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Spanish Grammar Book!

David Morrison

Period: 3

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Table of ContentsEl Pretérito…………………………………………………………………………………………….................................... 5 Trigger Words…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6 -Car -Gar -Zar……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7 Spock Verbs………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 8 Cucaracha Verbs……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 9 Snake Verbs……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10 Snakey Verbs………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 11El Imperfecto………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 12 Trigger words…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 13 Irregulars………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 14Preterite vs Imperfect……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 15Ser vs Estar……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 16Verbs like Gustar…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 17Comparative/Superlatives…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 18Transition Words…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 19El Futuro ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 20 Trigger Words…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 21 Irregulars…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 22

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Table of ContentsPor………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 23Para………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 24The Conditional…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 25 Irregulars…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 26Past Participle……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 27Present Perfect……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 28Past Perfect…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 29Present Perfect Subjunctive………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 30Tanto and Tan……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 31Impersonal ‘Se’……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 32Saber vs Conocer………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 33Informal Commands……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 34Formal Commands……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... 35Nosotros Commands (w/ mono verbs)…………………………………………………………………………………. 36Subjunctive…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 37 Forming the Subjunctive………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 38 Irregulars……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 39-40Impersonal Expressions…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 41

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Table of ContentsSubjunctive with Verbs of Emotion……………………………………………………………………………………….. 42Subjunctive: Conjunctions of Time………………………………………………………………………………………… 43Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns…………………………………………………………………………. 44-45

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El Pretérito

Hablé Hablamos

Hablaste Hablastéis

Habló Hablaron

Escribí Escribimos

Escribiste Escribistéis

Escribió Escribieron

Comí Comimos

Comiste Comistéis

Comió Comieron

-ar

-ir

-er

When using the preterite, take off the -er, -ir, or -ar ending and replace it with the corresponding ending (in bold) in the charts provided.

Yo Nostotros

Tú Vosotros

El/Ella/Usted Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes

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Tigger WordsPretérito English Translation

un día one dayuna vez once

ayer yesterdayanoche last night

hace un año a year agoya already

el mes pasado last monthanteayer day before yesterday

el … pasado (lunes, martes, etc.) last … (Monday, Tuesday, etc.)desde el primer momento from the first moment

a las ocho at eightel cinco de febrero on February fifth

dos veces twice

These words indicate that the preterite will be used.

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Busqué Buscamos

Buscaste Buscasteis

Buscó Buscaron

Almorcé Almorzamos

Almorzaste Almorzasteis

Almorzó Almorzaron

Jugué Jugamos

Jugaste Jugasteis

Jugó Jugaron

-car

-zar

-garWhen using -car -gar -zar verbs in the preterite, take of the -car, -gar, or -zar ending and replace it with the corresponding ending (in bold) in the charts provided.

Yo Nostotros

Tú Vosotros

El/Ella/Usted Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes

-CAR -GAR -ZAR

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SPOCK VERBS

VERDA

R

SER

IR

HACER

Hago Hacemos

Haces Hacéis

Hace HacenFui Fuimos

Fuiste Fuisteis

Fue Fueron

(D/V) i (D/V) imos

(D/V) iste (D/V) isteis

(D/V) io (D/V) ieron

Dar/Ver

Ir/Ser

Hacer

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Cucaracha VerbsAndar Anduv-

Estar Estuv-

Poder Pud-

Poner Pus-

Quere Quis-

Saber Sup-

Tener Tuv-

Venir Vin-

Conducir Conduj-

Producir Produj-

Taducir Traduj-

Decir Dij-

Traer Traj-

-e

-iste

-o

-imos

-isteis

-ieron

With these irregular verbs, in the preterite, change the root and add the appropriate ending.

rootending

Note: When the verbs ‘conducir’, ‘producir’, ‘traducir’, ‘decir’, and ‘traer’ are used in the thrid-person plural, take off the i in ‘ieron’.

-e

-iste

-o

-imos

-isteis

-eron

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Snake Verbse-ie e-i

Mentir Pedir

Preferir Servir

Divertir Competir

Divertirse Repetir

Sentirse Vestirse

If the first e in the verb in the present tense changes from e to i, then change the first e to i in the third person in the preterite.

Pedí Pedimos

Pediste Pedisteis

Pidió Pidieron

Mentí Mentimos

Mentiste Mentisteis

Mintió Mintieron

If the first e in the verb in the present tense changes from e to ie, then change the first e to i in the third person in the preterite.

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Snakey VerbsFor verbs that end in -aer, -eer, -oír, and -oer, the él/ella/usted forms use the ending "yó" (rather than ió) and the third person plural uses the ending "yeron" (rather than ieron). The remaining forms gain a written accent over the letter "i."

CreerCreí creímos

creíste creísteis

creyó creyeron

Verbs that end in -uir change in the same way, but the written accent over the letter "i" only occurs in the yo form.

Exceptions to the Rule:traeratraerdistraer

Huirhuí huimos

huiste huisteis

huyó huyeron

CucarachaVerbs!

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El Imperfecto

Hablaba Hablamos

Hablabas Hablabais

Hablaba hablaban

Comía Comíamos

Comías Comíais

Comía Comían

-ar -er/-ir

Yo Nostotros

Tú Vosotros

El/Ella/Usted Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes

When using the imperfect, take off the -er, -ir, or -ar ending and replace it with the corresponding ending (in bold) in the charts provided.

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Trigger WordsImperfecto English Translation

a veces sometimes

mientras while

cada día every day

a menudo often

muchas veces many times

todos los días every day

siempre always

de vez en cuando once in a while

frecuentemente frequently

These words indicate that the imperfect will be used.

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Irregulars

Iba Íabmos

Ibas

Iba Iban

Veía Veíamos

Veías

Veía Veían

Era Éramos

Eras

Era Eran

ir ser

ver

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Preterite v. Imperfect

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SERDescription -Es un lápizOrigin -Es de ArgentinaCharacteristics -Es altoTime -Son las dosOccupation -Es DoctorRelationship -Es mi papá

Possession -Es de mi madreEvent -Es en el cineDates -Es el lunes

ESTARPhysical Condition -It is a condition that can change, not a trait -Estoy muy triste porque saqué malas notas.

Location (Not Events) -Es de Argentina, pero ahora esta en los Estados Unidos.

Present Progressive Tense (-ing verbs) -Esta lloviendo.

V.

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Verbs Like Gustar

AburrirDoler

Caer (bien/mal)Quedar

Molestar

InteresarImportar

Fascinar

FaltarEncantar

Disgustar

Preocupar

Apetecer

Soprender

•When gustar is followed by one or more verbs in the infinitive, the singular form of gustar is always used•Gustar is often used in the conditional (me gustaría) to soften a request.

A Adela le encanta la música de Shakira.A mi me intresa la músic de otros países.A mis amigos les encantan las canciones de Maná.

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Comparatives/Superlatives

Type Spanish English

Superiority más... (que) more... than or ____er than

Inferiority menos… (que) less/fewer... than

Equality tan… comotanto… como

as… asas much/many as

Comparatives

Tan is used with adjectives and adverbs while tanto is used with nouns and verbs.

SuperlativesThey are formed with:

the definite article + noun + más or

menos + adjective

Ex: Carlos es la persona más inteligente que trabaja aquí.

Ex: Es la ciuEqualitydad menos interesante del mundo.

IrregularsComparative Superlative

Bueno Mejor(es) lo(s)/la(s) mejor(es)

Malo Peor(es) lo(s)/la(s) peor(es)

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Transition Words

Transition Word English Translation

Aunque Even though / Although

También Also

Mientras While

A pesar de In spite of

Pero But

Por lo tanto Therefore

Sin embargo / No obstante Nevertheless

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El Futuro

Yo Nosotros

Tú Vosotros

El/Ella/Usted Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes

Infinitive + é Infinitive + emos

Infinitive + ás Infinitive + éis

Infinitive + á Infinitive + án

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Trigger WordsSpanish English Translation

Mañana Tomorrow

La proxima día The next day

Éste … (Lunes, Martes, etc.) This Monday, Tuesday, etc.

La proxima semana Next week

En ____ días In _______ days

Mañana pasado The day after tomorrow

En ______ (semanas, años, etc.) In ______ (Weeks, years, etc.)

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Irregulars

Decir Dir-

Hacer Har-

Poner Pondr-

Salir Saldr-

Tener Tendr-

Valer Valdr-

Venir Vendr-

Poder Podr-

Querer Querr-

Saber Sabr-

Caber Cabr-

Haber Habr-

-é

-ás

-á

-emos

-éis

-án

With these irregular verbs, in the future tense, change the root and add the appropriate ending.

root

ending

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Por•Passing through

Caminó por la calle.General rather than specific location

Se encuentra por ahí.How long something lasts

Estuvo enfermo por siete días.The cause of something

Por su culpa, no fuimos al cine.An exchange

Cambió su auto por uno nuevo.Doing something in place of or instead of someone else

Hoy por tí, mañana por mí.A means of Transportation

Viajaron por barco hasta Tierra del Fuego.

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ParaFor whom something is done

Compraremos un regalo para Sara.Destination

Francisco tomó el avión para San Juan.The purpose for which something is done

Compré anteojos para ver mejor.To express an opinion

Para mi, los ejercicios son fantásticos.To contrast or compare

Para la maestra de español, no sabe mucho de los matematicas.To express idea of a deadline

Hay que terminar la tare para mañana.

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THE CONDITIONALThe conditional is used to express probability, possibility, wonder or conjecture, and is usually translated as would, could, must have or probably.

Infinitive + ía Infinitive + íamos

Infinitive + ías Infinitive + íais

Infinitive + ía Infinitive + ían

To express speculation about the past Aquél día correrían más de veinticinco kilómetros. To express the future from the perspective of the past Yo sabía que abrirían la tienda a las siete. To express hypothetical actions or events which may or may not occurSería interesante estudiar chino. To indicate what would happen were it not for some certain specific circumstanceYo viajaría pero no tengo dinero. For polite use to soften requests Por favor, ¿podría decirme a qué hora abre la gasolinera? To ask for advice ¿Cuál compraría Ud.? For reported speech: Juan dijo que terminaría el trabajo. To express what would be done in a particular situation¿Hablarías inglés en España? No. Hablaría español.

Uses of the Conditional

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IRREGULARSDecir Dir-

Hacer Har-

Poner Pondr-

Salir Saldr-

Tener Tendr-

Valer Valdr-

Venir Vendr-

Poder Podr-

Querer Querr-

Saber Sabr-

Caber Cabr-

Haber Habr-

-ía

-ías

-ía

-íamos

-íais

-ían

With these irregular verbs, in the future tense, change the root and add the appropriate ending.

*Note that these irregulars are the same as the future tense

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Past Participle-ar Verbs -er -ir Verbs

Drop ending, add -ado

Drop ending, add -ido

Abrir Abierto

Cubrir Cubierto

Decir Dicho

Escribir Escrito

Freír Frito

Hacer Hecho

Morir Muerto

Poner Puesto

Resolver Resuelto

Romper Roto

Ver Visto

Volver Vuelto

Irregulars

Most past participles can be used as adjectives. Like other adjectives, they agree in gender and number with the nouns that they modify.

The past participle can be combined with the verb "ser" to express the passive voice. Use this construction when an action is being described, and introduce the doer of the action with the word "por.“La casa fue construida por los carpinteros.

Note that for -er and -ir verbs, if the stem ends in a vowel, a written accent will be required.creer - creídooír - oídoNote: this rule does not apply, and no written accent is required for verbs ending in -uir. (construir, seguir, influir, distinguir, etc.)

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Present Perfect

He Hemos

Has Habéis

Ha Han+ Past Participle

Expresses actions that have happened recently and/or actions that still hold true in the present

Abrir Abierto

Cubrir Cubierto

Decir Dicho

Escribir Escrito

Freír Frito

Hacer Hecho

Morir Muerto

Poner Puesto

Resolver Resuelto

Romper Roto

Ver Visto

Volver Vuelto

Irregular Past Participles

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Past Perfect

Había Habíamos

Habías Habíais

Había Habían+ Past Participle

Expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past.

Abrir Abierto

Cubrir Cubierto

Decir Dicho

Escribir Escrito

Freír Frito

Hacer Hecho

Morir Muerto

Poner Puesto

Resolver Resuelto

Romper Roto

Ver Visto

Volver Vuelto

Irregular Past Participles

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Present Perfect SubjunctiveThe present perfect subjunctive is formed by using the present subjunctive of the helping verb haber with the past participle

Haya Hayamos

Hayas Hayáis

Haya Hayan

+ Past Participle

The present perfect subjunctive is used in the same types of clauses as the present subjunctive, and normally is used to indicate the action as completed with governing verbs in the present or future tense or command forms.

Me alegro de I'm glad she (has) arrived. Dudo I doubt she (has) arrived. Niego I deny she (has) arrived. que ella haya llegado.Es posible It's possible she (has) arrived. Lo haré después I'll do it after she has arrived. No lo hagas a menos Don't do it unless she has arrived.

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Tan is used with adjectives and adverbs while tanto is used with nouns and verbs.

Equality tan… comotanto… como

as… asas much/many as

Tanto and Tan

Tanto can also be feminine and plural. (Tanto, tanta, tantos, tantas)

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Impersonal ‘Se’Use ‘se’ to avoid specifying a person who is doing the action of the verb.

Se vende fruta en la frutería.

When using ‘se’, the verb is always in the third person

Aquí se habla español.

‘Se’ can be used in all tensesSe hizo muchoSe hará muchoSe habia hecho

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Saber vs ConocerSaber

To express knowledge or ignorance of a fact or information about something

To express knowledge or ignorance of a skill, or how to do something, use saber + infinitive.

To say that you know something by heart.

Conocer

To say that one is or is not acquainted with a person, a place, or an object

Saber y Conocer

To express knowledge or ignorance of a subject or learning discipline, use saber or conocer, depending upon the context.Saber– to knowConocer– To be familiar with

Summary

saberto know a fact, to know something thoroughly, to know how to do somethingconocerto be acquainted with a person, place, or thing

INFORMAL COMMANDSInformal commands are formed differently depending on whether the command is positive or negative.

Forming the Command Forming the CommandThe affirmative informal (tú) commands are formed the same way as the present indicative Ud. form.

POSITIVE NEGATIVE

The negative informal (tú) commands are formed the same way as the present subjunctive tú form. Add the word no before it.

Irregulars

Irregulars

decir - di salir - sal

hacer - haz ser - sé

ir - ve tener - ten

poner - pon venir - ven

Irregulars

Irregulars are the same as the irregulars of the present subjunctive. (see pages 39-40)

DOP + IOP PlacementAdd DOP and IOPs to the end of the command. Ex: comprala

Add DOP and IOPs between no and the command. Ex: No la compres

DOP + IOP Placement

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FORMAL COMMANDSAll formal commands are formed the same way as the Ud. form of the present subjunctive. (see pages 39-40)

To make the command negative, simply add the word no right before the command. (duh) Ex: No compre

Irregulars are the same as those in the subjunctive. (see pages 39-40)

IRREGULARS NEGATIVE

DOP + IOP PLACEMENT

For affirmative commands DOPs and IOPs are attached to the end of affirmative commands. In negative commands, they are added between the no and the command.

Nosotros CommandsAll nosotros commands are formed the same way as the nosotros form of the present subjunctive. (see pages 39-40)

To make the command negative, simply add the word no right before the command. Ex: No compremos

Irregulars are the same as those in the subjunctive. (see pages 39-40)

Irregulars Negative

DOP + IOP PlacementNegativeAffirmative

Reflexive, object and indirect object pronouns are added to the end of the command

An accent mark must be added to preserve pronunciationEx: Comer + lo -> Comámoslo

'Mono' verbs:When adding nos to an affirmative nosotros command, you must take off the last -s in the verb (command).Ex: Olvidar + nos -> Olvidémonos (Not: Olvidémosnos)

Adding "se":When adding the pronoun se, the last -s must be removed from the verb (command).Ex: Prestar + se + la -> Prestémosela. (Not: Prestémossela)

Reflexive, object and indirect object pronouns are added between the no and the command.Ex: Comer + lo (Negative) -> No lo comamosSince the pronouns are not attached to the command, there is no need for dropping and letters or adding any accent marks.

Mon

o Ve

rbs

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The subjunctive is not a tense; rather, it is a mood. Tense refers to when an action takes place (past, present, future), while mood merely reflects how the speaker feels about the action.

The subjunctive mood is used to express everything except certainty and objectivity: things like doubt, uncertainty, subjectivity, etc.

Because there must be some uncertainty or subjectivity to warrant the use of the subjunctive, you will usually see it in sentences that contain a main clause which introduces a quality of uncertainty or subjectivity.

If you encounter a sentence with a main clause followed by a second clause, and the main clause does not introduce a quality of certainty or objectivity, the sentence will usually use the subjunctive mood in the second clause, since the sentence will not be reporting something certain.

If you encounter a sentence with a main clause followed by a second clause, and the main clause introduces a quality of certainty or objectivity, the sentence will use the indicative mood in the second clause, since the sentence will be reporting something certain.

Subjunctive

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Start with the yo form of the present indicative• Comer -> Como

Then drop the –o ending• Como -> Com-

Finally, add the (opposite) ending • Com- -> Coma, Comas,

Comamos, etc.

-e -emos

-es -éis

-e -en

-ar Verbs

-a -amos

-as -áis

-a -an

-er -ir Verbs

Forming the Subjunctive

The formula also works for verbs that have irregular "yo" forms in the present indicative.

conocer (yo conozco)conozco - o = conozcconozc + a = conozcaconozc + as = conozcasconozc + a = conozcaconozc + amos = conozcamosconozc + áis = conozcáisconozc + an = conozcan

For -ar and -er stem-changing verbs, the formula applies except that there is no stem change in the nosotros and vosotros forms.

pensar (yo pienso)pienso - o = piens

piens + e = piensepiens + es = piensespiens + e = piensepens + emos = pensemospens + éis = penséispiens + en = piensen

For -ir stem-changing verbs, the formula applies except that the stem change in the nosotros and vosotros forms follows these patterns: o:ue verbs change o to u; e:ie verbs change e to i; e:i verbs change e to i.

dormir (yo duermo)duermo - o = duerm

duerm + a = duermaduerm + as = duermasduerm + a = duermadurm + amos = durmamosdurm + áis = durmáisduerm + an = duerman

Zar -Car -Gar Verbs• For verbs that end in -zar, the z changes to c

when it comes before the e.• For verbs that end in -car, the c changes to qu

when it comes before the e.• For verbs that end in -gar, the c changes to gu

when it comes before the e.

pagarpaguepaguespaguepaguemospaguéispaguen

Forming the Subjunctive- Irregulars39

For verbs that end in -ger or -gir, the g changes to j when it comes before the letter a.

escogerescojaescojasescojaescojamosescojáisescojan

For verbs that end in -guir, the gu changes to g when it comes before the letter a.

seguir (e:i)sigasigassigasigamossigáissigan

For verbs that end in uir, add the letter y before the letter a.

huirhuyahuyashuyahuyamoshuyáishuyan

Dar- To give Estar- To be Haber- To have Ir- To go Saber- To know Ser- To bedé esté haya vaya sepa seades estés hayas vayas sepas seasdé esté haya vaya sepa seademos estemos hayamos vayamos sepamos seamosdeis estéis hayáis vayáis sepáis seáisden estén hayan vayan sepan sean

Forming the Subjunctive- Irregulars40

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Impersonal Expression English Translation

Conviene que ... It is advisable that ...

Es aconsejable que ... It is advisable that ...

Es bueno que ... It's good that ...

Es difícil que ... It's unlikely that ...

Es dudoso que ... It's doubtful that ...

Es fácil que ... It's likely that ...

Es fantástico que… It’s fantastic that…

Es importante que… It’s important that…

Es imposible que… It’s impossible that…

Es improbable que… It’s unlikely that…

Es incierto que… It’s uncertain that…

Es increíble que… It’s incredible that

Es (una) lástima que… It’s a shame that…

Impersonal Expression English TranslationEs mejore que… It’s better that…

Es menester que… It’s necessary that…

Es necesario que… It’s necessary that….

Es posible que… It’s possible that…

Es preciso que… It’s necessary that…

Es preferible que… It’s preferable that…

Es probable que… It’s likely that…

Es raro que… It’s rare that…

Es redículo que… It’s ridiculous that…

Es terrible que… It’s terrible that…

Más vale que… It’s better that…

Puede ser que… It could be that….

Es malo que… It’s bad that…

Impersonal ExpressionsHere is a list of common impersonal expressions that introduce an aspect of uncertainty or subjectivity, and therefore trigger the use of the subjunctive.

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Common verbs of expression

Alegrarse (de)

Esperar

Sentir (e:ie)

Sorprender

Temer

Es triste

Ojalá (que)

Subjuncti ve With Verbs of Emoti onThe subjunctive is made of a main clause and a subordinate clause. The main clause may contain a verb of emotion such as hope, joy, surprise, fear, and pity. The subordinate clause contains the subjunctive.

Main Clause Connector Subordinate Clause

Nos alegramos de que te gustan las flores.

Siento que tú no puedas venir.

Le sorprende que Juan sea tan joven.

Emotion Infinitive

Temo llegar tarde.

I’m afraid of arriving late.

Emotion Subjunctive

Temo que Mis estudiantes llegueren tarde.

I’m afraid that My students will arrive late.

When there is no change in the subject, use an infinitive.

When there is a change in the subject, use the subjunctive.

Trig

ger

wo

rds

->

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Subjunctive: Conjunctions of TimeThe following adverbial conjunctions deal with time, and are followed by the subjunctive when the main clause is a command or in the (potential) future. If they introduce one which is viewed as completed or habitual, they are followed by the indicative instead.

Conjunction Translationa medida que as, according ascuando whendado que granted that, in case

that

después (de) que afteren cuanto as soon ashasta que untilluego que as soon asmientras whilenada más que as soon aspor más ... que no matter how much,

however much

por mucho que no matter how much, however much

siempre que whenever, every time that

tan pronto como as soon as

Subjunctive Indicative

Me lavaré los dientes después de que comamos. I'll brush my teeth after we eat.

Siempre me lavo los dientes después que comemos.I always brush my teeth after we eat.

Trabajaremos mientras ellos descansen. We will work while they rest.

Trabajamos mientras ellos descansan. We work while they rest.

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Demonstrative Adjectives and PronounsSpanish has three demonstrative words

Ese This

Este That

Aquel That one over there

Juan reads this book. (adjective)Juan lee este libro.

Juan reads this. (pronoun)Juan lee este.

That statue is Greek.Esa estatua es griega.

That (one) is American.Esa es americana.

In English, we say "this" or "that" depending upon whether the object is close to us or not. In Spanish, we also say "this" and "that," but there is another, separate word used to mean "that one over there." This form is used when the object is more than just a short distance away, for example, on the other side of the room. Here are the three forms for "this" "that" and "that one over there."

These words can function ad adjectives or pronouns depending on how they are used.

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Demonstrative Adjectives and PronounsThe demonstrative adjectives also have four forms:este libro (this book)estos libros (these books)esta pluma (this pen)estas plumas (these pens)

ese libro (that book)esos libros (those books)esa pluma (that pen)esas plumas (those pens)

aquel libro (that book over there)aquellos libros (those books over there)aquella pluma (that pen over there)aquellas plumas (those pens over there)

Here are the corresponding demonstrative pronouns:este (this one - masculine)estos (these ones - masculine)esta (this one - feminine)estas (these ones - feminine)

ese (that one - masculine)esos (those ones - masculine)esa (that one - feminine)esas (those ones - feminine)

aquel (that one over there - masc.)aquellos (those ones over there - masc.)aquella (that one over there - fem.)aquellas (those ones over there - fem.)

Each demonstrative pronoun also has a neuter form. They do not change for number or gender, and they are used to refer to abstract ideas, or to an unknown object.esto (this matter, this thing)eso (that matter, that thing)aquello (that matter/thing over there)