grammar – unit 2 lessons 18 - 28

GRAMMAR – UNIT 2 LESSONS 18 - 28

Parts of Speech Part 2

NOUNS

NOTE: Things can be

concrete – like rocks or books

or

abstract ideas like courage or

purpose.

• Two types of NOUNS:

–Proper Nouns

–Common Nouns

A noun is a person, place , or thing

A ________ is a word that ________________, _____ another verb to a subject , _______ another verb or merely indicates ___________.

verbshows actionlinks

helps

existence

MOODVerbs can be:

• commanding (imperative) • matter-of-fact (indicative) • doubtful or wishful (subjunctive)

IMPERATIVE

Close that door!imperativeSquiggly played volleyball by the

sea.indicativeI wish you were here.subjunctive

indicativesubjunctiveCOMMANDING MATTER-OF-FACT DOUBTFUL or WISHFUL

UNIT 2 - LESSON 18------

CRITICAL QUESTION: What are antecedents and how do they relate to pronouns?

• .

PRONOUNS !

•Personal pronouns stand in for nouns.

• They’re like stuntmen. When nouns feel overworked, they call for pronouns

•pronouns—words like he, it, she, we, they, and so on.

Antecedent

•The noun to which a pronoun refers.

• Antecedents are always nouns – some are proper and some are common.

Facts About Antecedents

• Most of the time Pronouns are used in a paragraph AFTER their antecedents.

Facts About Antecedents

SUMMARY

• In a sentence or two, answer your critical question.

What are antecedents and how do they relate to pronouns?

GRAMMAR MATTERS ------

UNIT 2 - REVIEWTopic: Grammar

Parts Of Speech •Nouns•Verbs•Pronouns

MOODVerbs can be:

• commanding (imperative) • matter-of-fact (indicative) • doubtful or wishful (subjunctive)

Squiggly ate a sandwich.

If only I had a sandwich.

Eat your sandwich.

indicative

subjunctive

imperative

Wash the dog.

If only I had a dog.

Andy bought a dog.

imperative

subjunctive

indicative

•pronouns— they take the place of nouns.

•words like he, it, she, we, they …

Antecedent

•The noun to which a pronoun refers.

Andy bought a dog, and then, he washed it.

antecedents pronouns

UNIT 2 - LESSON 19------Topic: Grammar

Critical Question:What are verbals?

Verbals -like verbs…-only -different.

3 TYPES:

Gerunds

Participles

Infinitives

3 TYPES of Verbals:

Gerunds

Participles

Infinitives

NOUN

ADJECTIVE

NOUN, ADJECTIVE, ADVERB

SUMMARY



Topic: Grammar

Critical Question: What are a few facts about verbals?

Gerund

If you add an –ing to a verb and use the word as a noun, that is a gerund.

Acting isn’t as

easy as it looks.

noun

Participle

If you add an –ing to a verb and use the word as an adjective, it is called a participle.

Acting lessons helped

Aardvark land the lead role in the school

play.

adjective

Participlescan also be joined with helping verbs to function as a verb.

She was helping him.

verb

We are jumping rope.

He is smiling today.

Infinitives

An infinitive is a combination of the word to and a bare form of a verb: to go, to run, to split, and so on.

To act was his secret

desire.

Infinitives can function as:oNounsoAdjectivesoAdverbs

To act was his desire.

It is her time to shine.

She sprinted the last ten yards to secure the win.

adjective

adverb

noun

gerund, participle, or infinitive???Aardvark’s singing almost deafened Squiggly.

After you finish this class, you will want everyone to read your writing.

The fallen leaves made a striking pattern.

He was singing before you called.

She wanted to explore.

He needed to believe in himself.

ggppii

SUMMARY



Topic: Grammar

PARTS OF SPEECH

• Nouns• Pronouns • Verbs

–Verbals •Participle Gerund Infinitive

Review Verbals –verb forms that function as another part of speech

• Participle – “ing” – adjectives or a whole verb with a helper

• Gerund – “ing” – nouns

• Infinitive – “to + basic form of a verb” - nouns, adj, adv.

PARTICIPLE GERUND INFINITIVE• He was sewing a button onto his

coat.• The sewing machine was broken. • I like your writing. • He wanted to go to the park.

Critical Question:

What is a split infinitive?

To Split or not to Split ????

Some people believe that it is against the “rules” to split an infinitive

MYTH AGAIN – Latin is to blame for the 19th Century rule .

In Latin, there are no two word infinitives and so, it is impossible to split one.

Today though, most agree that it is OK to split infinitives

Split infinitive ….

If you try to unsplit the verb, you might actually change the meaning of the sentence.

Squiggly decided to quickly remove Aardvark’s cats.

removeto

Squiggly decided quickly to remove Aardvark’s cats.

to remove

How does this change the sentence?

Squiggly decided to remove Aardvark’s cats quickly .

to remove

This would be the best rewrite, but it is not necessary.

Split Infinitive????

OK!

To BOLDLY go . . .

SUMMARY


PARTS OF SPEECH

• Nouns• Pronouns • Verbs

–Verbals •Participle Gerund Infinitive

Verbals –verb forms that function as another part of speech

• Participle – “ing” – adjectives or a whole verb with a helper

• Gerund – “ing” – nouns

• Infinitive – “to + basic form of a verb” - nouns, adj, adv.

PARTICIPLE GERUND INFINITIVE

•Alex is sparring.


•The sparring team won.


•Sparring is her favorite thing to do.


•She likes to spar.

CRITICAL QUESTION?• How can I write a sentence

correctly using an antecedent and a pronoun?

Personal Pronouns Antecedent

Personal pronouns stand in for nouns. They’re like stuntmen. When nouns feel overworked, they call for pronouns—words like he, it, she, we they, and so on.

The noun to which the pronoun refers is called the antecedent.

Pronouns !!!

Squiggly was late. He forgot to set the alarm.

The tree fell because it had been attacked by bugs.

Grammar girl is happy because she remembered to bring an eraser.

Pronouns are VITAL~~~~~~~~~

Pronouns are vital. Try not using one for an hour, and you’ll see. I use them constantly as you can tell by these sentences.

Because pronouns come in different shapes and are used for different reasons some official grammar language is necessary. Ready?????

SUMMARY

• Write a creative sentence using an antecedent and its pronoun.

UNIT 2 - LESSON 23------Topic: Grammar

UNIT 2 - LESSON 23------Critical Question: What are the three cases of pronouns?

Pronouns are bunched together in three cases. (I do not know why the word “case” is used. Categories would work just as well, but officially they are called cases. Think of each case like a suitcase; it packs all the similar pronouns together.

Pronouns and Their Cases

Pronouns in Their SuitcasesPERSON SUBJECTIVE

CASEOBJECTIVE CASE

POSSESSIVE CASE (weak/strong)

1ST PERSON I Me My/Mine

2ND PERSON You You You/Yours

3RD PERSON - female

She Her Her/Hers

3RD PERSON - male

He Him His/His

3RD PERSON - neutral

It It Its/Its

1ST PERSON (plural)

We Us Our/Ours

2ND PERSON(plural)

You You Your/Yours

3RD PERSON(plural)

They Them Their/Theirs

INTERROGATIVE

Who Whom Whose

The doer of the action; the one who acts

Subjective Case

She ate fifty hot dogs.

(She did the eating, so she’s taking the action.)

The receiver of the action; the one who sits back and lets it all happen to her (or him).

Objective Case

The judge gave her the prize.

(Her received the prize and is the receiver of the action.)

Shows ownership

Possessive Case

Her dog threw up on my shoes.

(Her indicates the dog belongs to a previously mentioned female.)

I I …

is always and only a subject pronoun.

you …can stand in

for a subject or an object!!!

me … is always

and only a object pronoun.

you me

I threw the beach

ball.

You threw the beach ball.

Squiggly threw me.

Squiggly threw you.

NOTE

You also fills in for one person or many people (i.e., it’s a singular and a plural pronoun). I say “You should go to Disneyland,” I could be talking to one person or to a group of people. You should be standing in for Squiggly alone, or Squiggle, Aardvark and their families.

SUMMARY


grammar – unit 2 lessons 18 - 28

Documents

types of nouns

grammar critical question

proper nouns common

place of nouns

grammar unit

time pronouns

personal pronouns

pronouns pronounswords