Dr.NGP INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

COMIBATORE

Department of Management StudiesBy

Karuppasamy.M710714631025

GREEN GENERATIONS (B&C)GREEN GENERATIONS (B&C)

ECOLOGICAL ORGANIZATIONECOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION

INDIVIDUALINDIVIDUAL – individual organisms POPULATIONPOPULATION – organisms of same species in

same area (biotic factors) COMMUNITYCOMMUNITY – several populations in same

area (biotic factors) ECOSYSTEMECOSYSTEM – community plus abiotic factors BIOSPHEREBIOSPHERE – all ecosystems on earth

ECOLOGY OF INDIVIDUALSECOLOGY OF INDIVIDUALS

Homeostasis Homeostasis – delicate balance– delicate balance Components Components

Physiological Ecology Physiological Ecology Temperature and Water BalanceTemperature and Water BalanceLight and Biological CyclesLight and Biological CyclesPhysiological Ecology and ConservationPhysiological Ecology and Conservation

ECOLOGY OF POPULATIONSECOLOGY OF POPULATIONS

Properties of populationsProperties of populations Patterns of distribution and densityPatterns of distribution and density Intraspecific competitionIntraspecific competition Population dynamicsPopulation dynamics Growth and regulationGrowth and regulation Altering population growthAltering population growth Human impactHuman impact

Growth CurvesGrowth Curves

Survival CurvesSurvival Curves

SurvivorshipSurvivorship is the percentage of is the percentage of remaining survivors of a remaining survivors of a population over time; usually population over time; usually shown graphicallyshown graphically. . Type I survivorship curveType I survivorship curve: : most most individuals live out their life span individuals live out their life span and die of old age (e.g., humans). and die of old age (e.g., humans). Type II survivorship curveType II survivorship curve: : individuals die at a constant rate individuals die at a constant rate (e.g., birds, rodents, and (e.g., birds, rodents, and perennial plants). perennial plants). Type III survivorship curveType III survivorship curve: : most individuals die early in life most individuals die early in life (e.g., fishes, invertebrates, and (e.g., fishes, invertebrates, and plants). plants).

ECOLOGY OF COMMUNITIES ECOLOGY OF COMMUNITIES

Closed vs. Open communitiesClosed vs. Open communitiesClosed – Closed – sharp boundariessharp boundariesOpen – Open – Lack boundariesLack boundaries

Species abundance and diversitySpecies abundance and diversity Trophic Structure of CommunitiesTrophic Structure of Communities

Food chainsFood chainsFood webFood webTrophic pyramidTrophic pyramid

INTERACTIONS AMONG SPECIESINTERACTIONS AMONG SPECIES

• InteractionsInteractions• Interspecific competitionInterspecific competition• PredationPredation• ExploitationExploitation• SymbiosisSymbiosis

Types of Species Interactions Types of Species Interactions

NeutralNeutral – two species do not interact – two species do not interact MutualismMutualism – both benefit – both benefit CommensalismCommensalism – one benefits, other neutral – one benefits, other neutral ParasitismParasitism – one benefits, one harmed – one benefits, one harmed

but not killed but not killed PredationPredation – one benefits, other killed – one benefits, other killed

Predator - Prey RelationshipPredator - Prey Relationship

Food Chain Food Chain

rose plantrose plant aphidsaphids beetlebeetle chameleonchameleon hawk hawk

Producer 1st order Consumer or Herbivore 2nd order Consumer or 1st order Carnivore 3rd order Consumer or 2nd order Carnivore 4th order Consumer or 3rd order Carnivore Decomposers – consume dead and decaying

matter

Food WebFood Web

ECOLOGY OF ECOSYSTEMSECOLOGY OF ECOSYSTEMS

Energy Flow Energy Flow Energy Flow PyramidsEnergy Flow PyramidsBio-mass PyramidsBio-mass Pyramids

Community Succession and StabilityCommunity Succession and Stability Nutrient Recycling Nutrient Recycling – nutrient cycles – nutrient cycles

Energy vs NutrientEnergy vs Nutrient

• Nutrients – cyclic(Biogeochemical Cycles)

• Energy flow – one way

Ecologic Pyramids Ecologic Pyramids

Ecological pyramid - a graph representing trophic level numbers within an ecosystem. The primary producer level is at the base of the pyramid with the consumer levels above. Numbers pyramid - compares the number of individuals in each trophic level. Biomass pyramid - compares the total dry weight of the organisms in each trophic level. Energy pyramid - compares the total amount of energy available in each trophic level. This energy is usually measured in kilocalories.

Numbers Pyramid Numbers Pyramid

Biomass & Energy Flow PyramidsBiomass & Energy Flow Pyramids

Hydrologic (Water) CycleHydrologic (Water) Cycle

Phosphorus CyclePhosphorus Cycle

Nitrogen CycleNitrogen Cycle

Carbon Cycle Carbon Cycle

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