group influence chapter 8 david myerswebspace.ship.edu/jacamp/chapter_8.pdf · deindividuation...
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Group Influence
Chapter 8
David Myers
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Group Influence
What is a Group?
Social Facilitation
Social Loafing
Deindividuation
Group Polarization and Groupthink
Minority Influence
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Group Influence
What Constitutes a Group?
– Group - two or more individuals who interact
and influence each other and perceive each
other as “us”
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Social Facilitation
Social Facilitation – performance “boost” when acting in the presence of others
– Zajonc found that performance was enhanced on easy (dominant) tasks and hindered on difficult tasks
Crowding – extreme arousal can interfere with dominant and well-learned behaviors
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Social Facilitation
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Why Are Others Arousing?
Explaining Social Facilitation– Evaluation Apprehension – our concern about how
others are evaluating us
– Mere Presence – the presence of others is physiologically arousing
– Distraction-conflict Theory - people get distracted by co-actors, audience, and the task
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Social Loafing
Social Loafing - tendency for people to reduce their
individual effort when working towards a common goal
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Social Loafing
Explaining Loafing - evaluation apprehension is
reduced during collective efforts
– Free Riders – individuals who benefit from group
effort but contribute little
Social Loafing in Every Day Life?
Loafing occurs less with tasks that are
challenging, appealing, or involve friends
Cultural Factors?
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Social Facilitation vs. Loafing
2 kids shoveling a sidewalk for their parents
Running a 5k race
Running a relay race
Drinking alcohol
Donating money
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Deindividuation
Deindividuation - increased arousal, loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension in large crowds
– Often results in atypical thoughts and behaviors
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Deindividuation
Contributors to Deindividuation
– Group Size – large crowds can lead to deindividuation
– Physical Anonymity – increased anonymity can lead to
more deindivuated behavior
– Self-awareness – factors that decrease self-
awareness increase deindividuation
– Arousing Activities – events that divert your attention
and increase arousal may lead to deindividuation
Preventing Deindividuation at sporting events?
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Polarized Decisions
Deal or No Deal
The Risky Shift – group decisions are sometimes riskier
than the average individuals– 9 of 10 chance of succeeding (small payout)
– 7 of 10 chance of succeeding
– 5 of 10 chance of succeeding (medium payout)
– 3 of 10 chance of succeeding
– 1 of 10 chance of succeeding (large payout)
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Group Polarization - discussion can lead to
more risky or more cautious behaviors
Naturally Occurring Polarization?
Group Polarization (formerly
Risky Shift)
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Explaining Polarization
Information Influence – information discussed tends to favor
the dominant viewpoint
Normative Influence – group norms influence our opinions
and decisions
– Pluralistic Ignorance – false impression of how other
people are thinking, feeling, or responding
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Groupthink
Groupthink – overwhelming motivation by group
members to reach consensus on decisions
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Groupthink
Symptoms of Groupthink – used to maintain
positive group feelings
– Overestimation of group’s might and right
Illusion of Invulnerability
Belief in group’s morality
– Group members become close-minded
Rationalization
Stereotyped view of outgroups
– Group suffers from pressures toward uniformity
Conformity pressure/self-censorship
Illusion of unaminity/Mindguards
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Preventing Groupthink
Be Impartial
Encourage Critical Evaluations
Subdivide Then Reunite
Invite Outside Reviewers
Hold a Last-Chance Meeting
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Minority Influence
How can lone individuals influence the group?
– Consistency and Confidence – minority members
who stick to their opinions can sway the group
– Defections – a majority member who defects is more
persuasive than a consistent minority
– Newcomers - automatically gain attention and power
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Problem-solving and Teamwork
Groups can outperform individuals on intellective
tasks– COLOR : SPECTRUM
tone : scale
sound : waves
verse : poem
dimension : space
cell : organism
Brainstorming – group idea generation groups
rarely outperform individuals
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Minority Influence - Leadership
Leadership - the process by which an individual group
member will motivate and guide the group
– Task Leadership – organizing work, goal-oriented,
maintaining standards
– Social Leadership – teambuilding, conflict mediations,
social support
– Transformational Leadership – motivate and inspire
via high standards and personal attention