grammar 1st semester

8/16/2019 Grammar 1st Semester

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Prepared by: Mirwais “ Ali Zada” Page 1

روون

Rana University

Course Title: Grammar

Semesters: 1st & 2

nd

Course Objectives:The students attending this course would get the basic understanding of …Grammar…., and be able to

use the Grammatical Titles Correctly & Accurately in their Daily Speaking.

S. No. Unit No. Contents

1 1 & 2 Parts of Speech (Definition of Parts of Speech & its eight types including;

Noun

Pronoun

Verb

Adjective

Adverb

Conjunction

Preposition

Interjection

To Be Verbs including;

Is, Am, Are

Demonstrative Pronouns This

These

That

Those

2 3 & 4 Tense (Definition of Tense & its meanings) & Present Continuous Tense

3 5, 6 & 7 Simple Present Tense

4 8 & 9 Differences between Present Continuous Tense & Simple Present Tense

5 10, 11 & 12 Simple Past Tense

6 13 & 14 Past Continuous Tense

7 15 Used to, Be used to & Get Used to

8 17 & 18 Present Perfect Tense9 19 & 20 Differences between Simple Past Tense & Present Perfect Tense

(Just, Already & Yet)

10 21, 22, 23, 24 & 25 Skip

11 27, 28 & 29 Simple Future Tense

12 30 Modal Auxiliaries (May & Might)

(Note: End of 1st

Semester)


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13 31 & 32 Modal Auxiliaries (Can, Could & Must)

14 33 Modal Auxiliary (Should)

15 34 Semi-Auxiliary (Have to)

16 35 & 36 Modal Auxiliary (Would)

17 From 37 up to 59 Skip

18 60 & 61 Object Pronouns & Possessive Adjectives

19 62, 63 Possessive Pronouns & Whose20 64 & 65 Reflexive Pronouns & Apostrophe “S”

21 66 Definite & Indefinite Articles

22 67 There is, There are, There was & There were

23 68 Prepositions (at, in, & on)

24 69 & 70 Conjunctions (Both, So & Because) & Conditional Sentences

(Note: End of 2nd

Semester)

Recommended Book: Basic Grammar in Use

Writer: Raymond Murphy with William R. Smalzer

System: Cambridge


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Parts of Speech: یاضا

Parts of Speech is the combination of grammatical words which presents a

particular meaning. َ ْذ ذ.ه ٌخ تذاضای شة اص و شاهشی سا

Note: In English Grammar there are eight Parts of Speech.

ا

صتى

دس

:

ْ

ً

.هثذ

اضای

ُ

ذاد

ت

1. Noun نا 2. Pronoun شو 3. Verb 4. Adjective

5. Adverb ذل 6. Conjunction تس فش 7. Preposition ا شف 8. Interjection ءاذً شف

Noun: ان

Noun is a word or group of words which names person, place and thing. ًت َتشای ْذ شّپ اص و سا و اد هان .ْشدى .ی

Ex: Ahmad ذوا, Kabul ت, Chair ْچ , etc شغّ .

Pronoun: وش

Pronoun is a word or group of words which is used instead of a noun.

. شوه دا ْع ان ت َ ْذ شّپ اص و سا و

Ex: He ت ا , She شخد ا , It ا , I يه, We ه, You و, They ِ

ً

آ .

Verb:

Verb is a word or group of words which shows action or estate. و َ ْذ شّپ اص و سا و ّ.ذُذه ًى سا

Ex: Be ىدْت , Eat ىدسْخ , Talk ىدص , etc شغّ .

Ex: I am at home.خ ًان هي دس

Ex: I eat beans every day. سْه تْ سّص ُش هي

Adjective:

Adjective is a word or group of words which modifies noun or pronoun. صا پّش و .ذٌه وش سا تى َان ْذ و سا

Ex: Intelligent ك, Lazy ثٌ , Good بْخ , Bad باشخ, Cold دش, Hot ش, etc شغّ .

Ex: Laila is intelligent. ا ك

Ex: Laila is lazy. ا ثٌ


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Adverb: ذل

Adverb is a word or group of words which modifies adjective, verb & sometimes

another adverb. هْد. دا اّل دش لذ ت . ىدش ىت یشت َ ْذ شّپ اص و سا و لذ Ex: He is very intelligent. ا ك ست ت ا

Adverb Adjective لذEx: He speaks nicely.

ذ

ً

ضه

ب

ْ

خ

ت

ا

Verb Adverb ذل

Ex: He speaks very nicely. ذًضه بْخ ت تس ا

لذ Adverb Adverbلذ

Conjunction: تس فش

Conjunction is a word or group of words which connects two words, two phrases &

two sentences. .د

ْ

ه

دا

و

د

سث

د

.و

د

شدى

ّ

تشی

َ

ذ

ْ

سا

و

اص

پ

ّ

ش

و

تس

شف

Ex: And , But

ي

, Both---and د

ش

ُ

, Because شت

, So اي

تش

ٌ

ت

, etc شغ

ّ

.

Ex: Good and bad. باشخ خْب

Conjunction تس فش

Preposition: ا شف

Preposition is a word or group of words which shows the relationship of noun andpronoun.

هْد. دا وش ًى دادى م ان َتشی ْذ شّپ اص و سا و ا شف

Ex: Atدس

, Inدس

, Onتی

, To ت

, Ofاص

, By اْت

, etc شغّ

.Ex: He is at home. ا ًخ دس ت ا

Preposition ا شف

Interjection: ءاذً شف

Interjection is a word or group of words which shows sudden feeling, sudden

surprise and sudden pain.

صا پّش و ًذاء ى. شاى ذى شف ِ

ً

ًى دادى اط َتشی ْذ ىو سا ِ

ً

دسد ى ِ

دا

هْد.

Ex: Oh no! Wow! Ouch!


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Tense

صهى

It is taken from Latin word "tempus" which means time.

ا ذ شذه ٌه لّ َ. "tempus" و ي صهى اص

It is a grammatical term which shows what we did in the past, what we do in the

present and what we will do in the future.

چ ذٌآ دس هٌن چ ,ندش چ ز َه دس هذُذ ًى ه یاشت َ ْذ صهى ک اح شاهشی سا

.خْاُن شد Note: The word “Tense” has three different meanings. ه ٌه داس َ “Tense”

1. As a Verb: It means to make someone unhappy. هذاگش ض ٌه خ خي ْد

Ex: We shouldn't tense our teacher in the class. نصت خ ٌ خْد سا دس َاد ًثذ ه

2. As an Adjective: It means unhappy. هذُذ ٌه خ ضْد شگا

Ex: I am tense today. اخاهشهي

3. As a noun: It means time or era. هذُذ ٌه ّصهى قّ ضْد اگش ان

Ex: I want to study Simple Present Tense. ن

ٌ

ه

سا

د

صهى

َ

ن

ُ

ا

ْ

ه

هي

Present Continuous Tense: صهى ل سی

It shows an action or situation which is happening right now. س

و

ک

سی

َصهى

ذ

ُ

ذه

ى

ً

ا

وي

ُ

ْ

لا

ّ

.

Pos Str ثه ىوخ: Sub + Is/Am/Are و لا+ Verb + Ing ذًْ +

Rest of the sentence و تقوًذۀ ک

Ex: He is studying English right now. ذ

ٌ

ه

ه

ً

ا

ا

ت

ا

Neg Str

ٌ

ه

خوى

: Sub

+ is not(isn't)/am not/are not (aren't) و

ال

+ Verb + Ing ذًْ + Rest of the sentence و تقوًذۀ ک

Ex: He isn't studying English right now. ذٌ وً ه ًا ا ت ا

Int Str اْ ًْذ + Sub + Verb + Ingال و: Is/Am/Are خوى +


Ex: Is he studying English right now? ٌذ ه ه ًا ا ت ا آ

How to add “ing” to the verbs 1. For most of the verbs we add “ing” Eat - Eating

Clean - Cleaning

Watch - Watching

Fix – Fixing

Go – Going

Paint – Painting


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Practice Section: يشو ت

Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs. .وئذ

ً

َشی

ً

خ

ال

سد

اضل

ت

سا

ر

و

Part A: ا ت

1.

He (__________) a beautiful car for my friend right now. (buy)

2. She (__________) to Islamabad right now. (go)

3.

I (__________) a new English class right now. (start)

4. We (__________) a delicious cake for the guests right now. (cook)

5. You (__________) me in Switzerland right now. (meet)

Part B: ت

6. He (__________) a beautiful car for my friend right now. (not/ buy)

7.

She (__________) to Islamabad right now. (not/ go)

8. I (__________) a new English class right now. (not/ start)

9. We (__________) a delicious cake for the guests right now. (not/ cook)

10. You (__________) me in Switzerland right now. (not/ meet)

Part C: ت

10. (_____) he (_______) a beautiful car for my friend right now? (buy)

11.

(_____) she (_______) to Islamabad right now? (go)

12.

(_____) I (_______) a new English class right now? (start)

13. (_____) we (_______) a delicious cake for the guests right now? (cook)

15. (_____) you (_______) me in Switzerland right now? (meet)

Translation Section: وش ت

ٌ

ه هش وک ُن ه ْچک تشادس هٌن سًگ خْد ه اه اق ُن. تش تس ُن ًخ د اهشّص ه

ا ًخضآ د سده نشوُ ٌه س ا َّ د ا شت ً ًخ د سذ ها ْه شف

.ا

ذذ

ٌ

ب

ْ

خ

و

ک

تس

شدى

س

ن

ٌ

ه

س

ن

ُ

ً

خ

د

و

ُ

ه

ص

ّ

شها

شت

ْ

ه


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Sentence Changing Section: و ذث ت

Change the following positive sentences from “Dari” to “English”. .وئذ

ً

ذث

ً

ا

ت

دسی

اص

سا

ر

ثه

و

1. خْد هةُوي هي دّى هشُّوشای

1. (_________________________________________________)

2. ت ا يوُصت ثْه

2. (_________________________________________________)

3. هثْضْىُوي ا دخش

3. (_________________________________________________)

4. ِ

ً

آ يوُْه خْد ک هشتشای ذس

4. (_________________________________________________)

5. وْشُوي ه ًاذهّ

5. (_________________________________________________)

Change the following negative sentences from “Dari” to “English”. و

ٌ

ه ًوئذ. ذث ًا ت ر سا اص دسی

1. هي

وي

ُ

ةه

د

ْ

خ

ى

ّ

د

وشای

ُ

ّ

شو

ً

1. (_________________________________________________)

2. ت ا يوُیصت ثْوً

2. (_________________________________________________)

3. ًوثْضُوي ا دخش ى

3. (_________________________________________________)

4. ِ

ً

آ يوُشْه خْد ک ًوشتشای ذس

4. (_________________________________________________)

5. وْشُوي ه ًاذنسّوً

5. (_________________________________________________)

Change the following interrogative sentences from “Dari” to “English”. وا

ْ

ت

دسی

اص

سا

ر

.وئذ

ً

ذث

ً

ا 1. آيه يوُةه دْخ دّى هشُ ّوشای

1. (_________________________________________________?)

2. هٌذ ْث تصی يوُ ت ا آ

2. (_________________________________________________?)

3. ُوي ا دخش آ ذٌثه ْضْى

3. (_________________________________________________?)4. ِ

ً

آ

آ

وي

ُ

ش

ْ

ه

ک

د

ْ

خ

ذس

هشدتشای

4. (_________________________________________________?)

5. ه آ يوُشْو ًاذهّ ن

5. (_________________________________________________?


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Simple Present Tense: د صهى ل

It shows an action or situation which happens habitually, regularly and daily.

د

ْ

لا

ّ

ً

اص

ّ

س

ذل

ت

,د

َ

ذ

ُ

ذه

ى

ً

سا

و

ک

د

صهى

.

Time Expressions of Simple Present Tense: ّق صه اد ل ى

(Every day: سّص ُش ) (Every hour: شُ ) (Every time: قّ ُش )

(Every minute: قد ُش ) (Every second:ًَ ُش ) (Every night: ُش ضة )

(Every week:َ

ُ

ش

ُ

) (Every month:ه

ش

ُ

) (Every year:ل

ش

ُ

)

Singular Structure: خوى هشد

Pos Str ثه ىوخ: Sub + Verb + (s, es, ies) ذًْ +


Ex: He studies English every day. ه ًا سّص ُش ت اذٌه

How to add (s,es,ies) to a Verb

1. Those Verbs which end with (ch, sh, x, o, zz, ss) we add (es) at the end of them.

ٌ

ه

ٍ

ّ

(es)

ِ

ً

آ

آخش

دس

ذ

ً

ْ

ه

خن

(ch, sh, x, o, zz, ss) ف

ّ

ش

ت

َ

ا

Ex: Watch + es= Watches

دذى

Ex: Wash + es = Washes ي

Ex: Fix + es = Fixes ىدش سد

Ex: Go + es = Goes يس

Ex: Buzz + es = Buzzes ىذ سْثًص ذای

Ex: Cross + es = Crosses ىدش سْث

2. Those Verbs which end with (y) and before (y) there is a Vowel Letter here

we add (s) at the end of them.

ٌ

ه ٍّ (s) ِ

ً

آ شف ذا داس تذ دس آخش (y) هًْذ لث اصخن (y) ت َ ا

Ex: Play + s = Plays ىدش یصت

3. Those Verbs which end with (y) and before (y) there is a Consonant Letter

here we change (y) to (i) and add (es) at the end of them.

ٌ

ه

ذث

(i) ت

سا

(y) ا

دس

تذ

ذا

ت

هشف

ٌ

(y) خن

ْ

هصا

ثل

(y) ت

َ

ا

ٌ

ه ٍّ (es) ِ

ً

آ دس آخش

Ex: Study + ies = Studies ىدش ه

4. Those Verbs which end with (e) or without (e) we add (s) at the end of them.

ٌ

ه ٍّ (s) ِ

ً

آ هًْذ دس آخش خن (e) تذّى (e) تا َ

Ex: Write + s = Writes يًْ

Ex: Eat + s = Eats ىدسْخ


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Neg Str ٌه + و: Sub + Does not (Doesn't) خوى

First form of the verb لّا + Rest of the sentence و تقوًذۀ ک

Ex: He doesn't study English every day. ذٌ وً ه ًا سّص ُش ت ا

Int Str اْ اّل + Sub + First form of the verb و: Does خوى +


Ex: Does he study English every day? هٌذ ه ًا سّص ُش ت ا آ

Plural Structure: خوى وع

Pos Str ثه ىوخ: Sub + 1st form of the verb لّا +


Ex: I wash the dishes every day. نْه شّف سا سّص ُش هي

Neg Str ٌه + و: Sub + Do not (Don't) خوى

1st form of the verb لّا + Rest of the sentence و تقوًذۀ ک

Ex: I don't wash the dishes every day. نْ وً شّف سا سّص ُش هي

Int Str اْ اّل + Sub + 1st form of the verb و: Do خوى +


Ex: Do I wash the dishes every day? هْن شّف سا سّص ُش آ هي

Dialogue Section: گ ت

Dialogue A: ْ گا

A: Hello, What do you do every day?

B: I go to job?

A: When do you go to job?

B: I go to job at 8 o’clock.

A: How is your job?

B: It is very interesting for me.A: Do you enjoy working?

B: Yes, I enjoy a lot.

Dialogue B: ْ گ

A: Hello, What does Ahmad do every day?

B: He goes to university?

A: Which university does he go to?

B: He goes to Cambridge University.A: What does he study?

B: He studies “BBA” Faculty.

A: Does he like his field?

B: Yes, he likes it a lot because it is very interesting field.


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Conversational Sentences: سّه و Conversation A: فا سّه

My daily Schedule: يه شهصّس قّا ن

I wake up in the morning at 4 o’clock. After that I take ablution and offer my

prayer. When I finish my prayer, I exercise for 30 minutes because exercising in

the morning is very beneficial for health. When I finish my exercise, I drink a

glass of milk because milk has vitamin and it is very good for health. At 8 o’clock Igo to job and I work in Azizi Bank as a manager. I like my job because it is very

interesting and my salary is 500 Dollars. I come back to home at 4 o’clock and then

I go to the cricket ground and I play cricket with my friends for two hours, after

that I come back to home and sit my family, watch TV, eat my dinner, sometimes I

study during the night and read the magazines finally at 10 o’clock I sleep.

Conversation B: هّس ب

Faisal is a student in Cambridge University and he studies “BBA” Faculty. He is a

very good and intelligent student. All of his teachers like him because he goes to

university every day and he doesn’t make absenteeism. He is first in the class andhe hopes to become a great businessman in the future, so that he can help his

family and country. He loves his university a lot because it has a very high system

and it is very famous in all over the world.

Practice Section: يشو ت Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs.

سد

ا

ت

سا

ر

و

.وئذ

ً

شی

ً

خ

ا

Part A: ا ت

1. He (__________) a beautiful car for my friend every day. (buy)

2.

She (__________) to Islamabad every week. (go) 3. I (__________) a new English class every month. (start)

4.

We (__________) a delicious cake for the guests every year. (cook)

5. You (__________) me in Switzerland every summer. (meet)

Part B: ت

6. He (__________) a beautiful car for my friend every day. (not/ buy)

7. She (__________) to Islamabad every week. (not/ go)

8. I (__________) a new English class every month. (not/ start)

9. We (__________) a delicious cake for the guests every year. (not/ cook)

10. You (__________) me in Switzerland every summer. (not/ meet)

Part C: ت

10. (_____) he (_______) a beautiful car for my friend every day? (buy)

11. (_____) she (_______) to Islamabad every week? (go) 12.

(_____) I (_______) a new English class every month? (start)

13. (_____) we (_______) a delicious cake for the guests every year? (cook)

15. (_____) you (_______) me in Switzerland every summer? (meet)


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Sentence Changing Section: و ذث ت Change the following positive sentences from “Dari” to “English”.

.وئذ

ً

ذث

ً

ا

ت

دسی

اص

سا

ر

ثه

و

1. خْد هة دّى ُوشای سّص ُش هش ّهي

1. (_________________________________________________)

2. هٌذ ْث تصی َُ ُش ت ا

2. (_________________________________________________)3. هثٌذ ْضْى ُش ة ا دخش

3. (_________________________________________________)

4. شُ هْش هشداوذ خْد ک تشای ذس

4. (_________________________________________________)

هّسد .5 وْش ًاذ ه ُش ظ

5. (_________________________________________________)

Change the following negative sentences from “Dari” to “English”. ًوئذ. ذث ًا ت ه ٌر سا اص دسی و

1. ّشوً خْد هة دّى ُوشای سّص ُش هي

1. (_________________________________________________)

2. ًوٌذ ْث تصی َُ ُش ت ا

2. (_________________________________________________)

3. ًوثٌذ ْضْى ُش ة ا دخش

3. (_________________________________________________)

4. هْشًوشد خْد ک ُش تشای ذس اوذ

4. (_________________________________________________)

ًوّسد .5 وْش ًاذ ه ُش ظ

5. (_________________________________________________)

Change the following interrogative sentences from “Dari” to “English”.

ًوئذ. ذث ًا ت ر سا اص دسی اْ و 1. آه ةه دْخ دّى ُوشای سّص ُش هي ّش

1. (_________________________________________________?)

2. هٌذ ْث تصی َُ ُش ت ا آ

2. (_________________________________________________?)

3. هثٌذ ْضْى ُش ة ا دخش آ

3. (_________________________________________________?)

4. هْش هشد خْد ک ُش تشای ذس آ اوذ

4. (_________________________________________________?)

5. هّسد وْش ًاذ ه ُش ظ آ

5. (_________________________________________________?)


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Have got نشاد / Has got نشاد

Have got: It means have. ناد

Has got: It means has. ناد

They are expressions. د تحطا

They show that someone suffers from a disease or possesses something only in the

present.

قو

ود

اده

ز

رار

داان

حل

در

ط

را

چزی

دام

و

رد

رج

ضر

دام

از

خص

. د

Note: They are used only in Simple Present Tense they don't have past forms.

:وت

.دارد

ذ

حت

ود

اده

ده

حل

زن

در

ط

اطحت

ان

Ex: Faisal has got a cold. داردل ر

Ex: Faisal hasn’t got a cold. ر لدراد

Ex: Has Faisal got a cold? آدراد ر ل

Ex: They have got a car. دراد رو آ

Ex: They haven’t got a car. ور

آراد

Ex: Have they got a car? آراد

ور

آ

Forms of Regular Verbs: قذاضل ال ت 1st form لّا ض 2nd form مّد ض 3rd form مْ ض 1. Wash: ن Washed Washed

2. Clean: پک ردن Cleaned Cleaned

3. Walk: قدم زدن Walked Walked

4. Listen: ندر شو Listened Listened

5. Call: زدن

زگ

Called Called6. Cook: نخپ Cooked Cooked

7. Watch: ندد Watched Watched

8. Open: ز ردن Opened Opened

9. Close: د ردن Closed Closed

10. Dance: ندر صقر Danced Dance

11. Knock: ندز Knocked Knocked

12. Cry: ندر ر Cried Cried

13. Show: نداد ن Showed Showed

14. Ask: ندر نرپ Asked Asked

15. Work: ردن

ر

Worked Worked16. Live: ندر هدز Lived Lived

17. Enjoy: ندر تذ Enjoyed Enjoyed

18. Play: ندر یز Played Played

19. Visit: ندر تق Visited Visited

20. Study: نداوخ سرد Studied Studied


14/26


Forms of Irregular Verbs: ت قذاضل ال

1st form لّا ض 2nd form مّد ض 3rd form مْ ض

1. Go: سي Went Gone

2. Buy: خشذى Bought Bought

3. Come: آهذى Came Come

4. Break:ذى

ً

ض

Broke Broken5. See: دذى Saw Seen

6. Eat: خْسدى Ate Eaten

7. Drink: ًْضذى Drank Drunk

8. Drive: ساًذى Drove Driven

9. Ride: ْاس ضذى Rode Ridden

10. Fly: شّاص شدى Flew Flown

11. Win: تشًذ ضذى Won Won

12. Lose: تخي Lost Lost

13. Have:داضي

Had Had14. Fall: ادى Fell Fallen

15. Bring: آّسدى Brought Brought

16. Become: ضذى Became Become

17. Say: يگ Said Said

18. Take: يشگ Took Taken

19. Give: دادى Gave Given

20. Tell: گي Told Told

21. Meet: ىدش قه Met Met

22. Find: ذا شدى Found Found

23. Write: يضًْ Wrote Written

24. Forget: شاه ْشدى Forgot Forgotten

25. Get: شدى Got Gotten

26. Sleep: خْاب شدى Slept Slept

27. Speak: صدى گ Spoke Spoken

28. Send: ىدش ىاّس Sent Sent

29. Wear: ىذضْ Wore Worn

30. Swim: آتثصی شدى Swam Swum

31. Get up: يخ شت Got up Gotten up

32. Wake up: ضذى

تذاس

Woke up Waken up

33. Tear: ىدش س Tore Torn

34. Steal: ىدش یدصد Stole Stolen

35. Teach: ىداد سد Taught Taught


15/26


Simple Past Tense: د ضزگ صهى It shows an action or situation which started and finished in a particular time in

the past. ز

دس

هي

ل

ّ

ک

دس

تذ

ذ

خن

تذ

ذ

ّ

ش

َ

ذ

ُ

ذه

ى

ً

سا

و

ک

د

ز

صهى

.

Time Expressions of Simple Past Tense: د ضزگ ّق صهى ا

(Yesterday: دشّص ) (Last night: ضزگ )ضة

(Yesterday morning: دشّص ثح ) (Last week: ضزگ َُ )

(Yesterday afternoon: شِ

ظ

اص

تذ

ص

ّ

شد ) (Last month: ضزگ ه )

(Yesterday evening: دشّص ضم ) (Last year: ضزگ (ل

(The day before yesterday: سّص شی ) (The night before last: شی ضة )

(Two days ago: ثق صّس د )

Positive Structure ثه ىوخ: Subject + 2nd form of the verb مّد +

Complementٍ

ذ

ٌ

ٌ

و

Ex: I went to school yesterday. ّ شد ص هة سنهي

Negative Structure ٌه ًشدى : Sub + Did notخوى (Didn't) +

1st form of the verb لّا + Complementٍ

ذ

ٌ

ٌ

و

Ex: I didn’t go to school yesterday. نشً دشّص هة هي

Interrogative Structure ْا َخوى : Did آ+ Sub +


ذ

ٌ

ٌ

و

Ex: Did I go to school yesterday? دشّص هة سن آ هي

2nd

Case: Simple Past Tense also shows a position which existed in the past but itdoesn't exist now.

.دساذً هْْد ها دْت هْْد ضزگ َدس هذُذ ًطى ُوٌى ک هم سا د ضزگ ّم: صهى

Ex: I was an English teacher. تْدم ًا هي ک اد

Ex: I was not an English teacher. ًا ثْدهي ک اد

Ex: Was I an English teacher. تْدآ هي ًا ک اد

3rd Case: Simple Past Tense also shows a habit which existed in the past but it

doesn't exist now.ساذ

ً

هْْد ها دْت هْْد ضزگ َدس هذُذ ًطى ُوٌى ک د سا د ضزگ .ْم: صهى

Ex: I used to drink alcohol. ضن

ْ

ٌ

ت

ل

ْ

ا

َ

داضن

د

هي


16/26


Dialogue Section: گ ت Dialogue A: ْ گا

A: Hello, How are you?

B: I am fine, and you?

A: I am fine, too. Where did you go yesterday?

B: I went to Gulbahar Center.

A: Oh, really! What did you buy?B: I bought a shirt and coat.

A: With whom did you go?

B: I went with my friends.

A: How was your shopping?

B: It was very good.

A: Did you enjoy?

B: Yes, I enjoyed a lot.

Dialogue B: ْ گ

A: Hello, How are you?

B: I am fine, and you?

A: I am fine, too. Where did you go yesterday?

B: I went to Shayesta Restaurant.

A: Oh, really! What did you eat?

B: I ate pizza, salad and mantoo.

A: And what did you drink?

B: I drank a glass of lemon juice and pepsi.

A: With whom did you go?

B: I went with my friends.

A: How was the food?

B: It was very delicious.

A: Did you enjoy?

B: Yes, I enjoyed a lot.

Conversational Sentences: سّه و Conversation A: فا سّه

I was busy last week because my friends came to my home and they told me that

let’s go for shopping. I went with them for shopping. We went to Gulbahar Centerbecause Gulbahar Center is a very good place for shopping because it has very good

quality of clothes, shirts, pants and suits. After Gulbahar Center we went to

Shayesta Restaurant and we ordered pizza, salad, mantoo, lemon juice and pepsi.

After ten minutes the waiter brought the food. We ate the food, it was verydelicious and we drank the lemon juice and pepsi, it was very tasty.


17/26



I was busy last night because one of my best friends had wedding party in Khalij

Hotel. I went to his party with my friends and it was a very good and enjoyable

party. Khalij Hotel is very famous in Kabul and it is a very beautiful hotel. The

party started at 8 and it finished at 2. We had a very good time and the food was

very delicious, too. We danced a lot and met a lot of new people.

Practice Section: يشو ت Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs.

ًوئذ. خ ًشی ا سد ا ت اس ر و

Part A: ا ت

1. He (__________) a beautiful car for my friend last week. (buy)

2. She (__________) to Islamabad the day before yesterday. (go)

3.

I (__________) a new English class last year. (start)

4. We (__________) a delicious cake for the guests last night. (cook)

5. You (__________) me five years ago in Switzerland. (meet)

Part B: ت

6. He (__________) a beautiful car for my friend last week. (not/ buy)

7. She (__________) to Islamabad the day before yesterday. (not/ go)

8.

I (__________) a new English class last year. (not/ start)

9. We (__________) a delicious cake for the guests last night. (not/ cook)

10. You (__________) me five years ago in Switzerland. (not/ meet)

Part C: ت

10. (_____) he (_______) a beautiful car for my friend last week? (buy)

11.

(_____) she (_______) to Islamabad the day before yesterday? (go)

12.

(_____) I (_______) a new English class last year? (start)

13.

(_____) we (_______) a delicious cake for the guests last night? (cook)

15. (_____) you (_______) me five years ago in Switzerland? (meet)


18/26


Change the following positive sentences from “Dari” to “English”. ًوئذ. ذث ًا ت و هث ر سا اص دسی

1. ُوش دشّص خْد هة سن هي دّى ی

1. (_________________________________________________)

2. ْث تصی شد ز َُ ت ا

2. (_________________________________________________)3. ْضْى دذ ا دخش دة

3. (_________________________________________________)

4. هْش خشذ خْد ک ز تشای ذس ذوا

4. (_________________________________________________)

آّسد .5 وْش ًاذ ششّص ظ

5. (_________________________________________________)

Change the following negative sentences from “Dari” to “English”.

.وئذ

ً

ذث

ً

ا

ت

دسی

اص

سا

ر

ٌ

ه

و

1. شن

ً

هة

د

ْ

خ

ى

ّ

د

وشای

ُ

ص

ّ

شد

هي

1. (_________________________________________________)

2. ًشد ْث تصی ز َ ُ ت ا

2. (_________________________________________________)

3. ًذذ ْضْى دخش دة ا

3. (_________________________________________________)

4. ًشذ هْش خْد ک ز تشای ذس ذوا

4. (_________________________________________________)

5. ص

ّ

شش

ظدس

ّ

ً

ش

ْ

و

ً

اذ

5. (_________________________________________________)


.وئذ

ً

ذث

ً

ا

ت

دسی

اص

سا

ر

ا

ْ

و

1. آ خْد هة سن دّى ُوشای دشّص هي

1. (_________________________________________________?)

2. ْث تصی شد ز َُ ت ا آ

2. (_________________________________________________?)

3.دذ

ى

ْ

ض

ْ

دة

دخش

ا

آ

3. (_________________________________________________?)

4. هْش خشذ خْد ک ز تشای ذس ذوا آ

4. (_________________________________________________?)

5. آّسد وْش ًاذ ششّص ظ آ

5. (_________________________________________________?)



19/26


Past Continuous Tense: گزض سی صهى

It shows an action or situation which was in progress in a particular time in the

past. تذ

شى

دس

ز

دس

هي

ل

ّ

ک

دس

َ

ذ

ُ

ذه

ى

ً

سا

و

ک

سی

ز

صهى

.

Pos Str ثه ىوخ: Sub + Was/Were و لا+ Verb + Ing ذًْ +

Complementٍ

ذ

ٌ

ٌ

و

Ex: She was eating rice yesterday. دسْه تشًج دشّص ا دخش

Ex: We were eating rice yesterday. ندسْه تشًج دشّص ه

Neg Str ٌه +ال و: Sub + Was not (Wasn't)/Were not (Weren't) خوى

Verb + Ing ذًْ + Complementٍ

ذ

ٌ

ٌ

و

Ex: She wasn't eating rice yesterday. دسْخ وً تشًج دشّص دخش ا

Ex: We weren't eating rice yesterday. ندسْخ وً تشًج دشّص ه

Int Str اْ ًْذ + Sub + Verb + Ingال و: Was/Were خوى +

Complementٍ

ذ

ٌ

ٌ

و

Ex: Was she eating rice yesterday? هْسد تشًج دشّص ا دخش آ

Ex: Were we eating rice yesterday? هْسدن تشًج دشّص ه آ

2nd Case: With "When" Past Continuous Tense shows an action which was in

progress another action happened may or may not interrupt the first action.

ّ

د و ذت ىش سد َ هذُذ ًى ک و سا ز سی ُوشای ”“Whenصهى :ّد ذ

ٌ

ً

ل

سا

ّ

ا

و

ّ

د

و

َ

ذ

ذ

ٌ

ل

سا

ّ

ا

و

ّ

د

و

َ

ذ

د

ْ

لا

ّ

. Note 1: When: It means "at that time". لّ

It is a subordinating conjunction. ت تس فش

Note 2: After "When Clause" we usually use Simple Past Tense.

هوه

ٌ

ه

دا

سا

د

زۀ

صهى

. “When” و ٌ “When” ل تذ اص

Note 3: If "When Clause" comes at the beginning of a sentence a comma should beused, but if it comes in the middle of a sentence no comma.

و يته سد شا ْد دا ه تذ و تذ دس اتذاء “When” و ٌ “When” ل اش د

ْ

ً

دا ه تذ .تذ Ex: I was teaching when Shiraz knocked the door.

Ex: When Shiraz knocked the door, I was teaching.

3rd Case: With "While" Past Continuous Tense shows two actions which were in

progress at the same time in the past. ت ىش سد ى دشُ ُوضهى َ هذُذ ًى د و سا .صهى زۀ سی “While” :ْ وُیا

Note 1: While: It means "during that time".ه

ٌ

ُ

It is a subordinating conjunction. ت تس فشُ

Note 2: After "While Clause" we usually use Past Continuous Tense.

ه

ْ

وهۀز ىهصٌه دا .سی سا “While” و ٌ “While” ل تذ اص


20/26


Note 3: If "While Clause" comes at the beginning of a sentence a comma should be

used, but if it comes in the middle no comma.

و اش دس هتي ْد دا ه تذ و تذ ”“Whileدس اتذاء و ٌ “While” ل اش د

ْ

ً

دا

تذ

ه

تذ

. Ex: I was teaching while Faisal was drinking water.

Ex: While Faisal was drinking water, I was teaching.

Dialogue:گ

Dialogue A: ْ گا A: Hi, Where were you yesterday?

B: I was at home?

A: What were you doing?

B: I was studying for my exam.

Dialogue B: ْ گ

A: Hi, Where were you yesterday?

B: I was in Islamabad?

A: What were you doing?

B: I was shopping.

Conversational Sentences: سّه و Conversation A:

ٍ

س

ّ

هفا

I couldn’t come to class yesterday because I was busy. I was cleaning my room

and helping with my dad.


I couldn’t meet my friend last week because I was busy. I was teaching English

and helping my students.Practice Section: يشو ت Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs.

و.ذئوً خ ًشی ا سد ا ت اس ر

Part A: ا ت

1. He (__________) a beautiful car for my friend last week. (buy)

2. She (__________) to Islamabad the day before yesterday. (go)

3. I (__________) a new English class last year. (start)

4. We (__________) a delicious cake for the guests last night. (cook)

5. You (__________) me five years ago in Switzerland. (meet) Part B: ت

6.

He (__________) a beautiful car for my friend last week. (not/ buy)

7. She (__________) to Islamabad the day before yesterday. (not/ go)

8. I (__________) a new English class last year. (not/ start)

9. We (__________) a delicious cake for the guests last night. (not/ cook)

10. You (__________) me five years ago in Switzerland. (not/ meet)


21/26


Part C: ت

10.

(_____) he (_______) a beautiful car for my friend last week? (buy)

11. (_____) she (_______) to Islamabad the day before yesterday? (go)

12. (_____) I (_______) a new English class last year? (start)

13. (_____) we (_______) a delicious cake for the guests last night? (cook)

15. (_____) you (_______) me five years ago in Switzerland? (meet)


Change the following positive sentences from “Dari” to “English”. اص

سا

ر

ثه

و

.وئذ

ً

ذث

ً

ا

ت

دسی

1. خْد هة دّى ُوشای دشّص شههي

1. (_________________________________________________)

2. ْث تصی ز َُ ت اهدش

2. (_________________________________________________)

3. ْضْى ذذها دخش دة

3. (_________________________________________________)

4.ش

ْ

ه

ک

د

ْ

خ

ذس

تشای

ز

شذهاوذ

4. (_________________________________________________)

5. وْش ًاذ ششّص ظهدسّ

5. (_________________________________________________)

Change the following negative sentences from “Dari” to “English”. و

ٌ

ه ًوئذ. ذث ًا ت ر سا اص دسی

1. خْد هة دّى ُوشای دشّص شًوهي

1. (_________________________________________________)

2. ْث تصی ز َُ ت اودش

2. (_________________________________________________)

3. ْضْى ذذًوا دخش دة

3. (_________________________________________________)

4. هْش خْد ک ز تشای ذس ذواوًذش

4. (_________________________________________________)

5. شْو ًاذ ششّص ظوًدسّ

5. (_________________________________________________)


22/26



وا

ْ

ًوئذ. ذث ًا ت ر سا اص دسی

1. آه دْخ دّى ُوشای دشّص شهةهي

1. (_________________________________________________?)

2. ْث تصی هشد ز َُ ت ا آ

2. (_________________________________________________?)

3.هذذ

ى

ْ

ض

ْ

دة

دخش

ا

آ

3. (_________________________________________________?)

4. آشْه خْد ک ز تشای ذس ذواهش

4. (_________________________________________________?)

5. آشْو ًاذ ششّص ظهسّ

5. (_________________________________________________?)

Present Perfect Tense: ه ل ىهص

It shows an action or situation which happened in unparticular time

in the past.

ذ تذ لاّ ز ًهي دس لّ َدس ک هذُذ ًى سا و ک ه ىهص.

Pos Str وخثه ى : Sub + Have/Has و لا+

3rd form of the verb مْ + Complementٍ

ذ

ٌ

ٌ

و

Ex: He has written his homework. ا دش ًَْ خْد سا ًخ ت س ا

Ex: I have written my homework. خ ًخ شد اهي س َ ًْ ْد سا

Neg Str ٌه +ال و: Sub + Have not(Haven't)/Has not (Hasn't) خوى

3rd

form of the verb

م

ْ

+ Complementٍ

ذ

ٌ

ٌ

و

Ex: He hasn't written his homework. ا دشً ًَْ خْد سا ًخ س ت ا

Ex: I haven't written my homework. ا دشً ًَْ خْد سا ًخس هي

Int Str اْ + Sub ال و: Have/Has خوى

+ 3rd form of the verb مْ +

Complementٍ

ذ

ٌ

ٌ

و

Ex: Has he written his homework? ا دش ًَْ خْد سا ًخس ت ا آ

Have I written my homework? ا

دش

َ

ْ

ً

سا

د

ْ

خ

ً

خس

هي

آ

2nd Case: Present Perfect Tense also shows the repetition of an action or

situation.

ً

سا

و

ک

شاس

ى

ٌ

و

ُ

ه

صهى

:

ّ

د

ذه

ى

. Ex: I have watched Tere Naam movie many times.


23/26


Ever تقو مادک

It means at any time. وقدام

It is an adverb of indefinite time. وققد

Note: It is usually used in interrogative sentences after the (subject) in

Present Perfect Tense.

.ود

اده

ل

حل

زن

در

ل

از

د

او

ت

در

و “Ever” :وت

Ex: Have you ever seen me?ددی

را

قو

دام

و

آ

Present Perfect Continuous Tense: صهى ل ه سی

It shows an action or situation which started in the past, comes to present

may or may not go to future.

تذ

ذ

ّ

ش

ز

دس

َ

ذ

ُ

ذه

ى

ً

سا

و

ک

سی

ه

تصهى

ن

ُ

د

ّ

ش

ً

ذٌآ َدس ذ تشّد ذٌآ َدس .ذ

Note: We use “Since and For” in Present Perfect Continuous Tense.

Since: قّ اص

It means in that period of time. ل

ّ

اص

It shows starting time of an action or situation.

و

ک

ّ

شذه

ى

ً

سا

Ex: (2005, 2:00pm, October, Sunday, Yesterday, Last Night, Last Week,

Last Month, Last Year, Morning, Afternoon, Evening, Five Years Ago, etc)

Ex: I have been living in Kabul since 2005. هٌن ذًص ت 2005 صا ت سد يه ّش

For: یاشت

It means within the period of time. تشای

It shows duration of an action or situation. هذُذ ًى سا و ک ذه

Ex: (5 Years, 2 Hours, 3 Months, 4 Weeks, 5 Days, etc)Ex: I have been living in Kabul for 5 years.

ص

َ

د

ْ

ه

ه

ذ

5 ت

دس

هي

Pos Str ثه ىوخ: Sub + Have/Has و لا+ Been و + Verb + Ing ذًْ

+

Complementٍ

ذ

ٌ

ٌ

و

Ex: He has been teaching English for three weeks. هذُذ ا ًدسط َ هْد َُ َ ت ا

Ex: I have been teaching English for three weeks. ذه ا ًدسط َ هْد َُ َ هي

Neg Str

ٌ

ه

خوى

: Sub

+ Have not(Haven't)/Has not(Hasn't) و

ال

+ Been و + Verb + Ing ذًْ + Complement

ٍ

ذ

ٌ

ٌ

و

Ex: He hasn't been teaching English for three weeks. دسط

ً

ا

َ

د

ْ

ه

َ

ُ

َ

ت

ا

دُذ وً Ex: I haven't been teaching English for three weeks. ًوذدساًهُهي


24/26


Int Str ْاخوى : Have/Has و لا+ Sub + Been و + Verb +

Ing ذًْ + Complementٍ

ذ

ٌ

ٌ

و

Ex: Has he been teaching English for three weeks? طسد ًا َ هْد َُ َ ت ا آ ذ

ُ

ذه

Ex: Have I been teaching English for three weeks? هذُن ا ًدسط َ هْد َُ َ آ هي

Time Expression تقو حطصا + Ago لبق

Ago: It means before. قل

It is an adverb of time. د تقو دق

This structure is used to show that an action or situation started and finished

in a particular time in the past. .ن

وقت

در

د

ده

خم

و

د

ده

روع

ذ

در

دد

ن

را

حت

و

ل

رار

ان

Ex: Laila came to the class two days ago. روز قل ف آد د

Already ل زا لبق It means before now.

حل

از

قل

It is an adverb of indefinite time. د

وقت

ن

قد

It shows that an action or situation has happened before the given expected time

past. .ذ

در

د

ده

قاو

قو

از

قل

دد

ن

را

حت

و

ل

Note: It is usually used in positive sentences after (have/has) and in interrogative sentences after the (subject) in Present Perfect Tense.

در

ل

از

د

او

ت

در

و

حل

زن “Have/Has” و در ت ثت د از “Already” :تو

.ود

اده

Ex: He has already eaten rice. دروخ جر تقو وا

Ex: Has he already eaten rice? آ او وقت رج خورد

Yet ل هب

It means up to now. حل

It is an adverb of indefinite time. د

وقت

ن

قد

It shows that an action or situation hasn't happened up to now, but we expect it in

the future..دارم

آده

در

را

اش

دن

قاو

اد

ا

ات

ده

قاو

حل

دد

ن

را

حت

و

ل

Note: It is usually used at the end of negative sentences and interrogative

sentences

in Present Perfect Tense.

.ود

اده

ل

حل

زن

در

او

و

ت

آخر

در

و “Yet” :تو

Ex: He hasn't eaten rice yet. خورده

رج

حل

چ

او

Ex: Has he eaten rice yet? چ حل رج خوردهآ او


25/26


Just طف و )کرش یا( ظه قبل

It means very recently or only. ط

و

)رپ

ا

(قل

ظح

It is a focusing adverb. د ید دق

It shows that an action or situation has happened in very recent past.ل

ذ

در

دد

ن

را

حت

و

.د

ده

قاو

دز

Note: It is usually used in Present Perfect Tense, Simple Past Tense and rarely in

other tenses. .ود

اده

در

ی

زن

در

م

ر

و

ده

ذ

زن

ل

حل

زن

در

و

“Just” وت:

Ex: He has just eaten rice. خورد

رج

رپ

ا

چ

او

Simple Future Tense: د ذٌآ صهى

It shows an action or situation which will happen in a particular time in the future. د

ْ

لاّ ذٌآ ّل هي دس َدس ک هذُذ ًى سا و ک د ذٌآ .صهى

Time Expressions of Simple Future Tense: اد ذٌآ ّق صهى

(Tonight: :) (Tomorrowاهطة :) (Next weekشدا ذٌآ َُ )

(Next month:ذ

ٌ

آ

ه

) (Next Year:ذ

ٌ

آ

ل

) (Next hour:ذ

ٌ

آ

)

(Next time: ذٌآ قّ ) (Next minute: ذٌآ قد ) (Next second: ذٌآ ًَ )

(Next Friday: ذٌآ و ) (Next March: ذٌآ هسچ ه )

Pos Str ثه ىوخ: Sub + Be going to يضاد ذق/Will ذُاْخ +


ذ

ٌ

ٌ

و

Ex: I am going to go to America next week. تشّهي لظذ دا شها ذٌآ َُ َ س Ex: I will go to America next week.

ّ

شت

شها

ذ

ٌ

آ

َ

ُ

ذ

ُ

ا

ْ

خ

هي

Neg Str ٌه قذ : Sub + is not(isn't)/am not/are not(aren't) going toخوى

ذاضي

ً

/Will not (won't) ذ

ُ

ا

ْ

ً

+ 1st

form of the verb

ل

ّ

ا

+Complement

ٍ

ذ

ٌ

ٌ

و

Ex: I am not going to go to America next week. ّشت شها ذٌآ َُ َ ساذً هي لظذ

Ex: I won't go to America next week. ّشت شها ذٌآ َُ ًْاُذ هي

Int Str اْ +قذ داضي + Sub + Going toآ: Is/Am/Are خوى


ذ

ٌ

ٌ

و

Ex: Am I going to go to America next week? ّشت شها ذٌآ َُ َ ساد ذظل يه آ

Int Str اْ خْاُذ : Willخوى آ+ Sub + 1st form of the verb لّا +

Complementٍ

ذ

ٌ

ٌ

و

Ex: Will I go to America next week? ذٌآ َ ُ ّشت شها ذُاْخ آ هي


26/26

May دش, Might دش

They mean maybe. د

They are modal auxiliary verbs. د

ال

They are used to show future possibilities. دد ن ار هدآ تا

Note1: After (May, Might) we should use first form of the verb.

.م

اده

را

ل

اول

حت

د

“Might ” Mayو د از:1وت

Note2: Negative form of (May) is (May not) and (Might) is (Might not).

.“May = May notد Might = Might notو ” حت 2:وت

Note3: May is stronger than Might.

.د

قور

رده “Might” از “May” :3و

Ex: I may call you tomorrow. مز گز ادر و یار د ن

Ex: I may not call you tomorrow. زم

زگ

ردا

و

رای

د

ن

Ex: I might call you tomorrow. مز گز ادر و یار د ن

Ex: I might not call you tomorrow. مز گز ادر و یار د ن

May I: It is used for polite permission. دو هدا دؤ هزا یرطخ

Ex: May I drink a glass of water? ن دومو بآ س

grammar 1st semester

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