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GP 7,8 and 9 Chapter 3

Psych 30 - NWRC

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7. What can fetuses do?

(3rd stage)Fetal Stage

Fetal stage starts at

about 8 weeks (with the

appearance of bonecells)

Rapid growth appears

to about 20X previous

length

Finishing touches like

fingernails, eyelids etc.

occur

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Fetuses are able to

Move they slow downas their environmentbecomes moreconstricting

Kick

Turn Squint

Swallow

Make fists

Hiccup

- Suck their thumbs Respond to sounds and

vibrations

Learn and remember

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GP 8What environmental

influences can affect prenatal

development?

Nutrition

When pregnantwomen need300-500 morecalories a dayand should gain

about 22-46 lbswith thepregnancy.

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GP 8What environmental

influences can affect prenatal

development?

Dietary supplements mayalso be prescribed. Folicacid is an important nutrientand is especially necessary

in the germinal stages as itaffects neural tube defects.The baby here has spinabifida which is a neural tubedisorder During fetaldevelopment, the cells of the

neural tube differentiate toform the brain and spinal cord.Spina bifida ("split spine") is aneural tube defect in which thespinal column does not closecompletely before birth.

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GP 8What environmental

influences can affect prenatal

development? Maternal

obesityincreases therisk of neuraltube defects,miscarriage,stillbirth, andneonataldeath.

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Physical Activity

Moderate exercise issafe and desirable forpregnant women.Mothers should be ableto walk, jog, cycle andswim etc. Exerciseimproves circulation,muscle tone,

respiration and makesfor an easier and saferdelivery.

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Drug Intake

Almost all substances a mother takes in willcross the placenta.

Effects of Medical Drugs At one time it was thought that the placental

barrier protected babies from drugs theytook during pregnancy. The thalidomidedisaster in the 1950s alerted the medical

profession that no medications should beprescribed during pregnancy unless it wasabsolutely essential for the health of themother or baby.

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Drug Intake

From 1956 to 1962,

approximately 10,000 children

were born with severe

malformations, because their

mothers had taken thalidomide

during pregnancy. pregnantwomen who had taken the drug

were giving birth to babies with

a condition called phocomelia

abnormally short limbs with

toes sprouting from the hips

and flipper-like arms. Other

infants had eye and ear defects

or malformed internal organs

such as unsegmented small or

large intestines.

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Alcohol

There is no safe level of alcohol an

expectant mother can consume.

FAS and FAE encompass a wide

array of physical and cognitive birth

defects.

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Nicotine

Cigarette smoke contains

over 1000 different com-

pounds including carbon

monoxide, hydrogen cya-

nide, carcinogens and trace

elements such as lead, nickel

and cadium. The two main

compounds suspected of

causing the harmful effects

on the developing fetus dur-

ing pregnancy are carbon

monoxide and nicotine.

The scientists found that pregnant

women who smoked were much more

likely to give birth to a baby with a cleft.

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Smoking

Studies also suggest that smoking

increases the risk of preterm delivery 37

weeks of gestation). Premature and low-birthweight babies face an increased risk

of serious health problems during the

newborn period, chronic lifelong

disabilities (such as cerebral palsy, mentalretardation and learning problems) and

even death.

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Smoking

Cigarette smoking

leads to high

numbers of SIDS in

infancy as well ashighly elevated risks

of miscarriage.

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Smoking

Smoking Mothers

More Likely To Have

Hyperactive (ADHD)

Children

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Caffeine + Marijuana

The effects of all substances are not

known or studies have been done and

results have been inconclusive. The

best rule of thumb is to advise

pregnant mothers to avoid all

substances which may cause harm

whether proven or not.

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Opiates

Women addicted to morphine, heroin

and codeine will likely give birth to

addicted babies who will suffer the

effects until at least the age of 6.

Addicted newborns are irritable, have

convulsions, tremors, fever, vomiting,

and tend to die shortly after birth.Those that survive have a variety of

adjustment and learning disabilities.

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Cocaine

Babies often looknormal suffercognitively in a varietyof ways including,hyperactivity or theopposite extremelethargy. They find itdifficult to attach tocaregivers.

Cocaine is alsoassociated withspontaneous abortion,premature birth, lowbirth weight and smallhead size.

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HIV/AIDS

AIDS stands foracquired immunodeficiencysyndrome, a condition first reported in North

America in 1981, that has since become amajor worldwide epidemic.

AIDS is caused by HIV (humanimmunodeficiency virus). By killing or

damaging cells of the body's immunesystem, HIV progressively destroys thebody's ability to fight infections and certaincancers.

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HIV/AIDS

The term AIDSapplies to the mostadvanced stages of

HIV infection. Aninfected mother maypass the virus to herdeveloping fetusduring pregnancy,

during birth, orthroughbreastfeeding.

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Maternal Age

After age 35 there is

an increased chance

of miscarriage,

stillbirth andincreased likelihood

of birth defects.

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GP 9 What techniques can assess a

fetuss health and well-being, and

what is the importance of prenatal

care?

ULTRASOUND

A sonogram providesimages of the infant in

the womb. It can be

used to

Judge gestation

Measure fetal growth

Evaluate abnormalities

Reveal the sex of fetus

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Techniques -Amniocentesis

A sample of amniotic

fluid can be withdrawn

and analyzed (fluid

contains fetal cells). It

is useful for

Diagnosing sex linked

disorders

Chromosomal defects

Sex can also bedetermined

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Techniques -Chorionic Villus

Sampling (CVS)

Tissue is taken from

membrane surrounding

the fetus. Can test for:

(1) Chromosomalabnormalities.

(2) Some inherited

disorders. Dominant,

Recessive and X-linked

patterns of inheritance.

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Techniques - Embryoscopy

Other Tests

can directly visualize theembryo/fetus during the firsttrimester, paving the way toimproved early prenataldiagnosis and treatment.Utilizing high-resolutionfiberoptic endoscopy,testing can be done as earlyas 3 weeks after conception.The face can be visualized

as early as 4 weeks.

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Techniques - Umbilical Cord

Sampling Other Tests

Can test for

infection, anemia,

heart failure andother conditions

End of ch 3