grade 6 renewable energy sources

8/8/2019 Grade 6 Renewable Energy Sources

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RENEWABLE ENERGY

SOURCES

Energy sources which are

continuously being replenishedby nature

Grade 6



ATOM

PROTON ELECTRONS

NEUTRON

N N

E

E



Definition Of The Three Parts

Mass ChargeProton

Subatomic particlehaving a positiveelectrical charge

NeutronSubatomic particlewith no netelectrical charge

Electron

Subatomic particlehaving a negativeelectrical charge

1 +

1 +/-

-~0



ELECTRICITY

An electric current is

created when tiny chargedparticles flow in a wire.Electric current can power things like our computersand TV sets.

ELECTRICITY



Natural Electricity

Aurora Borealis

Lightning

Static Electricity



ELECTRICITY HAS TRADITIONALLY BEEN……….

to your house

…fueled bycoal, oil or

natural gas,

generated,

G

transformed,

Tand

distributed



Brainstorm sources of electricity.

Which are renewable and

which are non-renewable?



SOLAR

…T HEY NEED O UR HELP ! Keep A mer ica

C lean !R e c y c l e U s e N

a t u r a l

R e s o u rc e s

TTransformer

Your Home

NATURAL AND RENEWABLESOURCES OF ENERGY

DistributionLines

Biogas

Wind

Biomass

Geothermal

Hydroelectric

GGenerator



SOLAR

ENERGY

SOLUTIONS

Photovoltaic Solar Power System

Parabolic Trough Solar Power System

Solar Panel Solar Trough

Solar Energy is light andheat energy that comes

from the sun.



– The basic building blockof a photovoltaic (PV)solar power plant is thesolar cell which is

typically made of silicon. – On a sunny day, eachsquare foot of PV cellsgenerate approximately12 watts of electrical

power. – A typical PV cell

converts 15% of theincident solar energy to

DC electricity.



–Converts DC power toAC power.

–Has a conversion

efficiency of 92%.



–Increases the voltagefrom the inverter tomatch the voltage onthe power lines



–Transports the electricalenergy from the power plantto your home.

SOLAR



SOLARSOLUTION

#1

PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLARPOWER SYSTEM

PHOTO + VOLT = PHOTOVOLTAIC[LIGHT] [UNIT [ELECTRICITY

OF PRODUCEDELECTRICITY] FROM LIGHT]

http://www.aps.com/Photovoltaics: The direct conversion of sunlight to electricity

SOLAR CELL

INVERTER

TRANSFORMERPOWER LINES



PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER PLANTS

Scottsdale Covered Parking:

Fixed Photovoltaic panels

Prescott Airport:Single Axis Tracking, Tilted

Single Axis Tracking, and

High Concentration

Photovoltaic

Glendale Airport:

Single Axis Tracking and High

Concentration Photovoltaic



Hot Water In

Cool Water OutCold Water In

Warm Water Out

Tube and Shell Heat Exchanger

Heat exchangers are devices built for efficient heat transfer from one

fluid to another.

http://www.taftan.com/thermodynamics/EXCHANGE.HTM

PARABOLIC TROUGH SOLAR THERMAL POWER PLANTS



PARABOLIC TROUGH SOLAR THERMAL POWER PLANTS

G

SOLAR

SOLUTION

#2

Hot Oil

Cold Oil

Heat Exchanger

Turbine

Generator

T

Steam

Mirrors focus the sun’s energy and increase the intensity 30to 60 times. Heat is created and focused on a pipe

1

1

Oil is heated as it movesthrough the pipe, the oiltemperature can be ashigh as 750˚ F

22

The hot oil travels through a heatexchanger to heat water thatproduces steam.

3

3

Once heat is taken from oil, theoil returns to the pipe to bereheated.

5The steam turns turbines and

turbines create electricity.

4

4

SOLAR THERMAL POWER PLANTS



SOLAR THERMAL POWER PLANTS

10,000,000 Watts

Solar II Experimental Power Plant, California

25,000 Watts

Dish/Stirling Engine System,

Arizona

1,000,000 Watts Parabolic

Trough Power Plant,

Arizona

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY



GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

Hot Rock - Magma



HOW DOES GEOTHERMAL HEAT GET UP TO EARTH'S

SURFACE? Conduction

Heat from the Earth’s interior flows

outward. It is transferred to the outer layer of rock or the crust.

Convection

Magma or very hot rock

rising upward out of themantle can bring intenseheat into the crust

Magma or very hot rock



CONDUCTION AND CONVECTION

Convection is the transfer of energy within a liquid.

Heat conduction is the transfer of heat in a solid material.



Rainwater seeping downward through pores and crevices in thecrust to depths of a mile or more is heated. The heated water maybe stored underground in geothermal reservoirs, or the hot water may flow upward out of the reservoirs to the surface as hot springs,or boil near the surface to create geysers, fumaroles, and mud pots

Rainwater

G t Y ll t



Geysers at YellowstoneNational Park Old Faithful

http://en.wikipedia.org

Steamboat Geyser

www.nps.gov

BINARY CYCLE GEOTHERMAL POWER



BINARY-CYCLE GEOTHERMAL POWERPLANT Is one example of a geothermal power plant

Turbine G

Cooled Water

Heat Exchanger

Pump

S t e

a m

Geothermal Reservoir ProductionWell

InjectionWell

Cooler

Cooling

Tower Air

T

The geothermalwater is passed

through a heatexchanger to heata another fluid thatbecomes steam

2

2

Geothermal water isbrought to the surfacethrough wells that aredrilled deep into theearth.

1

1

The steam spinsthe turbine

generator toproduceelectricity.

3

3

The steam is cooledback into a liquid andre-heated at the heat

exchanger

4

4

5

The geothermalcooled water issent back into theearth

5

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN ARIZONA




Picture from www.EnergyAtlas.org

Locatewhere

geothermal

sourcesare mostlikely to be





Higher temperaturesprings and wells

(greater than 120˚ F)occur in areas that mayhave potential for spaceheating and geothermalgreen housing

Some of the areasshown with wells andsprings greater than140˚ F may havereservoirs underneath

them with 250˚ - 350˚ Ftemperatures thatmake them suitable for small scale binaryelectric power generation

Picture from www.EnergyAtlas.org

HOW DO YOU CONVERT WIND INTO ELECTRICITY?



HOW DO YOU CONVERT WIND INTO ELECTRICITY?

The transformer increasesthe voltage to match thevoltage on the power linebefore it is sent on to your house

Rotor Diameter

Generator Gearbox

G

Nacelle

Tower

T

Transformer

The wind hits the rotor, therotor spins the generatorsmaking electrical energy frommechanical energy

WIND FARMS



WIND FARMS

… are similar totraditional farms onlybecause they have

turbines that spin likewindmills. What doyou think the purposeof a turbine is?

http://search.gallery.yahoo.com/search/corbis_id?p=cid%3A11398552

http://www.acclaimimages.com/usepolicy.html



BIOMASS ENERGY FROM ARIZONA FORESTS

1. Left alone, forests

become thick with trees andforest litter.

2. Underburns knownas ground fires helpclear the forest floors

so that grass growsand large treessurvive.

3. Underburnsalso prevent

more damagingfires that spreadacross the topof the trees.

4. The top of tree fires spread quicklyand are much more difficult to fight.They leave burnt land that can takeyears to replenish.

5. Sometimes fire

makes seeds grow,but sometimes theforest has to bereplanted to speedthe return of trees.

THEBEGINNING

What other damage can happen from forest fires?



Wild fires and bark beetlescreate biomass that canbe used as a fuel togenerate electricity.

THE BEGINNINGS OF BIOMASS



THE BEGINNINGS OF BIOMASS

Biomass was the firstfuel mankind used for energy.

M O R E N AT U R E F R I E N D LY T H AN N AT U R AL G AS

Burning wood wasused for warmth

and cooking, aswell as keepingwild animals away

AVAILABLE

BEFORE

OIL

C L EA N E R

T HA N C OA

L

THE BALANCE OF BIOMASS



THE BALANCE OF BIOMASS

Biomass generates far lessemissions than fossil fuels

CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) is released by burning biomass and is

used by other plants to make food.

C O 2

C O 2

C O 2 C O

2

CO2

U s e B i o

m a s s,

g e t l e s

s G r e e n h o

u s e

G a s

G R E E N H O U S E G A S

M O R E

F O S S

I L F U E L

L E S S

B I O M A S S



BALANCE OF BIOMASS

Plants take in CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) andmake oxygen.

When biomass is burned, it uses oxygen tomake CO2

This is the balance of biomass

BIOMASS ENERGY COMES FROM



BIOMASS ENERGY COMES FROM

plant, human or animal derived organic matter that is eaten, burnt, or converted into fuel.

Wood from trees, agriculture,wood factory waste, and theconstruction industry

Burnt wood from forest fires

Animals andanimal droppings

Gasification, pyrolysis, digestion, fermentation and solid fuel combustion



Gasification

Gasification, pyrolysis, digestion, fermentation and solid fuel combustionare five different processes that use the biomass to make electricity.

G

Generator

Fermentation

Solid FuelCombustion

Digestion

PyrolysisT

Transformer

GASIFICATION



GASIFICATION

Biomass

Electricity

Exposing a solid fuel to high temperatures and limited oxygen produceshydrogen rich gas

Heat

GT

BiogasPLUS



Anaerobic Digestion

Anaerobic Digestion is a process whereorganic waste such as animal manure, leaves,trees, and other materials decompose or rot ina container with no oxygen.

The microbes or bacteria that make the waste

material decompose or rot, grow and createmethane and carbon dioxide.

DIGESTION – ANIMAL WASTE



Mixing Tank

Recycled

Water

Reserve

Tank

Activated

Anaerobic

Process

Anaerobic

Compost

Settling

Tank

Gas

Cleanup

Methane

Rich GasCompression

and Delivery

G

DIGESTION ANIMAL WASTE

T

Biofuel

Bacteria, in an oxygen-starved environment can produce methane.

Methane Collector

DIGESTION – LANDFILL WASTE



DIGESTION LANDFILL WASTE

Landfill

ActivatedAnaerobic

Process

Gas

Collection

Gas

Cleanup

Bacteria, in an oxygen-starved environment can produce

methane.

Bacteria

Clean Methane can be put into gas pipelines and

used like natural gas

Gas

Pipeline

FERMENTATION



FERMENTATION

Biomass FermentationChamber Sugar Ethanol

Biofuel

Electricity

Sugar in the biomass material is converted to ethanol (alcohol)

GT

PYROLYSIS – Rapid Thermal Gasification



PYROLYSIS Rapid Thermal Gasification

Biomass

Pre-Dryer Rapid

High HeatBio-Oil TG

Heating the biomass rapidly with no air can produce pyrolysis oil and phenol oil,

sometimes referred as bio-oil leaving charcoal.

RAPID THERMAL GASIFICATION



RAPID THERMAL GASIFICATION

produces more than you ever imagined…..

AdhesivesFragrances

Flavorings

… plus chemicals and fuels

Plastics



BIOGAS

OrganicWaste

Material

+ Decomposition = Biogas

Vegetation

ManureSewage

Landfill Garbage

Breaking down,

or changing,from a solidinto a liquid

or a gas

Methane

richflammable

gas

NATURE CREATES BIOGAS



Nature creates biogasfrom rotting plantsaround ponds and

wetlands

As this methane gas is released into the atmosphere it creates an invisible

ceiling which traps the heat from the sun.

METHANE

Rotting

Vegetation

MAN-MADE BIOGAS (LANDFILLS)



( )

To prevent methane fromescaping into the

atmosphere, it is collectedand burned in a flare stack

Escaping methane can

destroy nearby vegetation.

What else will we loseas a result of losingplants and trees?



LANDFILL COLLECTOR

MAN-MADE BIOGAS (SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT)



( )

Sewage treatment plants cleansewage water

producing large amounts of

methane

that can be flared or turned into electricity

Close-up of Flares

BIO-GAS DIGESTION PROCESS



Produces Electricity and so much more

The Anaerobic Digestion of

animal waste creates methane.

The remaining solids can be

used for:

Fertilizer

Animal bedding (sterilized of

all pathogens)

Gasification

Recycled Water can be used for farming

BIO GAS ANAEROBIC DIGESTER



BIO-GAS ANAEROBIC DIGESTER



WHAT IS HYDROPOWER?

Hydro means water in Latin. It is

the most often used source of renewable energy used to make

electricity.



Water is constantly moving through a cycle: Water vapor rises into theatmosphere through evaporation from lakes and oceans and transpiration

from plants and trees. It condenses to form clouds. Then rain or snow fallsback to the earth to the oceans and lakes.

WATER

Evaporation

Condensation

LakeRain

Transpiration is the evaporation of water into the atmosphere from theleaves and stems of plants

Transpiration

HOW WAS HYDROPOWER USED IN THE PAST?



HOW WAS HYDROPOWER USED IN THE PAST?

For hundreds of years, moving water was used to turn wooden

wheels that were attached to grinding wheels to grind flour or

corn. The Greeks used water wheels more than 2,000 years ago.

These were known as water mills or grist mills.

Water can go over the top of the

wheel placed in the moving

water.

The flow of the water

turns the wheel at the

bottom.

HOW A HYDROPOWER PLANT WORKS



HOW A HYDROPOWER PLANT WORKS

Water goes to Intake towers

1

1. Water goes into the Penstock Pipe at highspeed through the Intake Towers

Shaft andTurbine Wheel

2

2. And then goes to a Turbine Wheel

3. The Turbine Wheel spins the rotor of the Generator and makes AC electricity,

Generators

3

4. The electricity goes to the electrical grid to be used inyour home, in stores and in manufacturing plants.

Electric Grid

4



Renewable Energy Discussion

How easy is it to get renewable energy asan electricity source to your home?

Will it be available 24 hours per day?

Will your lifestyle change?

Pros and Cons of Renewable Energy



gy

PRO CON

– Continuous

– Abundant – Portable – Modular

– Need storage,

– Peaks at solar noon, – Most expensive of renewable energy

sources

Solar

– Cheapest of the

renewable energiestoday

– Not always near transmission

lines – intermittent power

Wind

– Can provide heat andcooling

– Continuous

– Not always near transmission lines – Not portable

Geothermal

Pros and Cons of Renewable Energy



Biomass

Biogas

Hydropower

– Can be transported toa generator for acontinuous source of energy

– Always accessible,

can provide energy 24hours per day

– Distance to the fuel – Not always accessible

– Sources are limited in size

PRO CON

–Inexpensive –No Pollution

–Lakes and reservoirscan be used for recreation

–Dam construction is expensive –Damming rivers causes changes in

ecological cycles and surroundinglandscapes

–There are a limited number of feasible sites for large dams

ANSWERS



ANSWERS

YOURYOUR



solar

H o t

S p r i n g s

Geothermal

Wind

The final

destination

Hydroelectric

YOUR

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