government accountability -...

GOVERNMENTACCOUNTABILITY

AUSTRALIAN ADMINISTRATIVE LAWGovernment Accountability: Australian Administrative Law offers an accessibleintroduction to administrative law in Australia by reference to its guiding principle,

accountability.The book explores the complex theory underlying this area of law through the

inclusion of many examples and with an emphasis on practicalities. It introduces themultifaceted nature of government, its structure, powers and actions. It explains

and analyses in detail the principles and mechanisms of administrative law in a waythat equips students to employ them in the context of new and unfamiliar cases.

Throughout the book, the theory, law and practice of Australian administrative laware explored with reference to the overarching concept of accountability.

Government Accountability is a concise introduction to administrative law in

Australia that clearly explains the intricacies of the field and provides readers withthe theoretical and practical knowledge to analyse the decisions and actions of

government.

Judith Bannister is a Senior Lecturer at the Adelaide Law School, University ofAdelaide.

Gabrielle Appleby is a Senior Lecturer at the Adelaide Law School, University ofAdelaide.

Anna Olijnyk is a Lecturer at the Adelaide Law School, University of Adelaide.

Cambridge University Press978-1-107-66788-4 - Government Accountability: Australian Administrative LawJudith Bannister, Gabrielle Appleby, Anna Olijnyk and Joanna HoweFrontmatterMore information

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GOVERNMENTACCOUNTABILITY

AUSTRALIAN ADMINISTRATIVE LAW

Judith BannisterGabrielle Appleby

Anna Olijnyk

with

Joanna Howe






477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia

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CONTENTS

Table of cases page xiv

Table of statutes xxxi

About the authors xlviii

Acknowledgements xlix

1 Introduction 1

A brief historical context 2

Why do we need administrative law? 4

Administrative law and constitutional law 7

Administrative law and statutory interpretation 8

In search of a rationale for administrative law 9

Why accountability? 12

Democratic justifications of accountability 12

Rule of law justifications of accountability 15

Separation of powers justifications of accountability 17

Individual rights justifications of accountability 18

Accountability for what? Administrative law values 20

How to achieve accountability? Administrative law mechanisms 21

Modern accountability: some challenges 22

Ongoing reform 24

The rest of this book 26

PART I ADMINISTRATIVE DECISION-MAKING

2 Organisation and structure of government 31

Introduction 32

The Crown and the executive: terminology and constitutional framework 33

The executive and the judiciary 34

The executive and parliament 36

The executive and inferior courts 36

v






The executive as an indivisible and plural entity 38

Executive entities 39

The Queen and her representatives 39

The Ministers (including the Prime Minister, Premiers, and Chief Ministers)

and their staff 41

The Cabinet 45

The Executive Council 48

The departments and the public service 49

Statutory authorities 50

Government Business Enterprises (GBEs) 51

The Commonwealth and state executives 52

Outsourcing and privatisation: deconstructing the public/private divide 54

Outsourcing and privatisation: accountability 55

Public law remedies against private bodies 56

Responding to outsourcing 61

Public bodies in the private sphere 63

Crown immunity 64

Conclusion 67

3 Administrative powers 68

Introduction 69

Commonwealth executive power 69

State executive power 70

Classes of executive power 71

Powers conferred directly by the Commonwealth Constitution 71

Statutory powers 76

Non-statutory powers 87

The Commonwealth executive nationhood power 101

The executive and policy-making 104

Conclusion 105

4 Delegated legislation 106

Introduction 107

Executive exercise of legislative power 108

Types of delegated legislation and delegates 109

Concerns over delegation of legislative power 112

vi Contents






The need for delegated legislation 113

When to delegate legislative power 114

Constitutional questions 117

Restrictions on delegation deriving from the separation of powers

(Commonwealth) 117

Delegating parliament’s supervisory role 121

Delegated power must be exercised within constitutional limits

and in accordance with the principle of legality 122

Delegated legislation and s 109 of the Constitution 123

Legislative regulation and parliamentary review

of delegated legislation 124

Public consultation, regulatory impact statements, and human rights

compatibility 124

Publication requirements 128

Parliamentary scrutiny and disallowance 129

Sunsetting 135

Judicial review of delegated legislation 135

The scope of grants of delegated legislative power 137

Improper purpose 142

Unreasonableness and proportionality 143

Uncertainty 147

Delegatus non potest delegare 149

Conclusion 150

PART II ACCOUNTABILITY MECHANISMS

5 Public investigatory bodies 153

Introduction 154

Investigation and scrutiny through parliament 157

Responsible government 157

Scrutiny of legislation 162

Scrutiny of taxation and expenditure 162

Government’s explanatory responsibility to parliament 164

Power to request documents 164

Power to ask questions 167

Committees 168

Summary 173

Contents vii






Other investigatory bodies 174

Auditors-General 174

Ombudsmen 177

Royal commissions 187

Standing investigative commissions 196

Conclusion 202

6 Information disclosure 203

Introduction 204

Protecting official information 205

The duties of public servants 206

Official secrets legislation 207

Confidential information 208

Public interest immunity in legal proceedings 210

Managing official information 211

Information management 211

Rethinking official information 212

Unofficial disclosure 214

Leaks 214

Public interest disclosure: whistleblower protection 215

Obligations to disclose 217

Reports 217

Notices 218

Proactive publication: freedom of information 219

Disclosure to individuals affected 220

Access by application 221

Freedom of information legislation 222

Reasons for decisions 242

Conclusion 252

7 Review sought by affected persons 253

Introduction 254

Forms of review: an introduction to merits review and judicial review 255

Appeals and reviews 255

Constitutional considerations 257

Merits and judicial review distinguished 258

viii Contents






Administrative law: where is the work done? 259

Private and public law intertwined 261

Who gets to be involved? 262

Standing 262

Involvement of other parties 269

Individual actions and systemic change 275

Conclusion 277

PART III MERITS REVIEW

8 Review on the merits 281

Introduction 282

Nature of review: re-hearings and hearings de novo 284

Why do individuals choose merits review? 288

Why do parliaments provide merits review? 291

Which decisions are suitable for merits review? 292

Internal and external merits review 295

Internal review 295

External review 297

Courts with merits review jurisdiction 297

Judicial review of, and appeal from, merits review decisions 300

Examples of legislation creating a right of merits review 300

Conclusion 304

9 Administrative review tribunals 305

Introduction 306

What is a ‘tribunal’? 307

Constitutional issues for tribunals 310

Commonwealth tribunals 310

State tribunals 312

Status of tribunal decisions 312

Issues of tribunal design 314

Specialist, generalist, and super tribunals 314

Conferral of jurisdiction 316

Tribunal membership 317

Contents ix






Independence 321

Procedure 322

Transparency 324

Standing to seek review 326

Nature of review 326

The role of government policy 327

Appeal and review of tribunal decisions 329

The Australian administrative tribunal framework 331

Administrative Appeals Tribunal 331

Commonwealth specialist tribunals 341

State and territory administrative review tribunals 343

Conclusion 346

PART IV JUDICIAL REVIEW

10 Introduction to judicial review 351

Introduction 352

Legality and merits distinguished 352

Statutory interpretation is central 353

Fact and law distinguished 355

Sources of judicial review jurisdiction 356

Common law judicial review 357

Constitutional judicial review 366

Statutory judicial review and the Administrative Decisions

(Judicial Review) Act 1977 (Cth) 370

Choosing a judicial review jurisdiction: which court? which avenue? 388

Criticisms of judicial review 389

Conclusion 391

11 Limits on judicial review 392

Introduction 393

Justiciability 394

Source of the power 396

Status of the decision-maker 397

Subject matter of the decision 398

Justiciability and statutory judicial review 401

Standing to commence judicial review proceedings 402

x Contents






Special damage and special interest 405

Standing tests and the common law prerogative and constitutional writs 406

Standing tests and statutory judicial review 408

Standing cases since ACF v Commonwealth 409

Privative clauses 418

Privative clauses in the Commonwealth jurisdiction: Plaintiff S157 421

Privative clauses in the states: Kirk 423

After Plaintiff S157 and Kirk: privative clauses today 425

Conclusion 426

12 Introduction to the grounds of review 427

Introduction 428

Statutory grounds 431

Case study: Grounds in a statutory judicial review case 434

Statutory review and jurisdictional error 437

Common law and constitutional judicial review grounds 438

Jurisdictional error and the common law grounds 438

Case studies: Grounds in common law and constitutional

judicial review cases 446

State jurisdiction 446

Commonwealth jurisdiction 447

Fact and law distinguished 450

Case study: Identifying and characterising errors of fact and law 452

Expansion of the grounds of review? 454

Proportionality 454

Serious administrative injustice 455

Estoppel 456

Conclusion 457

13 Procedural fairness 458

Introduction 459

The threshold test: when do the rules of procedural fairness apply? 461

Historical development and Kioa v West 462

After Kioa: rights and interests affected 465

Direct and immediate effect on individual interests 468

Legitimate expectations 470

Contents xi






Multi-stage decision-making 473

Statutory exclusion 475

The hearing rule 481

The content of the hearing rule 484

The bias rule 493

Actual bias 494

Apprehended bias 494

Situations giving rise to bias 498

Exceptions to the bias rule 505

Consequences of a denial of procedural fairness 508

Conclusion 509

14 Determining the scope of a power 511

Introduction 512

Improper delegation 513

Procedural error 518

Preconditions to the exercise of the power 523

Jurisdictional facts 524

Subjective opinions or beliefs 528

Misconceiving the scope of the power 536

Conclusion 539

15 Improper exercise of power 540

Introduction 541

Relevant and irrelevant matters 541

Failing to consider relevant matters 543

Considering irrelevant matters 549

Improper purpose 552

Fettering discretion 559

Acting under dictation 559

Inflexible application of policy 565

No evidence 568

Fraud 573

xii Contents






Bad faith 574

Unreasonableness 576

Uncertainty 582

Conclusion 584

16 Consequences of unlawful action 585

Introduction 586

Putting things right 586

Consequences of unlawful action 588

Prerogative remedies 591

Certiorari 592

Prohibition 594

Mandamus 594

Equitable remedies 596

Injunction 597

Declaration 598

Remedies in statutory judicial review 600

Choosing the appropriate combination of remedies 601

Discretion not to grant a remedy 603

Conclusion 605

Index 607

Contents xiii






TABLE OFCASES

AustraliaA v Hayden (No 2) (1984) 156 CLR 532, 88A v New South Wales (2007) 230 CLR 500, 261AB Oxford Cold Storage Co Pty Ltd v Arnott (2005) 11 VR 298, 513, 518Abebe v Commonwealth (1999) 197 CLR 510, 445ACT Health Authority v Berkeley Cleaning Group Pty Ltd (1985) 7 FCR 575, 377Ainsworth v Criminal Justice Commission (1992) 175 CLR 564, 82–3, 156, 184, 466, 593,

594, 597, 598, 599, 603Albanese and Chief Executive Officer of the Australian Customs Service [2006] AATA

783, 227Alister v The Queen (1983) 154 CLR 404, 210Al-Kateb v Godwin (2004) 219 CLR 562, 592Allesch v Maunz (2000) 203 CLR 172, 255, 285Allianz Australian Insurance Ltd v Kerr (2012) 83 NSWLR 302, 363Andrews v Howell (1941) 65 CLR 255, 535Annetts v McCann (1990) 170 CLR 596, 156, 466, 475Anti-Discrimination Commissioner v Ombudsman [2002] TASSC 24, 181Antunovic v Dawson (2010) 30 VR 355, 592Anvil Hill Project Watch Association Inc v Minister for Environment and Water

Resources (2008) 166 FCR 54, 524Apache Northwest Pty Ltd v Department of Mines and Petroleum [2012]

WASCA 167, 232Appellant P119/2002 v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous

Affairs [2003] FCAFC 230, 570Applicant VEAL of 2002 vMinister for Immigration andMulticultural and Indigenous

Affairs (2005) 225 CLR 88, 483, 487–8, 602Applicant VEAL of 2002 vMinister for Immigration andMulticultural and Indigenous

Affairs (2003) 197 ALR 741, 602Argos Pty Ltd v Simon Corbell, Minister for the Environment and Sustainable

Development [2013] ACTCA 51, 415Aston v Irvine (1955) 92 CLR 353, 54Attorney-General (Cth) v Alinta Ltd (2008) 233 CLR 542, 298Attorney-General (Cth) v Queensland (1990) 25 FCR 125, 53Attorney-General (Cth); Ex rel McKinlay v Commonwealth (1975) 135 CLR 1, 13Attorney-General (NSW) v Quin (1990) 170 CLR 1, 261, 353, 390, 456, 471,

586, 587Attorney-General (NSW) v Stuart (1994) 34 NSWLR 667, 210

xiv






Attorney-General (NSW); Ex rel Tooth & Co Ltd v Brewery Employee’s Union of NewSouth Wales (1908) 6 CLR 469, 264

Attorney-General (SA) v City of Adelaide (2013) 249 CLR 1, 110, 122, 144, 146–7, 274Attorney-General (Vic); Ex rel Dale v Commonwealth (1945) 71 CLR 237, 93, 101Attorney-General’s Department v Cockcroft (1986) 10 FCR 180, 232Austin v Commonwealth (2003) 215 CLR 185, 66Austral Fisheries Pty Ltd v Minister for Primary Industries and Energy (1992) 37

FCR 463, 136Australian Bank Employees Union, Re; Ex parte Citicorp Australia Ltd (1989) 167

CLR 513, 490Australian Broadcasting Tribunal v Bond (1990) 170 CLR 321, 82, 352, 374–7,

569–70Australian Capital Television v Commonwealth (No 2) (1992) 177 CLR 106, 12Australian Capital Territory Health Authority v Berkeley Cleaning Group Pty Ltd

(1985) 7 FCR 575, 98Australian Communist Party v Commonwealth (1951) 83 CLR 1, 5, 16, 101, 119, 535Australian Conservation Foundation Inc v Commonwealth (1980) 146 CLR 493, 266,

404–6, 409, 411, 413, 415, 417Australian Gas Light Company v Australian Competition & Consumer Commission

(No 3) (2003) 137 FCR 317, 394Australian Industry Group v Fair Work Australia (2012) 205 FCR 339, 521Australian Institute of Marine and Power Engineers v Secretary, Department Of

Transport Secretary, Department Of Transport (1986) 71 ALR 73, 409Australian National Industries Ltd v Spedley Securities Ltd (In liq) (1992) 26

NSWLR 411, 508Australian National University v Burns (1982) 5 ALD 67, 98, 386Australian Railways Union v Victorian Railways Commissioner (1930) 44

CLR 319, 264Australian Vaccination Network Inc v Health Care Complaints Commission [2012]

NSWSC 110, 593Aye v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship (2010) 187 FCR 449, 389, 396, 400Balog v ICAC (1990) 169 CLR 625, 198Bank of New South Wales v Commonwealth (1948) 76 CLR 1, 33, 145Barton v Commonwealth of Australia (1974) 131 CLR 477, 385Barton v The Queen (1980) 147 CLR 75, 44, 91Bass v Permanent Trustee Co Ltd (1999) 198 CLR 334, 64, 460Bateman’s Bay Local Aboriginal Land Council v Aboriginal Community Benefit Fund

Pty Ltd (1998) 194 CLR 247, 264, 266, 403, 405, 407, 412, 417, 597Baxter v Ah Way (1909) 8 CLR 626, 118Beesley v Australian Federal Police (2001) 111 FCR 1, 224Bennett v Commonwealth (2007) 231 CLR 91, 395Betfair Pty Ltd v Western Australia (2008) 234 CLR 418, 455Booth v Dillon (No 2) [1976] VR 434, 180Booth v Dillon (No 3) [1977] VR 143, 180

Table of cases xv






Botany Bay City Council v Minister of State for Transport and Regional Development(1996) 66 FCR 537, 469

Botany Council v Ombudsman (1995) 37 NSWLR 357, 181, 186–7Bradken Consolidated Ltd v Broken Hill Pty Co Ltd (1979) 145 CLR 107, 65Brandy v Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (1995) 183 CLR 245, 308,

310–11, 312Bread Manufacturers of New South Wales v Evans (1981) 180 CLR 404, 560–1Briginshaw v Briginshaw (1938) 60 CLR 336, 573, 574British American Tobacco Australia Services Ltd v Laurie (2011) 242 CLR 283, 503,

504, 508Bropho v Western Australia (1990) 171 CLR 1, 63, 64–5Brown v West (1990) 169 CLR 195, 89Brownells Ltd v Ironmongers’ Wages Board (1950) 81 CLR 108, 143, 552Bryden v Minister for Lands (2011) 184 LGERA 333, 469Buck v Bavone (1976) 135 CLR 110, 532, 535Builders Licensing Board v Superway Constructions (Syd) Pty Ltd (1976) 135

CLR 616, 255Burns v Ransley (1949) 79 CLR 101, 101Buzzacott v Minister for Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and

Communities (2013) 196 LGERA 372, 582–3Cadia Holdings v New South Wales (2010) 242 CLR 195, 89, 92Cains v Jenkins (1979) 42 FLR 188, 491Callejo and Dept of Immigration and Citizenship, Re (2010) 51 AAR 308, 228Cann’s Pty Ltd v Commonwealth (1946) 71 CLR 210, 149Capital Duplicators Pty Ltd v Australian Capital Territory (1992) 177 CLR 248, 117, 119Carmody, Re; Ex parte Glennan (2003) 198 ALR 259, 367Carter v Minister for Aboriginal Affairs (2005) 143 FCR 383, 367, 380, 389, 595–6CECA Institute Pty Ltd v Australian Council for Private Education & Training [2010]

30 VR 555, 57, 58Chairperson, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission v Commonwealth

Ombudsman (1995) 63 FCR 163, 182, 184Chan and Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs, Re (2001) 33

AAR 191, 79Chan v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1989) 169 CLR 379, 578Chapman & Minister for Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Affairs, Re (1996) 43

ALD 139, 237, 238, 239Chapman v Luminis Pty Ltd (No 4) (2001) 123 FCR 62, 193Chapman v Tickner (1995) 55 FCR 3, 601Chase Oyster Bar Pty Ltd v Hamo Industries Pty Ltd (2010) 78 NSWLR 393, 58, 521Cheltenham Park Residents Association Inc v Minister for Urban Development and

Planning (2010) 107 SASR 205, 272Chen v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1993) 45 FCR 591, 490Church of Scientology v Woodward (1982) 154 CLR 25, 16, 211, 352City of Brunswick v Stewart (1941) 65 CLR 88, 144

xvi Table of cases






City of Footscray v Maize Products (1943) 67 CLR 301, 136City of Port Adelaide Enfield v Bingham [2014] SASC 36, 184Clampett v Magistrate Cornack [2012] QSC 123, 371Claro v Minister for Immigration, Local Government and Ethnic Affairs (1993) 46

FCR 494, 485Clements v Bull (1953) 88 CLR 572, 138Clenae Pty Ltd v Australia & New Zealand Banking Group Ltd [1999] 2 VR 573,

499, 507Clough v Leahy (1904) 2 CLR 139, 190Clyde Engineering Co Ltd v Cowburn (1926) 37 CLR 466, 123Coal and Allied Operations Pty Ltd v Australian Industrial Relations Commission

(2000) 203 CLR 194, 285–6, 287Coco v The Queen (1994) 179 CLR 427, 77, 87Cohn v Hatcher (2005) 146 FCR 275, 450Coleman v Power (2004) 220 CLR 1, 205Collector of Customs v Agfa-Gavaert Ltd (1996) 186 CLR 389, 452Collector of Customs (New South Wales) v Brian Lawlor Automotive Pty Ltd (1979) 41

FLR 338, 333Collector of Customs v Pozzolanic Enterprises Pty Ltd (1993) 43 FCR 280, 451, 552Colvin v Bradley Brothers Pty Ltd (1943) 68 CLR 151, 123Combet v Commonwealth (2005) 224 CLR 494, 122, 163Commissioner for Australian Capital Territory Revenue v Alphaphone Pty Ltd (1994)

49 FCR 576, 488–9Commissioner for Children and Young People v FZ [2011] NSWCA 111, 491Commissioner for Motor Transport v Kirkpatrick (1988) 13 NSWLR 368, 365Commissioner of Police v Tanos (1958) 98 CLR 383, 475Commissioner of Taxation v Futuris Corporation Ltd (2008) 237 CLR 146, 521Commonwealth v Anti-Discrimination Tribunal (Tas) (2008) 169 FCR 85, 35, 258Commonwealth v Cigamatic Pty Ltd (1962) 108 CLR 372, 66Commonwealth v Colonial Ammunition Co Ltd (1924) 34 CLR 198, 121Commonwealth v Colonial Combing, Spinning and Weaving Co Ltd (1922) 31

CLR 421, 95, 121Commonwealth v Fernando (2012) 200 FCR 1, 261–2Commonwealth v John Fairfax & Sons Ltd (1980) 147 CLR 39, 96, 208–10, 213, 215Commonwealth v Mewett (1997) 191 CLR 471, 64, 368Commonwealth v Northern Land Council (1993) 176 CLR 604, 46, 210, 232Commonwealth v Tasmania (1983) 158 CLR 1, 101, 145Commonwealth v Walsh (1980) 147 CLR 61, 209, 213, 215Commonwealth Bank of Australia v Reeve (2012) 199 FCR 463, 341, 604Comptroller-General of Customs v Kawasaki Motors Pty Ltd (No 1) (1991) 32

FCR 219, 469Condon v Pompano Pty Ltd (2013) 87 ALJR 458, 482Control Investments Pty Ltd and Australian Broadcasting Tribunal, Re (No 1) (1980)

50 FLR 1, 267, 336, 337

Table of cases xvii






Corio Bay & District Private Hospital NH Pty Ltd v Minister for Family Services (1998)87 FCR 37, 469

Cornall v AB [1995] 1 VR 372, 156Corporate Affairs Commission v Bradley [1974] 1 NSWLR 391, 270Corporation of the City of Enfield v Development Assessment Commission (2000) 199

CLR 135, 525–7Corrs Pavey Whiting & Byrne v Collector of Customs (Vic) (1987) 14 FCR 434, 210Council of the City of Parramatta v Pestell (1972) 128 CLR 305, 577–8Craig v South Australia (1995) 184 CLR 163, 37, 84, 358, 360, 364, 365–6, 438, 439, 440,

443–4, 445, 447, 593Cram, Re; Ex parte NSW Colliery Proprietors’ Association Ltd (1987) 163

CLR 117, 53Crowther v Brisbane City Council [2010] QCA 348, 418Curragh Queensland Mining Ltd v Daniel (1992) 34 FCR 212, 570–1Dainford Ltd v Smith (1985) 155 CLR 342, 514Darling Casino Ltd v New South Wales Casino Control Authority (1997) 191

CLR 602, 484Davis v Commonwealth (1988) 166 CLR 79, 88, 101, 102, 385Delta Properties Pty Ltd v Brisbane City Council (1955) 95 CLR 11, 490Deputy Commissioner of Taxation v State Bank of New South Wales (1992) 174

CLR 219, 52, 66De Brett Investments Pty Ltd and Australian Fisheries Management Authority, Re

(2004) 82 ALD 163, 284Dietrich v The Queen (1992) 177 CLR 292, 37, 490Director of Public Prosecutions (SA) v B (1998) 194 CLR 566, 398Director-General, Department of Health (NSW) v Industrial Relations Commission

(NSW) (2010) 77 NSWLR 159, 420Director-General, Department of Trade and Investment, Regional Infrastructure and

Services v Lewis (2012) 301 ALR 420, 604Drake v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1979) 46 FLR 409, 35, 83, 284,

311–12, 327, 328, 334, 354Drake and Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs, Re [1978] AAT 111, 328Drake and Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs, Re (No 2) (1979) 2 ALD 634,

83, 328–9, 340, 354, 565, 568Dunstan v Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (No 2) [2005]

FCA 1885, 570Eaton v Dental Board of Australia [2012] VSC 10, 485–6Ebner v Official Trustee in Bankruptcy (1999) 91 FCR 353, 499Ebner v Official Trustee in Bankruptcy (2000) 205 CLR 337, 493, 494–5, 498, 499, 507–8Eccleston and Department of Family Services, Aboriginal & Islander Affairs, Re [1993]

1 QAR 60, 235Edelsten v Federal Commissioner of Taxation (1989) 85 ALR 226, 476Edelsten v Wilcox (1988) 83 ALR 99, 578Egan v Chadwick (1999) 46 NSWLR 563, 104, 165

xviii Table of cases






Egan v Willis (1998) 195 CLR 424, 6, 8, 165Enfield City Corporation v Development Assessment Commission (2000) 199 CLR 135,

524, 597, 604, 605Environment East Gippsland Inc v VicForests (2010) 30 VR 1, 416–18Esmonds Motors Pty Ltd v Commonwealth (1970) 120 CLR 463, 149Evans v Donaldson (1909) 9 CLR 140, 559–60, 601Evans v New South Wales (2008) 168 FCR 576, 77, 139–40Ex parte McLean (1930) 43 CLR 472, 123FAI Insurances Ltd v Winneke (1981) 151 CLR 342, 41, 48–9, 74, 397, 462, 465, 470Fares Rural Meat and Livestock Co Pty Ltd v Australian Meat and Live-stock

Corporation (1990) 96 ALR 153, 578Farey v Burvett (1916) 21 CLR 433, 118Farley-Smith v Repatriation Commission [2012] FCA 80, 492–3Federal Commissioner of Taxation v Crown Insurance Services Ltd (2012) 207

FCR 247, 452Federal Commissioner of Taxation v Futuris Corporation Ltd (2008) 237 CLR 146, 361,

371, 442, 445, 596Federal Commissioner of Taxation v Munro (1926) 38 CLR 153, 306, 308Federal Commissioner of Taxation v Official Liquidator of E O Farley Ltd (1940) 63

CLR 278, 90, 91Fencott v Muller (1983) 152 CLR 570, 368Ferrando v Pearce (1918) 25 CLR 241, 118Fesl v Delegate of the Native Title Registrar (2008) 173 FCR 150, 570Flack v Commissioner of Police, New South Wales Police [2011] NSWADT 286, 240Foley v Padley (1984) 154 CLR 349, 141Forbes v New South Wales Trotting Club Ltd (1979) 143 CLR 242, 56–7, 63Fordham v Evans (1987) 14 FCR 474, 270Ganchov and Comcare, Re (1990) 19 ALD 541, 314General Newspapers Pty Ltd v Telstra Corporation (1993) 45 FCR 164, 98, 386George v Rockett (1990) 170 CLR 104, 534Giris Pty Ltd v Federal Commissioner of Taxation (1969) 119 CLR 365, 119Glasson v Parkes Rural Distributions Pty Ltd (1984) 156 CLR 234, 54Glen Lapham and Department of Education and Community Services [1998]

ACTAAT 290, 228Glenister v Dillon (No 2) [1977] VR 151, 180Glenister v Dillon [1976] VR 550, 180Godley v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs (2004)

83 ALD 411, 79Gold Coast Council v K Page Main Beach Pty Ltd [2011] QCA 332, 452–4Gould v Brown (1998) 193 CLR 346, 357Green v Daniels (1977) 13 ALR 1, 567–8, 599Greiner v Independent Commission Against Corruption (1992) 28 NSWLR 125, 75Gribbles Pathology (Vic) Pty Ltd v Cassidy (2002) 122 FCR 78, 483Griffith University v Tang (2005) 221 CLR 99, 386–7

Table of cases xix






Grollo v Palmer (1995) 184 CLR 348, 35, 312, 326GTE (Aust) Pty Ltd v Brown (1986) 14 FCR 309, 578Gypsy Jokers Motorcycle Club Inc v Commissioner of Police (2008) 234 CLR 532, 460HA Bachrach Pty Ltd v Queensland (1998) 195 CLR 547, 312Haines v Annwrack Pty Ltd (1980) 39 LGRA 404, 556Haldane v Chegwidden (1986) 41 SASR 546, 504Haneef and Australian Federal Police [2010] AATA 514, 229, 230Haneef and Australian Federal Police, Re (2009) 49 AAR 395, 229, 230Haneef and Dept of Immigration and Citizenship, Re (2008) 48 AAR 153, 229, 236Haneef v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship (2007) 161 FCR 40, 49, 77–80, 87,

536, 603Haneef and Secretary, Dept of Prime Minister and Cabinet, Re [2009] AATA 916, 230Haoucher v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1990) 169 CLR 648, 470, 484Harris v Caladine (1991) 172 CLR 84, 35, 460Haskins v Commonwealth (2011) 244 CLR 22, 367Hatcher v Cohn [2004] FCA 1548, 447–50Heatley v Tasmanian Racing and Gaming Commission (1977) 137 CLR 487, 470, 490Hilton v Wells (1985) 157 CLR 57, 35Hinkley v Star City Pty Ltd (2011) 284 ALR 154, 58Hoe v Manningham City Council [2013] VSC 195, 509Hogan v Hinch (2011) 243 CLR 506, 5, 326, 460Hope v Bathurst City Council (1980) 144 CLR 1, 355Hot Holdings Pty Ltd v Creasy (2002) 201 CLR 438, 495, 501–2Howard & Treasurer of the Commonwealth, Re (1985) 3 AAR 169, 235, 239Huddart, Parker & Co Pty Ltd v Moorehead (1909) 8 CLR 330, 308Hume v Palmer (1926) 38 CLR 441, 124Hunter v Minister for Planning [2012] WASC 247, 556International Finance Trust Co Ltd v New South Wales Crime Commission (2009) 240

CLR 319, 36, 460Jacobs v Onesteel Manufacturing Pty Ltd (2006) 93 SASR 568, 262James Richardson Corp Pty Ltd v Federal Airports Corporation (1992) 117 ALR 277, 98James v Pope [1931] SASR 441, 462Jarratt v Commissioner of Police for NSW (2005) 224 CLR 44, 484John Fairfax Publications Pty Ltd v District Court of NSW (2004) 61 NSWLR 344, 359Johnson Tiles Pty Ltd v Esso Australia Ltd (No 3) (2000) 98 FCR 311, 223Johnson v Johnson (2000) 201 CLR 488, 494, 495, 496, 504JRL, Re; Ex parte CJL (1986) 161 CLR 342, 494, 505J T International SA v Commonwealth (2012) 250 CLR 1, 269Kable v Director of Public Prosecutions (NSW) (1996) 189 CLR 51, 18, 35, 36, 299, 460Kamha v Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (2005) 147 FCR 516, 605Karounos v CAC (SA) (1989) 50 SASR 484, 156Kartinyeri v Commonwealth (1998) 195 CLR 337, 86Kastrinakis v Australian Community Pharmacy Authority (2013) 215 FCR 452, 434–6Kearsley Shire Council, Re; Ex parte Hebburn Ltd (1947) 47 SR (NSW) 416, 439, 596

xx Table of cases






Keating v Morris [2005] QSC 243, 191–2, 502Kennedy v Comcare [2014] FCA 82, 341Kessing v R (2008) 73 NSWLR 22, 208, 216K-Generation Pty Ltd v Liquor Licensing Court (2009) 237 CLR 501, 460Khuu & Lee Pty Ltd v Corporation of the City of Adelaide (2011) 110 SASR 235, 58King Gee Clothing Co Pty Ltd v Commonwealth (1945) 71 CLR 184, 148, 582King v Liquor Administration Board [2008] NSWSC 1217, 446–7, 602Kioa vWest (1985) 159 CLR 550, 136, 263, 431, 433, 459, 462, 463–4, 465, 466, 468–9, 470,

471, 483, 484, 486–7, 488Kirk v Industrial Court of New South Wales (2010) 239 CLR 531, 8, 59, 246, 257, 357,

358, 361, 363, 366, 393, 394, 420, 423–5, 442, 443, 444, 445Kline v Official Secretary to the Governor-General (2013) 249 CLR 645, 382Knight v Governor, Port Phillip Prison [2014] VSC 10, 592Kriticos v New South Wales (1996) 40 NSWLR 297, 366Krstic v Australian Telecommunications Commission (1988) 20 FCR 486, 491Kruck v Queensland Regional Parole Board [2009] 1 Qd R 463, 380Kruger v Commonwealth (1997) 190 CLR 1, 576Lacey v Attorney-General (Qld) (2011) 242 CLR 573, 285Lamason v Australian Fisheries Management Authority [2009] FCA 245, 144Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation (1997) 189 CLR 520, 50, 84, 455Laws v Australian Broadcasting Tribunal (1990) 170 CLR 70, 495, 506–7Lawyers for Forests Inc v Minister for Environment, Heritage and the Arts (2009) 165

LGERA 203, 582, 583Leask v Commonwealth (1996) 187 CLR 579, 145Leeth v Commonwealth (1992) 174 CLR 455, 460Lennon v South Australia [2010] SASC 272, 55Lesnewski v Mosman Municipal Council (2005) 138 LGERA 207, 483Levy v State of Victoria (1997) 189 CLR 579, 274Livesey v New South Wales Bar Association (1983) 151 CLR 288, 494, 503, 508Lu v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs (2004) 141

FCR 346, 549Lusink, Re; Ex parte Shaw (1980) 32 ALR 47, 494LVR (WA) Pty Ltd v Administrative Appeals Tribunal (2012) 203 FCR 166, 244, 428Macrae v Attorney-General (NSW) (1987) 9 NSWLR 268, 465Mandurah Enterprises Pty Ltd v Western Australian Planning Commission (2008) 38

WAR 276, 553Maxwell v The Queen (1996) 184 CLR 501, 398MBA Land Holdings Pty Ltd v Gungahlin Development Authority (2000) 206

FLR 120, 100McBain, Re; Ex parte Australian Catholic Bishops Conference (2002) 209 CLR 372, 265,

270, 363, 368, 403, 407, 602McGuinness v Attorney-General (Vic) (1940) 63 CLR 73, 87, 190McKinnon v Secretary, Department of Treasury (2006) 228 CLR 423, 232, 242, 284McWilliam v Civil Aviation Authority (2004) 142 FCR 74, 108, 383

Table of cases xxi






Melbourne Corporation v Commonwealth (1947) 74 CLR 31, 66Mickovski v Financial Ombudsman Service Ltd [2011] VSC 257, 57Mickovski v Financial Ombudsman Service Ltd [2012] VSCA 185, 57Miller v Goldfields Land and Sea Council Aboriginal Corporation (2014) 219 FCR 153,

377–8Minh v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs (1998) 86 FCR 304, 492Minister for Aboriginal Affairs v Peko-Wallsend Ltd (1986) 162 CLR 24, 352, 353, 542–3,

544, 545–6, 549, 550, 578Minister for Arts, Heritage and Environment v Peko-Wallsend Ltd (1987) 15 FCR 274,

45, 91, 104, 263, 396, 398, 399–400Minister for Home Affairs (Cth) v Zentai (2012) 246 CLR 213, 246–7, 251Minister for Immigration v SZIZO (2009) 238 CLR 627, 521Minister for Immigration and Citizenship v Haneef (2007) 163 FCR 414, 77–80,

87, 229Minister for Immigration and Citizenship v Li (2013) 249 CLR 332, 362, 441, 492, 578,

579–82Minister for Immigration and Citizenship v Maman (2012) 200 FCR 30, 591Minister for Immigration and Citizenship v SZGUR (2011) 241 CLR 594, 489Minister for Immigration and Citizenship v SZLIX (2008) 100 ALD 443, 573Minister for Immigration and Citizenship v SZMDS (2010) 240 CLR 611, 532, 535,

578–9Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Gungor (1982) 63 FLR 441, 341Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Kurtovic (1990) 21 FCR 193, 456Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Pochi (1980) 44 FLR 41, 255, 284Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Teoh (1995) 183 CLR 273, 471–2Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Wu Shan Liang (1996) 185 CLR 259,

251, 534–5, 552Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs v Bhardwaj (2002) 209 CLR 597,

445, 490, 492, 508, 589, 590–1Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs v Chan (2001) 34 AAR 94, 79Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs v Eshetu (1999) 197 CLR 611, 323,

576Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs v Jia (2001) 205 CLR 507, 367, 494,

496–8, 502Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs v Rajamanikkam (2002) 210

CLR 222, 570, 571–2Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs v Yusuf (2001) 206 CLR 323, 248,

429, 439, 442, 443, 445, 450, 551, 596Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs; Ex parte Applicant S20/2002

(2003) 198 ALR 59, 434, 438Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs, Re; Ex parte Applicant S20/2002

(2003) 198 ALR 59, 371, 372, 434, 438, 455Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs, Re; Ex parte Applicant S154/2002

(2003) 201 ALR 437, 483

xxii Table of cases






Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs, Re; Ex parte Epeabaka (2001) 206CLR 128, 502

Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs, Re; Ex parte Miah (2001) 206CLR 57, 439, 476, 477–8, 480, 488, 602

Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs v NAOS of 2002[2003] FCAFC 142, 575

Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs, Re; Ex parte Lam(2003) 214 CLR 1, 471, 472–3, 482, 484

Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs, Re; Ex partePalme (2003) 216 CLR 212, 489

Minister for Industry and Commerce v Tooheys Ltd (1982) 60 FLR 325, 108, 383Minister for Primary Industries and Energy v Austral Fisheries Pty Ltd, Re (1993) 40

FCR 381, 137Minister for Resources v Dover Fisheries Pty Ltd (1993) 43 FCR 565, 145, 146Mio Art Pty Ltd v Brisbane City Council (2010) 178 LGERA 387, 286MLC Investments Ltd v Commissioner of Taxation (2003) 137 FCR 288, 570Mobil Oil Australia Pty Ltd v Federal Commissioner of Taxation (1963) 113

CLR 475, 482Momcilovic v The Queen (2011) 245 CLR 1, 455Monash University v Berg [1984] VR 383, 370Mowen v Queensland State Government [2011] QSC 012, 418Mrs X v Secretary, Department of Human Services [2003] VSC 140, 365Murphyores Inc Pty Ltd v Commonwealth (1976) 136 CLR 1, 379, 550–1MZXOT v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship (2008) 233 CLR 601, 389NAAV v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs (2002)

123 FCR 298, 362Nadkarni v Nadkarni [2011] FamCAFC 160, 503NAKF v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Ethnic Affairs (2003) 130

FCR 210, 575NAOX v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship (2009) 112 ALD 54, 575National Trust of Australia (NT) v Minister for Lands, Planning and Environment

(1997) 142 FLR 125, 598Nationwide News Pty Ltd v Wills (1992) 177 CLR 1, 12, 391NEAT Domestic Trading Pty Ltd v AWB (2003) 216 CLR 277, 60–1New South Wales v Bardolph (1934) 52 CLR 455, 94New South Wales v Canellis (1994) 181 CLR 309, 483, 490New South Wales v Commonwealth (1915) 20 CLR 54, 118New South Wales v Commonwealth (1975) 135 CLR 337, 40New South Wales v Commonwealth (2006) 229 CLR 1, 120–1New South Wales v Macquarie Bank Ltd (1992) 30 NSWLR 307, 455New South Wales Aboriginal Land Council v Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander

Commission (1995) 59 FCR 369, 377New SouthWales Breeding & Racing Stables Pty Ltd v Administrative Appeals Tribunal

(2001) 53 NSWLR 559, 259, 604

Table of cases xxiii






New South Wales Registrar of Births, Deaths and Marriages v Norrie (2014) 306ALR 589, 274, 537–9

New South Wales Thoroughbred Racing Board v Waterhouse (2003) 56 NSWLR 691,286–7

News Corporation Ltd v National Companies and Securities Commission (1984) 1FCR 64, 430

Nicholas v The Queen (1998) 193 CLR 173, 460Nikac v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1988) 20 FCR 65, 578Nolan, Re; Ex parte Young (1991) 172 CLR 460, 460North Australian Aboriginal Legal Aid Service v Bradley (2004) 218 CLR 146, 36North Coast Environmental Council Inc v Minister for Resources (1994) 55 FCR 492,

409, 413–14, 417Northern Inland Council for the Environment Inc v Minister for the Environment

[2013] FCA 1418, 431NSW Breeding & Racing Stables Pty Ltd v Administrative Appeals Tribunal (2001) 53

NSWLR 559, 259O’Donoghue v Ireland (2008) 234 CLR 599, 53, 54O’Reilly v Commissioners of the State Bank of Victoria (1983) 153 CLR 1, 514, 517–18O’Rourke v Miller (1984) 156 CLR 342, 491O’Sullivan v Medical Tribunal [2009] NSWCA 374, 504Ogle v Strickland (1987) 13 FCR 306, 409, 410, 412Onus v Alcoa of Australia Ltd (1981) 149 CLR 27, 410–12, 416, 417Osland v Secretary to the Department of Justice (No 1) (2008) 234 CLR 275, 91, 205, 242Osland v Secretary to the Department of Justice (No 2) (2010) 241 CLR 320, 91, 242, 256Pankhurst v Kiernan (1917) 24 CLR 120, 118Pape v Federal Commissioner of Taxation (2009) 238 CLR 1, 94, 101, 102–4, 121Park Oh Ho v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1989) 167 CLR 637, 587Parnell and Prime Minister of Australia [2011] AICmr 10, 224Pasini v United Mexican States (2002) 209 CLR 246, 299Patterson, Re; Ex parte Taylor (2001) 207 CLR 391, 42Peczalski v Comcare (1999) 58 ALD 697, 341Permanent Trustee v Commissioner of State Revenue (Vic) (2004) 220 CLR 388, 119Pharmacy Guild of Australia v Australian Community Pharmacy Authority (1996) 70

FCR 462, 435Pilbara Infrastructure Pty Ltd v Australian Competition Tribunal [2010] FCA 1118, 270Plaintiff M47/2012 v Director-General of Security (2012) 292 ALR 243, 276, 483Plaintiff M61/2010E v Commonwealth (2010) 243 CLR 319, 58–60, 81, 367, 368–9, 390,

395, 465, 466–7, 475, 595, 597Plaintiff M70/2011 v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship (2011) 244 CLR 144,

390, 395, 528, 530–2, 598Plaintiff M76/2013 v Minister for Immigration, Multicultural Affairs and Citizenship

(2013) 304 ALR 135, 276Plaintiff S10/2011 v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship (2012) 246 CLR 636,

465, 466, 467–8, 469, 473, 475, 476, 480–1, 484

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Plaintiff S157/2002 v Commonwealth (2003) 211 CLR 476, 8, 119, 361, 367, 368, 393,420, 421–3, 424, 425, 445, 508

Police & South Australia v Lymberopoulos (2007) 98 SASR 433, 430Police (SA) v Lymberopoulos (2007) 98 SASR 433, 508Polyukhovich v Commonwealth (1991) 172 CLR 501, 460Potier v General Manager MSPC, Area 2 Long Bay Correctional Centre [2012]

NSWSC 233, 592Pow Wow Training Pty Ltd v Australian Skills Quality Authority (2012) 209 FCR 574,

482, 485Project Blue Sky Inc v Australian Broadcasting Authority (1998) 194 CLR 355, 441, 449,

518, 520–3, 589Public Service Association of South Australia Inc v Industrial Relations Commission

(SA) (2012) 249 CLR 398, 262, 424, 425, 595Public Service Board of New South Wales v Osmond (1986) 159 CLR 656, 242, 245, 246QGC Pty Limited v Bygrave [2011] FCA 1175, 270Question of Law Reserved (No 2 of 1996) (1996) 67 SASR 63, 208R v Australian Broadcasting Tribunal; Ex parte 2HD Pty Ltd (1979) 144 CLR 45, 550R v Commonwealth Conciliation and Arbitration Commission; Ex parte the Angliss

Group (1969) 122 CLR 546, 502R v Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration; Ex parte Brisbane

Tramways Co Ltd [No 1] (1914) 18 CLR 54, 367, 383R v Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration; Ex parte Ozone Theatres

(Aust) Ltd (1949) 78 CLR 389, 604R v Connell; Ex parte The Hetton Bellbird Collieries Ltd (1944) 69 CLR 407, 529, 532R v Gray; Ex parte Marsh (1985) 157 CLR 351, 358R v Hegarty; Ex parte City of Salisbury (1981) 147 CLR 617, 308R v Hickman; Ex parte Fox and Clinton (1945) 70 CLR 598, 420R v Hughes (2000) 202 CLR 535, 53R v Kessing (2008) 73 NSWLR 22, 208, 215–16R v Kirby; Ex parte Boilermakers’ Society of Australia (1956) 94 CLR 254, 17, 18, 34, 35,

258, 298, 310, 353, 460R v MacKellar; Ex part Ratu (1977) 137 CLR 461, 463R v Minister of State for the Interior (1972) 20 FLR 449, 138R v Murray; Ex parte Commonwealth (1916) 22 CLR 437, 58R v Richards; Ex parte Fitzpatrick and Browne (1955) 92 CLR 157, 35R v Sharkey (1949) 79 CLR 121, 101R v Toohey; Ex parte Northern Land Council (1981) 151 CLR 170, 74, 142, 381, 385, 395,

396, 397, 398, 553, 554–5, 594–5R v Trade Practices Tribunal; Ex parte Tasmanian Breweries Pty Ltd (1970) 123

CLR 361, 308R v Watson; Ex parte Armstrong (1976) 136 CLR 248, 494Racecourse Co-operative Sugar Association Ltd v Attorney-General (Qld) (1979) 142

CLR 460, 513Randwick City Council v Minister for Environment (1998) 54 ALD 682, 582

Table of cases xxv






Raybos Australia v Jones (1985) 2 NSWLR 47, 204Reference under Section 11 of Ombudsman Act 1976 for an Advisory Opinion, Re; Ex

parte Director-General of Social Services (1979) 2 ALD 86, 513, 516, 517Refugee Review Tribunal, Re; Ex parte Aala (2000) 204 CLR 82, 257, 362, 363, 367, 407,

438, 445, 508, 509, 593, 594, 604, 605Rendell v Release on Licence Board (1987) 10 NSWLR 499, 566–7, 602Residential Tenancies Tribunal (NSW), Re; Ex parte Defence Housing Authority

(1997) 190 CLR 410, 64, 66, 94RG Capital Radio Ltd v ABA (2001) 113 FCR 185, 108, 109, 110Riddell v Secretary, Department of Social Security (1993) 42 FCR 443, 562–3, 564Right to Life Association (NSW) Inc v Secretary, Department of Human Services and

Health (1995) 56 FCR 50, 414–15Roadshow Films Pty Ltd v iiNet Ltd (2011) 248 CLR 37, 273, 274Roadshow Films Pty Ltd v iiNet Ltd (2012) 248 CLR 42, 274Roche Products Pty Ltd v National Drugs and Poisons Schedule Committee (2007) 163

FCR 451, 108, 137, 383–4, 389Roche v Kronheimer (1921) 29 CLR 329, 118Roderick v Australian and Overseas Telecommunications Corporation Ltd (1992) 39

FCR 134, 491Rowe v Electoral Commissioner (2010) 243 CLR 1, 455Rudd and Minister for Transport and Regional Services, Re (2001) 65 ALD 296, 336–7Ruddock v Taylor (2005) 222 CLR 612, 261, 385, 588Ruddock v Vadarlis (2001) 110 FCR 491, 89, 592Russell v Russell (1976) 134 CLR 495, 324–5SAAG v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs [2002]

FCA 547, 575Saeed v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship (2010) 241 CLR 252, 77, 476, 479–80,

488, 603Salemi v MacKellar (1977) 137 CLR 396, 463, 470, 471Salisbury City Council v Biganovsky (1990) 54 SASR 117, 180Samrein Pty Ltd v Metropolitan Water Sewerage and Drainage Board (1982) 41

ALR 467, 556, 558Sanders v Snell (1998) 196 CLR 329, 261Sankey v Whitlam (1978) 142 CLR 1, 43, 210, 211SBBS v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs (2002) 194 ALR 749, 574–5SCAS v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs [2002]

FCAFC 397, 574Schierholter v County Court of Victoria (2006) 15 VR 583, 518Schlieske v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1988) 84 ALR 719, 553, 556–7,

597–8Scurr v Brisbane City Council (1973) 133 CLR 242, 521Sean Investments Pty Ltd v Mackellar (1981) 38 ALR 363, 544Searle Australia Pty Ltd v Public Interest Advocacy Centre (1992) 36 FCR 111, 232, 430Secretary, Dept of Prime Minister and Cabinet v Haneef (2010) 52 AAR 360, 229, 231

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SF v Shoalhaven City Council [2013] NSWADT 94, 134SGFB v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs [2002]

FCAFC 422, 570Shanahan v Scott (1957) 96 CLR 245, 138, 536Shergold v Tanner (2002) 209 CLR 126, 241Sherlock v Lloyd (2010) 27 VR 434, 244Shi and Migration Agents Registration Authority, Re [2005] AAT 851, 335Shi v Migration Agents Registration Authority (2008) 235 CLR 286, 255, 284, 335, 354Shire of Swan Hill v Bradbury (1937) 56 CLR 746, 140, 536Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees Association v Minister for Industrial Affairs

(SA) (1995) 183 CLR 552, 415, 553, 555–6, 598Sickerdick v Ashton (1918) 25 CLR 506, 118Sinclair v Maryborough Mining Warden (1975) 132 CLR 473, 415, 568Smith Kline & French Laboratories (Aust) v Commonwealth (1991) 173 CLR 194, 391Smits v Roach (2006) 227 CLR 423, 504, 505Smoker v Pharmacy Restructuring Authority (1994) 53 FCR 287, 82, 563–4Somnomed Ltd v Commissioner of Patents [2006] FCA 765, 377South Australia v Judge Russell and Anthony Craig (1994) 62 SASR 288, 439South Australia v O’Shea (1987) 163 CLR 378, 246, 263, 372, 381, 397, 473–4, 476,

481, 497South Australia v Tanner (1989) 166 CLR 161, 145South Australia v Totani (2010) 242 CLR 1, 36, 460Southern Equities Corp Ltd (In liq) v Bond (2000) 78 SASR 339, 503Srokowski v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1988) 15 ALD 775, 518SS Constructions Pty Ltd v Ventura Motors Pty Ltd [1964] VR 229, 521Stead v State Government Insurance Commission (1986) 161 CLR 141, 509Stewart v Ronalds (2009) 76 NSWLR 99, 42, 400–1Stollery v Greyhound Racing Control Board (1972) 128 CLR 509, 500Street v Queensland Bar Association (1989) 168 CLR 461, 18Sue v Hill (1999) 199 CLR 462, 33, 40, 49Sullivan v Department of Transport (1978) 20 ALR 323, 339Sullivan v Sclanders (2000) 77 SASR 419, 210Sunchen Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Taxation (2010) 264 ALR 447, 570Swan Hill Corporation v Bradbury (1937) 56 CLR 746, 140, 536SZBEL v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs (2006)

228 CLR 152, 482, 489, 509SZFDE v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship (2007) 232 CLR 189, 573–4SZKUO v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship (2009) 180 FCR 438, 591SZQBN v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship (2013) 213 FCR 297, 604Tasker v Fullwood [1978] 1 NSWLR 20, 441Tasty Chicks Pty Limited v Chief Commissioner of State Revenue (2011) 245

CLR 446, 256TCL Air Conditioner (Zhongshan) Co Ltd v Judges of the Federal Court of Australia

(2013) 295 ALR 596, 460

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Telecasters North Queensland Ltd v Australian Broadcasting Tribunal (1988) 82ALR 90, 270, 272

Television Capricornia Pty Ltd v Australian Broadcasting Tribunal (1986) 13FCR 511, 571

Television Corporation Ltd v Commonwealth (1963) 109 CLR 59, 149Telstra Corporation Ltd v Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (No 2)

(2007) 240 ALR 135, 377Thompson v Randwick Corp (1950) 81 CLR 87, 556Thorpe v Minister for Aboriginal Affairs (1990) 26 FCR 325, 130Tickner v Chapman (1995) 57 FCR 451, 85, 219, 384, 475, 517, 519–20, 546–9, 601Timbarra Protection Coalition Inc v Ross Mining NL (1999) 46 NSWLR 55, 527–8Tinkerbell Enterprises Pty Ltd v Takeovers Panel (2012) 208 FCR 266, 482, 490Tracey, Re; Ex parte Ryan (1989) 166 CLR 518, 35Tuite v Administrative Appeals Tribunal (1993) 40 FCR 483, 341, 604Twist v Council of the Municipality of Randwick (1976) 136 CLR 106, 476Ucar v Nylex Industrial Products Pty Ltd (2007) 17 VR 492, 509Unions NSW v New South Wales (2013) 304 ALR 266, 12United States Tobacco Company v the Minister of Consumer Affairs and the Trade

Practices Commission, Re (1988) 19 FCR 184, 267United States Tobacco Co v Minister for Consumer Affairs (1988) 20 FCR 520, 269, 270,

271–2, 273, 415Vakauta v Kelly (1988) 13 NSWLR 502, 504Vakauta v Kelly (1989) 167 CLR 568, 494, 502, 504, 505–6Vanstone v Clark (2005) 147 FCR 299, 536–7, 601Victoria v Commonwealth and Hayden (1975) 134 CLR 338, 70, 89, 93, 101, 102,

121, 394Victoria v Master Builders’ Association of Victoria [1995] 2 VR 121, 99–100, 441Victorian Stevedoring & General Contracting Co Pty Ltd v Dignan (1931) 46 CLR 73,

84, 113, 118, 119, 135, 136Von Einem v Griffin (1998) 72 SASR 110, 397, 398VV v District Court of New South Wales [2013] NSWCA 469, 528WABZ v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs (2004)

134 FCR 271, 491Wainohu v New South Wales (2011) 243 CLR 181, 36, 242, 312, 325, 326, 460Waltons Stores (Interstate) Ltd v Maher (1988) 164 CLR 387, 456Warringah Shire Council v Pittwater Provisional Council (1992) 26 NSWLR 491, 556Waterford v Commonwealth (1987) 163 CLR 54, 355, 451, 525, 569Waterside Workers’ Federation of Australia v JW Alexander Ltd (1918) 25

CLR 434, 118Wati v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs (1996) 71 FCR 103, 573Watson v Lee (1979) 144 CLR 374, 128Watson v South Australia (2010) 278 ALR 168, 47, 245–6, 372, 474Weal v Bathurst City Council (2000) 111 LGERA 181, 9Webb v The Queen (1994) 181 CLR 41, 494, 498, 504

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Western Australian Planning Commission v Temwood Holdings Pty Ltd (2004) 221CLR 30, 556

WH Soul Pattinson & Co Ltd v Secretary, Department of Health & Family Services(1997) 74 FCR 339, 379–80

White v State of South Australia (2010) 106 SASR 521, 262Williams v Commonwealth (2012) 248 CLR 156, 58, 92, 93, 94–9, 122, 163, 266, 386Williams v Commonwealth (2014) 309 ALR 41, 386Williams v Melbourne Corporation (1933) 49 CLR 142, 144–5Wilson v Minister for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs (1996) 189 CLR 1,

18, 35, 84–6, 218–19, 312, 602Wingfoot Australia Partners Pty Ltd v Kocak (2013) 303 ALR 64, 250–1, 359, 363, 364Woodward v Loadman (No 2) (2008) 216 FLR 114, 508Wurridjal v Commonwealth of Australia (2009) 237 CLR 309, 274Yaa Akyaa and Rita Kufo v Minister of Immigration and Ethnic Affairs, Re [1987] FCA

137, 475Yan Xie v Chen Shaoji [2008] NSWSC 224, 270Zhang v Minister for Immigration, Local Government and Ethnic Affairs (1993) 45

FCR 384, 484

CanadaMcArthur v The King [1943] Ex CR 77, 34

United KingdomAshbridge Investments Ltd v Minister of Housing and Local Government [1965] 1

WLR 1320, 568Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd v Wednesbury Corporation [1948] 1 KB 223,

144, 576–7Attorney-General v De Keyser’s Hotel [1920] AC 508, 89Attorney-General v Wilts United Dairies (1922) 91 LJKB 897, 121Attorney-General of Hong Kong v Ng Yuen Shiu [1983] 2 AC 629, 471Bombay Province v Bombay Municipal Corporation [1947] AC 58, 65Boyce v Paddington Borough Council [1903] 1 Ch 109, 266, 405British Broadcasting Corporation v Johns [1965] Ch 32, 91Carltona Ltd v Commissioners of Works [1943] 2 All ER 560, 516Chief Constable of North Wales Police v Evans [1982] 3 All ER 141, 353Coco v A N Clark (Engineers) Ltd [1969] RPC 41, 208Coleen Properties Ltd v Minister of Housing and Local Government [1971] 1

WLR 433, 568Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service [1985] AC 374, 394, 396,

430, 465Dimes v Proprietors of the Grand Junction Canal (1852) 3 HLC 759, 499Dr Bonham’s Case (1610) 8 Co Rep 113b, 500Entick v Carrington (1765) 2 Wils KB 275; 95 ER 807, 87, 512

Table of cases xxix






Gilbertson v South Australia [1978] AC 772, 35Gouriet v Union of Post Office Workers [1978] AC 435, 44Hodge v R (1883) 9 App Cas 117, 117Inland Revenue Commissioners v Rossminster Ltd [1980] AC 952, 533Kruse v Johnson [1898] 2 QB 91, 578Liversidge v Anderson [1942] AC 206, 532–4M v Home Office [1994] 1 AC 377, 92Mixnam’s Properties Ltd v Chersey Union District Council [1964] 1 QB 214, 144Municipal Council of Sydney v Campbell [1925] AC 338, 553Nakkuda Ali v Jayaratne [1951] AC 66, 533Padfield v Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food [1968] AC 997, 554Powell v Apollo Candle Co (1885) 10 App Cas 282, 117R v Bow Street Magistrate; Ex parte Pinochet (No 2) [2000] 1 AC 119, 503R v Burah (1878) 3 App Case 889, 117R v Legal Aid Board; Ex parte Dom & Co (a firm) [1996] 3 All ER 1, 99R v Legislative Committee of the Church Assembly; Ex parte Haynes-Smith [1928] 1

KB 411, 462R v Leman Street Police Station Inspector and Secretary of State for Home Affairs; Ex

parte Venicoff [1920] 3 KB 72, 462R v Northumberland Compensation Appeal Tribunal; Ex parte Shaw [1952] 1

KB 338, 365R v Panel on Takeovers and Mergers; Ex parte Datafin Plc [1987] 1 QB 815, 57, 61, 99R v Thames Magistrates’ Court; Ex parte Polemis [1974] 1 WLR 1371, 485Ridge v Baldwin [1964] AC 40, 3, 462Rooke’s Case (1598) 5 Co. Rep. 99 b, 360Russell v Duke of Norfolk [1949] 1 All ER 109, 482Schmidt v Secretary of State for Home Affairs [1969] 2 Ch 149, 470Town Investments Ltd v Department of Environment [1978] AC 359, 34, 92Vestry of St James and St John, Clerkenwell v Feary (1890) 24 QBD 703, 476, 485White v Redfern (1879) 5 QBD 15, 476

United States of AmericaSpringer v Government of the Philippine Islands 277 US 189 (1928), 117Whitman v American Trucking Associations Inc 531 US 457 (2001), 117

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