green antifouling alternatives
TRANSCRIPT
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BIOFOULING : THE SEARCH FOR
GREEN ANTIFOULING ALTERNATIVES
Elisheba Muturi December 1’06
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Biofouling defined
Biological fouling (Biofouling) is the undesirable attachment of microorganisms, plants and animals to artificial surfaces submerged under water
Microfoulers: tiny organisms such as bacteria Macrofoulers: barnacles, zebra mussels
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Biofouling effects
Affects shipping, offshore, oil and gas, water treatment, fishing industries
Ship hulls: reduce efficiency, corrode, cause drag (50% of marine transport costs)
Ship heating and cooling systems Fishing equipment, mesh cages (80% of pearl
industry costs)
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Zebra mussels infestations in pipes
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Antifouling technologies
Antifouling technologies refer to the means of combating biofouling:
Hull cleaning with harsh chemicals Mechanical removal Application of anti-fouling coatings to
submerged surfaces
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Environmental impact The most effective anti-fouling coatings are
organotins: contain tin eg. tributyltin (TBT). TBT is very effective but toxic to non-target
organisms: imposex in whelks Compounds persist and could enter the food
chain Mechanical removal results in transfer of
invasive species
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In November 1999, IMO adopted … International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems on Ships
… a global prohibition on the application of organotin compounds which act as biocides in anti-fouling systems on ships by 1 January 2003, and a complete prohibition by 1 January 2008
.
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The search for green alternatives
Research into natural products antifoulants and non-toxic alternatives: Foul release coatings; non-stick surfaces Biological control methods
predation Marine bioactive compounds from sponges etc.
Mechanical or electrochemical deterrents: pulse power devices, cathodic, vibration
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Cross-disciplinary
Marine and fresh water biology Oceanography Toxicology Water pollution Environmental Engineering Environmental chemistry Shipping Aquaculture
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Key databases Environmental Sciences
Environmental Sciences & Pollution Management ASFA Oceanic Abstracts EnviroNetBase E-book collection
Biology Biosis Previews Zoological Record
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Databases…
Chemical Chemical Abstracts SciFinder Scholar
General Web of Science GrayLit
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Lay sources
Clare, Anthony Natural ways to barnish barnacles, New Scientist , 1995
Stanczak, Marianne Biofouling: It's Not Just Barnacles Anymore (CSA Discovery Guide)
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Scientific journals
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CSA controlled vocabulary
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CSA controlled vocabulary
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CSA Search strategy
((natural or non?toxic or "non toxic" or alternative? or biocide?free or "biocide free" or ((Tributyltin or TBT) NEAR alternative*) or (environment* (sound or friend* or benign)) or DE= ((biological control) or (pollution prevention) or (water pollution prevention) or (water pollution control)))) and ((DE= ((antifouling substances) or (fouling control) or (antifoulants))))
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Web of Science articles
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Web of Science subject areas
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Key authors
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Key researchers
• Research Groups affiliated to Academic Institutions – Biofouling Research Group, Russian
• Individual researchers
– Canada Centre for Marine Biofouling and Bio-Innovation, U of Calgary
– University of New South Wales Centre for Marine Biofouling and Bio-Innovation
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Impact of alternatives Positive
Research into more efficient antifoulants for industry
Reduced transfer of alien species Much better for the environment
Negative Non-stick surfaces not effective in slow vessels:
increase in fouling Uneven regulation may lead to black market
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Barriers to alternatives
No alternative with global approval; no commercial applications available
Long-term toxicity of alternatives unknown Higher costs of foul-release coatings Poor disposal of toxic coatings
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Stakeholders
Government agencies at national and international level
Transportation authorities: International Maritime Organization
Environmental agencies such as World Wide fund, UNEP
Shipping companies, aquaculture industry Paint manufacturers