greek diacritical marks: what are those funny little marks?
TRANSCRIPT
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Greek Diacritical Marks:What are those funny little marks?
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Breathing Marks• Greek does not have an H-sound as a
separate letter – it uses small markings known as breathing marks to indicate adding an h-sound to the beginning of a word
• The rough breathing symbol goes above the letter or the second vowel of a diphthong = ¡ma aƒ
• The smooth breathing symbol goes above the letter or the second vowel of a diphthong = ¥nqrwpoj
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Breathing Marks
• A breathing mark is placed to the LEFT of a capital letter
• A word beginning with rho or upsilon (R, r, U, u) always has a rough breathing mark
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Syllables
• A Greek word has as many syllables as it has VOWELS and DIPHTHONGSFà - la
• A syllable break occurs right after a vowel followed by a consonant¥ - kron (note that kr is cluster)
• A syllable break occurs between two consonants or a double consonantfÚl - la
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Syllables
• A syllable is long by nature if it contains– A naturally long vowel (omega)– A diphthong
• A syllable is long by position if it– Is followed by 2 consonants– Is followed by a double consonant
• A syllable is always short when it contains– A short vowel followed by no consonant
or a single consonant• A syllable is usually short if it contains
– A short vowel followed by a consonant cluster
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Accents
• English relies on stress – emphasizing certain syllables in pronunciation
• Greek relies on PITCH – the raising and lowering of the voice on syllables
• There are three types of PITCH markers:– Acute (raise the pitch) £– Grave (lower the pitch) ¦– Circumflex (raise and lower) ©
• Accents go above the vowel or diphthong; acutes and graves to the left of the breathing mark and circumflexes above the breathing mark
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Accents
• In most Greek words only ONE syllable has an accent
• It is always one of the last three syllables in the word
• The last syllable is the ultima• The next-to-the-last syllable is the penult• The syllable before the penult is the
antepenult• An accent will always be on one of these
three positions, NEVER earlier
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Accents
AccentAccent VowelsVowels PositionPosition
Acute DiphthongsLong vowelsShort vowels
AntepenultPenultultima
Grave DiphthongsLong vowelsShort vowels
Ultima (in place of an acute)
Circumflex DiphthongsLong vowels
Penultultima
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Accents
• The accent WANTS to be on the antepenult if the ULTIMA is short; if the ULTIMA is long, then the accent moves to the penult
• If the accent on the penult is long and the ultima has a short vowel, the accent will by a circumflex