green movement - focus on organic science - 2010 - isa conference

8/8/2019 Green Movement - Focus on Organic Science - 2010 - Isa Conference

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OrganicOrganic ScienceScience

Plant Nutrition andPlant Nutrition and

Soil ConditioningSoil Conditioning

. u , . .. u , . .



Treatise: “Do Green ProductsTreatise: “Do Green Products

” ”

Treatise: “Do Green ProductsTreatise: “Do Green Products

” ”

Dr. Nina Mazar, U of TorontoDr. Nina Mazar, U of TorontoAsst. Prof of MarketingAsst. Prof of Marketing

,,Journal of Psychological ScienceJournal of Psychological Science

•• Exposure creates “halo effect” Exposure creates “halo effect”

“ ” “ ”



Master Gardener ProgramMaster Gardener ProgramMaster Gardener ProgramMaster Gardener Program

•• Mission: Disseminate horticultural andMission: Disseminate horticultural andrelated technical information to therelated technical information to the

publicpublicFocus Groups: Northeast,Focus Groups: Northeast,Southwest and CentralSouthwest and Central

OhioOhio•• Conclusion: Economic downturn isConclusion: Economic downturn is

excellent time to introduceexcellent time to introduce scientificscientific

1) effective1) effective

3) sustainable in the environment3) sustainable in the environment



Webster Dictionary DefinitionsWebster Dictionary DefinitionsWebster Dictionary DefinitionsWebster Dictionary Definitions

••Bio l .B io l . –– Relating to, or derivedRelating to, or derived

•• em .em . –– e a ng o, ore a ng o, orcontaining carbon compoundscontaining carbon compounds



Government Definitions of Government Definitions of Government Definitions of Government Definitions of

USDAUSDA – – Nat ional Or anic Pro ram NOPNat ional Or anic Pro ram NOPUSDAUSDA – – Nat ional Or anic Pro ram NOPNat ional Or anic Pro ram NOP

Al l o rgan ic fe r t i l i ze rs a llow ed in t heA l l o rgan ic fe r t i l i ze rs a llow ed in t heProgram are nat ura l ly der ived; t hat is , o f Program are nat ura l ly der ived; t hat is , o f p lant or an im al or ig in . Sew age s ludge isp lant or an im al or ig in . Sew age s ludge is

A l l o rgan ic fe r t i l i ze rs a llow ed in t heA l l o rgan ic fe r t i l i ze rs a llow ed in t heProgram are nat ura l ly der ived; t hat is , o f Program are nat ura l ly der ived; t hat is , o f p lant or an im al or ig in . Sew age s ludge isp lant or an im al or ig in . Sew age s ludge isnot a l low ed and no syn t het ic o rgan icnot a l low ed and no syn t het ic o rgan icfe r t i l i zers a re inc luded on t he a l low ed l is t .fe r t i l i ze rs a re inc luded on t he a l low ed l is t .no t a l low ed and no syn t het ic o rgan icnot a l low ed and no syn t het ic o rgan icfe r t i l i zers a re inc luded on t he a l low ed l is t .fe r t i l i ze rs a re inc luded on t he a l low ed l is t .

Assoc ia t ion o f Am er ic an Plant FoodAssoc ia t ion o f Am er ic an Plant FoodCont rol Off i c ia ls AAPFCOCont rol Off i c ia ls AAPFCOAssoc ia t ion o f Am er ic an Plant FoodAssoc ia t ion o f Am er ic an Plant FoodCont rol Off i c ia ls AAPFCOCont rol Off i c ia ls AAPFCO

“ A mat er ial c onta in ing c arbon and one or “ A mat er ial c onta in ing c arbon and one or m ore e lement s o t her than hydrogen andm ore e lement s o t her than hydrogen andox ygen essent ia l fo r p lan t g row t h .”ox ygen essent ia l fo r p lan t g row t h .”

“ A mat er ial c onta in ing c arbon and one or “ A mat er ial c onta in ing c arbon and one or m ore e lement s o t her than hydrogen andm ore e lement s o t her than hydrogen andox ygen essent ia l fo r p lan t g row t h .”ox ygen essent ia l fo r p lan t g row t h .”



Original P lant Nutrition ResearchOriginal P lant Nutrition ResearchOriginal P lant Nutrition ResearchOriginal P lant Nutrition Research

Dr. Daniel ArnonDr. Daniel Arnon (1910(1910-- 1994)1994)

Leading Expert in P lantLeading Expert in P lantN ri i nN ri i n•• Essential ElementsEssential Elements

•• Hoa land’s SolutionHoa land’s Solution

Concerns about Organic MovementConcerns about Organic Movement•• Plants don’t absorb organic nutrientsP lants don’t absorb organic nutrients

intactintact

••

sourcesource



Historical Source of ConfusionHistorical Source of ConfusionHistorical Source of ConfusionHistorical Source of Confusion

•• Prior to 1828, scientists were unable to bondPrior to 1828, scientists were unable to bondcarbon to carbon and there was a commoncarbon to carbon and there was a commone e t at a e essence was necessary. se e t at a e essence was necessary. s

philosophy was known asphilosophy was known as VitalismVitalism..

•• e compoun s were ca ee compoun s were ca e organ corgan c o eno eo eno etheir origin.their origin.

In 1828, Friedrich Wohler’sn 1828, Friedrich Wohler’s

research initiatedesearch initiated organicrganic

sciencecience, which dispelled thewhich dispelled theciencecience, which dispelled thewhich dispelled the

theory that organic compoundsheory that organic compounds

were fundamentally differentere fundamentally different

from inorganicrom inorganicrom inorganic.rom inorganic.



CarbonCarbon--Containing, But NotContaining, But NotCarbonCarbon--Containing, But NotContaining, But Not

Car b on ( C)Car b on ( C) x x

Car b on at es ( CaCO Car b on at es ( CaCO 3 3 ) )

Ur ea ( NH Ur ea ( NH 2 2 ) ) 2 2 CO CO



Biological, But Not ChemicallyBiological, But Not ChemicallyBiological, But Not ChemicallyBiological, But Not Chemically

••Urea roduced b terrestrialUrea roduced b terrestrial

animals and also synthesized as aanimals and also synthesized as afertilizer contains carbon but doesfertilizer contains carbon but doesnot react chemically as organic.not react chemically as organic.

NHNH COCO

••Our bones and teeth are rimaril aOur bones and teeth are rimaril aform of calcium phosphateform of calcium phosphateCaCa POPO OHOH



Origin of CarbonOrigin of CarbonOrigin of CarbonOrigin of Carbon 6

••

All carbon on Earth was formedAll carbon on Earth was formedin the cauldrons of stars largerin the cauldrons of stars largerthan our sun and capturedthan our sun and captured

during the formation of ourduring the formation of ourso ar sys em.so ar sys em.

nor destroyed, only recycled.nor destroyed, only recycled.



Carbon Cycling: An OverviewCarbon Cycling: An OverviewCarbon Cycling: An OverviewCarbon Cycling: An Overview



Carbon Cycling: DetailCarbon Cycling: DetailCarbon Cycling: DetailCarbon Cycling: Detail

COCO22 + H+ H22OORes/decom , com bust

(petroleum, etc)(petroleum, etc)

Synthetic OrganicSynthetic OrganicCompoundsCompounds(fertilizers, pesticides)(fertilizers, pesticides)

Synthesis

Res/decom , com bust

COCO22 + H+ H22OO CHOCHO COCO22 + H+ H22OO

Photosynthesis Respirat ion/decomposi t ion, combust ion

oxygen inputoxygen input

oxygen outputoxygen output

Other BiochemicalsOther Biochemicals

COCO22 + H+ H22OO,,

structures)structures)

Biosynthes is

Res/decom , com bust



SynthesisSynthesisSynthesisSynthesis

•• The combination of two or more parts byThe combination of two or more parts bydesign or natural processes. Adesign or natural processes. A SyntheticSyntheticcompound is produced by chemical orcompound is produced by chemical orbiochemical synthesis.biochemical synthesis.

•• Plants, animals and microorganismsPlants, animals and microorganismssynthesize the chemicals they need forsynthesize the chemicals they need fortheir life rocesses from su ar rovided btheir life rocesses from su ar rovided bplants (either directly or indirectly) w ithplants (either directly or indirectly) w iththe mineral elements from the soil.the mineral elements from the soil.

•• Sugar + mineral elements = proteins,Sugar + mineral elements = proteins,DNA, ATP, etc.DNA, ATP, etc.



PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesisPhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

•• The process w ithin chloroplasts by whichThe process w ithin chloroplasts by whichgreen plants use the energy fromgreen plants use the energy fromsunlight to combine carbon dioxide andsunlight to combine carbon dioxide and

,,especially sugar, and release oxygen. Aespecially sugar, and release oxygen. A

summarized below:summarized below:

+ + = = + + + = = +

6 CO6 CO22 + 12 H+ 12 H22O + Photons == CO + Photons == C66HH1212OO66 + O+ O22



RespirationRespirationRespirationRespiration

••The process w ithin mitochondria byThe process w ithin mitochondria by,,

microorganisms react oxygen w ithmicroorganisms react oxygen w ith

compound Adenosine Triphosphatecompound Adenosine Triphosphate

ATP and release water andATP and release water andcarbon dioxide. A simplification of carbon dioxide. A simplification of the process is summarized below:the process is summarized below:

Su g a r + Ox y g e n = = Ch e m i c al En e r g y + Ca r b o n D io x i d e + W a t e r Su g a r + Ox y g e n = = Ch e m i c al En e r g y + Ca r b o n D io x i d e + W a t e r

66 1212 66 22 = = = = 22 22



Plant Nutrient OverviewPlant Nutrient OverviewPlant Nutrient OverviewPlant Nutrient Overview

-- NaturalNatural-- EngineeredEngineered

Nutrient IonsNutrient Ions BurnBurn

LeachLeach

-- NaturalNatural-- EngineeredEngineered



What is the difference betweenWhat is the difference betweenWhat is the difference betweenWhat is the difference between



Organic FertilizersOrganic FertilizersOrganic FertilizersOrganic Fertilizers

CarbonCarbon--hydrogen linkageshydrogen linkages

Covalent bondingCovalent bondingMa be used as ener source bMa be used as ener source bmicroorganismsmicroorganisms

actionaction

= =

OO

[CH[CH22NHCNH]NHCNH]

nnNHNH++

44NONO--

33



Comparison of Organic andComparison of Organic andComparison of Organic andComparison of Organic and

FertilizerFertilizer

CharacteristicCharacteristic OrganicOrganic UreaUrea InorganicInorganic CoatedCoatedNaturalNatural SyntheticSynthetic

Nutrient ReleaseNutrient Release SlowSlow SlowSlow QuickQuick QuickQuick SlowSlow

Burn PotentialBurn Potential LowLow LowLow HighHigh HighHigh LowLow

Leach PotentialLeach Potential LowLow LowLow HighHigh HighHigh LowLow

Cost / NutrientCost / Nutrient HighHigh IntermediateIntermediate LowLow LowLow IntermediateIntermediate

MicroorganismMicroorganismMayMay MayMay NoNo NoNo NoNo



Coated or Slow ReleaseCoated or Slow ReleaseCoated or Slow ReleaseCoated or Slow Release

,,other slow ly solubleother slow ly soluble

nutrient release but isnutrient release but is

for microorganismsfor microorganisms



Comparison of Synthetic andComparison of Synthetic andComparison of Synthetic andComparison of Synthetic and

CharacCharac--teristicteristic

NaturalNatural SyntheticSynthetic

UreaUreaAlfalfaAlfalfa

TurkeyTurkeyLitterLitter

BloodBloodMealMeal

UrineUrineMethyleneMethylene

UreaUreaUreaUrea--formform

IBDUIBDU

NutrientNutrient

AnalysisAnalysis

22--11--22 44--22--33 1313--11--.5.5 1515--22--33 4040--00--00 3838--00--00 3131--00--00 4545--00--00

CiN RatioCiN Ratio 15:115:1 16:116:1 3:13:1 1:11:1 1:11:1 1:11:1 1.5:11.5:1 1:21:2

MicroMicro--nu r ennu r enEnergyEnergySourceSource

YesYes YesYes SomeSome NoNo SomeSome YesYes NoNo NoNo



Processing Turkey Litter asProcessing Turkey Litter asProcessing Turkey Litter asProcessing Turkey Litter as



Carbon Footprint: Kg CCarbon Footprint: Kg CCarbon Footprint: Kg CCarbon Footprint: Kg C

FertilizerFertilizer Kg C/ lb NKg C/ lb N

FertilizerFertilizer Kg C/ lb NKg C/ lb N

Lawn Care (25Lawn Care (25--00--7)7) 1.331.33

Lawn Care (25Lawn Care (25--00--7)7) 1.331.33

-- -- ..

-- -- ..

Turkey Litter (4Turkey Litter (4--22--3)3) 1.631.63

Turkey Litter (4Turkey Litter (4--22--3)3) 1.631.63



Organic Science:Organic Science:Organic Science:Organic Science:

•• Too much carbon (relative toToo much carbon (relative tonitrogen) results in a nitrogennitrogen) results in a nitrogendeficiency for plantsdeficiency for plants

•• Too little carbon (relative to nitrogen)Too little carbon (relative to nitrogen)

results in accelerated carbon lossresults in accelerated carbon lossfrom the soil w ith resultant loss infrom the soil w ith resultant loss insoil structuresoil structure



Organic Science:Organic Science:Organic Science:Organic Science:

••Managing soil organic matter isManaging soil organic matter isessentially managing theessentially managing theCarbon:Nitrogen RatioCarbon:Nitrogen Ratio

••Nitrogen is the major essentialNitrogen is the major essential

element extracted from the soil byelement extracted from the soil byplants and is also an essentialplants and is also an essentialelement for microorganismselement for microorganisms

••Carbon in the soil is not used byCarbon in the soil is not used byplants but is used as an energyplants but is used as an energysource by microorganismssource by microorganisms



How Organic Matter ImprovesHow Organic Matter ImprovesHow Organic Matter ImprovesHow Organic Matter Improves

COCO + H+ H OO

Microbial DecompositionMicrobial Decomposition

Raw Organic MaterialRaw Organic Material

•• SecretionsSecretions

– – Soil a re ationSoil a re ation

Stable Humic MaterialStable Humic Material

•• Soil aggregationSoil aggregation

•• Nutrient retentionNutrient retention

– – Plant defensePlant defense

•• Filamentous growthFilamentous growthextends root influenceextends root influence

•• Moisture retentionMoisture retention

•• Nutrient releaseNutrient release



Active Sites in Stable OrganicActive Sites in Stable OrganicActive Sites in Stable OrganicActive Sites in Stable Organic

Humic Ac id (na tu ra l o rgan ic ) Humic Ac id (na tu ra l o rgan ic )

Po lyaspar t ic Ac id (eng ineered organ ic ) Po lyaspar t ic Ac id (eng ineered organ ic )



Root Response to Natural andRoot Response to Natural andRoot Response to Natural andRoot Response to Natural and

green movement - focus on organic science - 2010 - isa conference

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