greek philosophy, tales to plato - john burnet 1964

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GREEK
PHILOSOPHY
NV
PREFACE
THE
preparation
CONTENTS
PAGE
INTRODUCTION
i
BOOK
viii
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
V
PAGE
ELEATICS
AND
PYTHAGOREANS
66
CONTENTS
IX
CHAPTER
X
PAGE
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
XV
PAGE
POLITICS
236
The
Statesman
236
Plato
and
Dionysios
239
The
Laws
245
Education
248
CHAPTER
XVI
THE
PHILOSOPHY
OF
NUMBERS
254
I.
Forms,
Mathematical
and
Sensibles
256
II.
The
One
and
the
Indeterminate
Dyad
260
The
Philebus
264
CHAPTER
XVII
THE
PHILOSOPHY
OF
MOVEMENT
271
The
Soul
271
God
273
The
World
275
Conclusion
284
INTRODUCTION
No
one
will
ever
succeed
in
writing
a
history
of
philosophy
Now
in
dealing
some
measure
this
is
possible.Religious
2
INTRODUCTION
however,
that
no
one
whose
experience
has
not
been
identical
can
be
called
on
to
repeat
this
act
after
another,
and
for
this
reason
professed
histories
of
philosophy
are
often
more
of
a
hindrance
than
a
help.They
seem
only
to
interpose
another
4
INTRODUCTION
III
was
likely
o
be
felt,
EGYPTIAN
SCIENCE
5
6
INTRODUCTION
dria.
It
is
Platonic
Epinomis
(987
b
sq.).
Evidently,
then,
GREEK
SCIENCE
7
They
did,
however,
make
use
of
one
important
achievement
of
theirs
they
took
to
lay
GREEK
PHILOSOPHY
9
quite
conscious
10
INTRODUCTION
pure
science.
We
have
to
ask
whether
the
The
lonians
MILETOS
i
14
THE
IONIANS
more
true to
successors
THALES
15
and
l6
THE
IONIANS
down
to
a
sort
of
box
regards
as
the
principal
enet
of
Thales,
namely,
that
everything
ANAXIMANDER
17
elsewhere
than
with
us.
l8
theory
of
an
absolute
up
20
THE
IONIANS
According
to
Anaximenes,
the
upon
MATTER
21
on
the
22
THE
IONIANS
have
to
SECULARISM
23
24
Phrygian
worships
of
Zagreus
Indeed,
these
words
ENLIGHTENMENT
25
liberates
it
ENLIGHTENMENT
28
XENOPHANES
there
was
only
one
god
man
who
first
II
Pythagoras
THE
PROBLEM
as
due
to
the
Neopythagoreans
of
the
early
centuries
of
our
era.
There
1
Aristotle
never
attributes
any
doctrine
to
Pythagoras
himself.
He
generally
speaks
30
PYTHAGORAS
is
a
serious
difficulty
ere,
however;
for
many
of
these
wonders
were
already
known
to
name
Pythagoras
century
there
was
a
regularrising,
was
a
disciple
f
Anaximander,
which
is
no
doubt
a
guess,
but
probably
right.
At
any
rate
his
astronomy
was
the
natural
development
of
Anaximander's
theory
of
planetaryrings,though
it
went
far
be-ond
Anaximenes. The
Miletos. The
32
PYTHAGORAS
the
soul
these
were
theory
REBIRTH
philosophy
isthe
'highest
usic',
and
so,
since
music
was
certainly
regarded
a
stranger
and
a
sojourner
pretend-ng
to
recognise
the
voice
of
a
departed
36
PYTHAGORAS
discoveries.
All
the
strings
ere
of
equallength,
nd
were
tuned
to
the
required
pitch
by
tension
and
relaxation
(enlraaiSj
Wo-t?).
This
was
done
entirely
by
ear,
and
the
first
thing
was
to
MUSIC
37
which
have
these
ratios
to
one
another,
we
call
the
fourth
and
the
Greeks
called
diatessaron
(Sid
38
PYTHAGORAS
been
regarded
as
MEDICINE
39
relation
tension
or
relaxation
of
the
strings.
40
PYTHAGORAS
nexion
with
disease
and
NUMBERS
41
table
of
'opposites',
here
they
come
likely
o
have
meant
by
a
42
PYTHAGORAS
(4,
9,
1
6,
etc.),
(or
rather
Hindu)
system,
'figurate
umbers',
as
they
were
called,
0(2(2
(3
44
PYTHAGORAS
their
letters.
It
continued
to
be
used
long
diagonal,
another
Ill
Herakleitos
and
Parmenides
HERAKLEITOS
46
HERAKLEITOS
that
Herakleitos
to
say,
whether
anyone
SOUL
47
Yet
Herakleitos
has
one
thing
in
common
with
the
religious
teachers
(fr.
4).
We
see
soul
48
HERAKLEITOS
morning,
and
put
5O
HERAKLEITOS
of
the
everliving
ire
52
PARMENIDES
the
gate
and
are
now,
of
course,
two
ways,
that
*IS
IT
OR
IS
IT
NOT?'
53
is,
54
PARMENIDES
rarefaction
as
a
IV
The
Pluralists
been
56
PLURALISM
physical
onception
of
force,
but
things
went
to
Thourioi
shortly
after
its
58
EMPEDOKLES
the
truth.
Even
Aristotle
adopted
the
four
re-entering
he
Sphere
60
EMPEDOKLES
sort
62
ANAXAGORAS
This
way
of
speaking,
however,
led
to
a
serious
misunderstanding
cosmology.
the
appearance
MIND
63
menes
had
done,
because
as
we
64
ANAXAGORAS
further.
RELIGION
65
been
precisely
for
this
V
century
B.C.
68
ZENO
infinite
number
of
points,
and
that
is
impossible
in
a
finite
time.
(2)
Achilles
can
never
numbers,
or,
what
comes
to
the
same
thing,
that,
though
every
MELISSOS
69
MELISSOS
to
70
making
PHILOLAOS
71
put
72
THE
LATER
PYTHAGOREANS
hardly
seems
to
be
two
sides.
It
only
remains
for
us
to
say,
then,
THE
FORMS
73
definitions,owever,
and
Aristotle
man.'
This
precious
testimony
shows
and the
74
Fire.
This
body
seems
to
one
Eleatic
real,
contested,
especially
2
78
LEUKIPPOS
as
the
case
might
be,
and
the
Epicurean
air
thinner
it,
and
no
now
been
given
brought
science
to
a
VII
The
Sophists
LAW
AND
NATURE
86
LAW
THE
SOPHISTS
8?
THE
'SOPHISTS'
88
consequences
have
been
fully
that,
so
far
as
there
is
any
parallel
o
the
Aufkldrung
92
PROTAGORAS
if
the
Athenians
had
been
so
silly
s
to
burn
all
the
copies
they
could
find
at
Athens,
there
must
HOMO
MENSURA
93
noise
in
falling
r
94
PROTAGORAS
authority)eplies
hat,
so
far
from
holding
this
view,
Demokritos
combated
Protagoras
who
did
hold
it,
and
wrote
many
convincing
arguments
against
him.1
is
that
on
every
subject
disputant
to
make
by
some
the
Sophist
to
96
relations between
to note
that the
9
MIGHT
IS
RIGHT
livingontemporaries,
xcept
where,
as
100
ARCHELAOS
explained
probable
that
the
reasoning
conjecturally
ttributed
to
Thales
by
Aristotle
is
really
came
to
Samos
441/0,
twenty-eight
1
Ion,
fr.
73
(Kopke).
The
title
VIII
The
Lifeof
Sokrates
THE
MEMORABILIA
103
intention
of
showing
that
Sokrates
was
not
irreligious,
nd
that,
so
far
from
corrupting
the
young,
he
to
to
young
man
tells
about
me '
104
IO6
LIFE
OF
SOKRATES
and
expressly
ttributed
to
Orpheus,1
according
to
which
the
body
is
a
tomb
eschatological
yths
in
the
Orphic
style,
s
he
often
did,
he
used
to
warn
108
LIFE
OF
SOKRATES
first;
for
THE
influence
Pythia
of
course
replied
hat
there
was
no
one.
That
proved
a
turning-point
in
the
life
of
Sokrates,
EROS
113
on
the
subject
as
is
commonly
observed
at
the
present
day,
though
a
way
of
speaking
114
LIFE
OF
SOKRATES
bewitching
me
and
casting
spells
nd
enchantments
over
me,
so
that
I
am
full
people
are
not
funny
studied,
'souls',
word
which
to
the
ordinary
Il8
'practice
pupils
to
Aoyot',
hich
seemed
so
dangerous
to
place,
the
Old
Comedy
does
not
deal
in
types
but
personalities,
120
behind them.'2 Admissions like
too
legitimately
admit
fully
as
Plato
saw
him,
and the
Sokrates and
122
124
THE
SOKRATES
were
annoyed
because
Sokrates
had
corrupted
their
doctrine
I26
THE
PHILOSOPHY
fiction,
it
is
at
least
deliberate,
and
I
can
only
ask,
as
this
observed
further
that
we
do
not
any
attempt
not,
how-ver,
quote
that
as
external
evidence
128
THE
Meno
that
learning
is
Reminiscence
with
what
by recognising
over
thirty
years
use
130
132
THE
no
satis-action
HYPOTHESIS
133
struction
which
is
impossible),
he
hypothesis
is
'destroyed'
(dvcupemu,
tollitur).
he
regularterminology
accordingly
is,
'if
A
is
B,
what
must
follow?'
this,
but
//
poem.
Zeno
systematised
the
procedure,
hypothesis.
PARTICIPATION
135
except
what
they
derive
a
thing
136
THE
PHILOSOPHY
OF
SOKRATES
can
only
be
its
strivings
can
only
be
adquately
THE
light
Good,
138
THE
more
closely
ssociated
with
the
name
140
THE
PHILOSOPHY
GOODNESS
142
THE
pupils
than
we
should
have
to
blame
GOODNESS
IS
NOT
AN
ART
143
with
knowledge,
144
THE
PHILOSOPHY
OF
SOKRATES
for
the
human
soul.
It
is
at
this
point
are
three
parts
of
the
soul,
the
philosophical
r
reasoning
art
( / iAoo-o
CONCLUSION
145
see,
it
is
improbable
X
148
THE
TRIAL
OF
SOKRATES
it
anything
to
and,
as
Euthyphro
says,
such
things
are
'easily
isrepresented'4
nd
are
apt
to
make
peoplejealous.
ut
the
beliefin
'possession'/caro/car^)
was
much
too
firmly
established,
and
cases
of
it
were
much
too
familiar,
o
allow
of
a
charge
of
irreligion
eing
based
on
anything
of
150
the
democracy.
154
THE
TRIAL
OF
SOKRATES
the
latter
were
obviously
distorted
just
been
revived,
156
158
DEMOKRITOS
He
belonged
like
Protagoras
to
Abdera
in
Thrace,
a
city
which
hardly
deserves
its
proverbial
eputation
for
dullness,
seeing
it
could
produce
two
such
men.1
As
to
the
date
of
his
birth,
we
have
only
conjecture
o
guide
us.
In
one
l6o
DEMOKRITOS
comes
sharply
into
conflict
with
Protagoras,
l62
DEMOKRITOS
it
will
have
many
step-like
BOOK
III
PLATO
PLATO'S
FAMILY
169
mides
and
Plato,
but
that
may
be
a
slip.
Charmides
was
at
least
twenty
years
accordance
172
PLATO
acquaintance
t
Athens,
where
he
was
teaching
just
before
the
death
of
Sokrates.
All
this,however,
is
extremely
doubtful,
might
conceivably
do
so.
In
any
case,
he
was
back
at
Athens
before
long.
PLATO'S
EARLY
DIALOGUES
173
dramatic
power,
though
often
acknowledged
in
words,
is
seldom
done
justice
to.
He
had
a
marvellous
gift
of
assuming
the
most
diverse
personalities,
174
THE
ACADEMY
FOUNDATION
transferred himself
and his
to
exist
at
Teos
down
to
Hellenistic
times.
In
Plato,
Euthydemos
and
Diony-
sodoros
come
from
Chios,
and
Euboulides,
the
adversary
f
Aristotle,
PHILOSOPHY
175
176
PLATO
AND
ISOKRATES
enlightenment,
though
they
differed
enormously
as
to
repre-ents
Plato
were
convinced
that
must
be
remem-ered,
however,
178
PLATO
AND
ISOKRATES
180
PLATO'S
TEACHING
to
justify
ach
step
elaborately.
e
shall
PROBLEMS
l8l
measure,
recover
the
dry
182
THE
ACADEMY
for
instance,
ith
shell-fish
and
fungi.
In
the
Critias
(no
d
sqq.)
Plato
himself
surprises
s
by
an
account
of
the
geological
istory
of
Attika
and
its
economic
consequences
which
medieval
quadrivium,
hough
with
this
distinction,
hat
plane
and
solid
geometry
are
distinguished,
PROGRAMME
OF
STUDIES
183
1.
Arithmetic.
At
this
stage,
Arithmetic
is
to
be
studied,
not
for
utilitarian
or
commercial
purposes,
but
with
a
view
to
understand-ng
the
nature
of
numbers
184
THE
ACADEMY
of
the
cube
was
not
solved
till
a
stilllater
PROGRAMME
OF
STUDIES
185
does
not
revolve
at
all
relatively
o
its
1
86
THE
ACADEMY
l88
THE
ACADEMY
necessary
for
us
to
learn
all
THE
GOOD
189
which
may
(
direction.
XIII
Criticism
THE
CRITICAL
DIALOGUES
littlelater
than
the
Theaetetus,
but
they
both
belong
to
the
same
period,
supposed
to
192
THE
CRITICAL
DIALOGUES
is
supposed
to
the
Republic,
founder
of
the
school
to
which
Eukleides
belonged.
It
only
THE
THEAETETUS
193
it
was
too
uncompromising
and
on
(CUO-^CTI?)
IQ4
THE
CRITICAL
DIALOGUES
then,
is
always
196
THE
CRITICAL
DIALOGUES
asleep.
ccordingly,
ny
natural
agent
will
act
upon
200
THE
THEAETETUS
2OI
properties
s
sweetness,
hardness,
and
so
forth;
it
seems
rather
204
THE
CRITICAL
DIALOGUES
knowledge
with
an
elaborate
theory
he
has
a
thoroughly
idealist
theory
in
more sur-rising
whole,
and
a
thing
could
not
become
great
210
THE
Plato
himself
adopted
212
THE
CRITICAL
DIALOGUES
that
from
consideration
altogether,
nd
to
consider
the
difficulties
that
THE
PARMENIDES
213
rest'
of
which
he
speaks
are
the
things
of
sense
things
which
participate
n
them,
object
you
mention
(i.e.
o
prove
the
214
THE
PARMENIDES
215
anything
else
of
motion,
either
the
same
as
what
is
2l6
that which
it is
than
One,
cannot
parts;
itself,
ince
it
is
But One
is in
by
itself,
and
is
therefore
greater
and
One, and,
becomes,
younger
;
come
into
existence.
Therefore
One
only
comes
;
hand,
2l8
THE
(155
e,
4
sqq.).
If
all
changes
from
one
opposite
to
another
possible,
nd
it
is
in
the
instant
of
change
that
what
changes
has
neither
the
one
nor
the
other
220
THE
CRITICAL
DIALOGUES
On
THE
PARMENIDES
221
XIV
Logic
THE
SOPHIST
professes
to
be
the
sequel.
Sokrates,
Theodoros,
and
Theaitetos,
with
the
younger
Sokrates,
his
friend
THE
SOPHIST
223
once
more
that
he
claims
to
224
LOGIC
fact,
by
a
certain
not
ill-humoured
satire,
the
objects
228
LOGIC
Sokrates formulate
230
LOGIC
method
of
seeking
for
truth
in
judgements
(ev
rot?
Aoyot?),
and
there
too
we
have
the
terminology
which
represents
the
subject
as
'partaking'
n
the
predicate,
nd
also
the
way
of
speaking
according
to
which
the
subject
'is
affected
by'
(ntTrovBev)
he
predicate.1
THE
SOPHIST
231
them
'manners
of
participation',
r,
as
Aristotle
called
them,
'forms
of
ambiguity
of
the
copula',
though,
for
reasons
which
will
appear,
itself
232
LOGIC
Thus
Motion,
being
follows
the
negative,
r
combination with
THE
SOPHIST
233
It
234
LOGIC
OVTOJV
7}
THE
STATESMAN
237
bountifullyrovided
interests
of
philosophy,
hen
indeed
they
were
happier
than
we
are.
the
Pythagoreans
had
little
not
think
we
could
get
we
must
238
POLITICS
gives
THE
STATESMAN
239
impossible
o
240
POLITICS
was
to
drive
the
Carthaginians
rom
Sicily.
e
had
been
defeated
by
Hanno
the
year
before
his
death,
and
a
peace
was
now
concluded
on
the
basis
of
the
status
quo
ante
bellum.
His
successor,
Dionysios
II.,
was
nearly
thirty
ears
old,
but
he
was
quite
unfit
to
take
up
DIONYSIOS
II.
241
trusted
to
make
state'
In
that
case,
we
may
add,
the
Carthaginians
242
POLITICS
Archytas,
the
most
successful
statesman
of
the
day.
He
ought
certainly
o
244
POLITICS
wonder
at
it.
His
property
had
been
confiscated,
so
little
appreciated
s
the
Laws,
and
yet
246
POLITICS
embodies
the
results
of
a
long
and
varied
experience
f
human
life.
It
is,
of
course,
impossible
o
summarise
it
here;
probably
considered
his
most
important
work.
He
still
believed,
in
spite
are
not
be
applied
easily
o
248
POLITICS
certain
cases.
The
edict
was
handed
point
scream
and
kick,
while
larger
ones
very
earliest
age
children
take
pleasure
in
tune
Department
to
supervise
must not
250
THE
LAWS
race
disgrace
of
being
the
only
one
in
252
THE
LAWS
masses
Department,
EDUCATION
253
that
XVI
The
Philosophy
of
Numbers
ARISTOTLE
ON
PLATO
255
as
evidence
of
fact,
and
at
the
same
time
a
philosophy
is
expounded
as
Plato's,
which
theory
to
him
256
peculiarities
s,then,
that,
ARISTOTLE
ON
PLATO
257
impossible
for
him
to
(eiaayojy^)
258
ARISTOTLE
ON
PLATO
mentioned
as
an
innovation
of
Plato's.
The
only
difference
which
is
implied
between
Sokrates
and
Plato
is
that
the
latter
separated
sensible
things
from
the
forms
while
the
former
did
not.
26d
THE
always
changing.
The
one,
on
the
other
hand,
is
the
square
root
of
the
successive
oblong
numbers,
Jz,
^6,
Ji2,
etc.,
which
are
means
between
the
sides
of
2
(2
ARITHMETIC
AND
GEOMETRY
261
is
a
new
name
for
Continuity,
always
insists
against
extract
from
Hermodoros
262
INDIVISIBLE
LINES
Arithmetic
and
Geometry,
among
the
connecting
link
between
pvois
byfluxus.
ARCHYTAS
ON
ARITHMETIC
263
naturally
similar
can
264
hand,
Plato's
dramatic
power
is
no
longer
Stranger
PLEASURE
AND
THOUGHT
265
undertakes
to
replace
him
as
the
266
THE
PHILEBUS
268
of another.
Unlimited
the
possibility
f
270
THE
PHILEBUS
els
ovaiav)
and
and
the
Republic
to
this
kind.
Professor
Jackson,
on
the
contrary,
maintains
XVII
The
Philosophy
f
Movement
THE
SOUL
only
proves
the
eternity
of
274
GOD
AND
276
THE
TIMAEUS
for
NECESSITY
277
literally.
hat,
however,
is
impossible
for
anyone
who
has
grasped
the
to
278
THE
TIMAEUS
The
conception
of
Necessity
TIME
AND
SPACE
279
a
'movingimage
of
eternity'
37
d),
and
we
are
280
THE
TIMAEUS
formless;
all
we
can
say
of
it
is
that
it
is
an
invisible,
all-receptive
something,
partaking
n
a
mysterious
way
in
the
intelligible.
t
is,
in
fact,
space
(xtopa).
261.
THE
SENSIBLE
AND
THE
INTELLIGIBLE
281
the
first
time
L. Heath's
282
THE
PLANETARY
MOTIONS
are
CONCLUSION
285
8
I
2
g.
i
INDEX
Abaris,
3
1
INDEX
289
Fire,
47,
48;
central,
74
Flux,
48
Fluxions,
262
Force,
56
Form
and
matter,
290
INDEX
Law
and
nature,
85
sqq.,
INDEX
Rhind,
papyrus,
4*
Rings,
planetary,
18,
44
Roman
Law,
247
sq.
Roots,
57
PRIKTHD
IN
GREAT
BRITAIN
BY
ROBERT
MACLEHOSE
AND
CO.
LTD
THE
UNIVERSITY
PRESS,
GLASGOW

greek philosophy, tales to plato - john burnet 1964

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