goods move. people move. ideas move. and cultures change. erla zwingle

Goods Move.

People Move. Ideas Move.

And Cultures Change.

Erla Zwingle

Structure of the text Part I Paras1—3 Globalization is a reality

but it is not sth completely new, what is new is the speed and scope of the changes

Part II Paras 4—7 different views on globalization

Part III Paras 8—24 cultural changes Part IV paras 25—28 changes in ideas Part V paras 29—34 Toffler’s view on

conflict, change and world order Part VI paras 35—40 conclusion

Goods Move. People Move. Ideas Move. And Cultures Change.

Part I(Para.1-3) Globalization is a reality but it is not sth. completely new. What is new is the speed and scope of changes.

Para.1 1.In the throes of: in the act of struggling with (a

problem, decision, task, etc.)Wild: in a state of disorder, disarrangement,

confusion, etc.Assortment: variety, miscellaneous group or collectionTo dislodge: to drive out, to force them a position or

place where lodged Want: sth. needed or desired but lacking; need.


2.How does the author begin this article? Why does she quote Marx and Engels?

The author begins the article with the statement “Today we are in the throes of a worldwide reformation of cultures” which is called globalization. Here the author points out that globalization is a world movement and a movement of reformation of the cultures. She does not say merging of cultures but reformation of cultures, indicating the cultures in the world will continue to exist but they will not be the same.


2. Why does she quote Marx and Engels?The author then says that globalization is not an

exact word to describe the changes. The author quotes Marx and Engels to prove her point. According to polls, Marx and Engels are rated among most important people in the past thousand years. The author’s intention is two-fold: on the one hand, she wants to show that globalization is the result of industry and world markets, on the other hand, she wants to stress that it is a process and a historical process .


3.Today we are in the throes… “globalization”.

今天我们正在应对一种世界范围内的文化的相互影响和变化，一种习俗与追求的结构变化，用社会科学家奇特的词汇来称呼这种变化，就叫 “ 全球化”。


4.In place of the old wants…1)Instead of the traditional needs, we find

new needs, demanding goods from distant and far-off places to meet these felt needs.

2)The object of “requiring” is “the products”; “for their satisfaction” is an adverbial phrase, showing purpose.


5.Their statement now describes an ordinary fact of life.

Marx and Engels made the prediction 150 years ago. But today it is not a prediction but sth. that happens every day.


Para.2-36.How people feel about this depends a great

deal on where they live and how much money they have.

1) The attitude of the people toward globalization is, to a great extent, determined by whether they are in the developed countries or not and whether they are among the haves or the have-nots.


2)Comment on the author’s statement.The author is, to a large extent, correct in making

this statement. According to polls in the U.S., the attitude towards globalization has a lot to do with the level of income and education. An analysis of the economic situation in the world in recent years shows that most of the benefits of globalization have gone to the developed world.

Hence the dissatisfaction and resentment of many in the Third World.


7…globalization…is a reality, not a choice.Globalization is not sth that you can accept

or reject, it is already a matter of life which you will encounter and have to respond to every day.


8.Humans have been…ventured afield.1)Caravan a company of travelers, esp. of

merchants or pilgrims traveling together for safety, as through a desert.

to venture: to undertake the risk of, to brave

2)People in the world have been making commercial and cultural contacts long before merchants on camelbacks took the risk to travel to places far away from home.


9.wrought: (past participle of work) to produce results or exert an influence.

10.Telegraph… between individuals and the wider world.

1)Telegraph…made the connection between individuals and the outside world closer but at the same time the connection was more complex, less direct, not so easy to see or detect.

2) 电报、电话、收音机和电视把个人和外部世界更紧密地连在一起，这种联系更为复杂。 ( 不那么直接也不易察觉。 )


11.The author uses “intricate” and “complicated” to describe the connection because with the emergence of advanced technology, the connection is not only faster but also more difficult to see, to explain. For example, connection with the outside world through watching cable TV or listening to radio is less tangible and much less direct than camel caravans. But the connection is established. Telegraph and Internet connections are examples. Connections might be established through the Internet, yet you may not have met the person.


12.Dynamic: a force producing motion or change.

13. Still, the basic dynamics…move.“Still” here introduces a contrast. Para.2 tells

the readers that modern technology makes the connections and changes faster and more complicated. Para. 3 stresses that the basic pattern is the same. The difference lies in the speed and scope of changes.


Part II(Para.4-7)different views on globalization.Para.414.How do some of Western social scientists

and anthropologists and foreign politicians view this trend of globalization?

They believe that globalization will result in the spread of American goods, American values and culture and the consequence will

inevitably be Americanization of the world.


The author is not so pessimistic.

She does not think that globalization means Americanization and a variety of cultures will continue to exist, but they will all be changed. This can be seen in the opening statement as well as in Para.34 and the concluding Para.

The fact mentioned by the critics of globalization does exist. The United States, as the only super power in the world, has taken advantage of globalization to greatly expand its exports of goods as well as ideas and values. If you go on the Internet, the overwhelming amount of information is in English. In international business, the prevalent means of communication is English. That’s why these critics include the English language as part of the “cultural assault”. Such fear is also shared by some Chinese.



But globalization is a double-edged sword, which means it can cut either way. Advantages and disadvantages coexist. The determining factor is government policy. Closed-door policy have proved to be disastrous. So the only feasible approach is to make full use of the advantages and to minimize the negative effects.


15.Western …influence…one big “McWorld”.1)crease: a fold or wrinkle2)McWorld: a world modeled on McDonald’s,

meaning a world filled with American goods and culture.

3)Western …influences will overwhelm all other non-western cultures, make them lose their own unique characteristics and in the end there exists only one westernized or Americanized world or culture.


16.Whatever their backgrounds …one big “McWorld”.

不管他们的背景和纲领如何，这些对全球化持反对态度的人深信西方的影响－往往等同于美国的影响－会把所有文化上的差异一一压平，就像一位观察家所说的，最终产生一个麦当劳世界，一个充满美国货合体现美国价值观的世界。


17. Popular factions sprout to exploit nationalist anxieties.

1) Popular factions: 反映公众情绪（或得到公众支持）的派别。

2) Political groups with broad support have come into being to take advantage of existing worries and uneasiness among the people about foreign “cultural assault”.


18….where xenophobia and economic ambition have often struggled for the upper hand…

1)Xenophobia means hatred or fear of foreigners or foreign things. Economic ambition refers to the desire to build China into a strong, industrialized country, to improve the livelihood of the Chinese people. This would mean opening to the outside world, introducing foreign capital, technology and goods.

2)In China, the two trends of closed-door and open-door policies have long been struggling for dominance.


19…suggesting that Hollywood be burned.1)Hollywood stands for American films. This

is rhetoric device called metonymy.2)Why “be burned”, not “is burned” is used

here?Subjunctive mood is used after the verb

“suggest”.3)… 建议把进口的好莱坞大片烧掉。


20.Is the author’s summary of the book accurate?

No. The writers of the book do express some strong nationalist feelings, but they are not irrational. Their arguments are not groundless, though they contain serious flaws. And they are not simply asking people to reject anything foreign. To call them xenophobia is neither correct or fair.


Para.621.Those people out there should continue to live

in a museum while we will have showers that work.

1) “Museum” here stands for ancient life or backwardness, the kind of life you can only find in museums now.

2) “Showers that work” stands for modern life with high-tech appliance.

3) The Chinese people should continue to live a backward life while we live comfortably with all modern conveniences.


Para.722.Westernization…I discovered…very

strange bedfellows.After months of research and travel, I found

that Westernization is a concept full of self-contradiction and held by people of very different background or views.


23.How does the author bring out the inconsistencies on the concept of Westernization?

First, she contrasts the critics and the boosters. Then she contrasts the inconsistencies within each group. The critics blast Coke and Hollywood but not organ transplant and computers, indicating their critique is selective. The boosters emphasize environmental protection but make no mention of cigarettes and automobiles, indicating that they deliberately overlook those things that bring damage to health and the environment. The conclusion is: Westernization is neither a direct, uninterrupted road to hell nor to paradise. In other words, it is neither terribly bad nor extremely good.


24.Yet they make no mention …disastrous effects.

然而他们不提西方文化中不那么健康的一面，譬如香烟和汽车，就在发展中世界急切地接纳这些东西时，它们已经带来很坏的后果。

25.Apparently…paradise either.很显然，西方文化既不会直达地狱，也不是

直通天堂。


Part III(Para.8-24) Cultural changes


Para.826.But I also discovered…compose them. 不

过我也发现文化就如构成文化的民族一样，善于随机应变，富有弹性而且不可预测。

1)resourceful:able to deal promptly and effectively with problems, difficulties, etc.

Resilient: recovering strength, spirits, good humor, quickly; buoyant


Para.82)In what way are cultures resourceful, resilient,

and unpredictable? How does the author prove this?The first is Hollywood High School in Los Angeles,

the city which many people consider as a source of devaluing world cultures. Even in the place where Hollywood is located you still find a school with thirty-two languages spoken. This is a sign of diversity.


Para.8The second is Sesame Street in Shanghai.

Sesame Street is popular television show in the U.S., yet the Chinese borrowed the form and filled it with Chinese values and traditions. This again shows how resourceful and resilient cultures can be.


Para.8

The third is McDonald’s in India. It shows on the one hand McDonald’s is clever to cater to Indian demand, on the other hand the resourcefulness and resilience of American and Indian cultures. When such unexpected things happen, it is right for the author to call cultures unpredictable.


27.In Los Angeles…degradation…

在洛杉矶，世界文化堕落的明显的源头…28.McDonald’s serves…orthodox Hindu.

1)Why does McDonald’s serve mutton instead of beef in India?

Because the religion of Hinduism regards the cow as sacred, so beef can’t be eaten.

2) 麦当劳供应的是羊肉而不是牛肉，而且提供一份素食的菜单，连最正统的印度教徒也能接受。


Para 929.The critical mass of teenagersThe large number of young people between

the age of 13 and 19 is decisive.30.Why are teenagers so important?Their number is huge and they have time and

money to spend. So entertainment and goods are designed in such a way as to cater to their taste.


Para 931.Why does the author consider teenagers

one of the powerful engines of merging global cultures?

Young people are the source of fashion and fashion has no national boundaries. The fashion in one culture can be easily picked up by teenagers in other cultures. The spread of rap music is a case in point.


32….rap music, which sprang from the inner-city ghettos, began making big money only when rebellious white teenagers started buying it.

1)Rap music: a style of black popular music with a pronounced beat to which words are recited rather than sung. 说唱乐


32….rap music, which sprang from the inner-city ghettos, began making big money only when rebellious white teenagers started buying it.

2)This is a phenomenon of the 60’s in the U.S. A number of white teenagers of well-to-do family backgrounds became alienated from middle-class values and conventions. They attempted to break away from such shackles in a counter-culture movement. Rock music became a major vehicle for the counter-culture attack on the status quo.


Para. 1033.What sort of person is Amanda Freeman? Why

does she go to Los Angeles?Amanda is 22 and she works for a consultant

company, Youth Intelligence, which is located in New York. She has come to Los Angels to conduct surveys in order to predict trends. Los Angels is supposed to be a center of youth fashion because of Hollywood.

34.She has shoulder-length brown hair and is wearing a knee-length brocade skirt.

她留着披肩的棕发，穿着一条长及膝盖的织锦短裙。


35.You don’t have to be cool to do it; you just have to have the eye.

1)cool: (slang) fashionable in the eyes of the young

2)The eye: mental awareness: a special intuition.3)In trying to find out what will be the future trend,

you do not need to be fashionable yourself. All you need is awareness, that is to say, you need to be on the alert, to be observant.


Para. 1136.We go to a smallish…that has just become

trendy.1)diner:a small restaurant built to look like a dining

car, following an old-fashioned model.2)seedy:shabby, rundown 3)pocket: an isolated area of a specified type4)We go to a small restaurant built in the style of

the 1950s in a somewhat rundown area east of Hollywood which has just become a fashionable area.

5) 我们去了一家小一点的， 50 年代式样的餐馆。这家餐馆位于好莱坞东面一个比较破落的区域，这个区域刚刚时髦起来。


37.thrift shop: esp. US, a shop selling second-hand items usu. for charity

38.If it’s not going…it’s never going to catch on.

1)To catch on: to become popular

2)If the trend is too expensive and cannot be followed by people, it will not become popular.


Para. 1339.It’s really hard…that already exist.近来，创新极为困难。因此，最容易的办法

就是把现存的东西捏在一起，拿出一个新玩意儿来。


Para. 1340.mix:to show a combing of things so that

the resulting substance is uniform in composition, whether or not the separate elements can be distinguished.

fuse: to unite by melting together into something indissoluble

blend: to imply a mixing of different varieties to produce a desired quality


41.punk: a type of loud violent music popular in the late 1970s and 1980s

42.How does Amanda go about her work?She goes well to small, cheap shops in

trendy areas to conduct surveys because any fashion, if it is not affordable, cannot become popular. She also has her eyes on fusion because nowadays blending has become the trend.


In Paras.14-19, the author uses Tom Sloper and mah-jongg as an example to prove fusion is the trend,


Para.1443.Why does the author bring in Tom Sloper

and mah-jongg?The author uses Tom Sloper and mah-jongg as

an example to illustrate fusion. It is a typical example because it is a fusion of computers, a Western high technology, and mah-jongg, a traditional Chinese game-a fusion of East and West, of technology and entertainment. In short, a fusion of things previously unrelated.


44.This being America, he has found a way to marry these two passions and sell the result.

1)What is the grammatical function of “this being America”?

It is an independent element, playing the role of an adverbial clause of cause. It can be changed into “Since this is America”.

2)This statement implies that America is a more open, technologically advanced and creative country which allows people to work on most unimaginable kind of things. At the same time America is a huge market which is able to consume the products of imagination.


3)Since America is an open and technologically advanced country with a large market for unusual things, Tom Sloper found the necessary conditions to design a software program combining computer technology with the rules of mah-jongg. And he was able to sell his product.


45.Why does the author mention small rooms in Asia and country clubs in Beverly Hills?

The author here uses two rhetorical devices: contrast and antonomasia. The small rooms is Asia stand for lower-middle-class people in Asia while the country clubs in Beverly Hills stand for rich people in the United States. A country club admits only members of the club. It is expensive and exclusive. The author here contrasts a number of things: Asia vs. the U.S., Lower-middle-class people vs. rich, upper-class people, men vs. society women.


46.in small rooms that are full of smokeWhat does “full of smoke” indicate?It shows two things:1)most probably, the players

are men;2)they smoke while playing so the room is stuffy and suffocating. Such a scene can be seen in films produced in Hong Kong, Taiwan or the mainland of China.

It may also imply that the players are not so well educated.


47.It is also played by…Upper West Side.What do the place names stand for?They stand for social and economic status.

These are upper class residential areas in Los Angeles and New York respectively.

Why does the author mention “country club” and “apartments”?

The author wants to show that mah-jongg is played by rich ladies at social gathering as well as at home.


48.How does Tom Sloper play mah-jongg?He plays it on the Internet in his office in Los

Angeles in the evening.49.But Tom, 50…in the silence of nearly empty

office building.3)Why does the author begin the sentence with a

“but”?It is a contrast, with people playing in Asia or in the

U.S. in groups, sitting together.


Para.1550.Actually, he only appeared to be alone.Why does the author say he only “appeared”

to be alone?Tom was alone in the office building but he

was playing a game with three other people in three different places. In that sense, he was not alone.

51.His glowing computer screen…partners..他那亮着的计算机屏幕表明麻将已经搓起来了，其他几个参加者都是老牌友。


Para. 1652….with that detached…machines.1)detached: not involved by emotion,

interests, etc.2)…in a friendly way but this friendliness

lacks emotion because his interest is in the computer, in those people who are connected with him through the Internet.


Para.1953.Tom played on into the night. At least it

was night where I was.1)As least it was night where I was. 至少我

所在的地方是夜晚。2)At least it was night where I was watching

him play. The time of play in German is nine hours late, in Wales, eight hours later. Minnesota is two hours later and Ohio three hours later.


54…was up in the cyber sphere far above the level of time zones.

1) 他在网络世界活动，这种活动超越时区。2)He was playing a game through the

Internet, with people living in different time zones, thus his activities on the computer broke down time zone limit.


55.How does Tom play mah-jongg on the screen?

He uses a computer and tiles bounce around the screen. His partners are people in Germany and Wales as well as in Ohio and Minnesota. He also carries on conversations with the players by typing short comments to them. He knows his partners well although he has never met them personally.


Para20

56.If it seems…consider China.

1)fast-forward blur: moving so fast into the future that outlines are blurred as if images on a video tape being played on fast forward.

2) 如果说西方的生活太超前了，已经看不清轮廓了，那么就看看中国。


57.To unleash: to free from restraint.58.Cosmopolitan magazine…every month.1)Cosmopolitan:《时尚》杂志2)To plunge: to extend far down in a

revealing way.3)Plunging neckline:开领袒胸 4)26万中国妇女每个月都在阅读《时尚》杂志，那些开领袒胸的画页及其他内容。


Para.2159.Why does the author go to Shanghai to

investigate?Because on the one hand Shanghai is the

largest city in China, on the other, it has long been open to the West.

60.Buick sales outlet: 别克轿车的销售网点


Para. 22 61.Once a city of elegant…multilane overpasses.1)A contrast is made between old Shanghai and

Shanghai in the 1990s.2)Which one is the author’s favorite? The author liked old Shanghai more. This can be seen

in her choice of words. In describing old Shanghai, she uses “elegant” villas and “imposing” office building, words carrying a positive connotation. In describing current Shanghai she uses infinitives such as to “crowd and jostle” the skyline, “cramp” the …streets, “choke” the parks and open spaces. These phrases all carry a negative connotation.


3)What is New Shanghai like under the author’s pen?

a) Shanghai has ripped itself to ribbons. This is the general description of Shanghai today. While Shanghai’s building in the past were elegant and imposing now Shanghai has torn itself into shreds and the result could not have been satisfactory or good.


b) Everywhere there are soaring skyscrapers. Skyscraper is a word used to show that the building is very high, made of steel and glass, without style or taste. As a result, when you look out, you can only see these tall buildings one after another and the vision is lost—”to crowd and jostle the skyline”.

c) Shanghai’s roads are narrow. Now with tall buildings on the two sides of narrow and winding streets, you can imagine how suffocating you will feel. to cramp: to confine; restrain


d) The few parks and open spaces are surrounded by tall buildings so the word “choke” is used to bring out the feeling.

e) The traffic is also crowded so the word “crawl” is used together with “multilane overpasses” to show even on the most modern roads, traffic is still very slow.


f) So the conclusion is: Modernization does not bring beauty and convenience to the people in Shanghai. The high-rise spoil the original beauty of Shanghai. It shows a kind of nostalgic feeling on the part of the author and her reservation about the way Shanghai is being modernized.


4)In a decade…presence.十年中，几十座闪闪发亮的新的高层建筑拔

地而起，挤压空间，使人张目不能远眺，使原本狭窄弯曲的街道更显压抑，而这些高耸大楼的存在也使公园和空地感到窒息。

5)Traffic crawls…overpasses. 即使是在多车道的快速路上，车辆也在爬行。


62.But on the streets…a surprising $100,000.1)The connective “but” introduces another contrast

between the skyscrapers and the people of Shanghai.

2)Many carry several shopping bags.It implies that the purchasing power of people in

Shanghai is high.Women dressed in bright colors, carrying several

shopping bags on the Nanjing Road, a shopping center in downtown Shanghai, is a sign of economic prosperity.


3)boutique: a small shop, or a small department in a store, where fashionable, usually expensive, clothes and other articles are sold.

Mall: a completely enclosed, air-conditioned shopping center

Gucci store: 古奇专卖店


4)…took in a surprising $100, 000.The word “surprising” shows the shop did

not expect that business could be so good in the first two weeks after its opening. It also shows that in spite of the fact Gucci is a Western brand name, the name is not unfamiliar to many Shanghai people.


Para.2363.What is the main idea of Para.23?This Para. tells of changes in the life of ordinary

people—changes in the amount of money spent on food, on clothes and in money spent on new items, such as travel.

A recent poll (in 2001) in Beijing shows that the amount of money spent on food makes up only 39.18% of the total family expenditure, as compared with 49.92% five years ago. Clothing makes up 10.01% as compared with 13.55% five years ago. A rising percentage goes to education and health care, a total of 13.64% as compared with 7.79% five years ago.


Para. 241)Why do you think the author raises cultural

dislocation here?This has sth. to do with the title: goods move, ideas move and cultures change. As a result of economic development, more foreign goods and enterprises have come into China or Shanghai to be more exact. With the development of economy, the life of the people has been improved and people’s attitude towards life has also changed. This might cause cultural dislocation.


2) What is people’s attitude towards possible cultural dislocation?

People do not consider the invasion of foreign goods and change in life that goes with it as a problem. They accept such change and do not feel alarmed.

65. The Chinese…ambiguity. 中国人是很善于应对多种可能性的。

ambiguity: the quality of allowing of more than one interpretation


Part IV (Para.25-28) Changes in ideasThe author used the experience at Shanghai

Theatre Academy to illustrate the point that the change is at the level of ideas.


Para. 2566.Potential: this is largely a Western concept1)potential:the capacity for use or development2)Why is it a Western concept?Potential is a concept used in physics or electricity

which are subjects first studied in the West.67….it’s clear that the truly great leap forward here

is at the level of ideas.It is clear that the real progress, the progress that

matters most, lies in the change of ideas.


68.Macbeth:《麦克白》莎翁四大悲剧之一。整个剧情笼罩在阴森恐怖的气氛中。苏格兰将军麦克白平定叛乱，立功凯旋归来。由于听信女巫的预言，在自己野心的驱使和妻子的怂恿下，利用国王邓肯到自己家中作客的机会，弑君自立。此后，麦克白肆无忌惮地杀害异己，践踏无辜，终使所有重要贵族与他离心离德。最后被邓肯的儿子马尔康和贵族麦克德夫战败而死。麦克白夫人也因感到众人的仇恨和受到良心的折磨，最后发疯自尽。全剧主题写人性中善与恶的斗争和不良野心的危害，体现了野心残暴必败，光明正义必胜的信念。


Para. 26-2769.Shanghai Theatre Academy: 上海戏剧学院70.lighting: the art, practice, or manner of

using and arranging lights on a stage.71.The lighting was heavy on shadows, with

frequent flashes.灯光集中在阴影上，常常夹有闪电。72.The light went out…auto-rewind.灯光熄灭，有一阵子，黑暗中唯一点声音就是一部

价格昂贵的照相机自动倒卷时发出的声音。


Para.28

73.It strained imaginations…serving machines.

难以想象就是在这个国家，二十年前人们最想要的三样贵重物品就是手表、自行车和缝纫机。

Part V (Para.29-34)

Toffler’s view on conflict, change and world order.



Para. 2974. Early on I realized…through the wilds of

global culture.1)compass:指南针2)wilds:a wilderness or wasteland3)From the very beginning I knew I need

some theory or guideline to help me in my study of global culture or globalization.( to guide me through such a great variety of cultural phenomena.)


Para. 30-3475.What did Toffler mean when he said

“order grows out of chaos”?He meant that significant change came as a

result of conflict. By conflict he meant wave conflicts, that is, conflicts between modes of production.


Para. 30-3476.How does Toffler define “wave”?Toffler defines waves as major changes in

civilization. The first wave came with the development of agriculture (the use of iron tools in historical materialism); the second with industry; the third is based on information.


77.How does Toffler define the current conflict?

He holds that the current conflicts are not conflicts between East and West, nor between North and South but between dominantly industrial countries and dominantly agricultural countries plus internal conflicts within countries that are partly one and partly the other.


78.What is Toffler’s analysis of the current international order?

He holds that the present order is a trisection order. According to him, the agrarian nation are at the bottom, knowledge-based economics on the top, with industrialized countries in between.


79.What do you think of Toffler’s analysis of conflict and world order?

Toffler holds that conflict takes place between agrarian countries and industrialized countries. But the industrialized countries are the developed countries so it is very similar to the idea of North-South conflict between the developing countries and the industrialized countries. To take out the potential element in the conflict is not in accord with real situation and therefore is incorrect.


And it is over-simplification to say that world civilizations today can be ascribed to three types: agrarian, industrial and knowledge-based. But it may be valid to say that the problems in various civilizations are rooted in the modes of production.

The trisection-of-power concept fails to take into consideration the distribution of political, economic, military power of the world. So it is not true reflection of the world situation.


80.Is it possible that in the future small groups might be able to use TV to foster their separate distinctive culture and language?

Perhaps. Once 500 channels were available costs would be greatly reduced. In the U.S. government licensing insistence on some TV access being reserved for broadcasts in the public interest would help a small group, say the Navaho Indians with about 40, 000 speakers of their tribal language, to transmit programs in that language. But there are also political and cultural constraints. Some linguists predict that many of the languages used today would become extinct in the not too faraway future.


81. “Yes,” Toffler says. “…not of the past.”1)What is Toffler’s view on the changes of culture as

a result of the third wave? Toffler holds that in the future, there will not be just

one culture but the cultures that remain will not be the same. They have been reformed.

2)What is meant by Toffler when he says that you will be the Chinese of the future, not of the past?

When he says Chinese, he is not talking about the people but the Chinese culture. Of course the Chinese culture in the information age cannot be the same as the culture in Confucian times.


Part VI Paras 35—40 Conclusion: Linking is humanity’s natural

impulse, the common destiny.


Para35 82.It is cheaper for business…at home.Is this statement true? Comment on this statement.It is true. This is called brain drain. Many third world

countries are experiencing such a brain drain.When we say that in the Silicon Valley of the United

States many scientists and engineers are of Chinese or Indian origin, we are talking about brain drain. Every year, about one-third of the university graduates from some of China’s top universities apply for visas to the U.S. This is another proof of China’s universities undertaking the responsibility of laying the groundwork for talented people who will work in U.S. high-tech industries.


Para35 83.For the Japanese…way of thinking.What can we deduce from this statement? What is

old way of thinking?The Japanese are very traditional in their thinking.

That is why you find life-long service in one Japanese firm and the employees are proud of such an arrangement. Loyalty to the firm is constantly stressed. The idea is that one’s fate is in one’s own hands is alien to Japanese corporate culture, but appropriate to American culture with its emphasis on individualism.


Para.3684.It’s a reality, not a choice.1)What is the function of the statement?It serves as a recapitulation of the idea

stated in Para. 2 and a re-emphasis of the point that globalization is already a matter of life. It also serves as a bridge leading to the discussion of the driving force of globalization.


Para36

85.What is the main idea of this paragraph?

The main idea is there will not be a uniform world culture in the future; the cultures coexist and transform each other.


86. The late philosopher Isaiah Berlin…sth. else…

1)To aspire (to): to be ambitious to get or do sth, esp, sth lofty or grand; yearn

Utopian:乌托邦式的2)What does utopian ideal refer to?It is not clear but it may refer to a uniform

world culture.


86. 3)The late philosopher Isaiah Berlin thought that a society should not pursue certain unrealistic ideal but should aim at achieving sth more practical, more down-to-earth.

4)What was this sth Berlin had in mind?Perhaps he was pointing out that we should

not pursue uniformity but we should cultivate tolerance toward diversity.


87.sterile: not stimulatingInfant: in a very early stageCongregation: an assembly of people for religious

worship or teachingIdentity: the condition or fact of being a specific

person or thing; individualityTo intone: to utter or recite in a singing tone or in

prolonged monotonesPenitence: sorrow over having sinned or done

wrong.


88.Why does the author mention her experience at a Jewish gathering in Shanghai?

She wants to use the incident to prove different cultures can co-exist and learn from each other while maintaining their own identity.

A Jewish gathering on the eve of Yom Kippur, a Jewish

Holy Day, in Shanghai, a Chinese city is evidence of cultural co-existence.


88.Why does the author mention her experience at a Jewish gathering in Shanghai?

That the author, neither Chinese nor Jewish, felt at home at the Jewish gathering is another example. The author’s conclusion is: there are things in one culture which are shared by other cultures. In other words, there are things in common in all cultures. This is the basis for mutual understanding and co-

existence.


89.They received …own identity.他们从当地文化吸收了不少东西，但仍然保

持了自己的本色。90.The penitence …universal.The way of showing repentance might be

peculiar to the Jews, but the strong desire of gaining forgiveness from God is common, shared by all.


91.Linking is humanity’s …destiny.相互联系是人类自然的欲望，是其共同的命运。

92.They are the powerful cords of the heart.这种连接靠的是强有力的心灵的纽带。


93.How does the author conclude the article? What do you think of her conclusion?

In the concluding remark, the author makes clear her view of globalization. She points out the reason why globalization is inevitable—linking is humanity's natural impulse. Here two words are worthy of our attention. The author is not talking about merging or fusion but linking and she says linking is a natural human desire. In other words, it is not sth. imposed on humanity.


93.How does the author conclude the article? What do you think of her conclusion?

From this careful choice of words we get to know that there will not be a McWorld but a coexistence of transformed cultures, and these cultures are brought together not just by technology or business but more importantly, by common aspiration and shared values. The concluding paragraph is short, consisting of 4 sentences (42 words). But they bring out important ideas which, in turn, are linked with the Shanghai experience. Therefore, the development of ideas and the conclusion emerge naturally and logically.

The End.

Fusionblending

merging

mixture

marrying

goods move. people move. ideas move. and cultures change. erla zwingle

Documents

cultures change

merging of cultures

important people

throes globalization

conclusion slide

demanding goods

paras13 globalization

new needs