grid-connected solar electricity -costs and economics-ok

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Solar Energy Project Development Specialists Gordon Howell, P.Eng. Edmonton Phone: +1 780 484 0476 E-mail: [email protected] Grid-Connected Solar Electricity – Costs and Economics Energy Options Behind the Farm Gate Taber 2009 March 18 (download this presentation from www.hme.ca/presentations) Agriculture and Rural Development ©1995-2009

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Page 1: Grid-Connected Solar Electricity -Costs and Economics-ok

Solar Energy Project Development Specialists

Gordon Howell, P.Eng.Edmonton

Phone: +1 780 484 0476E-mail: [email protected]

Grid-Connected Solar Electricity

– Costs and Economics –Energy Options Behind the Farm Gate

Taber2009 March 18

(download this presentation from www.hme.ca/presentations)

Agriculture and Rural Development

©1995-2009

Page 2: Grid-Connected Solar Electricity -Costs and Economics-ok

Solar Energy Project Development Specialists 2

Energy Options Behind the Farm GateAgriculture and Rural Development

Content of presentations

Chapter 1

– Solar Resource

– Components

– How does it work

Chapter 2

– Performance, size

– Costs

– Economics

Until there is awareness there will be no consensus to change. Martin Luther King Jr.America

Chapter 3

– Connecting to the grid

– Steps to get your own solar power system

Chapter 4 (your homework)

– Get your electricity bills together

– Download this presentation from www.hme.ca/presentations

– Take steps to get your own system

Page 3: Grid-Connected Solar Electricity -Costs and Economics-ok

Solar Energy Project Development Specialists 3

Energy Options Behind the Farm GateAgriculture and Rural Development

0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.40.5

1.1

1.4

0.70.5 0.5

1.0

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0.75

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2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Avg

Time of Day [hour]

Pow

er [k

W]

Average power used throughout the day, represents the same amount of energy as brown lines.

Height of brown bars = hourly electrical power consumption [kW]

Area of brown bars= total energy= 18 kWh/day= 6600 kWh/year

Area of green rectangle

= 18 kWh/day

= 6600 kWh/year

Energy = Power x Time kJ = kJ/s x s

Energy = Power x Time kWh = kW x h

Distance = Speed x Timekm = km/h x h

0.3

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1.4

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1.2

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0.5

0.3

18

Background: Energy vs. Power

Average power = 0.75 kW

Page 4: Grid-Connected Solar Electricity -Costs and Economics-ok

Solar Energy Project Development Specialists 4

Energy Options Behind the Farm GateAgriculture and Rural Development

0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.40.5

1.1

1.4

0.70.5 0.5

1.0

0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

1.5

3.0

1.2

0.8 0.8 0.70.5

0.3

0.75

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Avg

Time of Day [hour]

Pow

er [k

W] BUT they only get paid

for delivering this much electrical energy

Electric companies need to design and build their electricity generating, transmitting and delivery systems to generate and deliver this much electrical power…

Area of brown bars = total energy= 18 kWh/day= 6600 kWh/year

Background: Energy vs. Power

The ratio between the height of the green lineand the height of the tallest brown bar is the “capacity factor” of the electrical loads.

Page 5: Grid-Connected Solar Electricity -Costs and Economics-ok

Solar Energy Project Development Specialists 5

Energy Options Behind the Farm GateAgriculture and Rural Development

PV System Capacity Rating

PV system sizes are shown as the number of kilowatts [kW] of rated ability to generate electrical power (not energy).

– 2.4 kW typical size for a house (12 modules of 200 W each)

– 6.1 kW approximate size to supply all electricity for an averagehouse (36 modules of 170 W each)

– 0.1 kW smallest grid-connected system (1 module of 100 W)

– 11,000 kW biggest grid-connected system (150,000 kW ones are under development) (36,650 modules of 300 W each)

Efficiency can save 75 percent of our electricity at a Amory Lovins, 2006lower cost than making it at existing power plants. Rocky Mountain Institute

Page 6: Grid-Connected Solar Electricity -Costs and Economics-ok

Solar Energy Project Development Specialists 6

Energy Options Behind the Farm GateAgriculture and Rural Development

# of hours that the PV system effectively operates at its rated capacity in order to generate its energy

– Energy per year kWh/year hoursrated generating capacity kW year

– Solar power system performance is affected by tilt angle and orientation angle (or whether it is tracking the sun)latitude and location of siteshading (trees, obstructing objects, buildings, snow cover) soilingPV module mis-match (keep them all the same)Inverter and wiring efficiency

For more detailed calculations use the RETScreen analysis spreadsheet free from Natural Resources Canada www.retscreen.net

==

PV System Yield =

Page 7: Grid-Connected Solar Electricity -Costs and Economics-ok

Solar Energy Project Development Specialists 7

Energy Options Behind the Farm GateAgriculture and Rural Development

System yield– Edmonton: ~1000 hours / year, south facing at optimum tilt angles– Calgary: ~1100 hours / year– Medicine Hat: ~1250 hours / year (similar to Taber and Lethbridge)

– Could be reduced by 30% to 50% by shading and non-optimal orientation.

Example calculation– 3 kW solar PV system

x 1250 hours/year = 3750 kWh/year of energy

Socialism collapsed because it did not allow the market to tell the economic truth. Øystein DahleCapitalism may collapse because it does not allow the market to tell the ecological truth. Exxon Norway

PV System Energy Production

Page 8: Grid-Connected Solar Electricity -Costs and Economics-ok

Solar Energy Project Development Specialists 8

Energy Options Behind the Farm GateAgriculture and Rural Development

Add up your electricity consumption for 1 year or 2 years.

Use the performance numbers to determine your system capacity:

a) Your annual electricity consumption = _____________ kWh/year

b) PV performance is ~1250 hours/year in Taber for optimal tilt andorientation angles

c) Find # of kW of capacity for 100% solar electricity = ________ kW [= a) divided by b)]

d) Portion of your electricity that you want from the sun = _____%

e) Your PV array capacity = ________ kW[= c) multiplied by d)]

Rough PV array capacity…

Page 9: Grid-Connected Solar Electricity -Costs and Economics-ok

Solar Energy Project Development Specialists 9

Energy Options Behind the Farm GateAgriculture and Rural Development

Use this to find the area of your PV array:

a) PV module efficiency: 13% to 17%

b) Module production-area: 130 to 170 W/m2 [= a) x 1000 W/m2]

c) Your PV array capacity: _____________ kW

d) Your PV array area: _____________ m2

Anyone who thinks they are too small to make a difference… Africanhas never spent the night with a mosquito. Proverb

PV Array Area

Page 10: Grid-Connected Solar Electricity -Costs and Economics-ok

Solar Energy Project Development Specialists 10

Energy Options Behind the Farm GateAgriculture and Rural Development

Modules– Price divided by rated power: $/ W– Example: 200 W PV module for $1000 is $5 / W– Typically: $4 to $6 / W wholesale,

$7+ / W retailInverter

– Price divided by rated power: $/W– Example: 6000 W inverter for $3400 is $0.57 / W– Typically: $0.50 to $0.80 / W

System– Small off-grid system: $30 / W– House-sized off-grid system: $20-$30 / W– On-grid system: $8-$12 /W– Your system: _______ kW x $_____/ W = $______k

What to look for with PV prices…

Page 11: Grid-Connected Solar Electricity -Costs and Economics-ok

Solar Energy Project Development Specialists 11

Energy Options Behind the Farm GateAgriculture and Rural Development

PV System Sizing and Costing Summary1. If you consume 6000 kWh of electricity per year, then, for example:

– You need a 5 kW PV array (6000 kWh/year / 1200 h/year)

– Area of 5 kW PV array 31 m2 (5 kW/ 16% module eff.)

– It will cost you $42,500 (5 kW x $8.50 / W * 1000)

2. If you spend $3000 on electrically efficient appliances, and thus only

consume 4000 kWh of electricity per year, then:

– You need a 3.3 kW PV array(4000 kWh/year / 1200 h/year)

– Area of 3.3 kW PV array 21 m2 (3.3 kW/ 16% module eff.)

– It will cost you $28,000 (3.3 kW x $8.50 / W * 1000)

Spend $3000 on electrically efficiency saves you $14,000 on solar PV

Page 12: Grid-Connected Solar Electricity -Costs and Economics-ok

Solar Energy Project Development Specialists 12

Energy Options Behind the Farm GateAgriculture and Rural Development

PV System Sizing and Costing Summary

If you consume 120 kWh of electricity per month, this equals 1440 kWh per year, then:– You need a 1.2 kW PV array (1440 kWh/year / 1200 h/year)

– Area of 1.2 kW PV array 7.5 m2 (1.2 kW/ 16% module eff.)

– It will cost you $11,000 (1.2 kW x $9 / W * 1000)

Page 13: Grid-Connected Solar Electricity -Costs and Economics-ok

Solar Energy Project Development Specialists 13

Energy Options Behind the Farm GateAgriculture and Rural Development

For large systems– 60% to 65% for PV modules– 20% installation– 10% module mounting– 5% to 7% inverter– 4% design, regulatory approvals,

commissioning and project management fees– 1% miscellaneous

The above % amounts vary with different installation costs

System Cost Proportions

Page 14: Grid-Connected Solar Electricity -Costs and Economics-ok

Solar Energy Project Development Specialists 14

Energy Options Behind the Farm GateAgriculture and Rural Development

0%

25%

50%

75%

100%

Conventional Efficient Efficient & Renewable

Conventional Electricity Add

expensive solar

electricity

Net zero electricity

home

#2#1 #2

Renewable Energy

Purchased Electricity

Inexpensive, reliable energy

efficiency…

#1 #2

– the most expensive way…

Cost: $60k(and decreasing)

Where is it?

I am what I am – not because of what I should be or have to be……but because what I am made to be.

Reducing your electricity bills with solar PV…

Page 15: Grid-Connected Solar Electricity -Costs and Economics-ok

Solar Energy Project Development Specialists 15

Energy Options Behind the Farm GateAgriculture and Rural Development

0%

25%

50%

75%

100%

Conventional Efficient Efficient & Renewable

Purchased Electricity

Conventional Electricity

More expensive

solar electricity

Net zero electricity

home

#3#1 #2

Inexpensiveenergy efficiency

Efficient Efficient & Renewable

#1 #3#2(but…energy efficiency is emotionally boring)

– the least expensive way…

Cost: $30k (and decreasing)

We have greatness within us -- innovative, giving, determined.It is time for the best in us to come out.

Reducing your electricity bills with solar PV…

Page 16: Grid-Connected Solar Electricity -Costs and Economics-ok

Solar Energy Project Development Specialists 16

Energy Options Behind the Farm GateAgriculture and Rural Development

0%

25%

50%

75%

100%

Conventional Efficient Efficient & Renewable

Energy efficiency:

most important, least expensive

Net zero electricity

home

#1 More expensive…

yeah, but really exciting

Efficient & Renewable

Renewable Energy

#3#2

Conventional Electricity

Purchased Electricity

Solar electricity

#1 #3#2

– the most exciting way…Reducing your electricity bills with solar PV…

Energy efficiency is today’s biggest global economic challenge.Office of Energy Efficiency, Natural Resources Canada

Cost: $30k (and decreasing)

Page 17: Grid-Connected Solar Electricity -Costs and Economics-ok

Solar Energy Project Development Specialists 17

Energy Options Behind the Farm GateAgriculture and Rural Development

Depends on your electricity consumption, goals for energy saving, budget, location, sightlines and array angles.

Typically for 100% grid-connected solar electricity:

Household Consumption Value PV system size PV system costkWh/year $/year # modules** $

– large user 14,000 $1680 58 ~$90 000– average 6600 $790 28 ~$47 000– electrical wise 4000 $480 17 ~$28 000– very efficient 2000 $240 8 ~$17 000

Average household, 100% off-grid solar with no backup – $150 000+???

** assuming 200 W PV modules, 1200 hours per year rated run-time…

How much solar equipment is needed?

Page 18: Grid-Connected Solar Electricity -Costs and Economics-ok

Solar Energy Project Development Specialists 18

Energy Options Behind the Farm GateAgriculture and Rural Development

0.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.41.61.82.02.22.42.6

0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24Time of day

[hours]

Act

ive

Pow

er [k

W]

PV system generation

House electricity consumption

Avg

Avg

Electrical consumption: 773 W, 18.6 kWhSolar PV generation: 312 W, 7.5 kWhPortion of load supplied by PV: 40%Excess electricity exported: 30%, 2.2 kWhDeficit electricity imported: 72%, 13.3 kWh

Solar energy: 190 W/m2, 4.6 sun-hoursRated yield: 3.2 hours of operation

Profiles: Consumption and PV Generation– when is it importing, when is it exporting?

– What Really Happens?

Page 19: Grid-Connected Solar Electricity -Costs and Economics-ok

Solar Energy Project Development Specialists 19

Energy Options Behind the Farm GateAgriculture and Rural Development

kWh

ExportImport

kWh

1 kWh 1 kWh 1 kWh

PV system owner

Neighbour

Electricity distribution lines

Ordinary kWh meter (goes both ways)

Ordinary kWh meter

Neighbour pays the ER and the EWC full fees for the electricity and its delivery.

PV system owner runs the meter backwards, sending the previously

imported electricity back for full credit. In effect, the PV system owner stores the Energy Retailer's electricity but without charging any storage fee.

Exported electricity is carried to neighbour without extracarriage fees, and displaces the electricity that wouldhave been otherwise provided by the Energy Retailer.

12

3

4Electricity paid in full

1 kWh supplied, 1 kWh paid for ©1995-2009

How does "net metering" work?("net metering" means "running your meter backward")

- as solar power system owners see itEnergy Retailer & Electric Wires Company

Page 20: Grid-Connected Solar Electricity -Costs and Economics-ok

Solar Energy Project Development Specialists 20

Energy Options Behind the Farm GateAgriculture and Rural Development

kWh

ExportImport

1 kWh

1 kWh

PV system owner

Ordinary kWh meter (goes both ways)

PV system owner runs the meter backwards, reversing the full charges for

the same amount of previously imported electricity.

The Electric Wires Company "stores" in its wires the PV electricity produced in the daytime.

Electricity paid in full 1

2

3

4 1 kWhThe Electric Wires Company "re-delivers" the exported electricity back to the PV system owner at night, offsetting the amount exported in the daytime.

Some Electric Wires Companies have said that by reversing the meter, the PV system owner steals electricity from the Energy Retailer, the electricity that was previously sold and delivered in step 1.

1 kWh supplied, 1 kWh paid for ©1995-2009

How does net metering work?How does net metering work?-- how the Energy Retail sees ithow the Energy Retail sees itEnergy Retailer

& Electric Wires Company

Electricity distribution lines

Page 21: Grid-Connected Solar Electricity -Costs and Economics-ok

Solar Energy Project Development Specialists 21

Energy Options Behind the Farm GateAgriculture and Rural Development

ExportImport kWh

1 kWh 1 kWh 1 kWh

PV system owner

Bidirectional kWh meter

Ordinary kWh meter

Electricity is delivered to your neighbours by your Electric Wires Company for their normal delivery fee.

Electricity paid in full

12 ¢ /kWh

Energy Retailer sells your energy to your neighbourfor full retail price.

Net billing allows exported electricity to be valued at any price, such as:- a discounted wholesale price,- a price equal to the import price, or- a premium feed-in (green) price.

12

3

4

1 kWh supplied, 1 kWh paid for

kWh

©1995-2009

Energy Retailer, Electric Wires

Company

Electricity distribution wires

Neighbour

Electrical energy credit

~10.5 ¢ /kWh

Electricity paid in full

12 ¢ /kWh

How does net billing work?

Page 22: Grid-Connected Solar Electricity -Costs and Economics-ok

Solar Energy Project Development Specialists 22

Energy Options Behind the Farm GateAgriculture and Rural Development

For a 5.6 kW system at $8.50 / W, system installed cost = $47,000Simple payback (cost/annual savings) = 55 years (Calgary)= 1.8% return on purchase costs

But only if…– Financing costs are ignored– Increases in grid-electricity prices are ignored– Environmental, social and infrastructure benefits are ignored

PV Economics

Page 23: Grid-Connected Solar Electricity -Costs and Economics-ok

Solar Energy Project Development Specialists 23

Energy Options Behind the Farm GateAgriculture and Rural Development

Payback– easy to calculate– a bit of a red herring number…

though everyone loves to have that number

– not much with which to compare

Return on Investment– can compare with stock market and

bank interest rates

Energy price (¢/kWh)– easy to understand and use– easy to compare with other values– complex to calculate

Economics Indicators

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Solar Energy Project Development Specialists 24

Energy Options Behind the Farm GateAgriculture and Rural Development

0

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1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

¢/kW

h

rising at 4.8% per yearthough there are increases of 5% to 20% in the last few years as the government weans us off the regulated rate option (RRO)

California electricity issues

Consumer Price of Electricity – Edmonton

Page 25: Grid-Connected Solar Electricity -Costs and Economics-ok

Solar Energy Project Development Specialists 25

Energy Options Behind the Farm GateAgriculture and Rural Development

Solar PV Price

Grid-Electricity Price

Grid Parity

2015

25 ¢/kWh

2008

12 ¢/kWh (2008 grid price in Edmonton)

(PV using your own money)

highly subsidized fossil fuel electricity does not pay for the damage it causes to the environment and health care

unsubsidizedno environmental side-effects

Grid parity: Utility Solar Assessment Studywww.cleanedge.com, www.solarcatalyst.org

Declining PV Prices, Increasing Grid Prices

Page 26: Grid-Connected Solar Electricity -Costs and Economics-ok

Solar Energy Project Development Specialists 26

Energy Options Behind the Farm GateAgriculture and Rural Development

24.927.5

30.534.1

38.4

43.5

49.4

56.4

64.5

74.1

85.1

0

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90

0.0% 0.5% 1.0% 1.5% 2.0% 2.5% 3.0% 3.5% 4.0% 4.5% 5.0%

Interest Rate [%/year]

¢/kW

h

Low-interest green loans have a very significant affect on PV energy price

85 ¢/kWh

25 ¢/kWh

Grid = 12 ¢/kWh

Effect of Interest Rates on PV Energy Pricing

Page 27: Grid-Connected Solar Electricity -Costs and Economics-ok

Solar Energy Project Development Specialists 27

Energy Options Behind the Farm GateAgriculture and Rural Development

0

5

10

15

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30

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40

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50

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

¢/kWhPrice of Grid ElectricityPrice of PV Electricity

Grid parity

no PV subsidiescontinuing fossil-fuel subsidies

Grid Parity in 2022

Page 28: Grid-Connected Solar Electricity -Costs and Economics-ok

Solar Energy Project Development Specialists 28

Energy Options Behind the Farm GateAgriculture and Rural Development

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

¢/kWhPrice of Grid ElectricityPrice of PV Electricity

Grid parity

$15/T GHG levy20 ¢/kWh feed-in-tariff$1/W drop in 2001 due to giant factories1% green loan interest rates

Grid Parity in 2011

Page 29: Grid-Connected Solar Electricity -Costs and Economics-ok

Solar Energy Project Development Specialists 29

Energy Options Behind the Farm GateAgriculture and Rural Development

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

¢/kWh Price of Grid ElectricityPrice of PV Electricity

Grid parity

80 ¢/kWh feed-in tariff with 70% PV export

Grid Parity Today, ROI 4%

Page 30: Grid-Connected Solar Electricity -Costs and Economics-ok

Solar Energy Project Development Specialists 30

Energy Options Behind the Farm GateAgriculture and Rural Development

Purchase costs are very high…– though typically decreasing by 10% per year

Not a lot of broad-based experience in Canada– supply and installation chain is growing in its experience and depth

Has to compete with highly subsidized coal- and natural gas-fired utility electricity

Little previous consistent interest by governments in developingpolicies and technology assistance programmes

Regulatory barriers – slowly being resolved

Insanity is doing the same thing over and over Benjamin…and expecting different results. Franklin

Context: Challenges with Solar Energy…

Page 31: Grid-Connected Solar Electricity -Costs and Economics-ok

Solar Energy Project Development Specialists 31

Energy Options Behind the Farm GateAgriculture and Rural Development

Policies are answers to organisation questions…The changes to achieve this relate to how we want to organise ourselves, they are not technical.

How do we want to organise ourselves as a society?

– Do we want to continue to subsidise fossil fuels with our health care budgets?

– Do we want to value the environment, and thus put a money value on it?

– Do we want to encourage massive amounts of personal distributed generation?

Organisational Questions

Page 32: Grid-Connected Solar Electricity -Costs and Economics-ok

Solar Energy Project Development Specialists 32

Energy Options Behind the Farm GateAgriculture and Rural Development

Socialism collapsedbecause it did not allow the market to tell the economic truth.

Capitalism is heading the direction of collapsingbecause it does not allow the market to tell the ecological truth.

Øystein DahleExxon Norway

How do we want to organise ourselves?

Page 33: Grid-Connected Solar Electricity -Costs and Economics-ok

Solar Energy Project Development Specialists 33

Energy Options Behind the Farm GateAgriculture and Rural Development

Government Response to our Solar Resource

Solar power is treated like an industrial power generator – industrial taxes are 4x the value of the electricity generated!

Taxation policies

– Natural gas rebates in the winter– Low oil, gas, and coal royalty rates– Tax holidays for the tar sands– No environmental royalties !!

Policies that subsidize competingenergy sources

NoneDevelopment programmes– industrial capacity,

infrastructure, regulations, research, standards, issues…

NonePolicies that subsidizeNow the new micro-generation regulationPolicies that facilitate

Page 34: Grid-Connected Solar Electricity -Costs and Economics-ok

Solar Energy Project Development Specialists 34

Energy Options Behind the Farm GateAgriculture and Rural Development

Value the environment, and so place a value on it…Allow full cost recovery of all electricity fed into the gridValue increasing Canada’s solar industrial capacityMandate full-cost accounting for all energy sourcesRemove fossil fuel subsidies Require fossil fuels to pay for their environmental damageProvide ultra-low interest green loans

their policies need to facilitate change instead of blocking change…

Government Policies

Page 35: Grid-Connected Solar Electricity -Costs and Economics-ok

Solar Energy Project Development Specialists 35

Energy Options Behind the Farm GateAgriculture and Rural Development

Proven technology– thousands of systems across Canada

Can provide energy security and independence

Inflation-proof

Political-proof

No noise

No emissions

Low or zero Low or zero maintenance costscosts

When one tugs at a single thing in nature, John Muiryou find it attached to the rest of the world. Conservationist

Characteristics of Solar Electricity…

Page 36: Grid-Connected Solar Electricity -Costs and Economics-ok

Solar Energy Project Development Specialists 36

Energy Options Behind the Farm GateAgriculture and Rural Development

Utility Costs

Reduce electricity bills – you pay for solar electricity equipment up front

Reduce vulnerability to up and down electricity prices

Environmental FootprintReduce how much air pollution you cause from electricity generators to emit on your behalfIncrease the reserve of coal and natural gas you leave for the next generation

Political will arises from personal momentumWe need to be the leaders to our governments and corporations.

Why Use Solar Electricity?

Page 37: Grid-Connected Solar Electricity -Costs and Economics-ok

Solar Energy Project Development Specialists 37

Energy Options Behind the Farm GateAgriculture and Rural Development

Business OpportunityServe the growing public interestServe the multi-billion $ world markets

Social OpportunityProvide the leadership that we needEncourage the government to facilitate it instead of blocking it

The superior man seeks what is right; Confuciusthe inferior one, what is profitable.

Why Use Solar Electricity?

Page 38: Grid-Connected Solar Electricity -Costs and Economics-ok

Solar Energy Project Development Specialists 38

Energy Options Behind the Farm GateAgriculture and Rural Development

Gordon Howell, P.Eng.Howell-Mayhew Engineering

EdmontonPhone: +1 780 484 0476E-mail: [email protected]

©1995-2009

…we hold our childrens' future in our hands

Download this presentation and others fromwww.hme.ca/presentationsPhoto credits: Gordon Howell and several others

But will they want to live in what we are giving to them?