grammar - plurals 002 - plurals

grammar - plurals & counts 002

PLURALS

Fill in the missing nouns and their plurals:

A ______

TWO ______

A ______

SEVEN ______

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ONE ______

FOUR ______

AN____

TWELVE _____ (OR A DOZEN ____)

SIX ______ (OR HALF-A-DOZEN ______)

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ONE ______

TWO ______

A CHICKEN ______

A PLATE OF ______

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AN______

MANY ______

ONE ______

SIX ______

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A ______

TWO ______

A _____

FOUR ______

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A _____

TWO _______

Answers:

A boat. Two boats.A carton. Seven Cartons. [Or, a box. Seven boxes]One child. Four children.An egg. Twelve eggs. [Or, a dozen eggs.]Six eggs. [Or, half-a-dozen eggs.]One ox. Two oxen.A chicken sandwich. A plate of sandwiches.An umbrella. Many umbrellas.One man. Six men.A woman. Two women.A ring. Four rings.A bus. Two buses.

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NOTICE: Where plural nouns end with an "s", "e" needs to be inserted only if the singular form end in "s", "sh", "ch", "z" or "x" all of which would lose their plural sounds in conversation without the extra syllable. But be aware that some words do not follow this rule: "oxen" uses "n" not "s" in plural form, whilst "foxes" is the plural of "fox" and for "index", the plural is "indices". "Men", "women" and "children" also behave atypically. Unfortunately no simple rules can be applied universally. The only way to know which is correct is to learn one word at a time. This is because English contains so many words of foreign origin, many having different plural rules.

As you can see, most nouns make their plurals by simply adding –s to the end (e.g. cat/cats, book/books, journey/journeys).

The main types of noun that do not are:

NOUNS THAT ARE THE SAME SINGULAR AND PLURALOne category more than any which can cause confusion are English words which have no distinction between singular and plural:

SINGULAR PLURALDEER DEER FISH FISHMEANS MEANSOFFSPRING OFFSPRINGPOLICE POLICESERIES SERIESSHEEP SHEEPSPECIES SPECIES

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NOUNS ENDING IN "-y"

If the noun ends with a consonant plus -y, the plural is formed by changing "-y" to "-ies":SINGULAR PLURAL

BERRY BERRIESACTIVITY ACTIVITIESDAISY DAISIES

Nouns ending with "-ch", "-s", "-sh", "-x", or "-z"

Add "-es" to form the plural:

SINGULAR PLURALCHURCH CHURCHESBUS BUSESFOX FOXES

NOTICE: There is one exception to this rule. Whenever the "-ch" ending is pronounced with a ‘k’ sound, you add "-s" instead of "-es":

SINGULAR PLURALSTOMACH STOMACHSEPOCH EPOCHS

NOUNS ENDING IN "-f" or "-fe"

Nouns that end in a consonant or a single vowel plus "-f " or "-fe", change the "-f" or "-fe" to "-ves" in their plural forms:

SINGULAR PLURALKNIFE KNIVES

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HALF HALVESSCARF SCARVES

Notice: nouns which end in two vowels plus "-f" usually form plurals in the normal way, with just an "-s":

SINGULAR PLURAL

CHIEF CHIEFSSPOOF SPOOFS

NOUNS ENDING IN "-o":

Nouns ending in "-o" can add either "-s" or "-es" in the plural, and some can be spelled either way.

As a general rule, most nouns ending in "-o" add "-s" to make the plural:

SINGULAR PLURALSOLO SOLOSZERO ZEROSAVOCADO AVOCADOS

Those which have a vowel before the final "-o" always just add "-s":

SINGULAR PLURALSTUDIO STUDIOSZOO ZOOSEMBRYO EMBRYOS

The most common nouns ending in "-o" that are always spelled with "-es" in the plural are listed below:

SINGULAR PLURALBUFFALO BUFFALOES

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DOMINO DOMINOESECHO ECHOESEMBARGO EMBARGOESHERO HEROESMOSQUITO MOSQUITOESPOTATO POTATOESTOMATO TOMATOESTORPEDO TORPEDOESVETO VETOES

These common nouns ending in "-o" can be spelled with either "-s" or "-es" in the plural:

SINGULAR PLURALBANJO BANJOS OR BANJOESCARGO CARGOS OR CARGOESFLAMINGO FLAMINGOS OR FLAMINGOESFRESCO FRESCOS OR FRESCOESGHETTO GHETTOS OR GHETTOESHALO HALOS OR HALOESMANGO MANGOS OR MANGOESMEMENTO MEMENTOS OR MEMENTOESMOTTO MOTTOS OR MOTTOESTORNADO TORNADOS OR TORNADOESTUXEDO TUXEDOS OR TUXEDOESVOLCANO VOLCANOS OR VOLCANOES

PLURALS OF FOREIGN NOUNS

The English language has absorbed words from many foreign sources, perhaps more than any other language. It continues to do so today. The plurals of foreign words which have come into English such as Latin or Greek often have two possible spellings: the foreign

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plural spelling and an English one. For example, you can spell the plural of "aquarium" (from Latin) as either "aquaria" (the Latin plural) or "aquariums" (the English plural).

WORDS OF LATIN ORIGIN

This is a list of some common words of Latin origin which can form plurals in two different ways:

WORD LATIN PLURAL ENGLISH PLURALANTENNA ANTENNAE ANTENNASAPPENDIX APPENDICES APPENDIXESCACTUS CACTI CACTUSESCURRICULUM CURRICULA CURRICULUMSFORMULA FORMULAE FORMULASINDEX INDICES INDEXESMILLENNIUM MILLENNIA MILLENNIUMSREFERENDUM REFERENDA REFERENDUMSSTADIUM STADIA STADIUMSTERMINUS TERMINI TERMINUSESTHESAURUS THESAURI THESAURUSESVORTEX VORTICES VORTEXES

NOTICE: There are a few Latin nouns in English which always form their plurals in the Latin way. These are usually scientific or technical terms. The most common ones are:

SINGULAR PLURALALGA ALGAEALUMNUS ALUMNAELARVA LARVAE

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WORDS OF GREEK ORIGIN

Nouns which end in "-is" usually come from Greek. Their plurals are made by changing the "-is" to "-es":

SINGULAR PLURAL

CRISIS CRISES

ANALYSIS ANALYSES

NEUROSIS NEUROSES

NOTICE: The plural form of "octopus" should always be "octopuses" and never "octopi". This is because the word was originally Greek, not Latin, and so the rules for Latin plurals don't apply.

WORDS OF FRENCH ORIGIN

Certain words of French origin have two possible plural forms: the original French plural and an English one. These words end in the letters "-eau", for example:

WORD FRENCH PLURAL ENGLISH PLURALBUREAU BUREAUX BUREAUSCHATEAU CHATEAUX CHATEAUSGATEAU GATEAUX GATEAUSTROUSSEAU TROUSSEAUX TROUSSEAUS

The English tend to use the French endings more often than Americans, who prefer to use the 'English' "-s".

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WORDS OF ITALIAN ORIGIN

Most Italian words which have come into English form their plurals with an "-s", as if they were English words. For example, the Italian plural of "cappuccino" is "cappuccini", but when the word is used in English, its plural form is "cappuccinos". Here are some more examples:

WORD ITALIAN PLURAL ENGLISH PLURALESPRESSO ESPRESSI ESPRESSOSPIZZA PIZZE PIZZASRISOTTO RISOTTI RISOTTOSFRESCO FRESCHI FRESCOS OR FRESCOES

NOTICE: A notable exception to this is the word "paparazzo", the plural form of which is "paparazzi" in English.

English has also taken over Italian words in their plural forms, typically these are the names for various kinds of pasta.

For example:"spaghetti"; "tagliatelle"; "tortellini"; "cannelloni"; "lasagne".

Although these words are already in their Italian plural forms, they can take an "-s" to form English plurals in certain contexts.

For example:"Table one have ordered three spaghettis and two cannellonis".

[Here, the meaning is ‘a dish or serving of spaghetti’ rather than ‘a kind of pasta’.]

Note that in British English, you should spell "lasagne" with an "-e" at the end. In American English it's spelled with an "-a" at the end, i.e. "lasagna" [which is the Italian singular form, though this is almost never used in Italian itself].

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Words that have come into English from foreign languages are known as loanwords. Some of these loanwords have developed plural (or singular) forms in English that are regarded as grammatically incorrect because they go against the grammar of the original language, nevertheless, they are in common currency.

Unlike many other languages, English evolves not by following an agreed set of rules, but through the argot that develops in daily speech. An understanding of these developments is essential to learning the language.

You have seen the rules by which IRREGULAR NOUNS take their plural forms. Below is a list of COMMON IRREGULAR NOUNS:

SINGULAR PLURAL A

addendum addenda

alga algae

alumna alumnae

alumnus alumni

analysis analyses

antenna antennas, antennae

apparatus apparatuses

appendix appendices, appendixes

axis axes

B

bacillus bacilli

bacterium bacteria

basis bases

beau beaux

bison bison

buffalo buffalos, buffaloes

bureau bureaus

bus busses, buses

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C

cactus cactuses, cacti

calf calves

child children

corps corps

corpus corpora, corpuses

crisis crises

criterion criteria

curriculum curricula

D

datum data

deer deer

die dice

dwarf dwarfs, dwarves

diagnosis diagnoses

E

echo echoes

elf elves

ellipsis ellipses

embargo embargoes

emphasis emphases

erratum errata

F

fireman firemen

fish fish, fishes

focus focuses

foot feet

formula formulas

fungus fungi, funguses

G

genus genera

goose geese

H

half halves

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hero heroes

hippopotamus hippopotami, hippopotamuses

hoof hoofs, hooves

hypothesis hypotheses

I

index indices, indexes

K

knife knives

L

leaf leaves

life lives

loaf loaves

louse lice

M

man men

matrix matrices

means means

medium media

memorandum memoranda

millennium millenniums, milennia

moose moose

mosquito mosquitoes

mouse mice

N

nebula nebulae ,nebulas

neurosis neuroses

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nucleus nuclei

O

oasis oases

octopus octopuses

ovum ova

ox oxen

P

paralysis paralyses

parenthesis parentheses

person people

phenomenon phenomena

potato potatoes

R

radius radii, radiuses

S

scarf scarfs, scarves

self selves

series series

sheep sheep

shelf shelves

scissors scissors

species species

stimulus stimuli

stratum strata

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syllabus syllabi, syllabuses

symposium symposia, symposiums

synthesis syntheses

synopsis synopses

T

tableau tableaux

that those

thesis theses

thief thieves

this these

tomato tomatoes

tooth teeth

torpedo torpedoes

V

vertebra vertebrae

veto vetoes

vita vitae

W

watch watches

wife wives

wolf wolves

woman women

Z

zero zeros, zeroes

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grammar - plurals 002 - plurals

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