greenhouses and vertical farms from earth to mars · how sustainable is vertical a farm? no...
TRANSCRIPT
Greenhouses and vertical farms
from Earth to Mars
Leo Marcelis
Chair Horticulture & Product Physiology
Wageningen University, Netherlands. [email protected]
History: wall glasshouses and frames
First half of 20st century
cucu
grapes
cucumbers
Modern greenhouses
Ever increasing control of production
Production in greenhouses
30 years:
Yield doubled in tomato
Where is the limit?
Doubling possible!
0
20
40
60
80
100
1980 1990 2000 2010
Yie
ld (
kg m
⁻²yr⁻
¹ )
Year
Tomato +113%
Sweet pepper +90%
Cucumber +35%
Greenhouse is key factor
to minimize water use
0
20
40
60
Israel &Spain, field
Spain,unheated
plastic"parral"
Israel,unheated
glass
Spain,unheated"parral",
regulatedventilation
Holland,climate-
controlledglass, CO2enrichment
Holland, asat left, withre-use of
drain water
Holland,"closed"
greenhouse
Wate
r u
se
(lit
re p
er
kg
to
mato
)
From Stanghellini
Many new possibilities with LED
Energy efficient:
● HPS: 1.8 mmol/J
● LED: up to ±3 mmol/J
Spectrum
Direction (position)
Timing
No NIR
Hardly heat radiation
Full control production process
Limited area
Anywhere
Independent of environment
Sustainable, but needs lot of electricity
Guarantee on quantity and quality
2-3 times higher costs
LEDs opens opportunities for vertical
farming
How sustainable is vertical a farm?
No pesticides (ultimate hygiene, disinfection)
Very little nutrient use
Extreme limited water use
● E.g. tomato
● Open field: 60liter / kg
● Modern greenhouse 17 liter /kg
● Vertical farm: few liters / kg
Extreme limited land use
Less transport
Less food waste
Energy use needs tremendous effort
10
Example of controlling growth
Effect of adding Far red to Red+Blue LEDs
0 50 112 150 End of Daymmol m-2 s-1 Far red
Kalaitzoglou et al., unpublished
Kalaitzoglou et al., unpublished
Solar spectrum (plasma lamp), partly replaced by blue LED
Total intensity (100 mmol m-2 s-1)
`
0% Blue 5% Blue 30% Blue 50% Blue
Example of controlling growth
Effect of blue light
21 days after harvest
13 days after harvest
Plants grown under different conditions
At harvest
Light intensity
High (500) Medium (240) Low (50)
Light on tomato fruit more vitamin C
0
12
24
36
48
Vit
am
in C
(mg/1
00 g
FW
)
Dark Light
Light (300 mmol m-2 s-1) compared to darkness
From: Ntagkas et al, unpublished
Foto NASA
From Solheim & Omdal, Prototech, Norway
From: Wieger Wamelink
Mars soil, Moon soil, or no soil?
Conclusions
From greenhouse to vertical farm
● Full control of production and quality possible
● Sustainable, but energy is still a challenge
● We van learn from space and vice versa
19
Greenhouse summer school: 27 Aug – 7 Sept
Postharvest course: 9-12 Oct
3-days Course on lighting: Feb 2019
WWW.HPP.WUR.NL
Thank you for
your attention !