grief death and dying handout

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Grief, Death And Dying Vivienne S. CaguioaCleofas, MD,FFPA Learning Objectives To know the definition of death, thanatology, grief, mourning and bereavement To know the different reactions to death To know the attitudes towards death –life cycle To know the different types of grief To know how to deal with grief Thanatology Study of the experiences of dying and bereavement Death Definition: the absolute cessation of vital functions DYING: the process of losing these functions Dying, and the individual’s awareness of it, imbues humans with values, passions, wishes and the impetus to make the most of time Good Death: one that is free from avoidable distress and suffering for patients, families and caregivers and is reasonably consistent with clinical, cultural and ethical standards Bad Death: characterized by needless suffering, a dishonoring of patient or family wishes or values, and a sense among participants or observers that norms of decency have been offended Reactions To Death Timely Untimely Intentional Unintentional Subintentional Elisabeth KublerRoss (impending death) Stage 1: Shock and Denial Stage 2: Anger Stage 3: Bargaining Stage 4: Depression Stage 5: Acceptance

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Grief, death and dying

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Page 1: Grief Death and Dying Handout

Grief,  Death  And  Dying  Vivienne  S.  Caguioa-­‐Cleofas,  MD,FFPA    

 Learning  Objectives    

To  know  the  definition  of  death,  thanatology,  grief,  mourning  and  bereavement  To  know  the  different  reactions  to  death  To  know  the  attitudes  towards  death  –life  cycle  To  know  the  different  types  of  grief  To  know  how  to  deal  with  grief    Thanatology  Study  of  the  experiences  of  dying  and  bereavement    Death  Definition:    the  absolute  cessation  of  vital    functions  DYING:  the  process  of  losing  these  functions  Dying,    and  the  individual’s  awareness  of  it,  imbues  humans  with  values,  passions,  wishes  and  the  impetus  to  make  the  most  of  time    

Good  Death:    one  that  is  free  from  avoidable    distress  and  suffering  for  patients,  families  and  caregivers  and  is  reasonably  consistent  with  clinical,  cultural  and  ethical  standards    Bad  Death:    characterized  by  needless  suffering,  a  dishonoring  of  patient  or  family  wishes  or  values,  and  a  sense  among  participants  or  observers  that  norms  of  decency  have  been  offended  

 Reactions  To  Death  

Timely  Untimely  Intentional  Unintentional  Subintentional    Elisabeth  Kubler-­‐Ross  (impending  death)  

Stage  1:    Shock  and  Denial  Stage  2:    Anger  Stage  3:    Bargaining  Stage  4:    Depression  Stage  5:    Acceptance    

   

   

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Reactions  To  Death  Mardi  Horowitz  

• Outcry  • Denial  and  Intrusion  • Working  Through  • Completion  

 Reactions  To  Death    

Therese  Rando’s  6  Rs  • Recognize  the  loss  • React  • Recollect  and  Re-­‐experience  • Relinquish  • Readjust  • Reinvest  

 Attitudes  Toward  Death  Across  The  Life  Cycle  

CHILDREN  Jean  Piaget  Pre-­‐school  (<  5  y.o.)  -­‐    animistic  

Perioperational    stage  a  temporary  absence,  incomplete  and  reversible,  like  departure  or  sleep  Separation  from  primary  caregiver  is  a  main  fear  

5  -­‐  10  y.o.    -­‐    inevitable  human  mortality  Concrete  operational  thinking  Death  is  a  final  reality  that  happens  to  old  people  not  children  Usually  have  active  fantasies  of  violence  and  aggression    dominated  by  themes  of  death  and  killing  

 Adolescents    

Formal  concrete    operations  Death  is  inevitable  and  final  but  may  not  accept  possibility  of  their  own  death  Great  potential  for  isolation  and  withdrawal  

 Puberty      

universal,  inevitable,  irreversible              

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John  Bowlby                        Phase  1  :  Protest                        Phase  2  :    Despair                        Phase  3  :  Detachment  

 Erick  Erickson    

Young  adults  -­‐  focus  on  missing  the  chance  to  marry  Middle  age  -­‐  frustrated  in  their  plans  to  enjoy  hard  earned  pleasure  Older  age  -­‐  confront  increasing  reality  of  their  own  mortality  ;  integrity  vs  despair  

 Spousal  Bereavement    among  the  most  stressful  of  all  life  experiences  Older  adults  have  more  favorable  outcome    Depressive  symptoms  peak  within  the  first  few  months  but  decline  significantly  within  a  year    Grief    emotional  &/or  psychological  reaction  to  any  loss,  not  limited  to  death      Mourning    

Process  by  which  grief  is  resolved  societal  expression  of  post  bereavement  behavior  and  practices    Rituals  for  mourning  

 Wake,  internment  Rituals  for  disposing  the  body  Rituals  for  invocation  of  religious  ceremonies  Rituals  for  periodic  official  remembrances  

Funeral        prevailing  display  of  bereavement                

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Bereavement  State  of  being  deprived  of  someone  by  death  and  being  in  the  state  of  mourning  

 Bereavement  

­ Stages  according  to  Bowlby  Stage  1  :  early  phase  of  acute  despair                                (numbness  and  protest)  Stage  2:    phase  of  intense  yearning                                  and  searching  

 Stage  3  :  phase  of  disorganization                                            and  despair  Stage  4:    phase  of  reorganization    

Bereavement  in  children    

Symptoms  indicating  major  depressive  disorder  exceeding  usual  bereavement  Guilt  related  to  issues  beyond  those  surrounding  the  loved  one  Preoccupation  with  death  other  than  thoughts  of  being  dead  

A  child’s  grief  can  be  influenced  by  his  or  her  age,  personality,  developmental  stage,  earlier  experiences  with  death,  his  or  her  relationship  with  the  deceased  

Younger  than  2  yo  –  loss  of  speech  diffuse  distress  Younger  than  5  yo  –  eating,  bowel  and  bladder  dysfunctions,  strong  feelings  of  sadness,  

fear,  anxiety  School  aged  –  phobic,  hypochondriacal,  withdrawn,  psuedomature,  school  performance  

suffers  Adolescents  –  behavioral  problems,  somatic  symptoms  erratic  moods  to  stoicism  

 

Symptoms  indicating  major  depressive  disorder  exceeding  usual  bereavement    Guilt  about  things  other  than  actions  taken  or  not  taken  by  the  survivor  at  the  time  of  death  Morbid  preoccupation  with  worthlessness  

 Marked  psychomotor  retardation  Prolonged  marked  functional  impairment  Hallucinatory  experiences  

   

 

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Grief    

Duration    Cultural  Dictated  by  society  In  children  depends  on  support  system  loneliness  

 Anticipatory  Grief  Anniversary  Reactions    Normal  Grief  Uncomplicated  Grief  

 

identifying  with  the  deceased  taking  on  traits/  possessions  hear  fleeting,  transient  voice  denial  of  certain  aspects  of  the  deceased  

 

Pathological  Grief  believes  he  is  the  dead  person  or  dying  of  the  same  disease  persistent,  intrusive  complex  auditory  hallucinations  dead  person  still  alive  

   

Normal  Grief     -­‐  disbelief,  denial  shock  

Profound  sadness  survival  guilt  intact  self  esteem  Sense  of  unreality  withdrawal    Anger  and  irritability  

 Pathological  Grief  Denial  delayed  or  absent  grief  Depression  impaired  self  esteem  suicidal  Progressive  social  isolation  Hostility  paranoid  reactions  

   

         

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Grief  mood  fluctuations  waves,  washes  over  time  limited  

 Depression  mood  disturbance  is  pervasive,  unremitting  hopeless  

   

Grief    

A  normal  albeit,  intensely  painful  state  that  is  responsive  to  support,  empathy  and  passage  of  time    Self-­‐reproach  common  Survivor  guilt    

Major  Depressive  Disorder    

Potentially  a  medical  emergency  that  requires  immediate  intervention  to  forestall  a  complication  like  suicide  

 DIFFERENTIATING  BEREAVEMENT  from    

MAJOR  DEPRESSION  DIFFERENTIATING  BEREAVEMENT  from    

MAJOR  DEPRESSION  DIFFERENTIATING  BEREAVEMENT  from    

MAJOR  DEPRESSION  Biology  Of  Grief  

Acute  Grief  disruption  of  biological  rhythms  Impaired  immune  functioning  decreased  lymphocyte  proliferation  impaired  functioning  of  natural  killer  cells  

             

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Biology  Of  Grief  Acute  Grief  Mortality  rate  for  widows  and  widowers  following  the  death  of  a  spouse  is  higher  than  that  in  the  general  population  Widowers  appear  to  be  at  risk  longer  than  widows  

 

Dealing  With  Grief  Physician  responses  often  reflect  underlying  attitudes  toward  death  Death  as  a  personal  failure  or  threat  to  personal  immortality  medical  training  focuses  almost  entirely  on  the  control  and  eradication  of  disease  at  the  expense  of  care  and  comfort  of  the  person  with  the  disease    Awareness  of  own  attitudes  toward  death  and  dying  Unconscious  feeling  of  omnipotence  and  power  of  preventing  death  some  go  into  Medicine  because  of  own  unconscious  fears  of  death  

 Dealing  With  Grief  

Compassionate  care  

– Hallmarks  of  Appropriate  Care  visiting  the  patient  regularly  maintaining  eye  contact  touching  appropriately  listening  to  what  the  patient  have  to  say  being  willing  to  answer  all  questions  in  a  respectful  way  

 Preparing  the  family  for  the  probability  that  a  loved  one  will  die  Encourage  the  family’s  ventilation  of  feelings  

 Grief  Therapy  regularly  scheduled  sessions  where  grieving  people  are  encouraged  to  talk  about  feelings  of  loss  and  about  the  person  who  has  died  attachment  to  the  therapist  provides  temporary  support  until  a  sense  of  confidence  about  the  future  develops  

Death  and  Burial  Customs  Ghost  Protection  Rituals  

most  are  practiced  to  protect  the  living  Appease  the  spirits  thought  to  have  caused  the  person’s  death  Shutting  the  eyes  of  the  dead  person  Covering  the  face  of  the  dead  Carry  the  dead  out  of  the  house  feet  first  Mirrors  were  covered  

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Family  photographs  turned  face  down  Cemeteries  Tombstones  to  weigh  down  the  dead  Mazes  at  the  entrance  of  ancient  tombs  Beating  on  the  grave,  firing  of  guns,  funeral  bells  and  wailing  chants  Bodies  lie  with  their  heads  to  the  West  and  their  feet  to  the  East  

Filipino  Practices/Rituals  The  Wake  or  Vigil  House,  funeral  parlor,  church  Usually  lasts  for  5-­‐7  days  or  longer  24  hours  Novenas,  prayers,  mass  everyday  Nearest  kin  sits  beside  the  coffin  

 The  Requiem  Mass/Funeral  Walk  behind  the  funeral  car  Stop  at  the  church  after  mass  relative  will  make  a  speech  Grave  site  House  of  the  family  Children  are  passed  over  the  coffin  40  Days  

Superstitious  Beliefs  Feed  the  mourners,  but  don't  walk  them  to  the  door  when  they  leave.    Don’t  sweep  the  floor  while  the  body  is  still  lying  in  state  or  else  other  deaths  in  the  family  may  follow  No  tears  should  fall  on  the  dead  or  the  coffin  as  it  would  make  a  person's  journey  to  the  afterlife  difficult  When  someone  sneezes  at  the  wake,  pinch  him    During  the  wake  the  dead  person's  relatives  must  not  take  a  bath.    Food  from  the  wake  should  not  be  brought  home  because  it's  believed  that  the  dead  touches  all  of  it  After  a  funeral  service,  guests  should  not  go  directly  home.  This  way  the  spirit  of  the  dead  won't  follow  them  to  their  house  When  carrying  a  coffin  out  for  burial,  it  should  be  carried  head  first  as  it  prevents  the  soul  of  the  dead  from  coming  back  Family  members  should  wear  black  or  white,  colors  are  prohibited    Weddings,  birthdays,  and  other  social  activities  should  not  be  celebrated  for  one  year  The  widow,  children,  and  immediate  family  members  are  prohibited  from  carrying  the  coffin  or  else  they  will  become  ill  and  die  While  the  casket  is  on  its  way  to  the  cemetery  or  the  church,  relatives  who  preferred  to  stay  at  home  should  not  have  a  glimpse  of  the  casket  or  else  someone  in  the  family  would  die.        

End  of  Lecture