greenhouse tomato production - horticultural...
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Greenhouse Tomato ProductionGreenhouse Tomato Production
Nicole L. ShawNicole L. ShawP t t d A i lt P j tP t t d A i lt P j tProtected Agriculture ProjectProtected Agriculture Project
Horticultural Sciences DepartmentHorticultural Sciences DepartmentUniversity of FloridaUniversity of Florida‐‐IFASIFAS
• GH tomatoes were still a specialty product until the 1990s.
• The majority of fruit were imported from the NetherlandsNetherlands.
• Late 1990s – shelf space was replaced by Canadian and US grown tomatoes, more recently Mexico.
• Today – greenhouse tomatoes are a factor of y gUS fresh market tomato industry, no longer a niche.
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World Greenhouse Tomato Acreage
• USA 850 acres (9% US tomato production)Major prod cing statesMajor producing states:
Arizona, Texas, Colorado, Pennsylvania
• Canada 1600 acres
• Belgium 1700 acres
• Mexico 1800 acres***
• Holland 2200 acres
• Spain 50,000 acres
• In 1999, total imported value of greenhouse fresh market tomatoes was $43.7 million of
U.S. Fresh Market Tomato Imports
fresh market tomatoes was $43.7 million of which Mexico imported $4.2 million.
• In 2000, total import value of greenhouse fresh tomatoes into US = $147 million (95,000 tons).– $78 million was produced in greenhouses from Canada.
– $36 million from Mexico.
• By 2005, total imports = $485 million
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• US fresh consumption of tomatoes is 50:50 t il d f d i (GH t iretail consumers and food service (GH not in
food service – mature green).
• Per capita use for fresh ~ 20 lbs
• Per capita use for processed ~ 70 lbs
Types of tomatoes• Beefsteak (>200 g per fruit)
• Tomato‐on‐the‐vine (TOVs, 120‐200 g/ft)( , g/ )– Vine‐ripe
– Cluster
• Compari – Cocktail (~ 50 g/ft)
• Cherry (10‐15 g/ft)
• Roma
• Other Specialty (grape, yellow, heirloom)
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Santa SweetsTM
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Selection of tomato cultivar• Dependant on market and location/climate.
• High yields, uniform fruit, and free from cracking and russeting.
• Disease resistance.
• Most are indeterminate hybrids…reach 40 ft and produce 10‐12 months.
N lti il bl h d• New cultivars are available each year and should be tested for individual locations.
Types of greenhouse culture
• Systems: NFT, Bag, Nursery Pot, Trough
• Media: Rockwool, perlite, pinebark, others (i.e. Coir, stones)
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NFT
Rockwool bags
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Nursery PotsNursery Pots
Troughs
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Various media
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Production
• Transplant production : from seed to transplant 4‐5 weeks
(• Produce in smaller area (reduce heating and cooling costs).
• High quality, pest and pathogen free transplants are essential with a long crop.
• Optimal temperatures: 80 ‐ 85°F days, 65°F nights
• High temperatures can reduce fruit quality fruit set or marketabilityquality, fruit set or marketability‐ uneven ripening‐ rough and cracked shoulders
• Cool temperatures can also cause similar• Cool temperatures can also cause similar problems (ex. Catfacing)‐ blotchy ripening‐ chilling injury
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Trellising and pruning
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Eurofresh’s annual yield goal = 75 kg.m‐2
with hopes to increase to 90‐100 kg.m‐2 .
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Pests and disease
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Tomato spotted wilt virus
Tomato yellow leaf curl
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Russet mite and damage
•• 27 diseases listed for 27 diseases listed for Fl id t tFl id t tFlorida tomatoesFlorida tomatoes
•• Botrytis sp.Botrytis sp.
•• AlternariaAlternaria sp.sp.
•• ErwiniaErwinia sp.sp.
•• Bacterial wilt and Bacterial wilt and PythiumPythium sp.sp.
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Irrigation• Controlled irrigation with pressure compensating emitters, pressure regulators, timeclock or solar sensortimeclock or solar sensor.
• Apply throughout the day to avoid over‐saturation or drought, may need to increase volume or intervals during mid‐day.
• Apply enough volume to maintain capacity with 10‐20% leachate daily.
• All medias, containers, cultivars, locations and seasons will require adjustments to irrigation program.
Nutrition• Other than C, H, and O ‐ phosphorus (P), potassium (K), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), calcium potassium (K), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), calcium(Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), boron (B), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), molybdenum (Mo), and chlorine (Cl) must be supplied via the nutrient solution.
C N 50 150 K 80 200 P 65• Common ppm are: N 50‐150, K 80‐200, P 65, Ca 90‐130, S 70, Mg 50, Fe 3, Bo 0.4 , Mn 0.6, Cu 0.05, Zn 0.09, Mo 0.03.
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Blossom End Rot
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Sources• EDIS – Greenhouse Vegetable Production Handbook – Vol. 1, 2, and 3Handbook Vol. , , and 3
• http://ipm.ifas.ufl.edu
• Growers IPM guide for Florida tomato and pepper production***p pp p
• http://www.hos.ufl.edu/protectedag