govt 2305 defining key terms. we will begin with a definition of a few terms
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
GOVT 2305
Defining Key Terms
![Page 2: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
We will begin with a definition of a few terms.
![Page 3: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
These are the two basic terms that will define what we cover in class:
“Government”
“Politics”
![Page 4: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Here are two, of the many, definitions of “Government”
- The institution, or institutions, with the monopoly on the legitimate use of coercion in
society
- The institutions and procedures through which a land and its people are ruled.
![Page 5: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
And here are three, of the many, definitions of “Politics”
1- The authoritarian allocation of values in society.
2 - The struggle over who gets what when and how.
3 - Intrigue or maneuvering within a political unit in order to gain control or power
![Page 6: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
These terms are distinct.
“Government” refers to the institutions that possess the
authority to rule, “politics” refers to the efforts to influence what
those rules will look like.
![Page 7: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Government has to rest on a sovereign authority in order to
function legally. Let’s take a moment to define that term:
Sovereignty
![Page 8: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Three definitions of “sovereignty”
1 - supreme power, especially over a body politic
2 - the quality of having supreme, independent authority over a territory
3 - the power to do everything in a state without accountability
![Page 9: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
In the U.S. we claim that sovereignty rests with the people.
Of course, things get complicated after that since the people cannot directly rule – but we will dig into
this later.
![Page 10: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
The terms effectively refers to who is in charge. The United States, we are reminded continually, is based on popular sovereignty. Authority rests on the people – the consent
of the governed.
. . . though we commonly whether this is in fact the case . . .
![Page 11: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Here is a key controversy concerning sovereignty:
![Page 12: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Do the people always retain sovereignty or, once they agree to
establish governing institutions, and elected people to hold positions in
those institutions, do they surrender that right to those institutions with the
understanding that they can keep them in check through periodic
elections?
![Page 13: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
How much direct and immediate control do “the people” have over
government?
As we will see soon enough, the people (more specifically – the
electorate) have little direct control over government.
![Page 14: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
The term sovereignty is used quite often political contexts. When we
discuss conflicts between Texas and the US in upcoming sections on
federalism and civil rights will point out that the Texas government often
likes to accuse the national government of violating its
sovereignty.
![Page 15: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Some related blog material:
sovereigntystate sovereign immunity
![Page 16: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
And for good measure, here is a fourth:
Public Policy
Here are two definitions of it:
![Page 17: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
1 - Public policy is a course of action adopted and pursued by a government.
2 - Public policy is a purposive and consistent course of action produced as a response to a
perceived problem of a constituency, formulated by a specific political process, and
adopted, implemented, and enforced by a public agency.
- click here for the source.
![Page 18: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Simply put, public policy is what in fact government chooses to do or not do. More broadly, it’s the set
of actions that intend to implement a desired result.
Examples:
![Page 19: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Foreign Policy:
The set of actions designed to ensure that America’s interests are
met in our relations with other nations.
![Page 20: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Economic Policy
The set of actions designed to ensure to ensure that the economy
grows and prospers.
![Page 21: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
There are many more.
Battles are fought – ideological, partisan, regional – over exactly what these policies look like and
who benefits the most from them.
![Page 22: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Its easy to agree that America should be, for example, be energy independent. It is more difficult to
agree on how that is best achieved.
![Page 23: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
In a federal system, some policies are more likely to be dealt with at the national level, and other at the
state level.
![Page 24: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
When we discuss the Constitution and Federalism, we will note that it granted to Congress the ability to
pass laws on economic and military policies. The executive was given
latitude to make decisions on foreign policy.
![Page 25: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
But circumstances over history has led to the expansion of national power,
and public policy in many areas is now shared with the states. We will cover this shift over the course of the class and give special attention to certain public policies, notably foreign and
economic.
![Page 26: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Back to defining the first term:
“What is Government?”
![Page 27: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
This is the term used to define the institutions that have evolved to
establish and implement rules that determine how a group of people
will live together in some agreeable way.
![Page 28: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Here’s a trivial way to approach the issue.
Among other things, a government helps determine what types of transportation systems will be developed and what rules will
determine how people use them etc. . . .
![Page 29: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Think of roads and the various rules (drive on the right hand side of the
road, stop for red lights, and drive at reasonable rates of speed) that allow
people to use them safely.
These are also imposed authoritatively to ensure they are obeyed.
![Page 30: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
We will discuss controversies regarding what types of goods and services are best provided by the
public or private sector soon enough, but for now think of government as the entity that has the authority to
make – and more importantly implement – rules that govern
interrelationships and transactions among people.
![Page 31: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
The nature of these rules is subject to limitations imposed by the general
population – this takes us back to the concept of the consent of the
governed.
As you should already know, American government is argued to rest on the
consent of the governed.
![Page 32: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Here’s some history: There are two models which describe the evolution
and origins of government.
1 - Coercion: Government based on force.
2 - Consent: Government based on an agreement.
![Page 33: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
A quick qualifier is in order. Governments have to have coercive power in order to exist. They have to
be able to coerce people to follow the laws and to pay taxes. Which means
that the two basic components of government are law enforcement and
revenue collection.
![Page 34: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Governments historically evolve due to coercion. One group forces another to join with them, or fall
under their dominion.
This is the most historically accurate description about how
governments evolve.
![Page 35: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Examples are numerous:
- Roman conquest of Britain- Muslim conquests - Mongol conquests
- Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
![Page 36: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
In these systems, sovereignty rests with the rulers, not the ruled. The ruled are subject to whatever the
conquerors choose.
These governments are kept in place through violence.
![Page 37: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
A government that rests on consent derives its authority from the general population. The ruled
are also the rulers. The only justification for governmental authority is the consent of the
governed.
![Page 38: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
American government is based on consent. Philosophically, it rests on the
idea that at some point in history, a group of individuals in the
state of nature joined together for mutual security and in order to better
achieve group goals.
To get ahead of the game, you may want to read through John Locke’s Of the State of Nature.
![Page 39: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
This is stated in the Declaration of Independence.
While we will dig into this document more fully soon, the
following paragraph outlines this idea.
![Page 40: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
We hold these truths to be self-evident:
That all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that
among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; that, to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers
from the consent of the governed; that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these
ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its
foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely
to effect their safety and happiness.
![Page 41: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
As we will see in the next section, the Declaration of Independence was
based on John Locke’s Second Treatise on Government
(1689), which develops the idea that man is born in a state of nature and consents to form a government for
mutual security, among other reasons.
![Page 42: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
The theory begins with the assumption that people are
endowed with rights and argues that a government is consented to
in order to secure those rights.
![Page 43: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Otherwise these rights are insecure.
Others are always interested in taking your stuff.
![Page 44: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
This provides a justification for the existence of government, and a
general sense of what a government is supposed to do.
But what is a government in fact? We will now turn to governing institutions in order to determine what they are
and what they do.
![Page 45: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
In the American system, there are three types of governing powers
and these are vested in three types of institutions:
Legislative Executive
Judicial
![Page 46: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
As we will see soon enough, these are the separated powers.
James Madison argued that the concentration of these three powers
in one person or institutions is the very definition of tyranny (absolute
rule). We will explore this more deeply later.
![Page 47: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
These are, in turn, the:
Law Making BranchesLaw Implementing Branches
Adjudicating Branches
![Page 48: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
They are generally composed of:
Representative AssembliesAdministrative Agencies
Independent Courts
![Page 49: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Note the adjectives. The legislative assembly is designed to represent the will of the electorate, the executive is designed to effectively implement the decisions made by the legislature, and the judiciary is supposed to impartially
adjudicate disputes over the implementation of that law.
![Page 50: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
As we will see in future lectures, in the American system, these three
institutions are designed to be independent from each other (the
separated powers) and serve to check each other’s power in order
to keep them in their proper places (the checks and balances).
![Page 51: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
One of the major accomplishments of Anglo-American governance was
the development of separate governing institutions with defined job descriptions and the ability to
restrain each other.
![Page 52: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
The most important of these accomplishments was the ability to
restrain executive power.
We will discuss this more thoroughly in the next section.
![Page 53: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
We will also note that these institutions exist on the national, state and local levels. The term for this, we
will discover, is federalism.
The point is that the American governing system is very decentralized
and very complex as well.
![Page 54: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
While each institution is held to be equal, they aren’t really.
In reality, the legislative and executive branches are stronger
than the judicial.
![Page 55: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
The Legislature possesses the power of the purse
It can impose taxes and distribute spending.
![Page 56: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
The Executive possesses the power of the sword.
It implements the law. In some sense, the term government in the
minds of many means the executive.
![Page 57: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
This is an important point. In order to be a called a “government,” a
governing entity has to be able to (1) compel individuals to follow the law
and (2) to collect revenue.
The executive has the power to do both, but is supposed to be restrained
by the legislature and judiciary.
![Page 58: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
The Judiciary is only as strong as the other branches are willing to allow it
to be. It has no control over the purse or the sword, apart from its ability to
check the powers of the executive and legislature. Its primary power is
influence. Its influence depend on how fair people think its decisions are.
![Page 59: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
What different types of government can exist?
There are many.
![Page 60: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
There are two simple ways to distinguish types of government.
We can ask two questions:
1- Where is sovereignty located?2 – How much individual freedom
is allowed?
![Page 61: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Again, the first way to distinguish between governmental systems is to determine where is sovereignty
located.
There are three possibilities: in the one, the few or the many.
![Page 62: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Autocracy - where there is rule by the one
Oligarchy – Where there is rule by the few
Democracy – Where there is rule by the many
![Page 63: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
To tied these into recent events, here are links to blog posts on each
subject:
autocracyoligarchy
democracy
![Page 64: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Each has advantages and disadvantages.
![Page 65: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Autocracies are efficient, meaning they can act quickly. The fewer people
needed to respond to a crisis, the more effectively it can be addressed.
But the rule can also be very arbitrary. There are no rules in place that can
limit the actions of government, so the autocrat can do what he or she
pleases.
![Page 66: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Oligarchies are capable, meaning that the ruling class is often composed of people who have some general skills, knowledge or ability that
makes it more likely that they can rule well, but their rule can be biased. The benefits handed out by government are more likely to flow to
them and those they choose to reward. Oligarchies commonly use hereditary or class
distinctions to confer these advantages.
![Page 67: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Democracies are generally considered to be legitimate by the
populations they rule over, meaning that their decisions are more likely to be accepted by the general population since they see
themselves as being participants in their formation.
![Page 68: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
But democracies, since they are driven by a majority, prone to passion and
succumb to mob violence.
They have a tendency to not respect the rights of the minority, and can be
as tyrannical as any other type of government. It was a Greek
democracy that executed Socrates.
![Page 69: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
The founders believed that they were prone to chaos and
instability.
Unstable Greek democracies were taken over by tyrants.
![Page 70: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Remember the Greek troops in 300?
They were Spartans – that was a military dictatorship, not a
democracy.
![Page 71: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Each of these systems are incorporated into the American
constitutional system.
This allows for the benefits of each to be incorporated into the government,
and the disadvantages of each to – hopefully - be checked by the other
two.
![Page 72: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Legislatures are DemocraticExecutives are AutocraticJudiciaries are Oligarchic
![Page 73: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
The (democratic) U.S. House of Representatives is composed of 435
people selected from 435 distinct districts around the country. These people are held in check with two years terms and regular
elections. It is specially designed to contain within it all of the conflict one is likely to see in the country at large. It is where all
the various voices in the nation are meant to be heard.
![Page 74: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
The Senate is a bit less democratic since they are selected for six year
terms. They were also initially selected by the state legislatures.
![Page 75: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
The (autocratic) executive branch on the national level is headed by a
single person in order to ensure that it has the ability to act quickly
and decisively. Once laws are passed, they are to be efficiently
implemented.
![Page 76: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
The (oligarchic) judiciary is composed of a small set of individuals appointed to office with the intent that they be
highly educated and skilled. The office is designed to give them the
independence necessary to do their job without being limited by the
general population.
![Page 77: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
More on democracy
![Page 78: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Since we identify ourselves as democratic, here’s more detail on
democracy.
Definition: a government in which the supreme power is vested in the people
and exercised by them directly or indirectly through a system of
representation usually involving periodically held free elections.
![Page 79: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
There are generally three components of democracy
Universal Adult SuffrageMajority Rule
Minority Rights
![Page 80: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
All adults should be able to vote. As we will see in a future section, the
expansion of the vote occurred gradually over the course of history.
The majority (or some such criteria) should make decision about public
affairs. But there ought to be limits to what the majority can do in order to
protect the rights of minorities.
![Page 81: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
We will note in coming sections the tension between majority rule and
minority rights. We will point out that democratic societies are not
necessarily free. Majorities can tyrannize minorities quite easily in a
democracy.
Tyranny of the Majority
![Page 82: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
There are two types of democracy
Direct (or Pure)Indirect (or Representative)
![Page 83: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
In a pure democracy, the people are able to directly vote for
legislation while in a representative democracy the
people vote for others who will pass laws, and then hold them
accountable in periodic elections.
![Page 84: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
The United States is an indirect democracy. We vote for
representatives and hold them accountable.
Some states (though not Texas) allow for direct democracy – referenda,
initiatives, recall elections.
![Page 85: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
The distinction touches on a critical issue. Democracy means rule by the people, but how closely should the
people be able to rule?
Should decisions be instantaneously implemented, or should there be institutions to modify their direct
impact?
![Page 86: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
And example of a pure, or direct, democracy:
The New England town hall meeting.
![Page 87: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Are these good or bad? Decision making is kept close to the people, but passionate,
unjust decisions can be made by them, and be implemented very quickly – before people can think about whether the
decision was just.
We will note in Federalist #10 that James Madison did not like these type of
government.
![Page 88: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
“Alexis de Tocqueville once said that "local institutions," such as town meetings, were ‘to liberty
what primary schools are to science.’“ – WaPo.
- History of Town Meeting in New England
.
![Page 89: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Here’s a famous example of unjust decisions made and implemented quickly: The Salem Witch Trials.
![Page 90: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
The Founders were uninterested in founding a direct – or “pure” –
democracy. They believed that many of the problems they faced were
caused by the excessive democracies created under the Articles of
Confederation. Institutions composed of representatives should come
between the people and the law.
![Page 91: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
They were suspicious of democracy, and wished to
establish the Constitution as a way to allow for broad participation,
but check it. Click here for quotes regarding the excesses of democracy
.
![Page 92: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
The second way to distinguish between governmental systems: How much individual freedom is
allowed?
![Page 93: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Three relevant terms:
TotalitarianAuthoritarianConstitutional
![Page 94: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
And here are links to stories related to each on the blog:
totalitarianismauthoritarianismconstitutionalism
![Page 95: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
In a totalitarian system, all power rests with the state. There is no
sense of individualism as we might recognize it.
![Page 96: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
But totalitarian governments are difficult and costly to sustain. The bright individual can be seen as a threat and resource are used to
contain them. The most totalitarian countries tend to also
be the poorest.
![Page 97: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Here is Parade Magazine’s list of the ten worst dictators of 2009.
![Page 98: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Authoritarian governments wish to expand their power, but tend to have to share power with other
institutions in society and are unable to have total control.
They are totalitarian wannabes.
![Page 99: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Constitutional governments are based on enforceable
constitutions. These place limits on their power. As a consequence, a
priority is placed on individual freedom.
![Page 100: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
A constitutional system is also called a system of limited
government.
It is the only one where meaningful limits are placed on the powers of government. The others are prone
to arbitrary rule.
![Page 101: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
More on constitutions:
![Page 102: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
The nature of these freedoms and limitations are spelled out in a
country’s constitution.
We will spend several weeks on this subject soon.
![Page 103: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
First, a definition: what is a Constitution?
“A set of rules for a government that articulate its powers and functions, and establishes its
institutions, principles, structures and procedures. It also establishes its relationship
with the general population by clearly stating its limits and the rights of the people.”
![Page 104: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
A Constitution does not simply limit power by stating what its
institutions cannot do, but by also properly balancing the various
powers within society so that no one can dominate the others.
![Page 105: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
But here’s an important question: Why value individual freedom?
Why should governments allow people to be free? What’s in it for
them?
![Page 106: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
There are at least two answers
1 – Freedom is a natural right, something that a government must
protect.
2 – There are tangible benefits to living in a free society. Wealth tends to
grow in free societies.
![Page 107: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
The first is a philosophical question which we will save for next week.
![Page 108: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
For now simply recall the argument in the Declaration of
Independence above. It states that it is a self evident truth that people
are born with unalienable rights and that governments are
established to preserve them.
![Page 109: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
As for the second: Free societies tend to be wealthier than un-free
societies. An independent business and academic sector can emerge and introduce new ideas that can
enhance the well being of the people and the nation.
![Page 110: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
Minimal governmental interference with business and
social affairs allows for innovation and development.
There tends to be a positive relationship between freedom and national wealth.
![Page 111: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
Adam Smith argued that free markets promoted the general
welfare by unleashing the productive power and the
ingenuity of individuals within society. He wrote these thoughts
out in The Wealth of Nations.
![Page 112: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
John Stuart Mill argued that free speech did the same. People should be free to challenge
orthodox beliefs – scientific beliefs for example - since that allows
societies to swap error for truth.
![Page 113: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
But free markets allow for the development of powerful interests outside the control of government
BusinessesCorporationsUniversities
Religious Institutionsetc . . .
![Page 114: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
And free speech allows for those in charge to be challenged by others.
It leads to the development of a political sector. What had been
seditious libel, subject to punishment, is now politics.
![Page 115: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
Concluding point:
The restriction of the arbitrary use of governing power has led to the development of a political sector.
![Page 116: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
Central to this was the development of the right to peaceably assemble and to
petition government for a redress of grievances in late 17th Century Britain.
People were able to meet together and criticize the king.
This allows for the legal development of political organizations.
![Page 117: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
This allows for us to transition to a discussion of the second term:
“Politics”
![Page 118: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
Free societies tend to have vibrant political organizations.
![Page 119: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
To repeat an earlier slide: What is Politics?
Conflict over the authoritative allocation of values in society.
The struggle over who gets what when and how.
Intrigue or maneuvering within a political unit or group in order to gain control or power
![Page 120: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
Politics almost inevitably involves conflict. Conflict often
revolves around two key factors:
ValuesInterests
![Page 121: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
Values
A sense of what is right and wrong, and whether a government has the
authority to address it. For examples, think of the ongoing
struggles over abortion and same-sex marriage.
![Page 122: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
Values: the ideals, customs, institutions, etc., of a society
toward which the people of the group have an affective regard. These values may be positive, as
cleanliness, freedom, or education, or negative, as cruelty, crime, or
blasphemy. – dictionary.com
![Page 123: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
Since the U.S. was based on a set of governing principles articulated
in founding documents, certain values are held to be distinctly
American.
![Page 124: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
These include:
Natural RightsIndividual Liberty
Equality of OpportunitySelf Sufficiency
Self GovernmentCommunity
![Page 125: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
Some of these are in conflict.
We can’t be both free and equal. The same with individualism and communitarianism. These ideals are in conflict. At some point one
must choose one or the other.
![Page 126: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
Disputes over values have led to the development of broad
ideological movements organized around these disputes.
The same is true for interests
![Page 127: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
Interests
The tangible benefits one receives from government. Think of the
struggle over where tax rates are set, which industries are subsidized, what
regulations are set, and where spending is focused.
![Page 128: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
You may be familiar with the ongoing conflict regarding funding for higher
education. How much should be funded collectively through tax
dollars? How much should be funded out of your pocket? Should student loans be made available to you? At
what rates?
![Page 129: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
Interests: regard for one's own advantage or profit; self-interest: The partnership dissolved because
of their conflicting interests. – dictionary.com
![Page 130: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
According to James Madison, conflict over interests are
inevitable, and groups will always form around those interests.
He called these groups factions. We call them interest groups.
![Page 131: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
A landed interest, a manufacturing interest, a mercantile interest, a moneyed interest, with many lesser interests, grow up of necessity in
civilized nations, and divide them into different classes, actuated by different sentiments and
views. The regulation of these various and interfering interests forms the principal task of
modern legislation, and involves the spirit of party and faction in the necessary and ordinary
operations of the government.
- James Madison, Federalist #10
![Page 132: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
As we will see in future sections, the framers of the Constitution
took these factors into consideration and used the
Constitution’s design as a way to condition how these groups affect
governance.
![Page 133: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
Conflict over values and interests involve huge political fights and a
variety of organizations have developed in America to conduct
those fights.
![Page 134: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
These are properly called political institutions, since they attempt to
influence the decisions of government. These are three dominant types od
institutions.
Political PartiesInterest Groups
The Press
![Page 135: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/135.jpg)
Political Party: A group of individuals that have organized
around shared political principles with the intent of winning
elections to governmental office and organizing governing institutions once in power
![Page 136: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/136.jpg)
Interest Group: an organization that seeks to influence political
decisions often by lobbying elected leaders directly and becoming
active in elections.
![Page 137: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/137.jpg)
The Press: Organizations with the technology and audience to
disseminate information. This can include the media and
public relations firms among others.
![Page 138: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/138.jpg)
Each are external forces (though political parties have worked their
way into the operations of Congress) on government that
allow those not in power to have an influence on government, and
those in power to consolidate control.
![Page 139: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
In a democracy, the most important political force on
government is public opinion.
Public opinion directly impacts elections
![Page 140: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/140.jpg)
A key question investigated by political scientists: Why do people take the positions they do? We will
explore this in future sections.
![Page 141: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/141.jpg)
Political Ideologies have evolved as ways to make sense of the various
values people hold.
![Page 142: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/142.jpg)
A simple definition of Political Ideology:
A set of positions on issues that are based on a fundamental value.
![Page 143: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
Two seemingly consistent values – freedom and equality – can
actually lead to different positions on political issues since these
values are often in conflict.
![Page 144: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/144.jpg)
Two Dominant Ideologies in Contemporary Politics
ConservatismLiberalism
![Page 145: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/145.jpg)
Some useful links:
- A list of policial ideologies.- Nolan Chart.
- Political Spectrum.- For Fun: A quiz on ideology.
- And here’s another.
![Page 146: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/146.jpg)
The more one prioritizes freedom, the more one is likely to be
conservative.
The more one prioritizes equality, the more one is likely to be liberal.
![Page 147: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/147.jpg)
Conservatism
• Historically based on support for tradition, the status quo, and the preservation of privilege
• More recently also focused on individual liberty
• Private solutions preferred over public solutions. Smaller levels of government preferred over larger
• Most important historical figure: Edmund Burke
![Page 148: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/148.jpg)
Liberalism
• Historically oriented towards reform and the liberation of lower classes.
• More recently focused also on equality.• Support for anti-poverty and civil rights
policies.• Governmental solutions often preferred over
private sector solutions
![Page 149: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/149.jpg)
Neither is thoroughly cohesive. Disputes exist within each. Few
people are completely conservative or completely liberal.
![Page 150: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/150.jpg)
Most people in the United States call themselves moderate, rather
than liberal or conservative.
Where do you fit?
![Page 151: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/151.jpg)
Here are a few areas of dispute between liberalism and
conservatism.
![Page 152: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/152.jpg)
Traditionalism vs. Reform
Conservatives argue that traditional relationships (think: heterosexual marriage) provide stability for a
society and that these should not be radically changed. Liberals argue that
these relationships should be modified to comply with changing morays of
society.
![Page 153: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/153.jpg)
Religion
Conservatives historically have supported the promotion of Protestantism and the display of Protestant images in public buildings, thought these have been recently expanded to include
Catholicism and Judaism. Liberals are more supportive of a secular approach to government (the wall of separation), restrictions of religious imagery and inclusion of Islam, Hinduism and
other religions in their understanding of religion.
![Page 154: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/154.jpg)
The Free Market
Conservatives support free markets (or more appropriately laissez-faire markets), with
minimal intervention by government, except to promote and enhance the marketplace. Liberals
are more willing to allow government to provide, or subsidize, certain services that
would not otherwise be provided by the market, such as Social Security and Medicare.
![Page 155: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/155.jpg)
Regulations
Conservatives argue that private industry can regulate itself and there is no need for regulatory agencies, which only suppress
competition and inhibit innovation. Liberals argue that regulatory agencies are necessary to curb corruption, ensure fair, open transactions, and limit externalities
like pollution.
![Page 156: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/156.jpg)
The Military v. Diplomacy
Conservatives believe in a large military and believe the use of the military should be based on the sole interests of the United States with
little regard for those of other countries (unilateralism). Liberals believe the military
should be smaller, the use military power should be coordinated with other countries (multilateralism), and diplomacy and
development are just as important as defense.
![Page 157: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/157.jpg)
Civil Rights
Conservatives are usually opposed to civil rights measures since they disrupt
the status quo and create opportunities for certain groups to sue
for grievances. This is especially true for affirmative action. Liberals see civil rights as necessary to overcome long standing denials of equal protection.
![Page 158: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/158.jpg)
Law Enforcement
Conservatives tend to take a hard line on law enforcement and oppose
measures, even constitutional measures, that enhance the rights of
criminal defendants. Liberals argue for the rights of criminal defendants and often support additional funding for
public defendants.
![Page 159: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/159.jpg)
Interpreting the Constitution
Conservatives usually argue for limited interpretations of constitutional
language while liberals support loose interpretations. Looser interpretations
tend to allow for additional national power.
![Page 160: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/160.jpg)
One final point before we conclude.
There is an area where government and politics overlaps, where strong
political forces have seemingly taken over governing functions and ensure
that they all act in their self interest at the expense of others.
![Page 161: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/161.jpg)
Iron Triangles
- or -
Issue Networks
![Page 162: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/162.jpg)
Over the years, various well connected groups have developed close relationships with governing institutions and have been able to
help write the legislation and regulations that govern the
industry
![Page 163: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/163.jpg)
The key components of an iron triangle
Interest groupsCongressional Committees
Executive Agencies
![Page 164: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/164.jpg)
If the interest group is strong enough to influence elections to congress and the appointment of
executive officials, they can effectively regulate themselves.
![Page 165: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/165.jpg)
Example: The Securities and Exchange Commission is
commonly argued to have been captured by the financial sector.
Is this why no serious investigations have been made by the SEC of the
banks role in the 2008 crash?
![Page 166: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/166.jpg)
Critics argue that a revolving door exists between people that work in
governmental agencies, congressional offices, and interest
groups.
These are the people that may really run things.
![Page 167: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/167.jpg)
Now that we have an understanding of some terms and concepts – as well as the goal of the class - we can turn to the development of the concept of
natural rights. This is perhaps the most important of the principles American
government is founded upon.
![Page 168: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/168.jpg)
Here is a study guide questions to help you along:
![Page 169: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/169.jpg)
- Why is an educated population considered necessary in a democratic republic?- What were the founders concerned about when they established a republic? Why did they pay attention to Roman history? - How do governments tend to originate? Why does this matter?- Be familiar with the terms “autocracy,” oligarchy” and “democracy.” What issues are associated with each? - What are the difference between totalitarian and constitutional governmental systems? - Why might governments benefit by allowing their citizens to be free?
![Page 170: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/170.jpg)
- What are the definitions of “sovereign,” “government,” and “ideology?”- Be familiar with the quotes offered in the power points and what they mean.- What is a republic? How is different from a pure democracy?- What are the basic components of government? What are the basic components of democracy? - What are the three separated powers and why are they separated? What happens if they are concentrated?
![Page 171: GOVT 2305 Defining Key Terms. We will begin with a definition of a few terms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e4f5503460f94b46d96/html5/thumbnails/171.jpg)
- What is ideology? What are the two major ideological position in American politics? What do each rest upon?- What positions do typical liberals and conservatives take on contemporary issues?