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The Presidency& the

Executive Branch

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The President and the Pyramid

1999: Bill Clinton is President. Seattle,WA is hosting a meeting of the WorldTrade Organization. The WTO has drawnthe ire of numerous anti-globalizationactivists. Clinton, while free trade, wantedto take some of the protestors

suggestions and make them a part ofpolicy.

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The Base or the Structural Level

International: The U.S. has long advocated forglobal policies of free trade and economicinterdependence. This system has resulted in

stability and prosperity for many nations abroad.At the same time, there are many foreign losers.

International: Commerce has advanced to thepoint where physical boundaries are lessrelevant.

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Economy: Americas companies andworkers have largely benefited from thefree trade system.

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Constitution: Treaties are the law of theland under the constitution. America hasratified many treaties impacting free trade.

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Political Linkages

Interest Groups: Business want free tradeexpansion and incorporation of rulesfavorable to them in trade agreements.

Interest Groups: Labor groups opposefree trade.

Interest Groups: Many left leaningorganizations oppose free trade.

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Political Linkages

The Media: They cover the protests andattempt to get at the angst that causesthem. They serve to bring attention to

(some of the) protestors causes.

Elections: President Clinton wants to helpAl Gore become President in 2000.

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The Parties

Democrats: President Clinton has workedhard to create a new perception forDemocrats. He supports free trade. At

the same time, many in his party, includinglabor, oppose free trade expansion.

Republicans: Poised to supportcandidates against Democrats. If they cantake advantage of free trade riffs, they will.(Typically close to business)

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Political Linkages

Public Opinion: Public usually rhetoricallysupports free trade. There are nogalvanizing events at this time to rally

them to the anti-free trade crowd.Protestors may hurt the causes imageamong the public.

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Government

Congress: Tends to be slightly free tradeabsent some galvanizing event.

Courts: Non-player for now.

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Governmental Level

President Clinton: Strong believer in freetrade with protections for the environment.Feels pressure from interest groups on

both sides.

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Policy

So the President endorses both sidescalls for more labor protection andenvironmental protections in WTO but

supports more trade.

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Federal Bureaucracy

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Federal Bureaucracy

The totality of the departments andagencies of the executive branch of thenational government.

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Hostile Political Culture

Americans generally distrusting ofgovernment.

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Civil Servants

Civil Service: Federal Government jobsheld by civilian employees excludingpolitical appointees.

Civil Servant: Government workersemployed under the merit system. Theseare not political appointees.

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Bureaucratic Hodgepodge

Incoherent organization few clear linesof responsibility.

Divided control: Bureaucracy in manyways answers to two bosses- Congressand the President.

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The Evolution of the FederalBureaucracy in America

Post Civil War: Except for military in thesouth, fairly small. Bureau for unclaimedlands and Indian Affairs. Ag in response

to farm crisis.

Early 20th Century: Bureaucracy expandsto meet new needs: food and drug act,

banking, anti-trust laws. Prohibition andanti-communism.

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The Great Depression and the New Deal:Work for unemployed (WPA), relief for thepoor, Social Security, agricultural

subsidies, labor law enforcement. WWII: Some war time controls and

rationing.

Post-WWII: CIA, Department of Defense,Atomic Energy Commission, Anti-communism

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The Regulatory State: Environmentalprotection, urban affairs, consumerprotection, drug safety, education

The Reagan Devolution: From 1980-2001we saw increasing rollbacks ofgovernment. The war on poverty wassurrendered. Less oversight on theeconomy. Increase in war on drugs.Welfare reform. Largely Republican led.

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Post 9/11: Homeland Security Departmentand the nationalization of airportsecurity/baggage staff. Increase in scope

of activities for NSA, CIA, FBI

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The Executive Branch

Departments Bureaus and Agencies Independent Executive Agencies report to the

President Government Corporations: TVA, USPS Quasi governmental orgs- Government

involvement, outside control Independent Regulatory Commissions- Control

vested outside of political authority. (SEC) Foundations- Private orgs with federal $$ and

input.

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Bureaucrats Jobs

Execute the law

Regulating (Fleshing out the law)

Adjudicating (not courts)

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Civil Servants and PoliticalAppointees

Civil Servants- Career oriented. Usuallywith agency for years. Have protectionsfrom political firings.

Political Appointees- Usually come in atthe top of the bureaucracy. Serve at thewhim of the President. Much more

ideological. Only there for a short time.

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Public Pressure and Bureaucracies

Public pressures bureaucracies usuallyonly indirectly public does pressureCongress and President directly.

President and Congress provide oftencontradictory or incomplete orders tobureaucracies after public pressure.

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Presidents Control over theBureaucracy

Not absolute ex. branch implementslaw.

Civil Servants have merit employee

protection. President doesnt completely control the

agencies purse.

Usually exercised through appointment ofbureaucratic heads. Also has power toattempt to change the law, executive order

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Congressional Control over theBureaucracy

Not direct more removed than thePresidents.

Oversight: Are agencies doing whattheyre supposed to be doing.

Appropriations: He who has the goldmakes the rules

Law: Executive branch implements andbound by the law Congress can change.

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Congressional Control over theBureaucracy

Confirm Agency Heads

Inspector Generals

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Reforming the Bureaucracy

Reorganizing bureaucracies

Privatizing government services

Whistleblower protections

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