greece and rome - miss caspers'...
TRANSCRIPT
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9/27
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What is art?
Warmup
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Greece
Parthenon: classical Greek
ideal of balance and proportion
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Socrates (470 – 399 BC)
Socrates was an Athenian soldier and philosopher
The world knows about Socrates because of his student Plato’s writings about him
His teachings about morality, justice, and questioning everything caused the Athenian government to sentence him to death
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Plato (428 – 348 BC)
Plato was an ancient Greek aristocrat, mathematician and philosopher Student of Socrates
Founded the Academy of Athens The first institution of
higher learning in the Western world
He laid the foundations of Western philosophy and science
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Aristotle (384 – 322 BC)
Aristotle was a Greek philosopher and scientist
Studied at Plato’s Academy until he was 37
His writings make up the first comprehensive system of Western philosophy
He taught Alexander the Great about medicine, philosophy, morals, religion, logic, and art
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Aristotle
Because he was Alexander’s tutor, Aristotle was able to build a massive library at Lyceum
Appointed as the head of the Royal Academy of Macedon
He encouraged Alexander to conquer The East (Persia and India)
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All three philosophers (and others) encouraged
people to use reason & logic in all things This concept became an important foundation for
Western culture Schools Government Law Civil Rights Many more…
Reason & Logic
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Alexander the Great (356-323 BC)
Alexander the III of Macedonia
Born in 356 BC Son of Philip II, King of
Macedonia Tutored by Aristotle
when he was young Inherited the throne at
age 20 after his father was assassinated Alexander eliminated
threats to his throne
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Bucephalus
At age 10, Alexander received a horse and he named it Bucephalus
Alexander tamed Bucephalus himself
Together they conquered The East until Bucephalus died
Alexander named a city Bucephala after him (in modern-day Pakistan)
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Alexander
Alexander and his father went to war and began building Alexander’s empire when Alexander was 16 Started with Greece
After he conquered Thebes, Athens, and Sparta (not always through battle), he established the Hellenic Alliance
This included most Greek city-states except for Sparta
Named Supreme Commander of the Hellenic Alliance
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Hellenism
Hellenism is the spread of ancient Greek culture and language Alexander spread
(Greek) culture across his empire
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A) A pretty name for a woman B) The spread of ancient Greek culture and language C) A battle formation D) A type of government
Hellenism is…
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A) A pretty name for a woman B) The spread of ancient Greek culture and
language C) A battle formation D) A type of government
Hellenism is…
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Alexander conquered the Greeks, the Persians, the
Egyptians, and got to the borders of the Indus River
Alexander’s Empire
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Alexander was never defeated in battle
True!
True or False?
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After Alexander conquered Persia, he began wearing
Persian clothes, adopted some Persian customs, promoted Persian aristocrats to help him rule his kingdom, and encouraged his Macedonian army to marry Persian women
He tortured and executed anyone who stood up against him for his new ways
Alexander…the Great?
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In 327 BC, Alexander marched into India Even though the Indian army fought with elephants,
Alexander’s forces still won Bucephalus was killed
Alexander’s soldiers had been campaigning (travelling, fighting, etc.) for 18 months straight, and they refused to go any farther
Alexander returned with his army to Macedonia
Indus River
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Alexander the great died of malaria at the age of 33 No successor
He was buried in Alexandria, Egypt so that Romans, Egyptians, and Greeks could pay respect to his shrine
In the 4th century AD, the Christian Roman emperor Theodosius outlawed paganism Alexander’s tomb disappeared
Alexander
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Alexander’s Empire broke up into 3 major sections: Ptolemaic Kingdom (Egypt) Seleucid Empire (Persia) Antigonid Dynasty (Macedonia)
Alexander’s Empire
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Ancient Greek culture spread through all of
Alexander’s empire Had a HUGE effect on the development of the
Roman civilization and empire The Hellenistic Period combined Greek, Egyptian,
Persian, and Indian cultures It lasted from 329 BC – 146 BC Hellenism = the practice of spreading Greek culture Hellenistic Period = a time period of a combination
of Greek, Egyptian, Persian, and Indian cultures
Hellenism
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A major theory that developed during the Hellenistic
period was alchemy Alchemy was the “scientific” idea that humans could
turn average metals into gold AND that they could create an elixir (a magic potion) to create eternal life
Alchemy
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Achaean League vs. Aetolian League
The Achaean League included Thebes, Corinth, and Argos
The Aetolian League included Sparta and Athens
These Leagues were constantly at war with each other until the Romans conquered Greece in 146 BC
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Rome
“All roads lead to Rome” -Medieval phrase
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Geography
40% of Italy is mountainous Alps and Apennines
protect it from invasion Po River runs through it
with a large floodplain surrounding it
Several rivers Mediterranean climate
and volcanic soil Awesome for crops
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Geography
Excellent climate for crops Helped Rome increase
its economic strength Located in the center of
the Mediterranean Ideal location for Rome to
control the Mediterranean regions
Huge cultural diversity as the Roman Empire grew
Roman Empire
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Founding Myth
Myth: Twin brothers Romulus and Remus were the sons of Mars (Roman version of Ares)
Raised by a wolf mother Romulus and Remus
fought over the city’s foundation, name, etc.
Romulus won Hence the name “Rome”
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Founding Reality
Rome grew around the Tiber River
Started around the 8th century BC
The area was dominated by the Etruscans Established political
control by the 7th century Aristocracy and
monarchy Lost power by the 6th
century and the Latin tribes created a republic
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A republic is a form of government where power
resides in elected individuals who represent the citizens who vote for them
Government leaders exercise the rule of law 1 difference between today and the Roman Republic: Rome had many kings and emperors in its history
Republic
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Setup: Constitution Checks and balances Separation of powers 2 Consuls The 2 Consuls were the highest elected political officers Served for 1 year before a new election
Senate An advisory council
Voting assemblies People could come together to vote in elections and on
important matters like war
Roman Republic
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Roman Law Principles I) All persons are entitled to equal treatment under
the law II) People are innocent until proven guilty III) People should be punished for actions, not
thoughts IV) The burden of proof rests on the accuser, not the
accused
Do any of these sound familiar??
Laws
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Roman laws were the reason we use a lot of Latin
terms in the legal system today: Habeas corpus = you cannot be arrested for just any
reason (you have to have broken the law) Stare decisis = “let the ruling stand”
Laws
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Background: only patricians were eligible to be
elected to political office
The Twelve Tables were created around 450 BC This was the earliest written code of law for the
Romans Set up the foundation for future Roman laws
ALL social classes had to follow the law Patricians = the ruling class (wealthy nobles) Plebians = everyone else (labor force)
Twelve Tables
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“If a man was summoned to court, he had to go. If he did not, then
a witness would be called (to confirm that he did not come). Thereafter he could be seized and brought to court by force…The summoned person could be represented by an advocate…If the two sides in court agreed to compromise then the judge (praetor) announced this. If they could not reach agreement, then they were to state their case at the Forum before noon. If one failed to show up, the judge would find in favor of the one who came. If both came, the trial was to last no longer than until the sun set.” http://www.roman-empire.net/republic/twelve-tables.html
HUGE milestone for justice because it served as a model for many later European legal systems AND it became the language of the Catholic Church AND the basis for all of the Romance languages!!
Example
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Citizenship
Male citizenship rights = Could own property and
make wills Could vote Could serve in a
political/public office Basically could do
anything and everything legal
Female citizenship rights = Could own property and
make wills Could NOT vote Could get divorced
Slave rights = “not people” so no rights
Freedmen’s rights = if slaves were free, they enjoyed full citizenship rights Social snobbery “You were a
slave? Like, ew!”
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The Roman Republic was all well and good The Senate ruled the Republic (elected by the
citizens) The Republic kept expanding by conquering more
and more territory (lots and lots of wars) Plenty of colonies
But…
Change to an Empire
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Not everyone was happy Several slave uprisings occurred Several civil wars occurred Marius and Sulla – two Roman generals wanting more
power fought each other
And then came Julius Caesar…
Change to an Empire