Principles of English II Mr. Paap

Parts of Speech description

1. Noun – a word that names a person, place, thing, or an idea. EX: student, community, poem, hunger

a. Proper Nouns are specific names. EX: Mr. Paap, Arizona, Carson Junior High School, Sears

2. Pronouns – words that take the place of nouns EX: he, she, me, I, we, they, who, them

3. Adjectives – words that DESCRIBE nouns & pronouns EX: young, beautiful, blue, tall, old, goofy

a. ARTICLES – a, an, & the are adjectives 4. Verbs –

a. Action verbs – words that DO. EX: run, yell, scream, cry, hop, write, listen

b. Linking verbs – words that link/join the subject & the predicate – no action

EX: be, feels, was were, are

5. Adverbs – words that describe verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. EX: today, well, carefully, intensely, never, almost, next

6. Conjunctions – CONNECT words to show how they are related

EX: and, but, or, nor, yet, for neither, both

7. Interjections – words that show strong emotion EX: ARGH! I forgot my homework

8. Prepositions – a word that introduces a phrase and shows the relationship between

the object of the phrase and some other word in the sentence.

about above across after against along among around at

amid before behind below beneath beside between beyond

but by down during except for from in

inside into like near or off on onto

out outside over past since through throughout to

toward under underneath until up upon with within without

Feelings love sad happy fear anger joy despair surprise trust serenity grief somber excitement selfish confusion hope stress disappointment courage hatred somber gratitude pride generous frustration kindness isolation contempt suspense shame

Quality expectation greatness trust loyalty obedient cheerful reverent leadership fellowship relationship fragile honesty friendship justice ignorance knowledge youth success helpful dishonest strength dexterity feeble

Abstract religion choice mystery prejudice expectation spirit youth life death conflict character luck values miracle labor desire serendipidy

Each space in the paragraph below is preceded by an "opportunity for error" in the formation of plurals or possessives. If the word is correct, write a C in the space; if it is incorrect, write an I.

THE FAMILY REUNION

My friend's , the Rodriguez's , had a big family reunion last summer. They hadn't been

together since the late 1980's , according to Carmen, and there were many cousins she

hadn't seen since then and some new baby's she'd never met before. "Aunt Flo and

Uncle Silvio's family had really grown," she said. Flo, who already had five kids of her

own, had divorced and remarried and Flo's and Silvio's kids -- like a bunch of elves

-- filled a minivan and two taxis . Fortunately, Flo and Silvio have PhD's in

psychology with good incomes to match. "We should've leased busses for everyone,"

Carmen added.

They had their big dinner down at that place owned by Joe Pagani, Paganis Ristorante,

Illinois's most popular and expensive restaurant. It was jammed and familys kept

arriving in bunch's until some people ended up sitting on box's and benches . The

waitresses went crazy keeping up with the order's , especially with kids ordering from

the childrens' menu. When it came time to pay the bill, they couldn't find Agnes's

purse, and she had collected all the money. They had a lot of laughes about washing

all those dish's until Uncle Antony found his baby girl, Eutrusca, curled up under his chair,

sound asleep, using Agneses' bag for a pillow. Eutrusca hadn't waited for her grandpas

long after-dinner speech to put her to sleep.

Plural vs. Possessive Nouns Name ___________________________ Period ___________________________

A pronoun is a word that stands for a noun. Here are the ways we use pronouns

to name specific people or things: You look like him. to point to non-specific people or things: Everyone enjoyed the party, but nobody

remembered to thank the hostess. to point to something: This is the dress I want. to refer back to the subject: Bruce hurt himself. to show mutual action: Ryan and Wesley were wrestling and hurt each other. to add emphasis: I myself love intensive pronouns. to ask a question: Who is that? to show ownership: That's not yours; its mine!

A pronoun takes the place of a noun. The antecedent is the noun that the pronoun takes the place of or stands for. Example: I am Kristen.

I is the pronoun. Who or what does it stand for? It stands for Kristen. The antecedent of I is Kristen.

Tucker gave his sister her doll.

His is a pronoun. Who does it stand for? It stands for Tucker, so the antecedent of his is Tucker. The word her is also a pronoun and it stands for sister. The antecedent of her is sister.

The pronoun almost always refers to the noun closest to it. If you put pronouns in odd places, it's hard to tell what the antecedent is.

Common pronouns

Personal pronouns: (First person) I, me, my, mine, we , us our, ours, (Second Person) you, your, yours, he, him, his, she, (Third Person) her, hers, it, its, they, them, their, theirs.

Indefinite pronouns (An indefinite pronoun does not refer to a definite person, place, thing, or idea.) all, both, few, nobody, other, any, either, more, none, several, anyone,

everything, much no one, some Interrogative pronouns (introduces a question) what, which, who, whom, whose

1. Pronouns must AGREE in NUMBER with the noun they replace.

If the pronoun takes the place of a singular noun, you have to use a singular pronoun.

Example: Right If a student parks a car on campus, he or she has to buy a parking sticker. Wrong If people want to stay healthy, you must eat well and watch your waistline. (people is third person; you and your are second person.) Wrong Each girl wants to look be beautiful on their prom night. (girl is singular; their is plural)

Remember: The words Everybody, anybody, anyone, each, neither, nobody, someone, a person, are some of the singular pronouns that take the place of singular nouns. 2. Pronouns must AGREE in PERSON.

If you are writing in the "first person" (I), don't confuse your reader by switching to the "second person" (you) or "third person" (he, she, they, it, etc.). Similarly, if you are using the "second person", don't switch to "first" or "third".

Example: When a person comes to class, he or she should have his or her homework ready.

(NOT: When a person comes to class, you should have your homework ready.) 3. Pronouns must REFER CLEARLY to a specific noun.

Don't be vague or ambiguous. Example: Although the motorcycle hit the tree, it was not damaged. (Is "it" the motorcycle or the tree?) I don't think they should show violence on TV. (Who is "They"?) Vacation is coming soon, which is nice. (What is nice, the vacation or the fact that it is coming soon?)

Adjectives are describing words that give us information about a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase. Adjectives modify or affect the meaning of nouns and pronouns and tell us which, whose, what kind, and how many about the nouns or pronouns they modify. They come before the noun or pronoun they modify except for the predicate adjective which comes after a linking verb and modifies the subject. There are seven (7) words in the English language that are always adjectives. They are the articles a, an, and the and the possessives my, our, your, and their. (The possessives are from the possessive pronoun list but are always used with nouns as adjectives.) Being only seven in number, you should memorize them so they are immediately recognized as adjectives.

Basic adjectives (definitely not a complete list)

which whose what kind how many that this a, an the those which what upper, lower

his/her theirs someone, somebody no one, nobody its, ours my, your Bob’s

blue, green (color) new, old, wet, used (type or age) English, Austrian (origin) square, short (shape) big, small (size) beautiful, costly (description) amazed, frightened (attached by a linking verb and followed by a preposition)

1, 3, 33, 1,000 (number) some, none more, many any, all fewer several another

Articles Two types of articles: definite (the) and indefinite (a or an)

We use "definite" to mean sure, certain. "Definite" is particular. We use "indefinite" to mean not sure, not certain. "Indefinite" is general.

When we are talking about one thing in particular, we use the. When we are talking about one thing in general, we use a or an. Think of the sky at night. In the sky there is 1 moon and millions of stars. So normally we could say:

I saw the moon last night. I saw a star last night.

Comparisons Adjectives that have one syllable usually take -er and -est. Adjectives that have two syllables and end in y (early), ow (narrow), and le (gentle), can also take -er and -est. Almost all other adjectives with two or more syllables require the use of more and most. The rules are indicated in the chart below:

Number of Syllables Unchanged Comparative Superlative 1 fast faster fastest 2 happy happier happiest complex more complex most complex 3 or more beautiful more beautiful most beautiful

English also has a few adjectives whose comparative and superlative forms are irregular: Where do we put adjectives in a sentence? Adjective Before Noun We sometimes use more than one adjective before the noun:

I like big black dogs. She was wearing a beautiful long red dress.

What is the correct order for two or more adjectives? 1 The general order is: opinion, fact:

a nice French car (not 'a French nice car') ('Opinion' is what you think about something. 'Fact' is what is definitely true about something.) 2 The normal order for fact adjectives is size, age, shape, color, material, origin:

a big, old, square, black, wooden Chinese table 3 Determiners usually come first, even though they are fact adjectives:

articles (a, the) possessives (my, your...) demonstratives (this, that...) quantifiers (some, any, few, many...) numbers (one, two, three)

Here is an example with opinion and fact adjectives:

adjectives

fact determiner opinion

age shape color

noun

Two nice old round red candles. When we want to use two color adjectives, we join them with 'and':

Newspapers are usually black and white. She was wearing a long, blue and yellow dress.

Positive Comparative Superlative good better best bad worse worst little littler, less littlest, least far farther, further farthest, furthest

We can use an adjective after certain verbs. Even though the adjective is after the verb, it does not describe the verb. It describes the subject of the verb (usually a noun or pronoun). For example: subject verb adjective

• Ram is English. • Because she had to wait, she became impatient. • Is it getting dark? • The examination did not seem difficult. • Your friend looks nice. • This towel feels damp. • That new film doesn't sound very interesting. • Dinner smells good tonight. • This milk tastes sour.

Some other examples of adjectives:

colors descriptions comparisons pronouns &

possessives

adjective phrases

blue dark yellow dim bright colorful faded tarnished highlighted

beautiful new ugly vivacious rectangular Asian historical large funny

new/newer/newest old/older/oldest good/better/best quick/quicker/quickest nice/nicer/nicest impatient/ more impatient/ most impatient bad/worse/worst

his hers family’s Anderson’s company’s teacher’s my your theirs

The boy, who never told a lie, said it was the girl in the pigtails. Raise your hand if you have fewer than three years of experience.

**REMEMBER: Adjectives are words or phrases that modify a noun, pronoun, or noun

phrase. Words that modify adjectives are adverbs. For example: She knights intricately patterned mittens. The adverb intricately modifies the adjective patterned which modifies the noun mittens.

Articles

Student: Do you know what the 3 articles are? ______________, ______________, & _______________ An ARTICLE is the most commonly used __________________________________ . The 3 articles are ______________, ___________________, & ___________________ .

Rules to Remember!!

Indefinite articles (a, an) they refer to someone or something in general.

1. Us the article A before words that begin with a _____________________ sound.

o (your example) _________________________________________________________ . 2. Use the article An before words that begin with a _______________ , or

consonant words having a vowel sound.

o (your example) _________________________________________________________ . Definite articles (the) refers to someone or something in particular.

3. When the article "The" comes before a word beginning with a consonant, pronounce the article THE . . . ____________ (tha)

___________________________________________________________________________ 4. When the article "the" comes before a word beginning with a vowel sound,

pronounce the article THE . . . __________ (thee)

___________________________________________________________________________

* Articles are the most commonly used adjectives!!

NOTE: Every sentence has at least one verb. A verb expresses action or a state of being. Verbs can be action verbs or linking verbs. Examples: Action verbs Linking verbs

run is may be dance was can be sing were will be study have been looks talk be am climb are seem debate should have been turn fall appear taste drink become remain Directions: Underline all the action verbs once and the linking verbs twice in the following paragraphs.

Paragraph 1

It was in that class that I fell in love with my corner gal who looked like Hayley Mills,

except she was not as boyish. I was primed to fall in love because of the afternoon movies I

watched on television, most of which were stories about women and men coming together,

parting with harsh feelings, and embracing in the end to marry and drive big cars.

Paragraph 2

He did not answer. When he went away, I remember that a new moon hung over the mountains,

and I watched him go in silence up the hill. I expected him the next day, but he did not come.

The details of packing my personal belongings, loading my car, arranging the bed over the seat,

where the dog would ride, occupied me until late in the day. I closed the cabin and started the

car, noticing that the sun was in the west and I should do well to be out of the mountains by night

fall. I stopped by the orphanage and left the cabin key and money for my light bill with Miss

Clark.

Name ____________________ Date

Linking Verbs

A linking verb is a verb that expresses a state of being. A linking verb connects the subject of a sentence with a word in the predicate that identifies or describes the subject. Some words may be linking or action verbs depending on how they are used. Example: Amy looked through the telescope. Amy looked pale.

Linking Verbs - Be am has been may be is have been might be are had been can was will be should be were shall be would have been

Other linking verbs appear grow seem stay become look smell taste feel remain sound turn prove

FINDING SUBJECTS AND VERBS

Underline the verbs twice and the subjects once.

1. He depends on her in times of need.

2. Watch your step.

3. The insurance agent gave her sound advice.

4. On the table was her purse.

5. In the newspaper, an interesting article appeared.

6. Look before you leap.

7. Across the road lived her boyfriend.

8. We are forced to inhale and exhale this smog-filled air.

9. In the gutter, I found a shiny new dime.

10. Around every cloud is a silver lining.

11. Every one of the roses bloomed.

Verbs must agree with their subject (nouns) in number. Directions: From the choices provided. After each sentence select a word that would correctly complete the sentence. 1. The piano as well as the pipe organ ____________ to be tuned for the big concert.

A. has B. have

2. The mayor together with his two brothers ____________ going to be indicted for accepting bribes. A. are B. is

3. Neither of my two suitcases ____________ adequate for this trip. A. is B. are

4. There ____________ a list of committee members on the head-table. A. are B. is

5. Everybody in the class ____________ done the homework well in advance. A. has B. has

6. The jury ____________ their seats in the courtroom. A. take B. takes

7. Neither the teacher nor the students ____________ to understand this assignment. A. seem B. seems

8. ____________ either my father or my brothers made a down-payment on the house? A. Has B. Have

9. Hartford is one of those cities which ____________ working hard to reclaim a riverfront. A. is B. are

10. Some of the grain ____________ gone bad. A. have B. has

11. John or his brother ____________ going to be responsible for this. A. are B. is

12. A few of the students ____________ doing so well they can skip the next course. A. are B. is

13. Either the Committee on Course Design or the Committee on College Operations ____________ these matters. A. decide B. decides

14. One of my instructors ____________ written me a letter of recommendation. A. have B. has

Name _________________ Date _________________ Period _________________

1. Everyone felt sorry about the misunderstanding.

2. In daylight, the sweater looks blue.

3. The temperature plunged to almost ten degrees below zero.

4. The museum exhibited Inuit sculptures of whales and seals.

5. Loretta felt her way carefully through the dark, quiet room.

6. The city almost always smells musty after a heavy summer storm.

7. Dakar is the capital of Senegal.

8. The firefighter cautiously smelled the burned rags.

9. Antonia Novello was the Surgeon General of the United States.

10. They looked handsome in their party clothes.

Directions: Identify the verb in each of the following sentences. Then label each verb as either an action verb or a linking verb. If the verb is a linking verb, give the two words that it connects. Examples: 1. We sent our dog to obedience school. 1. sent - action verb 2. Some breeds are extremely nervous. 2. are - linking verb; breeds, nervous.

Name _____________________ Date _____________________ Period ______

Linking Verbs Quiz Directions: Identify the linking verb(s) in each of the following sentences. Write the verb on

the line provided. 1. J.K. Rowling is an author. _______________ 2. The students remained quiet through the lesson on linking verbs. _______________ 3. Jesus looked pale and green after lunch. _______________ 4. It looks like rain today. _______________ 5. The sky appears to be sunny and warm. _______________ 6. Her child grew over the summer! _______________ 7. The hot, cinnamon apple pie smells delicious. _______________ 8. Everyone felt sad at the end of the movie. _______________ 9. The band sounds great tonight. _______________ 10. Harold and George were restless at the assembly. _______________ 11. M*A*S*H was my favorite television show. _______________ 12. Susan’s brother is an Air Force pilot. _______________ 13. I felt nervous the first day of school. _______________ 14. It looks like another great semester is ahead of us. _______________ 15. The circus is in town. _______________ 16. Josh seems upset about having to do homework tonight. _______________ 17. It should be an exciting year for the Freshmen Football team. _______________ 18. The Principal looks out for what is best for his students. _______________ 19. It has been a while since I read Lord of the Rings. _______________ 20. My little brother’s feet smells like a swamp! _______________ 21. I can succeed. _______________ 22. She feels like dancing at the party. _______________ 23. This has been a very helpful practice. _______________ 24. Linking verbs are not difficult to understand. _______________ 25. I will do my homework and study vocabulary words tonight. _______________

Action Verb Practice Sheet Directions: Identify the action verb(s) in each of the following sentences. Write the verb(s)

on the line provided 1. For a science project, Zeek built an Aztec sundial. _______________ 2. Ms. Santos Carefully explained the problem again. _______________ 3. I enjoy soccer more than any other sport. _______________ 4. The hiker plummeted 12 feet and landed in a patch of poison sumac. _______________ 5. Mike’s skateboard skidded on the pavement. _______________ 6. Mrs. Morrow showed us the recipe for chocolate covered crickets. _______________ 7. To avoid clumps, mix all of the ingredients slowly. _______________ 8. The heavy Los Angeles traffic delayed us. _______________ 9. For the Jewish holiday of Yom Kippur, Rachel gave a special prayer. _______________ 10. The early Aztecs worshiped the sun. _______________ 11. I saw the movie Tomb Raider last week. _______________ 12. Everyone boogied at our wedding. _______________ 13. Oh no! My father volunteered to chaperone our senior prom! _______________ 14. Mary Lou invited me to the meeting. _______________ 15. She runs four miles every morning. _______________ 16. Derrick greeted the visitors. _______________ 17. Felicia painted her entire room black and bought a black light too. _______________ 18. Her parents asked Sam for help with their computer. _______________ 19. His Grandfather wrestled with the garbage can lid. _______________ 20. Ricardo sang in the car as he drove to the concert. _______________ 21. Mickey Mouse waved to me at Disney Land. _______________ 22. Shakira’s dog tore up the living room rug. _______________ 23. The teacher waited for the class to stop talking before he continued. _______________ 24. The students complained about the worksheet they had to do. _______________ 25. We practiced action verbs in class today. _______________

An adverb is a word that describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb and tells these things: 1. where: there, here, outside, inside, away

2. when: now, then, later, immediately, yesterday

3. how: quickly, slowly, stupidly, gracefully, effortlessly

4. how often or how long: frequently, never, twice, sometimes

5. how much: hardly, extremely, minimally, greatly, too, more

Difference between an adjective and an adverb is that an adjective modifies a noun

or pronoun only while an adverb modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.

Adjective Adverb

sad sadly

kind kindly

quick quickly

tender tenderly

artistic artistically (irregular spelling -ally)

noisy noisily )irregular spelling y becomes i

Which is correct, the adverb or the adjective?

1. This is a (large, largely) house.

2. I am (extreme, extremely) tired.

3. He looked (stupid, stupidly).

4. This sentence is written awfully (bad, badly).

5. I am (real, really) sure that this is a (real, really) diamond, not a fake.

Name ________________________

A conjunction is a word that links words, phrases, or clauses.

There are three types of conjunctions: coordinating conjunctions join two sentences together.

F A N B O Y S

for and nor but or yet so correlative conjunctions are always used in pairs. They join similar elements. When joining singular and plural subjects, the subject closest to the verb determines whether the verb is singular or plural. both. . . .and as in: Both the students and the teachers enjoyed the presentation. not only . . . but also as in: Not only was the test long, but also very difficult. either . . . or as in: We will either win the war or die trying! neither . . . nor as in: Neither the local police nor the FBI could solve the murder. whether . . . or as in: Whether you try hard or not, you still need to pass this class. A subordinating conjunctions (sometimes called a dependent word or subordinator) comes at the beginning of a subordinate (or Dependent) clause and establishes the relationship between the dependent clause and the rest of the sentence. It also turns the clause into something that depends on the rest of the sentence for its meaning. He took to the stage as though he had been preparing for this moment all his life. Because he loved acting, he refused to give up his dream of being in the movies. Unless we act now, all is lost. Notice that some of the subordinating conjunctions in the table below — after, before, since — are also prepositions, but as subordinators they are being used to introduce a clause and to subordinate the following clause to the independent element in the sentence.

Common Subordinating Conjunctions after although as as if as long as as though

because before even if even though if if only

in order that now that once rather than since so that

than that though till unless until

when whenever where whereas wherever while

The chart shows the types of coordinating conjunctions. If you can remember the word

FANBOYS you will be able to remember coordinating

conjunctions.

Interjections are words that show emotions. This is the only part of speech that is not dependent upon any other part of speech and can be deleted in its entirety and the sentence will still maintain its meaning – but it may not show the emotions associated with the interjection. Interjections add color and personality to writing and are usually followed by an exclamation point. They should not be abused, though. People use interjections a lot when they speak, showing emotions. Slang, derogatory, and “street language” is full of interjections, which are not usually appropriate for an English class. However, in your writing (outside of class) these elements may add realism and validity to your writing. Sample interjections may include: Wow! Wow! I just passed my English final! Oh my god! Oh my god! Can you believe what she’s wearing?! Aarrgghh! I just totally bombed my driving test. Aarrgghh! Ouch! Ouch! I just stepped on a cactus! Yah whooo! Yah whooo! I am going skiing for Spring Break! Oh, (not always followed by an exclamation point) Oh, I didn’t see you standing there. other examples: I don’t know what the heck you are talking about! No, you shouldn’t have done that. Man! I knew I should have studied. Yo, Brian, wait up for me. Ah, is the answer Julius Ceaser?

RULE Prepositions are the words that we use to indicate location. Usually, prepositions show this location in the physical world. The cat is above the desk. The cat is below the desk. The cat is on the desk. The cat is behind the desk. The cat is in the desk. The cat is beneath the desk. The cat is next to the desk. The cat is in front of the desk. The cat is near the desk. The cat is underneath the desk. RULE Prepositions can show location in time. At midnight, Jill went outside. In the spring, Jack went up the hill. During the night, they met by the well. After they fetched the water, they both fell down. Before they reached the bottom, Jack broke his crown. RULE Prepositions usually introduce prepositional phrases. + + = a prepositional phrase Examples: At school at = preposition ] [ school = noun under the stove under = preposition ] [ the = modifier ] [ stove = noun in the crumb-filled, rumpled sheets in = preposition ] [ the, crumb-filled, rumpled = modifiers ] [ sheets = noun

Preposition optional modifiers noun or pronoun

Example: The boy hit the ball. The boy hit the ball on the roof. 1. We came home. ____________________________ 2. They danced all night. ____________________________ 3. I could see the mountains. ____________________________ 4. He sits at the front desk. ____________________________ 5. The cat ran. _____________________________ Directions: Circle the prepositional phrases in the following sentences. 1. On Saturdays, we often eat a late breakfast. 2. Inside, the house was very cold. 3. The manager recommended Jim for the new position. 4. The evidence in this case is quite clear. 5. We acted quickly at the first warning of the flood. 6. Nine of the team members left their uniforms on the bus. 7. My new suit will be ready after 2:00 P.M. Thursday. 8. Marsha has been working on her speech for five days now.

about above according to across after against along along with among apart from around as as for at because of before behind below beneath beside between beyond but* by by means of

concerning despite down during except except for excepting for from in in addition to in back of in case of in front of in place of inside in spite of instead of into like near next of off on

onto on top of out out of outside over past regarding round since through throughout till to toward under underneath unlike until up upon up to with within without

Directions: Using the table, write each sentence using a prepositional phrase.