Hon hp gom na gian tiep: 5 loai: O, P, Q, R, S.- Gian tiep: 1 loai: T.

Xem hnh cau bieu dien khong gian , 5 goc khoi nh ngha t F1 en F5 va cac quang thongtng ng phat ra cua bo en trong goc khoi o :

Goc khoi /2 (F1) (F2) 3/2 (F3) 2 (F4) 4 (F5)

Goc chieu 41o 60o 75o 90o 180oNa goc tam (ng cong IDC) c tnh theo goc khoi theo cong thc:

= Arccos (1 -/2) (35)

Cac loai en theo phan loai cua CIE co phan bo quang thong trong cac phan goc khoi khong giannh trong Phu luc D giao trnh nay.

3. UCach tnh he sos dung cua mot bo enU:a. UCach tnhU:

He so s dung UF cua mot bo en c xac nh theo congthc:

F LB RU = U . U (36)


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Trong o:LB

U : ty suat quang thong ngo ra (light output ratio), la ty soquang thong ra khoi bo en

so vi tong quang thong cac bong lap trong bo en, co gia tr t 0,50 en 0,75 do hang san xuatcho;

RU: he so li dung quang thong (utiliance), phu thuoc loai choa en (theo phan loai cua

CIE), ty so treo en, he sophan xa cua tran tng san, va ch so phong; tham khao cac bang trongPhu luc E giao trnh nay.

U

Ty sotreo enU

:Ty sotreo en c xac nh theo cong thc sau ay:

L

L

HJ

H H=

+ (37)

Trong o: HL la khoang cach t tran en en, H la

khoang cach t en en mat phang lam viec (thng

cach san 0,8m). Ngi ta thng treo en sao cho H 2 HL, suy ra: 0 J 1/3

b. UV du tnh he sos dungU:Mot bo en loai A (theo phan loai cua CIE) co ty suat quang thong ngo ra

LBU bang 0,7 c

dung e thiet kechieu sang cho mot phong co ch so phong bang 2,5; hspx cua tran tng san la7:5:3, en treo sat tran. Hoi he sos dung cua en bang bao nhieu?

Theo bang tra he so li dung quang thongRU cua CIE, loai en A, ty so treo en J = 0 (en treo

sat tran), ch so phong i = 2,5; hspx tran tng san 7:5:3, ta coRU bang 111%.

Loai choa en Loai bong en LB

Bo en co canh tan xa 30o T26 0,65 0,75

Bo en co canh tan xa 40o T26 0,55 0,65

Bo en co canh tan xa vuong goc TC 0,50 - 0,70

Downlight 30o TC 0,60 0,70

Downlight 40o TC 0,50 0,60

Downlight 30o A/QT 0,70 0,75

Downlight 40o A/QT 0,60 0,70


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Vay he sos dung cua en la:F LB RU = U .U = 0,7 x 1,11 = 0,777.

4. UTy so bo tr enU:Ty sobo tr en, con goi la ty sokhoang cach vi o cao SHR (Space to Height Ratio), la ty sogia khoang cach S gia cac en v i o cao H t en en mat phang lam viec.

Thong thng ngi ta lay tim em e nh v trcua en va tnh S. oi khi S theo chieu doc vachieu ngang can phong khac nhau.

Khi o: .h vS S S= (38)

Khoang cach t en giap vi tng

en tng nen cho bang t 1/3 S en

S.

Moi loai en, theo phan loai CIE, nen chon SHR max nh sau e bao am he soong eu cho oroi:

Loai en A B C D E-H I,J K-S T

SHR 0,5 0,6 1 1,2 1,5 1,7 2,5 3

Tuy theo ng dung, ngi ta co the chon la SHR e tiet kiem kinh ph ma van at o ong euchap nhan c:

ng dung, loai en Bo tr nhieu day Bo tr mot day

Toi u Cc ai Toi u Cc ai

Ngoai tri, choa m 2,0 2,9 1,6 2,3

Phan xng, choa thau 1,5 2,2 1,5 1,7

Van phong, giang ng 1,3 1,5 1,2 1,5


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VII. UCAC YEU TO KHAC TRONG THIET KE CHIEU SANG BENTRONG CAC CONG TRNH XAY DNG:

1. UYeu to mau ( colour aspects)U:

a. UNhiet o mau cua enU:Nhiet o mau co anh hng en tien nghi th giac, o la cam quan de chu, kho nh lng, nhngcac chuyen gia a anh gia qua thc nghiem va uc ket t cac khao sat thc te.

Rieng vi cac loai en huynh quang co nhiet o mau khac nhau, ng i ta co bang uc ket cac loaien hp ly cho cac thie t ke chieu sang khac nhau nh sau :

* : khuyen dung ; o : co the thay the

a im chiu sng Activa Day-

light

CW Cool-

white

W WW Warm-

white

Home-

light

Gro-

lux

Gour-

met

Ca hang bach hoa /

Ca hang

Tap hoa o o *

Quay tht o o *

Hieu banh o o *

Quan ao * *

Day dep * *

o go o *

Hieu sach o *

My pham o * *

Hoa ti * o o * *

Vat nuoi / Ca kieng * o o *

Khach san / Trung tam

hoi ngh

Hanh lang o o *

Phong an * *

Phong ngu o *


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Hoi trng o *

Trng hoc

Khu the thao o * o

Phong hoc o *

Hanh lang * o o *

Tiem an * *

Benh vien

Phong benh * *

Khu chung * o o

Van phong o * *

Cong nghiep

Nha xng o * o o

Nha kho * o o o

Det, In * o * o

Nha, Hoa o * *

O-to * o * o

Bao che * * *

Kiem pham * o o

Nha

Phong khach o *

Bep, nha tam o *

Cay canh o o o *

Mau lanh Mau trung

gian

Mau am Mau ac biet


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b. UCh so truyen at mau CRI (colour rendering index)U:en huynh quang tuyp, tuy theo loai (xem catalogue cac hang en), co nhieu cap CRI, t rat tot(cap 1A) cho en kem (cap 3). V du, cung co anh sang trang, en huynh quang tuyp loai 3-dai(three band) cho CRI cap 1B, trong khi en huynh quang tuyp loai De luxe cho CRI cap 1A. Trong

nha sang trong ch nen dung en huynh quang tuyp cho nhng phong can anh sang cho congviec, v du nh nha bep, phong an, phong oc sach, phong giat, nha xe; khong nen dung enhuynh quang tuyp cho cac phong ngu, phong khach.

en huynh quang compact i mi, co CRI cap 1A va 1B, tng ng vi cac en si ot vahalogen ve mat truyen at mau, ma lai tiet kiem ien, nen ngay cang c thong dung trongchieu sang cong suat thap.

Chieu sang cong suat cao, the thao trong nha, chieu sang phuc vu truyen hnh, ngi ta hay dungen metal halide, co CRI t 1A en 2B, tuy loai.

en cao ap sodium loai en chuan, co CRI rat kem (cap 4), danh cho nhng ni ch can thayng khong can phan biet mau sac s vat. en cao ap sodium loai sa mau (color crrected) coCRI khong tot lam (cap 2B). en cao ap sodium loai sa mau manh (strongly color corrected) coCRI tot (cap 1B), nen co the pha tron vi en metal halide cho chieu sang the thao, va cac ngdung can chieu sang cong sua t cao. Noi chung s dung en cao ap sodium can co chon la giagia ca, ng dung va CRI can thiet.

en thuy ngan cao ap co CRI t khong tot lam (cap 2B) cho en rat kem (cap 4), nen ch dung

cho chieu sang chung trong xng cong nghiep, hoac cac khu kho.en sodium thap ap co CRI thap nhat (kem hn cap 4), nen ch dung chieu sang bai o xe. acbiet loai en nay cam s dung cho cac gian phong co kh quyen de chay no.

2. UHan che nhap nhay (flickering)U:

e han che nhap nhay, va hien tng ong anh ( cam giac ong c ng yen hay quay cham,trong khi no ang quay vi van toc ra t cao), ngi ta thie t ke chieu sang vi he thong en 3 pha,thay v ch dung 1 pha cho chieu sang. en s i o t va halogen khong co h ien tng nhap nhay,

nen ac biet c s dung cho nhng ng dung quan trong, tranh hien tng nhap nhay.3. UKet hp vi anh sang ban ngay (daylight)U:

Ket hp vi anh sang ban ngay trong thiet ke chieu sang la nghe thuat va ky thuat cao, neu coieu kien kinh ph, nen ap dung e tie t kiem nang lng ien. Tuy nhien cac ky thuat nay khongn gian, va la cong viec cua kien truc s nhieu hn, nen khong c e cap trong giao trnh nay.

Tuy nhien ta co the hieu mot vai nguyen tac n gian, v du e tat bt en vao nhng thi iemkhac nhau trong ngay, ngi ta thiet kenhieu mach en xen ke, tat m vi nhieu cong tac, thay v

ch dung mot mach en.


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VIII. UKINH NGHIEM CHUYEN GIA TRONG CAC KIEU CHIEUSANG BEN TRONG:

1. UChieu sang trc tiep va nh hng U:

Chieu sang chung trc tiep va nh hng (directand aimed general lighting) cho o ro i ngang eutren mat phang lam viec. Kien truc can phongc nhn thay ro rang, ngi ta de dang nhhng va lam viec trong o. Chieu sang trc tiepcho tnh tao hnh tot va s rc r. Khi o cao cuaphong tang, th chum sang moi en toa rong va oong eu tren mat phang lam viec (mplv) cung gia

tang. Anh sang trc tiep cho phep nhan ro hnhdang va cau tao be mat. Tien nghi th giac tangkhi goc bao ve tang. Mot ac iem cua chieu sang trc tiep la hieu suat cao s dung nang lngien. Tuy nhien ta i mplv, can phai xem xet choi loa phan xa.

Mot so chuyen gia cho rang chieu sang trc tiep cho vung tran va phan tng tren toi, mang tnhtrnh dien nhng tao ra kho chu do tng phan cao. Chieu sang trc tiep thng c ap dung chocac sanh toa nha, van phong ieu hanh, nha hang, va nhng khong gian khac, khi ngi thie t kemuon tao mot cam giac chu y . Theo quan iem nay, cac chuyen gia cho rang chieu sang trc tieptao ra met moi, khong nen dung chieu sang nhng khong gian lam viec.

Cong trnh tieu bieu ap dung chieu sang chung trc tiep, nh hng : SAN BAY QUOC TE

DUBAI (anh cua ERCO).


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2. UChieu sang trc tiep, khuech tan (direct, diffuse lighting)U:

Chieu sang chung trc tiep, khuech tan (direct, diffuse general lighting) cho o roi ngang eu trenmplv, ngoai ra con cho anh sang du vi t bong o va t phan xa. Chieu sang trc tiep, khuyechtan cho kha nang tao hnh yeu, cac hnh dang va cau tao be mat khong c nhan manh. Ngi tang dung en huynh quang e chieu sang trc tiep, khuyech tan, do o hieu qua nang lng ratcao.

Chieu sang chung trc tiep, khuech tan c ap dung cho : khu vc lam viec, phong a chc nang,nha bao tang, trien lam, khu vc i bo.

* UNhom choa en dung cho chieu sang trc tiep, khuyech tanU:

Ket cau sang (light structures) enchieu xuong, khuyech tan (downlights, diffuse)

Downlight gan tng, kh.tan (wall-mounted downlights, diffuse) Tran sang (luminous ceiling).


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Cong trnh tieu bieu ap dung chieu sang chung trc tiep, khuyech tan : TRUNG TAM HOINGH, VALENCIA PRADA, MILAN (anh cua ERCO).

3. UChieu sang gian tiep (indirect):Chieu sang gian tiep s dung mot hoac nhieu tam tran, tng, hoac mat phang khac nh la motvat phan xa th cap. S chieu sang cua cac be mat nh vay lam rang r can phong hoac khu vclen, cho ta mot an tng khong gian rong m. Anh sang khuyech tan cho t bong o, va yeu vemat tao hnh. Ch dung chieu sang gian tiep se gay nen giam sut s phan biet khong gian. So sanhvi chieu sang trc tiep, ngi ta can phai dung mot lng quang thong cao hn ang ke, e coc cung mc o roi tren mat phang lam viec, khi dung chieu sang gian tiep. Vat phan xa thcap phai co he so phan xa cao. Chieu sang gian tiep tranh c hoan toan choi loa trc tiep vachoi loa phan xa. ieu kien tien quyet e co anh sang eu la phong phai u cao. Cac nguon sanggian tiep phai at cao hn tam mat. Khoang cach en tran cua cac nguon sang tuy theo mc eucan thiet cua anh sang, nhng t nhat phai la 0,8m. Chieu sang gian tiep thch hp vi: khu vclam viec, phong a chc nang, khu vc i bo . Cac nhom choa en a dung cho chieu sang giantiep:

Ket cau sang (light structures) en chieu len (uplights)


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Cong trnh tieu bieu ap dung chieu sang chung gian tiep: VIEN BAO TANG ANH, LONDON-SAN BAY EZEIZA, BUENOS AIRES - EREMITAGE, ST. PETERSBURG VILLA,SALZBURG (anh cua ERCO).

Mot so chuyen gia cho rang chieu sang gian tiep tao ra tien nghi th giac do anh sang du, t tngphan lam cho tam ly ngi ta thay khong gian rong hn. Hau het cac kieu chieu sang gian tiepdung tran lam vat phan xa, tuy nhien neu khong cho them chut t anh sang trc tiep, th anh sanggian tiep se cam thay khong gian qua on hoa nh mot ngay nhieu may. Chieu sang gian tiep cxem nh thch hp cho nhng khong gian trong o ngi ta phai lam viec lau, dau vay nen themvao mot t chieu sang tai cho hay chieu sang nh hng e cho khong gian bt te nhat th chatlng chieu sang se tot hn.

4. UChieu sang trc tiep va gian tiep (direct and indirect) U:Chieu sang chung trc tiep va gian tiep (direct/indirect general lighting) c xem nh mot ket

hp gia chieu sang trc tiep va chieu sang gian tiep nham vao mat phang ngang lam viec. Tran


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va tng c s dung nh nhng mat phang phan xa. S chieu sang cua cac be mat nh vay lamrang r can phong hoac khu vc len, cho ta mot an tng khong gian rong m. o ong eu cuamplv cung gia tang va cam giac chieu cao phong cung gia tang, cho cam giac tien nghi, thoai mai.Anh sang trc tiep giup nhan ro cac hnh dang va cau truc be mat, va tang tnh hap dan cua khong

gian. Vat phan xa th cap can co he so phan xa cao. o ong eu cua tran tang len khi en cat cang xa tran. Nen ng dung en huynh quang e co hieu suat nang lng. Chieu sang chungtrc tiep/ gian tiep thch hp cho nhng khu vc lam viec, phong a chc nang, khu vc i bo.

Nhng nhom choa en a dung cho chieu sang trc tiep/ gian tiep:

Ket cau sang (light structures) Downlight treo (pendant downlights)

Cong trnh tieu bieu ap dung chieu sang chung trc tiep/ gian tiep : TRUNG TAM GIAO DUCNGI LN, BERLIN - REICHSTAG, BERLIN - PALACIO DE LA ALJAFERIA, ZARAGOZA- FIBANC, BARCELONA (anh cua ERCO).


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5. UChieu sang quet (washlighting)U:Chieu sang quet (washlighting) la mot kieu chieu sang hng-oi tng, va lien quan en kientruc, muc ch chnh la e noi ro ty le va cac bien cua phong. Ngi ta dung cac en pha o i xnge chieu sang quet cac mat phang ngang, hay chieu sang chung trong khu vc trnh dien. Mot actnh cua cac en pha khong oi xng la phan bocng o sang ong eu tren cac be mat.

a. UChieu sang quet oi xng (symmetrical washlighting)U:Chieu sang quet oi xng cho o roi eu tren oi tng hoac be mat. ac trng cua chieu sangquet la ong eu o roi cao, va t thay oi phan bocng o sang. Nhng vung can c chieusang cua phong c nhan manh vi chieu sang quet.

Anh sang trc tiep cho kha nang tao hnh tot,nhan bie t hnh dang va cau truc be mat tot.Trong kien truc, chieu sang quet c lam nencho chieu sang iem nhan (accent lighting).

Ng i ta hay ng dung nhng en pha lap trenray, cho phep nh v linh ong cac choa en.Chieu sang quet phuc vu cho: trien lam, baotang, cac khu vc thng mai va trnh dien,phong a chc nang,

en pha (floodlights)


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Cong trnh tieu bieu ap dung chieu sang quet oi xng: Nha th Santa Ana, Las Palmas

- Passeig de Gracia, Barcelona Bao tang Royal Armouries, Leeds - Museo Fournier del Naipe,

Vitoria (anh cua ERCO).

b. UChieu sang quet bat oi xng (asymmetrical washlighting)U:Chieu sang quet bat oi xng (asymmetrical washlighting) c dung chu yeu e chieu sang cacbe mat. Chieu sang quet cac bc tng la cong cu chnh cua chieu sang kien truc. o roi ngnhan manh cac bc tng, hoac cac bien khac cua can phong, lam tang ve trang tr. Nhng bctng sang choi lam cho kien truc to ln hn.


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en chieu iem quet tng (wallwasher spotlights) en quet (washlights)

en chieu bien (perimeter luminaires) en quet tng (wallwashers)

en chieu len (uplights) en chieu nen (floor washers)

Nhng choa en dang iem lam cho tng sang hn, trong khi nhng choa en dang dai se cho o

ong eu cao hn. Vi chieu sang quet bat oi xng, cac khu vc cua phong c xac nh, lam


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tang s chu y cua ngi quan sat. Chieu sang quet bat oi xng cung c dung lam nen chochieu sang iem nhan, hay c dung e tao o sang moi trng cho ni lam viec. e at cphan bo cng o sang ong eu, viec nh v cac bo en la toi quan trong.

Chieu sang quet bat oi xng c ap dung cho: trien lam, bao tang, khu vc thng mai va trnh

dien, phong a chc nang. Nhng nhom choa en thng dung la: en chieu iem quet tng,en quet, en quet tng, en chieu len, en chieu bien.

Cong trnh tieu bieu ap dung chieu sang quet bat oi xng: Bao tang Anh, London - Reichstag,Berlin - Palacio de la Aljaferia, Saragoza Bao tang nghe thuat hien ai,Frankfurt (anh cuaERCO)


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6. UChieu sang iem nhan (accentlighting)U:

Chieu sang iem nhan lam noi ro nhan manh vao

cac va t the hay yeu tokien truc n le . Bang cachchieu sang nay, co the tao ra mot thang bac thu huts chu y cho moi tiet muc trong mot tong the nhieutiet muc c nhan manh.

Chieu sang iem nhan cho phep nhan ro cac hnhdang va cau truc be mat. Anh sang tieu tu tao ra

bong o ro ret va tang kha nang tao hnh cung vi o sang. Mot tia hep o sang cao lam noi batmot oi tng vi vung can xung quanh, lam cho no c nhan manh rieng. Chieu sang iemnhan tao nhng iem chu y va lam cai thien nang suat th giac, tai ni chng bay cung nh tai ni

lam viec. Nhng cau truc va be mat vat the c nhan manh ro rang bi anh sang trc tiep. Chieusang iem nhan c ap dung cho trien lam, bao tang, khu vc thng mai va trnh dien, nhahang an, quan ca phe, quay bar, khu vc lam viec ac biet. Nhng nhom choa en a dung: : enchieu iem (spotlights), spotlight ng vien (contour spotlights), downlight nh hng(directional downlights), choa en am nen nh hng (directional recessed floor luminaires), enlam viec (task lights)

Cong trnh tieu bieu ap dungchieu sang iem nhan:

Neue Wache, Berlin - Iglesiadel Sagrado Corazn, - BilbaoIssey Miyake, Paris -Pinacoteca Vaticana, Rome(anh cua ERCO)


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7. UChieu sang vi en chieu hnh (projection lighting)U:en chieu c dung e chieu cac bang hieu,mo hnh va hnh anh, e tang mc thong baocho cac thong tin canh bao va quang cao.Nhng hieu ng ly thu co the tao ra vi cacgobos va knh loc. Ap dung chieu sang vi enchieu cho trien lam, bao tang, khu vc thngmai va trnh dien, nha hang an, caf, quay bar,khach san. Chieu sang loai nay can en chieuspotlight (spotlight projectors).

Cong trnh tieu bieu ap dung chieu sang vi en chieu: Aragon Pavillon, Sevilla - Hannover

Messe - Teattri Ravintola, Finland (anh ERCO)


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8. UChieu sang dan hng (orientation lighting)U:Chieu sang dan hng (orientation lighting) lachieu sang ch e cung cap s nh hng.Nhng bo en xep theo day, lam nhiem vu tnhieu dan hng. Nhiem vu chieu sang cua chungch la phu, do o ch can o roi thap. Ngi ta sdung nhng en nho vi o choi cao, e chungnoi bat len trong boi canh. Chieu sang danhng can thie t trong cac toa nha phc tap, edan ng thoat nan trong trng hp khan cap.Ngoai ra no con c ap dung e lam noi ro

ng net kien truc, cac bac thang bo, khu cam, loi vao, lo i i, lo i thoat nan.

Cac bo choa en a dung: : en quet nen (floor washlights), downlight lap tng (wall-mounteddownlights), choa en am nen (recessed floor luminaires), choa en dan hng (orientation

luminaires).

Cong trnh tieu bieu apdung chieu sang danhng:

Toa nha Anh sang,Frankfurt- Palazzo dellaRagione, Bergamo- Khachsan Hilton, Dubai Khachsan Hilton, Dubai (anhERCO)


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IX. UMOT SO KY HIEU LOAI CHOA EN TREN BAN VE MATBANG CHIEU SANGU:

Tren ban ve thie t ke chieu sang, can the hien ro loai en va tnh nang cua no. Sau ay la mot so

ky hieu thng dung:

en chieu xuong

(downlight)

Choa en co chp, batoi xng (louvredluminaire, asymmetrical )

en chieu iem, en chieuiem nh hng (spot light,directional spotlight)

Ket cau sang (lightstructure)

en chie u iem gan ray

(track-mounted spotlight)

Ket cau sang v i ray

(light structure withtrack)

en chieu xuong, en quettng bat oi xng, en quet(downlight, asymmetricalwallwasher, washlight)

Ket cau sang v i choaen co chp (lightstruture with louvredluminaire)

em quet kep (doublewashlight)

Ket cau sang v i nguonsang iem (light struture

with point light sourses)en quet goc (cornerwashlight)

en chieu xuong vien khan cap (downlightwith emergency light)

Choa en vuong (squareluminaire)

Choa en vuong vi enkhan cap (squareluminaire, withemergency light)

Choa en vuong, bat oixng (Square luminaire,asymmetrical)

Choa en co chp chongchoi va en khan cap(louvred luminaire withemergency light)

Choa en co chp chongchoi (louvred luminaire)

en iem (singlet)


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UCHNG 3U : CHIEU SANG BEN NGOAI

I. UAI CNGU:1. UCac oi tng thiet ke chieu sang ben ngoai U:

Chieu sang ben ngoai (outdoor lighting) hay chieu sang khu vc (area lighting) nghien cu thietkechieu sang cho cac oi tng:

- Cac iem o giao thong cong cong ngoai tri;- ng, cau, ham dung cho ngi i bo;- Ben ngoai cac khu trng hoc, benh vien, trung tam thng mai, hoi ch trien lam, va cac

tru s;- Cac cong vien vn hoa;- Chieu sang mat tien kien truc, tng ai, ai phun nc;- Cac cong trnh the duc the thao ngoai tri.

2. UCac yeu cau ch tieu ky thuatU:

o ro i ngang va o roi ng; He soong eu; Han che choi loa; Kieu chieu sang va bong o;

Nhiet o mau va ch sotruyen at mau.

3.UCac tieu chuan chieu sang ben ngoaiU:

TCXDVN 333: 2005 Chieu sang nhan tao ben ngoai cac cong trnh cong cong va ky thuat ha tango th Tieu chuan thiet ke.

ISO/FDIS 8995-2 / CIE S 015/E:2005, Lighting of Workplaces, Part 2: Outdoor (Chieu sa ng nilam viec, Phan 2: Ben ngoai.)

II.UPHNG PHAP TNH TOANU:1. UPhng phap cng o sangU:

o ro i ngang tai iem khao sat P, do en tao nen,

c tnh theo cong thc:

3 3 3

2 2

.cos .cos .cosp

I IE

h h

= = (1)


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Trong o: : goc ma truc en c nham vao;: goc BLP; : goc ALB;

I

(cd/m2): cng o sang cua en theo phng chieu ; Ep (lx): o roi ngang tai iem P; h(m):

o cao cua en.

2. UPhng phap quang thongU:

Tong quang thong can thiet va so en can dung e chieu sang dien tch A vi o roi bnh quan E:

.

.

avT

F F

A E

U M = (2) T

L

n

=

(3)

Trong o:FT(lm): quang thong tong cua tat ca cac en, la quang thong mot bong en, nhan cho soen trong mot bo en, roi nhan cho so bo en; L(lm): quang thong cua mot bong en, theo

catalogue cua bong en, hoac theo Bang 33 trong Phu luc 6 TCXDVN 333:2005; A(m

2

): dien tchcan chieu sang, trong chieu sang the thao, ch can theo dien tch san chnh, phan bien ngoai cxac nh la dien tch lien ke; E(lx): o ro i bnh quan cua thiet ke, thng la o roi ngang;

UF: he so s dung quang thong cua bo en, vi chieu sang ngoai tri, UF co tr so t 0,35 en 0,5,do nha san suat cung cap d lieu, va con phu thuoc phng an bo tr en (o cao a t en, hngroi va o nghieng (turn and tilt).

MF: he so duy tr, xac nh theo cap bao ve IP cua bo en, o o nhiem cua moi trng, va chu kybao dng lau en, co the tnh theo Bang 2 trong TCXDVN 333:

Chu kybao

dngen

(thang)

Cap bao ve cua bo en

IP2X IP5X IP6X

Phan loai moi trng Phan loai moi trng Phan loai moi trng

o thln, khu

congnghiepnang

o thva va

nho, khucong

nghiep

nhe

Nongthon

o thln, khu

congnghiepnang

o thva va

nho, khucong

nghiep

nhe

Nongthon

o thln, khu

congnghiepnang

o thva va

nho, khucong

nghiep

nhe

Nongthon

12

18

24

36

0,53

0,48

0,45

0,42

0,62

0,58

0,56

0,53

0,82

0,80

0,79

0,78

0,89

0,87

0,84

0,76

0,90

0,88

0,86

0,82

0,92

0,91

0,90

0,88

0,91

0,90

0,89

0,87

0,92

0,91

0,89

0,87

0,93

0,92

0,91

0,90


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Cap bao ve IP to i thieu cua bo en c quy nh theo Bang 3 trong TCXDVN 333:

TT c Im - phn loi mi tr ng lm vic Cp bo v ti thiu

1 n lp t trong khu vc nng thn IP 23

2 n lp t trong th va v nh, khu cng nghip nh, khu nh IP 44

3 n lp t trong th ln, khu cng nghip nng Phn quang hc : IP 54

Cc phn khc : IP 44

4 n t d i cao 3m IP 44

5 n lp t trong hm, trn thnh cu IP 55

6 V tr lp t n c kh nng xy ra ng ngp IP 67

7 n phi th ng xuyn lm vic trong iu kin ngm n c IP 68

III. UHAN CHE CHOI LOAU:1. Unh mc choi loa GR (Glare Rating)U:

a. UCong thc nh nghaU:

nh mc choi loa GR la ch so choi loa giam kha nang quan sat (disability glare), c nhngha theo cong thc:

0,927 24log vl

ve

LGR

L= + (4)

Trong o : Lvl (cd/m2): o cho i gay loa tng ng bi cac en; Lve(cd/m2): o choi gay loa cuamoi trng.

b.U

Cach tnh toanU

:* Uo choi gay loa cua cac enU:

210

eyei

vl

i i

EL

= (5)

Trong o : Lvl(cd/m2): o choi gay loa b i cac en;

Eeyei(lx): o roi ng tai mat ngi quan sat, gay bi en th i.


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Trong o: I80, I88 (cd): cng o sang cua en mi theo cac goc bang 80 va 88 o, theo ng

cong phan bocng o sang (IDC), trong mat phang C0, cua bo en; F (m2): dien tch phat sangcua choa en; c: he sosa mau: vi en sodiumthap ap, c = 0,4; vi cac en phong ien khac,

c = 0.

UCHU YU: ch tnh G khi: 0,3 < Lav < 7; 5 < h 0.

Cac gii han khi tnh SLI: 50 < I80 < 7000; 1

gt kt chieu sang - vu hung cuong

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