Grant Writing and

Fund Development

VOCAL AmeriCorps Friday - April 5, 2013 9:00 a.m. – 4:00 p.m.

Types of Funding

• Government • Foundation• Corporation• Combined Giving• Individual• Special Events• Earned Income • Internet-Based Activities

Government Funding

Federal

State

Local• City• Township• County

Federal Grants

Begins with a “NOFA” that includes application process

Sometimes a “Bidders Conference”

Very specific on format and strict on deadlines

Difficult to access for small NPOs

Often burdensome in financial reporting and “number counts”

If no previous experience, best to begin somewhere else

State Grants and Contracts

• Typically come through state agencies; Can also come through state legislators (but not much anymore)

• For volunteer literacy programs, Literacy Office in the State Library is the major funding body

• For adult education, primary funding comes from the Illinois Community College Board

• Funding from state agencies can be state general revenue funds or federal “pass down” funds

• Like federal funds, generally very specific with very specific reporting

Local Government Funding

• Typically funded through “Block Grants” from state and federal government

• None that I know of for education, literacy or volunteerism in Chicago or Cook County

• More typical areas – employment and training (now known as “workforce development”, social services and health-related services

Types of Foundations

Public

Private

Public Foundations

Community Foundations

Federated Funds

Single Purpose Entities

• Serves a specific geographic community or region (e.g., The Chicago Community Trust – “CCT”)• Usually focuses mainly, if not exclusively, on local needs• Raises a significant portion of its funds from the public • Funds derived from many donors; managed in single

endowment• Income from endowment is used to make grants• Offers a variety of donor-advised options and services• Not subject to the same reporting requirements as

corporate foundations Number in Illinois - 31

Community Foundation

Federated Funds

United Way

America’s Charities

Local Independent Charities

Combined Charities of Illinois

Earth Share

Single Purpose Entities

Raise and distribute funds for a specific purpose, i.e., further

a social cause; assist a particular population group; provide

scholarships; advance scientific research

Private Foundations

• Independent Foundations • Family Foundations

• Corporate Foundations

• Operating Foundations

Number in Illinois – 4,031

Independent – 3,622

Corporate – 167

Operating – 218

Community - 24

Giving in Illinois 2012 – Donor’s Forum

Foundation Giving in Illinois -2010 $534,602,587

Education $ 145,083,981

Human Services $ 125,378,428Art/Culture $ 77,906,865Health $ 68,610,459Public/Society Benefit $ 57,689,755Environment/Animals $ 26,512,628Science/Research $

8,152,842Social Sciences $ 8,053,785Religion $

8,212,030Other $ 1,000,000

Foundation Giving in Illinois -2010 Number of Grants – 5,784

Education 1,086Human Services 1,763Art/Culture 947Health 753Public/Society Benefit 612Environment/Animals 268Science and Technology 81Social Sciences 60Religion 139Other 1

Independent Foundations

• Nongovernmental, non-profit, self-governed organization

• Funds (usually from a single source, such as one individual, family, or corporation) and programs managed by its own trustees or directors

• Often is a large, complex, professionally managed organization

• Must “pay out” approximately 5% of the market value of its assets each year

Independent Foundations Examples

MacArthur Foundation

Robert R. McCormick Foundation

Retirement Research Foundation

Polk Brothers Foundation

Family Foundations

• Technically, not a legal term; refers to any independent private foundation whose funds are managed or strongly influenced by members of the donor’s family

• Family members often serve as officers or board members

• Family members often have a significant role in grantmaking decisions

• Comprise ~ 40-45% of all private and community foundations

• Most are small, informal organizations

Facts on Family Foundations

In 2008 there were 38,339 Family Foundations in the United States who reported –

• $ 18,456,214 in giving • $294,446,400 in assets

Family Foundations (cont.)

More than 3/5 (64%) of family foundations reported less than $1 million in assets in 2008

Slightly less than half (47%) of family foundations reported less than $50,000 in giving

Large Family Foundations favored health and education in both dollars given and grants made

Illinois Family Foundations

Steans Family Foundation Lumpkin Family Foundation (central IL) Kaplan Family Foundation Rothschild Foundation Stern Foundation

Corporate Foundations

• Assets are derived primarily from contributions of a for-profit business

• Contributions may be from an initial endowment, periodic contributions, or both

• May maintain ties to the parent company but is an independent entity

• Abides by same rules and regulations governing private • Differs from corporate giving programs

Illinois Corporate Foundations

Allstate Foundation State Farm Foundation Motorola Foundation Caterpillar Foundation John Deere Foundation Chicago Tribune Charities

Operating Foundations

• Private foundation whose primary purpose is to conduct research, social welfare, or other programs determined by its governing body or establishment charter (e.g., Carnegie Endowment for International Peace)

• May make grants, but the amount of grants awarded generally is small relative to the funds used for the foundation's own programs

Corporate Giving

• Grantmaking program established and administered within a for-profit corporation (often administered by marketing or public relations unit)

• Does not have a separate endowment; grantmaking closely tied to company profits

• Gifts or grants go directly from the company to charitable organizations

• Often focuses grantmaking on communities within which the company operates

• Not subject to the same reporting requirements as corporate foundations

Types of Corporate Giving

• Corporate Donations – Typically through a letter

• Employee Match Programs • - good for volunteer-based programs

• Event Sponsorship

• In-Kind Contributions – Equipment, Furniture, Printing and other services

Corporate Giving Examples

Local retail stores – Target, WalMart, Sears (corporation typically has national foundation)

Community Banks

Small and Medium-Sized Businesses

Combined Giving Drives

• United Way• Chicago• Suburban

• Combined Federal Campaign• State Giving Campaign• Corporate Employee Giving

Campaigns

Individual Giving

Solicitation Letters• Annual Appeals• Capital Campaigns

Employee Giving ProgramsPlanned Giving Property and Possessions

Special Events

• Walk for Literacy • SCRABBLE Tournament • Lunches, Dinners, Galas• Car Washes, Bake Sales

Earned Income

• Membership Dues• Training and Consultation • Books and Publications• Arts and Crafts

Caution Must be mission-oriented or taxes

will need to be paid

ePhilanthropy

A tool to use in an overall strategy. Should not be viewed

as quick money.

There are no shortcuts to building effective relationships

and having a diversified funding base.

Internet Strategies

• E-mail Messaging• Newsletters, Updates

• Internet Marketing • Solicitation, Sales

• Advocacy • Petitions, Letter writing

• On-Line Fundraising

On-Line Fundraising Issues

• Web Site • Maintenance and Capabilities

• Use of Credit Cards • State Registration

• 40 States require registration

Raising Money Using Online Tools

Tools of the Trade

Auctions• The mainstay in philanthropic practices

moves to the internet

Resources and community• Ways to organize and make connections

Grant databases• Finding the grantmaker who fits

Donor databases• Keeping track of donations

Online Auctions

Mission Fish and ebay Giving Works Through eBay Giving Works, Mission Fish allows a

nonprofit and its supporters to sell items on ebay and donate the profits to the nonprofit. Anyone can sell on behalf of the nonprofit and donate 10% to 100% of the profits.

To create a Mission Fish account: your nonprofit’s tax exempt letter, a voided check, an ebay account.

http://donations.ebay.com/charity/charity.jsp?NP_ID=44628

Other Auction Products Bidding for Good

Ready Set AuctionA fundraiser can purchase these products to organize and

host an online auction that can complement an live silent auction at an event or stand alone. The benefit of hosting an auction online is that more people can have the opportunity to bid. The fundraiser has a lot of promotion work to do, though. The advantage of Bidding for Good is a base of customers who receive weekly emails with auction highlights.

Benefit EventsIn addition to the online auction, this product helps plan

events from invitations through registration.

Researching Funding Sources

• What To Look For• Proposal guidelines • Areas of interest • Organizations supported

Researching Funding Sources (cont)

• What To look At • Foundation Directories • Foundation 990’s• Foundation Web Sites (many allow, some require, you

to apply on line)

Researching Funding Sources (cont)

Internet searches are the most time efficient and can be done by funding area of interest, geographic location, or specific foundation.

Most – or at the least the better ones – are subscription-based

Foundation Directories, 990’s and other collections can also be found at various universities and libraries associated with the Foundation Center

Online Resources for Nonprofit Fundraising

PhilanTrack – a service that nonprofit grantseeking organizations can use to organize and prepare grant applications for its funders and prospective funders

Foundation Access – allows nonprofit organizations to list their projects and programs in their profile. Foundations have access to these profiles to find projects that best match their priorities. Then, foundations can invite nonprofits to apply for grants.

IdeaEncore Network - a service for nonprofits to share written and electronic documents with others in the nonprofit sector to help one another save time and money, enhance knowledge, or reduce the risk of innovation. i.e. board bylaws, articles, contracts, etc.

Corporate/ Foundation FunderDatabase Services85% of funding for nonprofits comes from individual

donors but corporate and foundation grants are very important.

Grant Station – An online database accessed by paying members of funder profiles and grants offered by:• U.S. Charitable Giving:

– Independent foundations, i.e. Aetna Foundation, the independent philanthropic giving arm of Aetna, Inc., the healthcare benefits company.

– Family foundations, i.e. Crown Family Foundation of Chicago– Community foundations, i.e. Chicago Community Trust– Corporate foundations, i.e. Starbucks Foundation– Corporate giving programs, i.e. Exelon Corporate Giving Program

employee matching gifts programs– Faith-based grantmakers– Associations with grantmaking programs

• International Charitible giving• Federal Grants and Loans• State Grants and Loans

Based in Chicago, Donor’s Forum is a nonprofit membership association that promotes philanthropy and a strong nonprofit sector in Illinois. Members include grantmaking foundations, corporations and other donors. Partners include nonprofits, schools, places of worship, and consultants.• Database of funders is the most valuable tool on

Donor’s Forum, but other essential ones include help in writing a strong grant proposal and resources to develop a greater understanding of the role grants play in the fundraising mix and what grantmakers want to see.

• Donor’s Forum also hosts grant writing seminars and fundraising workshops of other kinds.

• Quick tutorial

Donor’s Forum

Guidestar

Guidestar’s Mission

To revolutionize philanthropy by providing information that advances

transparency, enables users to make better decisions, and

encourages charitable giving.

Guidestar.org

Federal Grant Searching

Grants.gov – Search federal grant opportunities by keyword, funding activity, and agency.• When searching on behalf of your agency, use

advanced search. Select eligibility as 503c nonprofit. Funding activity = education. Funding type = grant.

http://www07.grants.gov/applicants/find_grant_opportunities.jsp

U.S. Department of Education grants – ed.gov lists open grant opportunities. • Click on grants on the right-hand side. Using the click-

down menu, select Grant opportunities. http://www2.ed.gov/fund/grant/apply/grantapps/index.html

Donor Database Products

Raiser’s Edge• Widely used by nonprofits locally and nationally to

record individual donor’ records and corp/found grants. This is a powerful database that allows organizations to sort through a huge amount of information the agency has entered and use it in strategic ways to plan and implement fundraising efforts. A leader among like products, it is also the most expensive, with an initial cost of over $7000, annual user fees of $1300 and training costs of $2700/ person.

Other widely used databases to track donors, generate reports and thank you letters• eTapestry • Donor Perfect• Telosa Exceed

Most of these products have online interfaces. In some cases, this feature costs extra.

Getting Down

to Getting Grant Funds

Types of Funding

Program

General Operating Funds

Capacity-Building

Capital Campaigns

Making the Connection

• Knowing someone is always the best when it

comes to private funding• Check with board and volunteers • Determine the “fit” • Pay attention to submission dates• Follow the process or guidelines

• Phone Call• Letter of Inquiry• Proposal Submission

Making the Connection (cont.)

For government grants, knowing someone doesn’t hurt, but doesn’t necessarily move you up especially if you’ve never received funds from that agency before

Bidder’s conferences are often held; attendance is sometimes required

Submission dates are very firm

Guidelines must be strictly followed

Most federal grants are now done online

Proposal Components (Private)

• Executive Summary• Statement of Need• Project Description• Budget• Organizational Background• Conclusion

Executive Summary

• Problem• Solution• Funding Requirements• Organization and its Expertise

(Generally best to do this after the grant is written picking up paragraphs from each

section.)

Statement of Need

• Provide facts and evidence• Be persuasive and succinct• Present accurate statistics and date• Give the reader hope• Will the program be a model • Problem acute and only solved by

you • Why are you the best to do it

Project Description

• Goals and Objectives• Methodology• Staff• Evaluation• Sustainability

Goals and Objectives

• Do they relate to the problem• Are they specific and measurable • Say what is to be accomplished• Are they realistic • Are they expressed in terms of outcomes

Methodology

• Do activities relate to objectives and need statement

• Is there a timetable or work plan explaining the scope and

sequence of activities

Methodology (cont)

• Is approach taken well explained

• How will the activities be coordinated

with others - internally and externally – “collaboration” is still a favorite word

and concept in funding circles – private

and public. • Collaboration also addresses

“duplication of services” issue

Staff

• Who will carry out the project • What is their expertise • Can be paid staff or volunteers• Be realistic on salary • Be realistic in expectations

Evaluation

• How will you know success • What milestones measure progress • Will there be an outside evaluation • Will there be an internal one• Will the evaluation be process or impact or both • Who will review the evaluation report

Sustainability

• What are plans for sustaining the effort beyond the funded period

• How likely that future funding be received

• What will happen if funding not received • What kind of support will be provided

now and by whom

Budget

• What is the budget for the project • What is the organization’s budget • Are program costs too high or low• How do costs compare with

others• Are all costs included • Consider administrative and other support costs

Organizational Background

• When was the organization founded

• What is Mission, Vision and Values• How is it governed • How is it perceived in community• Why is it THE best to one provide services being proposed

Attachments

• Articles of Incorporation• Proof of non-profit status• List of board members• Independent Audit• Annual Report or other

literature• Statistical Data• Staff bios or resumes

Reports

• Most funders will request reports• Typically financial and program• Annual, at the least• Formats vary, often specified in funding guidelines • Generally advised of reporting process in letter of acceptance

Government Grants

Most federal and state grants tend to follow the same format … however, in most cases, they tend to be very specific in the population that they

are seeking to serve – i.e. drop-outs, they want numbers for the

community you are proposing to serve; low-income, what is the

median income of the community you proposed to serve.

Proposal Writing Basics from

The Grantmanship Center

Proposals that fail to communicate effectively, jeopardize the support

that might be granted to an otherwise excellent project.

Competition is fierce. Poorly written proposals simply make it easy for

the fund source to reject the request.

Truths That Should Be

Self-Evident

Research, not writing, is the first step.

Fund sources have specific interests.These must be researched with

proposals being submitted only to those

who have articulated a priority interest

in that area. To do otherwise is likeShopping for groceries in a

hardware store.

Proposal writing requires a good writer

Communicating in clear, precise English assumes talent that not

everyone possesses. Sometimes a proposal writer is in a wrong job. People uncomfortable with writing and re-writing and taking writing

suggestions from others may want to look to different kind of work.

Follow Directions !

Many fund sources, especially government funding bodies, provide

specific instructions on what they want in a submission. If such

directions exist, they should be strictly adhered to without

deviation. Often, there are no specific guidelines. In those

cases, follow the general outline reviewed earlier.

The Review Process

Every funding body has its own review process.

Federal agencies generally use external panelists to review proposals.

State agencies generally use staff and external panelists to review proposals.

Foundations generally rely on staff to make review decisions.

Panelists are given a proposal rating sheet, and instructed to assign points based on how well the review criteria are met.

The Review Process (cont.)

The evaluation criteria used by the reviewers can

sometimes dictate the proposal framework or format. If a format is

specified in an announcement ,,,

follow it exactly.

The Rating and Evaluation

Need for Program …………………………..25%

Organizational Capacity …………………15%

Quality of Design …………………………….30%

Evaluation Plan ………………………………….15%

Budget and Justification ……………….15%

Sources of Proposal Weaknesses

Insignificant Problem ………………….44%Unclear Expenses …………………………42%Unclear Problem Statement ………33%Methods of Operation Unclear ….31%Poor Documentation in all areas …28%Activities Don’t Correspond w/Problem …

28%Objectives Not Measurable ……….27%Unclear Time Frame …………………….21%

Why Are Some Proposals

Rejected ?

1. The deadline submission was not met.

2. Guidelines for proposal content, format and length were not followed exactly.

3. Proposal had nothing that could strike a reviewer as unusual, clever, or intriguing.

4. Proposed area was not a funder’s priority.

5. Proposal was not absolutely clear in describing one or several elements of the project.

Reasons For Rejection

6. Proposal was not absolutely complete in describing the elements of the project.

7. Author did not know the territory as revealed in the needs section; unaware of relevant information or work.

8. Proposed project appeared to go beyond the capacity of the proposer in terms of training, expertise and available resources.

9. Method of conducting the project was unsuited for the purpose.

Reasons For Rejection (cont.)

10. Estimated budget costs were unrealistic.

11. Cost of the proposed project is greater than any possible benefits that would be derived.

12. The proposer took highly partisan positions with out providing justification on issue (becomes vulnerable to reviewers prejudices).

13. The quality of the writing is poor (repetitious,

lengthy, grandiose).

Reasons For Rejection (cont.)

Reasons For Rejection (cont.)

14. The author did not attend to detail.

15. The proposal addressed the wrong project.

16. The budget is equipment intensive.

17. Not enough of the funds appear to be directed

to the outcomes of the project.

Writing Tips

- Know the purpose of your writing before you begin to eliminate false starts

- Identify your audience and tailor your message to them; write what you want them to know

- Organize your facts and idea – decide what you are going to say to get the results you want

- Write logically – know when to start and stop

- Eliminate redundancy and excess phrases for clear and concise writing

Writing Tips (cont.)

- Clarify your communication using proper transitional phrases

- Do not use unintelligible jargon or acronyms, unless identified earlier; use everyday words

- Use appropriate punctuation and sentence length and structure

- Present complex technical information as simply as possible

Writing Recommendations

- Review guidelines for standard English grammar, work usage, punctuation, capitalization and verb tense

- Follow format required by funding source

- Proofread and edit … proofread and edit

- Have someone else proofread and edit

- Review and revise your document to establish the correct style, tone and format

Program Goals

Goals are broad statements that describe desired outcomes. Goals clearly define the direction set by

the mission and vision, providing a framework for more detailed levels of planning. Goals are realistic and achieveable; they help to fulfill the vision and carry out the mission.

Writing A Program Goal

Poorly written goal – “To raise literacy levels among low literate

adults in our community.”

Well written goal – “To raise literacy levels among low literate

adults in our community so that they can more fully participate in and contribute to community activities.

Program Objectives

Objectives are minimum performance standards and should articulate those outcomes which must be accomplished to make the program worth the effort and expense.

Objectives should be clear statements; include a single indicator; have a reasonable timeframe; be realistic and within control of those responsible for monitoring.

Objectives in contrast to the broad, general statements of goals are specific – they quantify and specify time frames for a desired result. Objectives represent milestones or intermediate achievements necessary to reach goals.

Criteria for S.M.A.R.T. Objectives

Objectives are detailed and understandable. Objectives SPECIFY the results that you want to achieve through strategy or action.

Objectives are MEASURABLE to determine when it has been achieved.

Objectives should be realistic, ATTAINABLE, and consistent with resources.

Objectives should specify a RESULT/outcome and not the activity to accomplish the objective.

Objectives specify the TIMEFRAME for achievement of results.

Setting Objectives

Two types of Program Objectives –

1.) Process Objectives

2.) Outcome Objectives

Process Objectives

Tasks that you will accomplish over the course of the project or grant period.

“We will recruit and enroll 100 adult

students.”

“We will recruit 50 tutors.”

Outcome Objectives

Something measureable that will occur as a result of your project. Should be stated as performance, rather than effort; they relate to changes in program participants.

“75% of the adults we enroll will increase their reading level by at least one grade level after receiving 30 hours of instruction.”

“80% of the tutors will serve more than one year.”

7 Steps to Writing Good Objectives

1.) Determine result areas

2.) Determine measurement indicators

3.) Determine performance standards.

4.) Determine the time frame.

5.) Determine the cost frame.

6.) Write the objective

7.) Evaluate the objectives.

Step #1 – Determine Result Areas

Result areas are the key places you will look to see improvements or changes in the population.

Example –

- “more literate adults”

- “high volunteer satisfaction”

Step# 2 – Determine Measurement Indicators

Measurement indicators are quantifiable parts of your results areas. By measuring your performance with these indicators, you are able to see how well you are doing.

Example –

- “Scores on standardized tests.”

- “Volunteer satisfaction surveys.”

Step #3 – Determining Performance Standards

Performance standards answer the question – “How much (or how little) of the measurement indicator do we need to consider ourselves successful ?

Example –

“Adults will increase by one grade their reading level.”

“ 50% of tutors were satisfied with involvement.”

Step #4 – Determine the Time Frame

The time frame is the amount of time in which you want to reach your performance standards. It is your deadline.

Example –

“Adults will increase their reading level by one grade with 30 hours of instruction.”

“After six months of service tutors will report.”

Step #5 – Determine the Cost Frame

This is the amount of money that represents the Cost of the Methods or Activities you have selected as your approach the objective. This is reflected in your budget totals.

Step #6 – Write The Objective

This step combines the data you have generated in the previous five steps. The standard format is –

“TO (action verb of statement reflecting your measurement indicator) BY (performance standard) BY (deadline) ATA COST OF NO MORE THAN (cost frame).

Example –“To increase by one grade level the reading level

75% of ESL students enrolled in our program who receive 30 hours of instruction at a cost of …

Step #7 – Evaluate the Objective

Review the objective and answer the question “Does this objective reflect the change we want in the result area ?”

If the answer is “yes” you probably have a workable objective. If not, the chances are that your measurement indicator is wrong or your performance standard too low.

Remember – Emphasize the results, not tasks or methods. Do not say what you are going to do, instead try to emphasize the ultimate benefit or your program’s work.

Program Evaluation Plan

The evaluation represents your plan of accountability to the funding agency. The evaluation is directly tied to the program objectives; it presents a

plan to determine the degree to which objectives are being met. The

evaluation defines your measurement for success and how you plan to

collect data and monitor progress of the project.

Program Evaluation Plan

1.) Identify what will be evaluated and why the evaluation is needed.

2.) Describe the type/purpose of the evaluation and audience to benefit from the results.

3.) Describe how data will be collected, analyzed and the tools/instruments to be used.

4.) Identify who will be responsible for the evaluation – clarify the analysis you plan to make and summarize the data and indicate how it will be used to further strengthen the program.

5.) Clearly state your criteria for measuring success.

Types of Evaluation

- Goals Based

- Process- Outcome

Goals Based Evaluation

Evaluates the extent to which your

program is meeting your predetermined goal or objectives.

Goals Based Questions

1. How were goals or objectives established Was the process effective?

2. What is the status of the program's progress toward achieving the goals?

3. Will the goals be achieved according to the timelines specified in program implementation

or operations plan? If not, then why?

4. Do personnel have adequate resources (money, equipment, facilities, training) to achieve the goals?

5. How should priorities be changed to put more

focus on achieving the goals?

6. How should timelines be changed)?

7. How should goals be changed (be careful about

making these changes - know why efforts are not achieving the goals before changing the goals)? Should any goals be added or removed? Why?

8. How should goals be established in the future?

Goals Based Questions (cont.)

Process Evaluation addresses how the project is conducted, in terms

of consistency with the stated plan of action and the effectiveness of the various activities within the

plan.

It looks at tasks, activities and the flow – “How are you getting there”

and “How is it working?”

Process Questions

1. On what basis do employees and/or the customers decide that products or services are needed?

2. What is required of employees in order to deliver the product or services?

3. How are employees trained about how to deliver the product or services?

4. How do customers/clients come into the program?

5. What is required of customers or client?

6. How do employees select which services will be provided ?

Process Questions (cont.)

7. What is the general process that clients go through?

8. What do clients consider to be strengths of the program?

9. What do staff consider to be strengths of the program?

10. What typical complaints are heard from employees and/or

clients?

11. What do employees and/or clients recommend to improve

the program?

12. On what basis do employees and/or clients decide that the

product or services are no longer needed?

Outcome Evaluation addresses the results

that can be attributed to the project, as well as

the extent to which the project has satisfied its

desired objectives.

Outcome Objectives

Outcomes are benefits to clients from participation in the program. Outcomes

are usually in terms of enhanced learning (knowledge, perceptions/attitudes or skills) or conditions, e.g., increased

literacy, self-reliance, etc.

Outcomes are often confused with program outputs or units of services, e.g., the

number of clients who went through a program. The general steps to accomplish an outcomes-based evaluation include to:

1. Identify the major outcomes that you want to examine or verify for the program under evaluation.

2. Choose the outcomes that you want to examine, prioritize the outcomes and, if your time and resources are limited, pick the top two to four most important outcomes to examine for now.

3. For each outcome, specify what observable measures, or indicators, will suggest that you're achieving that key outcome with your clients.

4. Specify a "target" goal of clients, i.e., what number or percent of clients you commit to achieving specific outcomes

Outcome Questions

5. Identify what information is needed to show these indicators, e.g., how many clients in the target group went through the program, how many participated for what amount of time, how many increased scores or achieved a personal goal

6. Decide how can that information be efficiently and realistically gathered. Consider program documentation, observation of program personnel and clients in the program, questionnaires and interviews about clients perceived benefits from the program, case studies of program failures and successes, etc.

Outcome Questions (cont.)

Group Exercise

1. Decide as a group on a program for which you want to apply for funding.

2. Identify Need, Program Goal and Objectives, and Staff Needed.

3. Break into three groups to work - Performance Measurements - Budget - Evaluation