greg jennings, phd, pe professor, biological & agricultural engineering
DESCRIPTION
BAE 579: Stream Restoration Lesson 3: Stream Stability Assessment. Greg Jennings, PhD, PE Professor, Biological & Agricultural Engineering North Carolina State University [email protected]. Stream Stability. What is Stability? Causes of Instability Stability Assessment. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Greg Jennings, PhD, PEProfessor, Biological & Agricultural EngineeringNorth Carolina State [email protected]
BAE 579: Stream RestorationLesson 3: Stream Stability Assessment
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Stream Stability
1. What is Stability?2. Causes of Instability3. Stability Assessment
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What is a “Stable” Stream?“Graded” Stream: Condition of “balance between erosion and
deposition attained by mature rivers” (Davis, 1902)
“Dynamic Equilibrium”: Stream form & character unchanged while continuous inflow of water/sediment (Strahler, 1957)
“Equilibrium Controlling Factors”: Width, depth, velocity, slope, discharge, sediment size, sediment concentration, channel roughness (Leopold, 1964)
“Regime Channels”: Some erosion and deposition but no net change in dimension, pattern, and profile (Hey, 1997)
“Stream Channel Stability”: ability of a stream, over time, in the present climate, to transport the sediment and flows produced by its watershed in such a manner that the stream maintains its dimension, pattern, and profile without either aggrading or degrading (Rosgen, 1996)
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Lane’s Stream Balance Relationship
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Causes of Instability
• Increase runoff • Increase slope • Changes in sediment load• Loss of riparian buffer• Floodplain filling• Instream modification
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Increase Runoff: Land Use Changes
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Development Impacts on the Water Cycle
50%10%
15%55%
Courtesy NEMO, Univ. of CT
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Impervious Surfaces Across the Landscape
Roads
Parking
Buildings
Sidewalks
Driveways
Center for Watershed Protection
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The Science of Stormwater…
More Runoff
Arriving Faster
NEMO
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Hydrologic Responses to Urbanization
1. Increased discharge
2. Increased peak discharge
3. Increased velocities
4. Shorter time to peak flow
5. More frequent bankfull events
6. Increased flooding
7. Lower baseflow
8. Less ground water recharge
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Increase Slope
• Channelization • Lower Reservoir
Water Surface• Dam Break• Geologic Uplift
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Changes in Sediment Load
• Development• Agriculture• Bank Erosion• Impoundments
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Aggradation
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Mid-channel bar and transverse bar directing flow into a high bank causing erosion and slumping
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Debris Occurrence
Large Woody Debris Depends on
Riparian Stability Beaver Dams
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Impoundments
Upstream:• Decrease
velocities• Deposition of fine
material• Loss of habitat
Downstream:• “Hungry water”• Change in flow
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Riparian Condition (Buffer)
Composition Density Potential
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Values of Vegetation• Habitats• Water Quality• Bank Stability• Shade & Food
Stream Corridor Restoration: Principles, Processes, and Practices, 10/98, by the Federal Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group (FISRWG)."
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Streamside Forests (also known as riparian buffers)
• Trees, shrubs, herbs, and grasses are critical to the health of streams
• Buffers are the first line of defense against the impacts of polluted runoff
• natural vegetation buffers are especially critical in urban areas
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Altered States Due to Disturbance
Channelization Straightening Levees Hardening Mining
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Floodplain Filling
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Simon Channel Evolution Model
Source:
Simon, 1989, USACE 1990
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Head Cut
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VI
IV
V
III
I
Original Nickpoint
IIIIII
IV
I
I
IIII
I III
II
I
I
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G4c Alabama
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Stream Channel Succession (WARSSS)
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Stream Channel Succession (WARSSS)
http://www.epa.gov/WARSSS/sedsource/successn.htm
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Entrenchment Ratio
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Lateral Stability
Meander Width Ratio Bank Erosion (BEHI)
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Meander Width Ratio
Wbkf Wblt
MWR = Wblt / Wbkf
Wbkf = Bankfull Width of Riffle Cross-Section
Wblt = Belt Width
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Bank ErosionMonitoring
Harris Reach, South Fork Mitchell River X-Sec 7+65
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36
Distance from Toe Pin (ft)
Ht a
bove
Toe
Pin
(ft)
1/8/971/8/976/18/978/15/977/9/98
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Bank Erosion Hazard Index (BEHI)
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Bank Erosion Hazard Index (BEHI)
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Bank Erosion Hazard Index (BEHI)
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Bankfull Stage: Water fills the active channel and begins to spread onto the floodplain
Stream Corridor Restoration: Principles, Processes, and Practices. 1998. Federal Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group.
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Bank Height Ratio
Very Low
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Bank Height Ratio
Moderate
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Bank Height Ratio
Very High
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Root Depth Ratio
Very Low BEHI
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Root Depth Ratio
Moderate BEHI
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Root Depth Ratio
Very High BEHI
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Root Density
Very Low BEHI
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Root Density
Moderate
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Root Density
Very High BEHI
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Bank Angle (from horizontal)
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Bank Angle
Very Low
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Bank Angle
Moderate - High
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Bank Angle
Very High
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Surface Protection
Very Low BEHI
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Surface Protection
Moderate
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Surface Protection
Very High BEHI
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Bank Materials
Extreme RiskHigh Risk
Very Low Risk
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Near Bank Stress
Low
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Near Bank Stress
Moderate
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Near Bank Stress
High
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Near Bank Stress
Very High
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