gomwi o 14

9)c3e u -U , ) W-M 1609

-4001 "4t 4Z~; 199

wA -. w4- Tc;i -o 14

ZTo '-Z Tf ft"~, f,-q.. A.

- 226002, mm

1994(I.# fl5 1996)

t -- "O 1609#NMI-4001, /

-M : .(41) 61 261 29 22/24

(41) 61 261 29 25

1. RW~fT1

2. q'R*qm QI TQ 2

3. Iat W 94. wpmd- um- q1w 13

4.1 tW Mv ZM l 15

4.2 PME.tjl, ft-h AR 3fN ?R w 18

4.3 rt$ W? UM ii I- 9T9 22

5. w z ca R w z 29

5.1 -CfT qg- t Vt qRCO A Zt RV 9 305.2 c;[ qgi 9 ' qr -4 Z TOK 9 31

6. qnF4t1=YW- 32

7. 3t1D 52

7.1 W aN fDRn? 537.2 cf? (VZPM Rl) 58

7.3 $-0? (R zt11T i) 617.4 iA M W4T;? 63

7.5 W1-M In RIT? 68

7.6 4?!RH qTR VqW 727.7 4m zru Fp V 73

7.8 34 el o t- .2,s IR 4;,G -f 0 81

8. ndMI-DO-P vt 82

8.1 lt UT 83

8.2 %-? P ;-e, -ai ftf z (hr " 858.3 MM cf,' R I l U) 'M. Ir- t, R- ' (U4", fA-C) M M ,

,3TT7m zm q1 m d h'1 tN3N# I 'T 1 87

9. 4 901o. ui Z o wm15

mTlv, t4T7 aff7it r. (saccharum officinarum L) f I

WN 647 WM. . 4R Wfft WfM I f WM (755 I.ZA.) #M # gT

1741 { j# RM P TM I Z 'uN fcTh aeqt 1 4-9 (Aranha &Yahn) (1987) - 9 p t I

,# R.F , &t (Andropogonae) -M tfttt. -,5;TMJ Z"LtA;1I (Giumiflorae); q4 t\75ftrfl;d 7 tfkiahi\wq IR

R-9, f I * C I % ffiT111 (Embryophita siphonogama) t o t IW4 T t*@ (Sacharae) 9 AR zt WRM # ' t{R(Saccharum) d

IO ~ IWM t~ Tgq wiI ittt e.afft

(S. officinarum) aN IF- Mtt M1ff7T M uif (Species) t # 4R

(Bacchi) (1983) t aTT t 7i '# M 7 t -m f3 -\ ' -

: .3T ft-7 9 v,; ciTw Sltm-z; Waf -- q Wmt1i- t, anF4-A it t, SiRt 4R m t~; rfjii-zait q '; wFj-t hXA; t 4 It;

079-17w-; ftra- -4-F; WR-a-A; tan a-; i-M-Z;

- ftv- g*&tp -4t 'MR 3N #wt~f-7q 1 V'e PrIf ,t~ ZT itm

4M ff clfTh 1 A fTumi 'A . tqi. T.A. (1992) t awRw -4 1992TF tr ta Tt 651 T - 1.8 T-t NLI- -0 1.1 \31" Zq- T T-- tz

f -a& W- Th- 61 ?- Rf o ffttt 1979-81 t * &Ta-,t 5 WIq

~tt t A Ti wrm ftpT (an* %5u aam'O '4 w w-A m w ti ft

Mntft tA 4ift 4m qr tv A silTm xT~ar A Tr Timm tu A A

dII~IWT 1: ff*q Zii Tr-rr arnz'

zr ' 1000o kE/to 1000 A. Zr

1979-81 1992 1979-81 1992 1979-81 1992

13570 17934 56 61 769365 1104580955 1243 64 . 57 61758 71369105 112 83 103 8738 . 11624

70 78 68 82 5393 64003thr 11-ll 229 260 75 71 17345 187500

19t.3At h 2906 2901 58 57 170487 1662811305 1200 53 48 69322 58000

Afzqitp 535 576 66 69 35234 39955Z-M. 300 356 81 75 24465 26703T'fuw 3tIT 3681 5251 58 66 215013 347649Z-mfm 325 280 48 66 15607 18500

AI 2657 45207 55 66 147824 270672

284 315 86 92 24667 289305666 8110 52 60 294547 285854

624 1263 54 61 33848 775482788 3882 52 64 144912 249300425 330 74 82 31511 27300

6 2 57 85 324 174

2 - 21 80 23 44 2 67 85 301 170

356 428 76 78 27236 33253-fTlt 290 348 80 84 23407 29300

65 73 58 48 3785 3500qwu 7q.gtm 1 7 40 66 41 450

'. 7. A.(1992)

2. qWT M ' IZ -FiIft (Botany and physiology)

'-A t I -pf i # tt"f T-p #r jj-" t fw ftMIf -

2

(Dillewijn) (1952) 4H 0 (1972) 4 M WT ' T fft (Burr et

al) (1957) iRi \491TTil fpi 4ik1 t I

Rh (Propagation): -TnrT, ;t ITf t Az wr1z (Point) 4T tm

V@ft4~, Primordi) WO t I KiN* SW f t ti t ?P W(Primary shoot) Tfqr vmNI u n (Set roots) W 51 9t I 2t?4 qt-

A7 Im Urt (Shoot roots) r wtg - lC t I vA 'T,

System) A 5-6 t. 1T 4i A q- t 6 - Hanfi

day, 1956)1 3TI # * 1f 751 1 E1 715Thtid (Casagrande) (1991) ifx'i

A.t. 5r A jt # nT 71' 40-60% i4 1W 30-60 t[. t 'W-i A 20-

4En t 91 It *Tw-ui -3t wi tt TI'P (Alluminium Toxicity) lii

Wr U: (Stubble and Root Stock): l 1

* , fzi ti

: um ur Rqifa t wrt uKTNqezm -en eT~m-,b .3

ICM fERI-11 (Tillering) : W9 P m 4 ftin iti W1r: Pt04

wtinr. t q@b ftcra t~ 1jmrg(wt w'?r t witz tt 9

-4 lrr{, mqt~ 3ft [ W t~ 4T I JFA fl itr (Bull andGlasziou) (1978) 'e aipinff 344m~w ;h Md 144 !a xmi aiiU t f iDrt 9 1

?Iuqf RR4w 1zf :7TP t I M i T - t l ZT 1-gvffIftt q fftQJ7j7- ZU Tfl Pl ~4 1z TO ~ 7-13% ?TT

Nt' tA ftpp1io: tW 2-fl WiITftWiZ 9 ftTM &fN ,1 ;ZJ;O I

T~?~ ~Rw fw t (ft a Nickell, 1977)

4

+3 +2

+4t1-

qRIl:- T !A t T VE q14 Wpf (2-10 tt. OT,1-2 t. crn), JT

R ftM 3N qM-I q TU (Sheath) #it MT R -'- 4 , g. W-R ZI

TM tIuqM WTTM (kuijpers)

S t c (Casagrande) (1991)A[ rm +1 I#I 7r

Ot ;m (+II 3TA + wmzi ?it Ntt lT -. Wt (Z WxqM-1 Mf q-A A W- t - ar) I Tf1 - c1M 3I~q W9 Ab +2 3N +3

1991 '1)

(Spikelets) t4 ' f Ti r3 1 r- I 1n um m d f r - {R'f#qi amiq

tj~z " wizi t. fwti4 *tltr wqR U-4 jl t 3N wnf -'g 4

wit ti5

Tqwfm -, '(~w Tqi'411'#MTh a{-% rm *"OA-d * 7r91wii

Sugar Cane Plant. Expt. Station) RTM 1940 U7W t S I A 14CO2(14 ft) gz W a-I I qZ W & RF f45 TA A # (Malate) R "M

TM tf4M -9) 8 TtrM, 3- xf f fffr (3-Phospho-glyceric acid) -,, ti f 3 ft a t rh A m t * * g N ,

R (4M TR) (Chloroplast) IM Mlam (t-f"l'I-Mesophyll) aft?~iT 4 3IrEU (RWT4W-Bundle Sheath) 3 5 Ut fk WE99 fl

(Vascular Bundle-tw-i ) t t 4 t, A f 8. A f M t I qi i I *,tin of~h 7akff~ - uat A 3um; -,rT'4 ?Iibi ;T wzm vr z T 31WU*TftWafA.4 f 7#TFT (Grana) a Zr U 4M ffl TfT A WMr 7Um t, RTi4s i WZ t ;31 Aft W -Bull-Glasziu 1978) I tp W41iW #I5Twirf ; aNW;1 ?Pi aqi. T4; fr (Oxalo acetate) # - t 8

Ai , -4M r # A 4Rfi4" -b WThI 8 I #A-1 STaIfN9 (Transport) t'6fTwlwaf A tm 4i ti WfWir fl1-HPMr(Decarboxylation) IT Alfft 2aR Wl1\i (Pyruvate) wi t I -tmz -wrfEW; 4V WA t 3 1' 3-

Wh ti NWuth t 9R'M # ?9 9 (Phloem Vascular System) UT ------,W-cd" lPH 3 #fimii fn - tq tt t 8I 7T 'fMT 3Tqjnq4) Ty

(Metabolic Energy) - 3zrdmT w N wjt t aP zrm yA7 wi mTitm t u tzm - a1Thr-w i #cqrj t 8 (4A*O" Mascarenhas1987)1 4 WM IkV 1tim , t - 7pIi FeTh1T '.t

1Tir<1 (Cytosol) # 8 t u f- t 't a ' q W I% uc g;t 7

aru-a (14-(163 14C0) Wvzth T T(Hart et al) (1963) U -Crn I 9AMm fti A tii AR f ft n f4 -

6

(Xylem) ?211 4t9 1 -It Wqt a6i um tilffi u ti

4ft ffTi ii t I ThW RP141 ! 100 timP WF4P"tiri qf 7'.m. q F tp t I Nf" - *P j (Biomass) 4 mn aWr

7R5 (LAI) ft .3W1 qf4 - a t t I

I% Wtyo qfqqu 7 W Wf (Growth habit, Maturation and Yield): TF

f 1WT :j,, w -- riT 1A weTt 12-18 79IA At W t " t- ff f4i 'j-1Im

10 ztI 9r tt t 7ft 94 A 24 9 W (Ta tR Cavakcantejr.1994 "ce"fo, i"*RIi 3q- : "H fr112 H i t; It WR W -Ai 6Wt t I -:aq

Wt -4A * itZR w aIn Texas 3t tftiif Lousiana)t lzz -m t f' wTi (gm ;m im -) we t vrA t I -t qr- 4f T4,

t-IN nI 'T it (Casagrande) (1991) t

(Sigmoid Curve) *; t O t I

t #r-T 75% 1 q-WOi- M t WM t 14: NjdPT FW 3 t It

14 A7t 18 lR 74 t. Pit W9Th: 3N I g.. (R)-4OV -U) A

W7A. fktht 7 IF~ zjM WR t1-644 (Humbert

and Urich) (1969) -A UWI !A 7,M aht 36-240 Z-?1 igf t. 19I Rf I

wilp 'it FW u i - t 6;cAl4 197 i V '60R (4r TV

qM~~ ZA'r fINQh *q Mg.4 -A#t tf ;t #a~i 4# ;g*irm4T t

FT4 -U il t (t$-F Nickell, 1977) I qftiqqWiiT W Tf4 ~irt t t-4

7

000

-350

is. 0.

RR3 3 'TF-h TIA T-t ,5 $tI CT4ftMI Writfk INW zTEfr3 (Fauconnier and Bassereau) 1975*R)

3.l fltI4 Uo-9 (Soil & Climate)

I @t: 3 t) I

fke'ti 5 1~ N-* 3PZfi Wf 304)m IMRIT zR~ tW

4ii4 tMr t I T TRIM T~q (Humnbert) (1968) TA# -4 4N? -, frR fzt

1.1-1 t (13 AT ~ l1,'l) t ~Nft N (Tota poroity) , #rqMti m 7 q; -v ,1 f rz

t q (Kfeler&onzeI (1987)-M F A t TUF ct t A)TTTh z jiW

'A #ZM t~~ WfraiR -it UIU 'A' - ,5%tNE t 1.U N-ci

Wqtft W ,IZ 'AqqM t I Wj- tN~qc 3wTF Tftq'wl-2A

td# Koee Bneh (97 ke i1ul m u rAI m ,

f~9

3TIgm -.T

Wft rg9,Iz IT WT lra;W R

t~~tThz 1O~Fl~

3TUT1I31U

3Hxtt1 ~wi '3P~, tqit amt11i a~ ft115 -4 4rt 4 T~ -mfrk (1956)

(Aubert &Tavernier) (1975) ARW tt'iT (Sanchez) (1976) rM Aicm~1? 3TTh

3ft14 tN 3T4 P Nlqftrn ft;ri sIPt ft-\? (Schist) sIP-TIrI xRildT~ ti (s4r trn 4FP T-C) (Ultisols &Vertiso1) -t

mtrM:- ifN T,5 T-IT -* p&n 9 1t qtv-T (flsh4 WA# sI tftrt h)at? tZFi wit) t (3T *ri qIPZn T"? Ri) A t I ' 3Thtl1 wr~ 1t-ilT eM (470%) iRftfn ;M~ t, -4t ZTM FN*9 tz~ Zlrr i

x r lft1irfll, 40-60% Tm P wnn *F cth PH t- #W tal

13% ft aN m Wq Z 0wR -A?IM 15-30% jfhW tf cq, -4i~tk t WmitaNt 31' 3ft ftfZWt I t~1frA -FRR 4rA 41 #;fr1 (Gtft a

sIP W 10%tt~ Zt ff tt A Ttiq in rnt, N #irt 5%m

10

'1 AqtM R lfl 3I2T j ij tdI,. ZT~Aftlfim7 R 0 W 3/4 'zM R

A tia A 3T t m 47 t wi (Psamments) t W Wt

W1MI(M&M CEC) i ~ rAt t-g;t-t fN*T lbi 7 I ifh 3, ;l f6 Tm*T A qIm (Molavolta and

Kliemann) (1985) --- ril t, m t T A TM t f

Trlz -h u t~ In 1Tum~I \ tqi mw rt iTzet 'rgf ~n

-iu19Ii, 4RAiN 3ft R tiTU (Orlando and Zembello Jr.) (1983) mri

ii - f d N1c z 5 jt4 @ T (Guerrero) (1991) ?M TM-T

34W;9) (Garcia Ocampo) (1991) U9 WfI iT T r I 'FIT umiTEF

"rr -,i t-R w ui- t .. hfr fka R f frT #- 5o -A wrqt ti m - f "ifTir f 4 Tftr t , rft 0 t 1/321W A xtct t, 'tettcu. tu te A-1 t -m #q- tw -41TM I t

ft" 4?u 115 int! ?19 a~ tTA I? ctint! 9 1ttz~ itRN" ~lfzwt- ;PA? F~i Trd3 %,m ,At~T s f t WF ;rti iT-

7.4 at T9 wpa~ -t ,t ffu A! 9 a#Tl~vi, A-it~ aOTmN

fNi? (Clay) ti u19 v- 1TM AE--- '-ft-- ft-- V 11fl f45 90% - qn

qtf t- t I - -f,- ? t - i Af(q )

3% frz-n -A i p f t~ A Pini n-41 t A s fte1t1w-a: T fkqT -tTrA 4 qWr[Tu 9 1 gtft~ MtqlP & Y5f~~ Thtr A

11

ffth, 3WR '10,26i Tnt *fw (W) 4it~zf~t t zr 32lr kt, -At -, t*i(t 30-30 T I q tFt thi, 3 )7T - t -h9

3p'ftt mif~ A-31 fti9tOt M7,zAt r uf

3-1Wq 5% $f q um l :rmwrm: 1 rf~ ip '~i4f q I -i #ut fAz " 31W 4 ~t~ w' 0

U~ (Humbert) (1968) Af 1191 ri # " itre ;4 1

S(J' TI Burr etal 1957) (2) 3tfI t t W1I A ,l # 4l0Tl%9t A,

a'W witI (Fauconnier and Bassereau) (1975) 31 3TThn (Alfonsi)(1987)

Z--- t SN 5% t NTTII t I f (Clements) (1980) A

-T ZRW (Plateau) 1 30-400 to ut t tj[R w g t- v 350 to

n'I i A -Ir WFF hrwig wnwr twf qprr Wr~ -t -Ti

lflrQ (f } it 3d-Th -hn I T @ tW1 1 10 -14-u- im 3 t IM 1100 'A 1500 fh.z. -Rt: IN A 7 t t k

12

rftri3: imft# t Th Tfff g 4wfuA tufTf (1)

<0.09 0.09.0.14 >0.14&r.'.(mt A) <5.0 5.0-6.0 6.1-6.5

1 <5 5-10 11-20<10 10-20 21-30

RNIqtI4 <0.10 0.10-0.24 0.25-0.30(4 A Ej./lOOt.#t.3)

<2 2-3.9 4-5it <1.5 1.5-4.0 4-5

'.* <20 20-30 30-50<0.5 0.5-1.0 1.0-1.5

<5 5-10 11-15<0.4 0.4-0.6 0.7-1.0

wqf&r (.) <20 20-40 >40to/ <25 25-49 50-60"Z--M ,3M4 <5 5-10 11-15(MTA V-\j.-.3)t. (t) (A l .".) <0.10 0.1-0.3 04-0.5-rM. ( .) - <0.4 0.4-0.7 0.8-1.2am4.i(ll) <20 20-30 31-404qT. (q-.) - <3 3-5 6-10-m. ( -q. <0.5 0.5-1.0 1-2

(1) -q-i t4t z M-, Z+iqf qftq A; t. 'TR m-t TM; 341-;

•4. UfW"I W ,:R

ftq -tWI- W T h 5 f 4 WdfMhI fb3 4 A f4TM TMt %tf

w------- ( Tf. 95; N), cml i (P,t; TM.), q) (K.1.,,: Eq.)(Ca,- .4, Aw \w (Mg,. ql-, Am .), weg (S TM. -.), zn ;V,T ;"tT (B. t.A.) 4Vtj (Cl,#rRI.,q .). 4 m (Co, -Aft., Zffm),

WM (Cu ft., WM. ) . (Fe. gt., a i) Allt3 (Mn, 'T -!. 7)..13

(Mo, V'ffA. Tr.f), fq (Ni, 7qawr4., Pw-.) Pmihz (Se, Tfl,

ti) wfi~ (Si. tqreij., F .) w\iT (Zn, *r q., T~i) 47t wTNu

-1 f- f m- m 5.r 'fIr~ I~ 41

2. 1 R 6. f Tw

-2. , T rp 9. t4 I t) lIT (NT. T-lTI WM.)4. wqtwur R8 qR" ,- 3xfi 1WIIt I Mlt t, t t

tw um jew T tI' TU~a At K~ w F.A e 4vfr-1. -2oT (Rc*&io 5. TT z2

5 3

'T-(arnf n) ( (f eT )

2.5\v 6. M-6

I

14

\I~ f451 -4 A ta, i N4m k ymTR t A m: a'it v4i tui

ft luh UWW (1,2) a3? N 5 rq uhz ftiz Tq v(AY , m I 4T A ictI 1

WT~T5 WIFT Wh ST $ 7II5 UT!EF *t Tt rhF A WR-A ffq tiru

I. (Th ) = R Qifm-'jf) x 7

4.1. tlW WAW

*f TeE N T4 (Uptake) aft tMR Ti TTh1 T TR?7 WR ThT ft;aft ff l ltffi t0 -AF th qff t I Wft (DiLlewijn)

(1952) A qrgn u w 4Vi ff f, w 9 (; -1ffl jqt '9M) ;M

Wft9 l t iT ttR# ( ri ARt MA) TIif-T M I ft?1 t Rftc$ (Pattern)

w fmt I

3kft'ut ftmet (Orland Filbo 1978) ri T4Tz3 f5T Tri afnrA -4

liTc*lc1 (Malavolt 1982) -A ft3 5 3ftR 6 iAt frR W5TA 4 Wt'I f~Th1 tit- WRI: t*Qj 4Zt T f?Rh TI VZM R1T h '*lt 41.76 A WjM

ARftr Ift (Orland Filho) (1978) KMr 'zW-3 fIT4 uTr .ait Z

lilv*zl)r (Malavolt) (1982) A4 Rit 5 31PR 6* IN V RA A Z FWh 1t i

ft uiFi: tMM Aft lj wiiiW M9ff[ 711A 41.76 A Wrft Z

A &9T ?T1TIl qW 4 A ft-M TMitn

15

120

m4 8 2w

or

1w0 0

4 6 a 10 12

R 5 : -. Iif #t 41-76 TT j q (MM I-R) I

0n1co 4: f 9tliT ?I W 3T f W5$ (Uptake) U TN'1 '191

T'q VricM T f : 8-12 RPMT 4-8 : 4-

i*1A (180 ft9-I) (120 f:-) (f.3T./ o/ffo-ffo/to/fzr ) fkf)

19i 9 (-r .) 0.59 0.73

D ('l-R.) 0.08 0.11

(ltfiq .) 0.71 0.95tifl (*) 0.45 0.33

(4'.) 0.24 0.26~~( t.) 0.16 0.31

16

160 P

140

A16 120-

1I00.

80-

40 115PWM.

20-

4 6 8 10 12 14 16 4 6 8 I 12

200 t

ISO

4120 tZ0 18

f 6 : Ii t.t 41-76 m I W' i SNg IW I

17

-4 tt t I ntm wn azf i 3wr - it smqft zwa t N~ ,T4 7~f4 qr

110 Z7T .zft 30 ?9f A ~ timr 'Muf 7

qt A-, \ (Clements) (1980) itift xz *4 -F t tql IftR U~IN

4ft q I I -i ht f Wf N mint Nii4 .4 t ftjt pm ui 4T

.49 Wft M t w Tfff zO- 'rrt4 #rV a& t~z adF -\

WR .4 mt viiut Iqc > iM. > win. > ta> '~i.> fm > -,R. > ant. > f t > T

>fl. > t.> f

#T- It Wftu Uc t SITWTEI?1 TH 31fT pfto m a t * k -

- Werit Wfnft (Catani et. al) (1959) 3Ptut fRi)t (Orlandofilho) (1978)tiT ?T t Hagg et. al (1978) A'Wah jVTII4 Sampaio et. al (1987) bitt(Comdorfer) (1989)

A4 Ptiif -0 w~f4 -b~ t z > ftn. > r.> *a = "h. > W1. > TM.fl

> tI".'* > sfz ).4 =r aR. >irwrI wThT5-mpaT

4t twffF r ?wit it IrTMR fF tr i I &rA#vg fwmt Tnrft(Oriland Filho et al) (1980) ?WA lf r~Wu 5 4,1 T ar 8 tMg T;C lt fjr

f~TMil I f fifc vuM fi Pgergi TiT I

18

5IT1I,1 5 ' W T c 4 -liI I WM't . .41-76 - q fr tir ()

5to lo 3{#o l IiTo

o qo 0 qo o ro ?o qo o o 1o qo

4 1 9 1.8 31 3.1 29 62 2145 30 363 - - 10 714 T-A '* 1.0 23 3.5 52 125 4774 18 415 - - 6 60

6 wrq w 11 51 11 59 283 4006 64 642 - - 27 1076 qA 35 54 57 105 2979 13714 166 978 - - 117 153

8 Viwr TTM 28 66 36 75 604 2682 196 907 0.4 0.8 77 1818 96 73 170 181 1770 9816 831 933 - - 212 217

10 NTClT qlRW 79 81 60 65 1114 5023 416 1173 21.3 1.9 155 2041o qIA " 87 56 237 107 929 8458 891 1496 - - 270 202

12 AMTqTf M 147 116 119 121 1719 8218 618 1526 1.9 0.6 278 31012 -9iA 116 61 307 145 1350 3521 957 1351 - - 341 179

14 iWr Wffa 235 129 194 167 3242 13394 1212 1741 1.3 4.0 381 39616 VMT TUF 249 139 243 98 3130 7018 1331 1915 - - 573 352

(1) T i'. W *W9 Til qt 419 W "ctfM Tl rft 1964 -\ 30 V f A 4 41-76 W - A7 1983

~ t r. = qf

% ..m rt'qT 'met)

1.77 0.55 4.48 0.42 0.26 0.34- 0.24 7 11 78 23 1.6 153

fqifi 4MW 1.30 0.14 2.14 0.17 0.06 0.12 0.10 2 4 54 9 1.8 30

7M TEZF 1.18 0.10 1.67 0.24 0.05 0.11 0.036 6 4 68 11 2.0 17

3T;T qA Wc;W 0.89 0.07 1.33 0.20 0.09 0.13 0.004 4 5 80 16 2.7 17

9V TiTnt 0.45 0.06 2.66 0.18 0.07 0.24 0.076 1.5 3 35 6 2.1 14

.nr qu T-itT 0.31 0.04 1.95 1.17 0.07 0.35 - 2 5 52 15 3.3 12

t VA TM 0.42 0.06 2.00 0.09 0.07 0.08 0.008 1.5 4 27 2 0.5 19

wit 0.20 0.03 1.15 0.04 - - - - 7 - -

" 0.14 0.03 0.77 0.03

-1 " n0.19 - 0.36

*E W1" R W-V 'RN 12 "v1"m yff m, 24 "1 w 41- wm ,;'., qi'i., *z, z- . fl' IN i tO 4qu (R w) t z-fpwm

t: tIf. >n51 >$,R. >Pf > - >W"Rf;

P : f~f.= Tihz. >*-a. >tb >wff$ >IwI;w4 Aq >ft >w-m. >'4.

l"1~RI?7: Tg~q 3N tif * f ~ b qM WcT9 WT 'PIt Vh 3

um -,i (1) PF-tT4r" (2) qf (3) e

8 83 77 168115T. 1 15 8 24

t. 4 109 105 218

tR. 2 30 45 77

"T. 1 29 18 48

T . 2 25 22 49-. 11

- 98 150 248

tT. 34 214 144 392

3TET. 13 201 105 711

G3T. 4900 3800 7900 16600

84 1170 1981 3235

T u. - 4 10 14

72 437 336 845

(1) atP!? 5 W71T4 T 1.5 zi 71T~ (2) SfNMT 3 Wstw' T5T tM U;R?!

cb7 elMia : 1 WfTTI clT; FMf. Trt a*I. 4 PM : 27 ZRf 9; IT?

A4Rr (Srivastava et al,) (1992) -9M f Wrtm t ftit 1t wN'T

'r# a ir 11 *5Y iMf , (Coale et al,) (1993) t i *

21

WT~b Zf .7atIVUR9 (Leaching) atf'tW -0i 1i zrc ai f~w

t(Tf- 7 t- A) I WR l ;E 75%/ Vf. 4 t -q r-,T tt ft Tff

Um iinj U (1) qj &j (2)

fto'mo/to"

V'. 77 63 140

w. 16 9 25

q)-. 72 120 192*-I. 40 32 72

33 18 51

27 18 45- ---------------------------------

m./k.

116 61 1775-l. 307 145 452S. 1350 3521 4871

957 1315 2272

341 179 520

(1) 114 ? / %. (2) 30 ?if/t. -

UrM mU 1 T T9M 14-21 ft.T. Mfh to A it atR ttt Salcedo &Sampaio (1984) 9-M F1W -Ui M 60 fto-io 9-q31 f~rT tT t (Split)m zlF t4 4w 3A- 4 ;3m ftn 'rznT i

4.3 fft - ZM 2JU (Effect of Nutrients)

1 (Nitrogen-7r'-N-vM.): # * t9 urgW i R j ft7 (Rhizosphere)A tRI I (Biological Nitrogen fixation -BNF, toro'wo)

S ffu t 1 urf (Beijerinckia sp.) t FM A ;-k21

50 f 5omo ffC 9 5 "q 4) p pITl (z-T:r T 1972, 1973) Tf

i t 'M, 99.5 fto'fTo F (1975) g i f4im Trm t I

Cudftq5i 9: *ff~ w1gt ?I R T iFA 47,4 4u A Hh1

(1992) (1993)

W...

0.80-1.75 0.81 0.76 0.67

WRT. 0.13-0.20 0.15 0.22 0.14

q) Z. 0.01-4.61 1.61 3.33 0.63

4 a. 0.30-0.50 0.29 0.34 0.36

A 0.29-0.39 0.28 0.25 0.290.25 0.24 - 0.23

"M/. Tnl.

4T. 1.20-2.00 2.10 - 1.00

T. 0.50-2.00 1.90 - 2.70

3TT4. 31.00 37.00 - 12.00

AV. 11.00 11.00 - 12.00"fk 0.01 0.04

2.50-4.50 4.30 - 3.00

t-9t -q \ T4z - Z"9 -fm UNaw ami TPi 4fR~IER- I"t*; M;qff Qn u l T -6m t A u Wm-- TMi (-tll TM ,ft 1992

% R.1992) 1 ?Vf V'f U719 ct T -j 7f"#ZY4;lUR q ~

(Acetovacter diazotrophicus), g44Tt; i4Mitft-A (Herbaspirillum

seropedicae) aftz -. oflt Tfqi4 (H.rubrisuballican) i? 3AW t -i Wrgt4 -qA3M: AltI (endophytic) ft 7AP i ft< -4W ta T 314 ft -t

u4 zr qrt A 'u{ i A wtTr- t i 4ftfcR mTi i (Vesicular

mycorrhizal spores) W 'Fffl WkTh (Glomous Clarum) 4i rf) xo

orotzwo mt- t- fN-t U M - t w t I-o - w -t

23

mT m uh f 4 fit m Tr4 A Tr (imwr * u t m- -

74.it "79 fTqI? 4 u1er ' -- (isotope) tTm 'tfw -d'IN A q,,

ft tj (tagged) i9 nt d& A ir * f W -

3htWT Tcff? ) T n m Zriz r t t #i wnt 1988)

01MM 159 Th~if Tmt 4~ flU ti WP R wt w rTr Ti fT

177 245 9.5 23.0277 267 9.0 23.7377 260 8.5 22.2"

"9Wt M a N wq (1952) A T ftmi4 T 1fl t rt I

t 341Tu vwH ti 9-4 I% t ft wdm m ft~n " ffmF (rn

2e 4ufi z wv"(q3 rf 98

(tasseling) f)d zA fFM tiV wqm 114m I f \ ft 3RT6 S1Iia

# a45 tM auT , N7 tRTt (eye spot disease)

(Helminthosporiumsacchari) WO 4i W9 Wt t1W I;t ft TOPt

A ?N '\n tnt Tfz 4it 1mt (Fusarium moniliforme) -t

ft ltt UC-1tIn -q vqt ft I TM Uc UFtw rM ft f45 -4w l z(Scirpophageauriflua) cm zp N14T qTqt v w ft -u 39 T m5w

tNl: (Phosphorus - t. -P- t-TM.) : #Tl fO1 t frq

TM TIq ft I 1 9 (1963) W\F fcur t f r -w-mcat 7 - * wt

f -5 f~wm wo 4r z td ~mt I i i4,Uw ti #r i W nI-\At tI

tIRfl (Radioactive Phosphorus) l 3TItW-1 Izm3117 1 ttm ZR

TUt (1957) ifM !,ii ti I lt 79 MOM 1 f5 U 32 to (32P) 4

aMilZ -IT qU 32 to A TT IM U ftmi-q 5F1F 4Iftn I zrF!1 31217

wMTiFe It7I it rr 1 3fr: Vi -4 w~ff~r t fI

WiN th t autIt wwql Pzff9 7 , ,1flTqqT * A q (1965) A f t f?;5M ITT W -Ft

25

tVORRIm (Potassium - 4.. Zto. K): !MT ft llfrlq 8 # ftg rqrn 9i fTA

SR4 t t 'A~ni *F fT4Z4W &t t ~ fA f 1957)t r ZT 0Vf,toT~f # 6 m9 1tt m it TqN3 &4ff wrj qTR f- q t pfI

6) f rF fTT f"i ijflU Ie A t ft eiTc tirt (1963 Au vp lft w~-t~ lbmr 't A ~~ t0.9jq frvzR toU W'q7 'iq4 Tt tn, ft #grt 17-1.9~~ to Itlfiq, A Z{ t It f~i ~ ' aNtz -,t 4-, 'qa #7ig ;ZTt . - i)

tt Ih~ 'aThi 0.4O E tz~ tu it.t f.) if% 8498fr7~

ti mi w t t 4r iP]fltO #Pr (Cuticle Wq I ft tM 94,t

265 Utf -MT m ; q 9 R -, Uu5Ee t w7 q

Adt~IMOi wq i I flzvl cA z3ii 7rita wn tm ft Wfqvrw wom

tfli q 4mi M rT rg U mTcTl wA A 7r tct ft wi I TZ7 tqT~ ?W; tl ft ft IRU- it -? 4 Int? ft I**iimi (Calcium-Ca -*#o - *cio) ?rrf~Nlm 6 Wl#f1 iTS ft f 5 ARO:

ft 45 ttRo (45Ca) ftzjNfzEtl TTw Nm SN Tmi 4 f4Tr Tm w

t ;A itw q IT mT, It it 1it Aq irn vr7Mt f45 "h tjmrit t4

't wm ifi

mwM4vpV #o, ito wf~ z c mt 4R v

\4lt ftui n NTzM4hfil (ion antagonism) ft I r'-6 3i4 AM ft UA

, MI pi~ TIRM 3Tf h to 4 Th q10 -1 (Chiorosis) MI -IfI ft I

t\ T A Thr 4 u ftuzi A gm Tm ft -,t RTzo gqtiM

1.07 -A Ta-4R 3.85 iftirzt -'rnm ft urqff t#fl.49 MfOO -A UEWR 0.27

Rft t 7TM t I

fVtr ft f4 r* -41 NF09T~ 3Tq iipt alVFq-t~ Wq rrru ft b i

zAfM1l n q uft z u:4Ozq T9 Al ftfi~ tt I ir

fk f45V(1965) A t4 Z Mt#0 tFW toft tmA 3fm ItA Rhi t Zwor

A0 3m b miw t ;A10q~mqzli uirr~I wTtft m#T fct

tffthiP (Manganesium: Mg, VW&., To) :rqixftr (Chlorophyll) il

27

awfRm e, 4ag

3T4 wq (razR

t~1afttT a T i4T 31r wM (En tT ftvTRt)3$Th3 io (wM V~M(g f 4 Tt

V fl 3 N?fjF iitltim Wt4i Vr'T 4 (wltltfir)

;r 9 tz4w~w q 0-I -qT u~ff A

mr wM (,1fti 4 im)9-i

a'T9 gme aft7 iTt (Wrrjf 4 T41

3Th! l (wg mr T4 wt~q~ )zrrt~Tftir aWi;t (l -~4 ZTr)

aTfr tro ;tm sim 4 (~ro 4 SaTU)

4ft A (1952) A4fwnznT t f? wfmAPtmlAFtu

28

wz~fl (Sulphur: S, 7w4o 11m~) :fVAN 6 lAS Ar % t ~I F i

it tIT IhI QT y fIm Pt t (tAIt9 1952) 1 !fl# (1968) crIiROOM=

*~ ~t Iiri A Twoibv * i mot CAda' u ;it If gi165

A NOT A~i 50ii 'fVA ~t 3H t 7[ j (Hide huge)65)31

5.wl Ir w'cm vqA u ti w Ttm if'A ittw'

kj~i A3 m'i m 11ma f0 PQi Al too AfTi tt OF WT

lR ftul tIQ o I* OF rtt m irI ftti V4iii A fs'tt

9 W!q lsAmIITt10 tIusu & Kt

QT AIT 7U IF 101RUTT Q Y A quTFTUrM PATUni 29

2. Ptq vll5r-J VT~4 f itPqM Wt w~t A7T qrzfi arT f4f ftrt

itt 4ii T TFh uzT tIi

'n-i~fc sW-th ftp qR i 18)3 T * kf(90

5.1 vem yTA T7 ~A 4*kuvg

qu F vN; Iti srtnm -vcw m 4g '-jt uiwnT-r 3 4

ift ta qt f~ 4 ~iw ffr E" n# AT ~wi t ft tm 171 A

dTI q)A1 aN ftr aim am 'n fult I % Fim'e wttI

tqj901 TNa 1 -4 I i wt t ftpm uiA q t 1 ~win-<ft af 3iT9- W~i ft * Wtfn t iiO I A tN~ ft iQ Y5Z

fflftTf t t I~ ti rfcA t A m t t ua t WrAT W fTr wv30ttITlfm- uq m- ~ o t 0tI- 1

qt : -e fZii 1-3 F.1t. -, t 1 t. -gi m', 3RN-u ffm4

fti tqlAq t ?1n3 9 1N t iff j Nqtt- T Af li 3Tm

; u m ....................................................

SIW AI ;,f I *ftl ( Iit t3ER -- V Eli~t; Vj) 31TR twWR 3Wr5 eRi Nifda-haS (A f b Necrotic) Tt 9 5? $ctyf A t tM

t 19tM iit-i U-d (LisionlN19) A&tfb t;; it IFT2 'inr T ciiahwi

t ft %0?r 4 5 liwtti qmq ;wtf 0T~mii

'R m f '{ 1 I ,1TZ fT 4t WA (Fusarium

moniloforme) f@ tTr"7" (Pokkah Boeng) - tnt A7 Wu VM

A - 4tt (Mosaic) t i I GT It

ta t (Droopy top ftH T) I rt gTP 4 9t mj AW q -t f4 T TH r W M .................................................... w mn

- .................................................... .

31

We t 3h7~ II ~t t ~TI5 NqflI i 'iA qg A\I t 9 1m FA

t~~ct I aiTdh 0rg AFX t~ (Latra rot) tt91..... -

-t ipt -AUC 'Wit t 1quWFBy a& tm1rnm 3Tfh -92

-- tqm yo r ltf 4 I-i w r r k mw4tqfiti: q~t tt ~ t tzA 91-f -, f A)n -t 'Afm-I -f m sii'

(2)f Tmh A q--it5~ w Fr - m ftq A ~t~ ...... q

UM32 T4 ;MAqff ,.F Ltrlros - 4~-

t v iM 41? -rf Malavolta et al (1963) -q 14 & Wt'&T tf f T

I fth 9 Ta t-RT ?T (1989) TR 1T W6 fN 4F A 't (Prevot& Oliagnier) (1956) t i•ffffl W in t it f A winmit

qtwfd z wtfrl~ q * t t~

tits

1.02-1.25wTm. 0.05-0.1t)E. 0.5-1.0

ta. <0.25TT. <0.15

"T re W. <0.1

fti. <.05

-4k 1-5-45M. 1-5W4. <50fr. <20

mifk. 0.05-0.1f iT. 10-15

(;R) ft9r f 4 R :T N4 VZ Wi qt-tt t ffi-, tt Urut I

33

10

075 T

0.1w0

rT- O. %

1.00 0* i

• o , .,so f 0. . a150

0o f.m . ' A . / t .

fb'8: 3 -** Ni

TO Tat -4 -4. it fr J-dT ft t I wt cm --R -- w- r

W) Z f)-Ihq, -R : 9 e)-3 1 Uq •6cW(Plateau) 1 ,'m i

3) tmtft & : wf T -qut t wt t 4R zr wt t I z z

34

t - t -rm m NM tUi M Nrf Mlavolta et al 1989)1 i#i Wi&f

(Maximum economic yield AiiTR I M co TF-) (MYE, t7'uAit) -V

tn114 t fut qgr jmj uMc- #m Ta% 7:;T 31P nt

W 3sf qInqf@ 7i ft I ('W-rfkYr afN f #c TftRa Malvolta and

Pimental Gomes 1961) I TfW TdN q98 t f -*' tft F MI4R

= 'z [1 -1 o0 '- 111] ........................................................................ (1)

-, rd= t'r4R, Tw = wA r q- mt 4 mm 4 = ftfiq- uk , -A... =3

T9175 45T4c."hwl T 7 juffE 3fR 7 = 3Ur4P tNR t I ?1q -t m19WQ lu#1

= 1/2 74;, VMW = 1/2 .... + (1/A.. -,4

;am T ~i*W Tq -4 It ;t wu 1 Rp1r{Tzi -,1R tT t I tTW~iTL tr b

wai 4 wlfft ;T~ zqE tN f A ?IN m RRl t; zI = &Wa4

i~jl4q 'RR #r\-f ft5 trf~wft t lUit 7iuiwu TgM-V'lf #rO ifwr~u \141*,

A fRiz wR* wT (3)l

gfm Tvt t u t 3mR 513Iem wr44w m # ffN wz ?r m 5 Pri1 f ~mu

35

= tht. U345Z. §WR7P

t = tftl. W-r, frfT,=ff #R qtg = wa-e1g (lmni ?rR131 cmi),

A = 'Wra uqr3 fann,Lit= 11t iIR

Indf 1972. 3ft AR WM & Orlando and Compos, 1975)1

79T Tf 317 31W #Nui WuIt TIZ- ! tm 1 - r!If (JonesJr. etal) (1991) A M1 f25 15 qR r ift g-T 'f119cr i t # V TT

36

N99T vra t UM Wrfra FrM (Log) f4ZrM, W## 4R U-rt WMrcF Ufa

;ThI E wzm 4 RTM WMIR t (it#? Clements 1961,1980 td) I

5j] -fI i t. ii~Wf WWn FM Pjj fki4 3RI~ W~ 4 "r I qviFs 49ItT

3,4,5, aft 6t 'ii Z (ftqf'UF Tat 71;R 1 %); tA- At, 1 wMt, t,-d

; f .l t S g (%c -)

04 1,00

06 0,75

08 0,5010 0,2512 <0,25

-A fTf4, idt g 1-\ 'r- -m- wt t f4i ?wrT'qT \ (4) ir MflfH

A q 1 -b fq w m : crr --= (Rw ) ..................................... ,........................ (5)V Ti 4, tv. T qr- ta - v V# - (-dr) tt Wnffb. -fit

Tgm 7 t t fm 4 fttf m imR - r p6iRwrl.-f-?T t Tl fI f r .iRa unT t w l - 1 n r t I

.NA TmF4 (1978) -4 nt 4 i um ? , -. wIf#. tt 41-76

?rmftwiT 14 1 wT fFz-.--. t s f qTf z7 t r rt T -- it 1

ctt rzrft (Capo et al) (1953) 13 W314i g I ftf tR ZV Un

37

%1 fc ED -1 14 : T--t+3 4 ZgPM Tir-[ 4 M ,I I ftf -I PTRl tWTI

r M, (%) aft cr ftRT(",Tq)

W--l. 1.76-1.99 1.82 -M. 14-17 is

TM. 0.15-0.17 0.16 TM. 5-6 5qt. 1.37-1.58 1.45 au. 192-383 248*I. 0.45-0.59 0.46 47. 137-171 156AM. 0.18-0.25 0.21 #i. 0.06-0.11 0.09WiW*- 0.04-0.06 0.05 N4 15-18 16* - ? w--w.

WW (Evans) (1967) -4 m3rI h 4 n z q I Itw r 4 sYTtftb (Orlando Filho) (1976)4 TO u1 N 16 PArt ht # tW +3 Thrnm ffl t w wXflnie 5f 1 ;5 (Signiicant) 3 wt

A-i t WI ( a -- 15)

% T I 'fIrftr 3 AtMW (Samuels & LandrauJr.) (1952) '3Tjwtt 3In W flfc icT m I 5 t4 (Regression equation) W 1U9

r~m TMNI(1) 4TI = 0.96 + 0.0008 T"1(2) c# = 0.90 + 0.0132 'm2

\it--m (1) -4 r- q-m -rT t ft 250 ft.f. 4 4910.2%/ r-- 4 iWl 4

t 1m#0.33% 9r- M 4R Wtt t I T (Evans) (1961) alcl fttf6 9R~ A t 14 WRTF9 qgi W5fb WFn t tF 150-200 ft WwfM ffm~ AIU 4M wf ft " 3ili 40 q't4 it M31EMZ i{ft I

ATr t (1978) - A - n f4 10 aV 11 19 . Iz. ,t i3T +34 5Mf ;FM icrT i al itt A W1ffm t i

38

3N iwTuA (Malavolta & Carvalho) (1984) i "A., fr". 3, "h.

t cM Ot200.z, FfA t .t

qu q mz w t T 7url t T i Wr. = 0.016 - 0.034/oft,-,

W4TH W ftP, 'Ih. = 0.071%, A'M. = 0.019-0.338% I

-A t f,. ThR &-t ami RUM ;" kR. = 0.17%,

W-. -- 0.02%, fM. = 0.027%. - . = 0.055%1 lblt9it ri t Tit

WI5WR- Samuels, 1969 t Wa45). ffr N u am wt 7i t

7mI *l 94iT5i Nqvzw t: Tr-g, wRlfr, wt1 wi j%Rg f P-ri N;qi f

Tm~ 9RauIiNw ciyn t wig TM 4iR mk-.4 t r

"CIAM, 15 : ff-c 16 R,100 t WA + 3 41 "Ri kl - i "A

Uft q (%) ¢

7-5. 1.94-2.29 0.20

'17TM. 0.26-0.35 0.06

tz. 0.96-1.72 0.29.0.94-1.30 0.31

0.08-0.23 0.08

0.22-0.50 0.14

ft3 12 ftlgwR (Teixeira,) (1980) t a?! t7R fIk T IT lgfM

-7Mt ft quit t a *pf-iT l. a R - g-w-

(Correlation) 3TR 3IF lr ft t, f"'. t *"4-T1-1. Zft3f W

arm wtR wou aiiip vwmr t I

(- f -, 17).39

2.50

4%1-76 0.20

2.00% m

0.15

I.50

1.00 I j, 0.104 6 8 I0 12 14 16

400

III

200-I I,

\ I

F M A M J J A S 0 N D J F M A M J J A S 0

1974 1975

RM lo :w - =W . R , ) Uf - ;-,, \, P UR )I

40

2,50

0.12

2.00

I 0.15

1,00 L0.104 .6 8 10 12

400 -

I300-

4jtiiI I

200-

100 1L/

(1975) A SON D J F MA M J J A (1976)

41

i1 *-4 t iT RN ME O. .Vq-z. T W).

(%)31P; T7T NRFFT 1.9-2.5 0.21-0.30 1.30-2.00 0.20-0.60 0.10-0.30

1.90-2.5 0.21-0.30 1.30-2.00 -(1)

W 1.9-2.1 0.20-0.24 1.10-1.30 0.80-1.00 0.20-0.30 0.25-0.304t 2.0-2.2 0.18-0.20 1.3-1.50 0.50-0.70 0.20-0.25 0.08-0.35 (2)

fft 7Fy WN' 2.1 0.21-0.35 1.25-2.00 0.15-0.20 0.12-0.18 0.08-1.351.9 0.21-0.35 1.25-2.00 0.20-0.24 0.12-0.18 - (3)

1.8-2.0 0.25-0.35 1.60-1.80 >0.25 >0.20 - (4)1.96 0.086 1.99 -- - (5)

"1.6-2.0 0.18-0.24 1.55-2.00 - - 0.13 (6)4f" 3ttIm 1.7-1.9 1.10-2.0 1.05-1.10 0.15-0.18 0.08 0.12-0.13 (7,8).. 1.5-1.75 0.18-0.22 1.25-1.75 0.28-0.47 0.14-0.33 0.13-0.18 (9)

(1) ft (Reuter, 1986), ,WRI, +3. 10 tga qum -m qn. 7 ft n4(2) 'neqn (1982), qmwaTi+3. 4 tin T4 a- w m(3) wrm (Evans, 1967), w:it m i' qi z (+1). 3-5 ' t 'iuv w" am itr i(4) mft wqpm (Garcia Ocampo, 1991), im +l,(5) f T (Srivastava et al, 1992), " w 3-6, 4 it ;m. wm. Wme. -N f q r ui t- F R I(6) wPrfu (Samuels, 1959), ThtiIm qfm, 3 9ft(7) muffa ai cm (Gosnal & Long, 1971), qi w(3-+1. 5 zrft quF I(8) 'i Tiifl (Schroeder et al, 1993)(9) T w w4 rn (Anderson & Bowen, 1990), 'mo,+2. 3-4 wRg, auqii RNI I

W'H -4)-a . wt. C15. 3rc . #TT MN'. RF. (Uf.)

3 fT - 2 50 - - 10 (1)

wN-4 9.30 8-10 200-500 100-250 0.15-0.30 - 25-30

tt 9.30 8-10 80-150 50-125 - - 25-30

fbltu lFP - 2-10 <0.5(5) 5-100 4-15 20-200 0.08-1.00 - 15-50 (3)

W"rn 'aftw - 1.6-10 49-915 3-12 15 - 12-25 (4,6)

inEPT 2-10 0.067-0.075 10-25 20-50 20-40 0.082-1.0 2 12-30 (7)

- 3-8 <0.068(5) 7-600 20-21 14-235 0.05-4 1.5-4(5) 19-38 (1,5)

(1) Tk "I4 Vn (Anderson and Bowen, 1990), IW1'Wf171 i - , 4-6 1TT I

(2) 4iIqN'tl (1982), tqui9TfI-+3, 4 '1T(3) T4FI (Evans, 1967), t t ODf'b jfk!T Z-eM. 4-6 ;R I

(4) V (Wood, 1987), 4 TITK,

(5) MRh? 71-4a i W UJ, O1M + 1 - + 4 Wt . Zt : 7 O. qnfq, W j f mf ZP . f RI

(6) VTT1PW ft (Schroeder et al, 1993),(7) f4it (Dwivedi,) (1992), 3-6 whiprq (aiwa-E-" -g p':)

T- . -1.8 0 2 0 0 0 120

To

3T~m1750 100

zri Tp97T/% 7. -90.

1,70 1500

so

7050

1.60 .000

6050 '" __0 30 60 20

ti. . i1T ./t.

~Tffw dftIW 18 artThi,1 dqftt W ft4 zM UTjn wii qqM~ (FWMm at ;E X wf 7 A ~ w-it t I

( 7u; ff 4t N - %TER. . -f-e,")Diag-nosis and recommendation integrated System) zM tT t t(Beaufils) (1971, 1973) mR9 Rilftm fm w 37 T-rt u zrrNTFR (Beaufils and Sumner) (1976) um q -c4 t n 1 T f Tm i ;M.

SN.IT .TfT. 10 -T 1#i&Tqi It"r 34M7 ut fTM WR)A VF. (Orlando andZambello Jr.) (1983) wrm Wzc T TmTlt (1989) lrP t- (Joneset al). 1991) 9-M WR? fM W11 t I

44

trq (1)

9-q. 1.47 1.64 1..86

'WMI. 0.16 0.15 0.21

11z. 1.49 1.08 0.87

*?. 0.39 0.28 0.68

#'T. 0.35 0.20 0.35

U-e. 0.17 0.10 0.12

20 11 9

wniq. 19 6 6

,r- 271 66 62

*t. 256 52 99

itwi 12 5 16

(1) qtltn 3, 'It 4 Hf TFIM (ITW Yamada, 1992)

r 3aftm AR- ft 9M T1 tj 3 3f5WT (Calibration) Mt RUI 4 n tUrTtI fltlWih M # twwu Tf9M4 ;Aili (WqnOi), Thni

41a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 4 U-amit 4A4~ A1I~l 1Iu~~(afft tl

'fl Elwakli and Gascho, 1984)1 N f- " t - t - utAt, EM1 5I f 4 4F , f -a1t ??1 t1 '*Ii9" (Nutritional balance

Index 1t.-.a.)tf fTh t i -4 -zl Nr- r i f--- 3a i-

fijfqr 1 19 pM4M -F' t 'ft;H' T-qW j 5 a t.3T& 31 4

Rv5t ttf* fW i InffA alP tfEh (1984) A fiM 14 -ku o 3 fft# ftcWa

45

mftlli 20 ,. Mxou frvt -iR i. (1983) N I Uqr xft: - R9-Z (0-0-0) A 4n-Re Z 4M-1 5 M I *t . 31'R W I M. -, :n

npq %nuI4 ftzn um~ tm. INP 9,3. 4u 4 ;got 1

• 4 1 := z= q4t t a- ri t f ain: mc i -t zfl TntTm

t 4Aq s, .. R AI fh T ft (Galloet al) (1968) A 202

.2.05I' E; - Vr

Y

6%0 0i 20 g0 K N/ho

If5ATT nM/t.

so LSD.30 -w . w

46

mfrwb- 19 : u c 1A w-tm ,AR T--t t; T -4 "it~ ;M, .3T .V .f' " T T Tet , F. 3T 7-9 -d 4

-,T5. Tm. t-z. t-a AT. wr. Wm. q@. itR. #qa.

1 2.89 0.33 1.61 0.50 0.28 2.9 0.0 -6.4 6.0 -2.5 17.82 3.10 0.26 1.37 0.42 0.18 22.7 -2.5 -10.2 9.3 -19.3 64.03 2.30 0.20 0.70 0.57 0.31 14.6 -13.4 -62.3 45.5 15.6 151.44 3.01 0.36 1.54 0.53 0.31 3.9 4.2 -13.1 4.9 0.0 26.25 2.45 0.26 1.44 0.57 0.26 -6.1 -6.1 -6.8 24.2 -5.2 48.46 2.66 0.27 1.37 0.42 0.21 8.1 0.0 -7.1 7.2 -8.2 30.67 2.01 0.32 1.19 0.32 0.20 -7.3 19.8 -7.2 0.0 -5.3 39.6

8 2.78 0.34 1.45 0.39 0.22 7.9 9.1 -8.1 0.0 -8.9 34.0

Mf-M 20 W "qft" W # t 7E 7- t&M

., ' #2 m a . t. . w . 'm . t . w .t.fr t

fiboMTo Rf t.?/% % *

0 0 0 81 1.66 0.13 1.30 21 -32 32 850 300 300 97 1.71 0.16 1.42 -41 -12 14 67180 300 300 168 1.86 0.17 1.42 3 -3 3 9160 0' 300 106 1.73 0.11 1.32 74 -74 72 220160 300 0 126 1.90 0.18 1.32 9 19 -19 47

tR-i l f rM 11 I VTI tqftU1T ?f~f1h 21 4 #telcu fkMi Tiin t I 3TIT*1~ Wak U RA ff Pft IN t :g-q a-m : z. > t .z > r. = t. = wzF. > -; .

gM 4 A q 1 51 3MIh q 3T 4; - ft (1993)

Wf# ?T o t ftr W5 134 Wgff t W9 RFtini vn. (ZambelloJr.) (1991) i T 5t * c t I

120 f i. :r. A 2.00% W wtf + 3 A ?121 Ui-- 80 Z9- f f t. Rfl I

90 f~f.Th. * ;Af A 1.55% tq). Wt + 3 A cin 77 Zvid q-itwm #t 'mi

-30 = 90 ft.a. 7M ft ur 1 rA ff#c t 1.55% qzW + 3f90 U9 R# t T0 4 f5= ;tm 1 Z 9o- 4 5 W..

W4Ni tft tm qtTR Iamr U w 4 a 4 fi- : zR WZ4if 1957 -A iRnF ffiu ft 4U9-5

(Santosetal) (1977) -A WMA fk t, Awn f2K M51 144 ZRft TM 9

9A t+ 3#'ffl i4': Itq)t m t fr -e! (-TUqwIt z 968) 1

uq i '? R fuu I ii ; T ui tti r8 (Bitten Courtetal) (1992) A % I U'aA R-ig !M M 1#O M4., *,. 4

f# 4 fr flm mmRT t iThzr AY WT4 (Silva and Basso) (1993) A t xIiwtti

48

1M. 41-76, (4 ff -\Tff)

af3. % 1.89 1.76 1.60-1.80 1.60-1.80 1.08-1.60 12

wm. 0.152 0.184 0.12-0.14 0.16-0.18 0.07-0.12 12

4k. 1.32 1.26 1.20-1.40 1.20-1.40 0.34-1.2 22

*'T. 0.73 0.50 0.70-0.80 0.30-0.40 0.23-0.30 7

. 0.25 0.22 0.20-0.25 0.20-0.25 0.04-0.15 15

T-eF. 0.035 0.055 0.02-0.03 0.05-0.06 0.06-0.20 11

t[ P"n ) 13 20 10-15 15-20 3-10 9

w. 6 5 6-8 4-6 3-4

• 4. 426 249 300-400 100-200 70-100 11

fm. - 238 107 100-150 50-100 22-50 3

Wf. 0.06 0.14 0.03-0.06 0.05-0.08 0.02-0.03 2

f "ii 16 16 12-14 10-12 7-10 2

NTJ1 91 - W? t ± 3, -4M N5 ft'fH. 'IM fti fri; W,,W EIj1t

mlf~lom 22 C 35~1'lT~?1nTM.A A W"~' W~;-~v wi4kfA'4n

Z* STNW F t I Wnlgi r4ft (1956)1 i q+2, +3, 4 +4 * 'w.

Uh11ol 22 Uj\-Z T1,;ftfhWZU gtNYM A 4

W q <1.00 300-200 <0.10 300-150 <1.00 300-200

1.00-1.40 300-100 0.10-0.15 150-50 1.00-1.50 300-100

2 m 4 1.40-1.50 100-0 0.15-0.18 75-0 1.50-1.65 100-0

rEh 1.50-2.00 0-100 0.18-0.25 0 1.65-2.00 0-60

N1If 2.00-2.50 0 0.25-0.30 0 2.00-3.00 0

arMRM >2.50 0 >0.30 0 +3.00 0

49

210-

1.5-Y 2 1.582407+ 0,0004320X

R : 0,22

I.0=

R = 0.58

0 45 90 135 18o 225 270 315 360

ft.11.,t. vrq

ii 1977 # 3n ) I

(Acid Phosphatase) (A qmfi 'T mN-10 \e m IT-'- 'r m95mllc\ ~W' ftWFrF ittI t) lFiwjD ZA flR 1 Um $ft tAq1-urn Ai ftfthi qRTqftZW -'Rw alR IT T ain 1 M WWRFp 40 Dwr 3n N lit 3fN ft TR 7Wm F Lbwf c~jr - ft fI Vjftf0 n -4)1 (dte novo) dnri 4w \Thi am #f iA UnM t,T Tf rlbnrmfiAiP 'wIjiqji (Inversely Proportional) t

TT/T~jM t ct MTdW-F (in vivo)ft '1T~tI ~vi cftZM Rftlou WThY. iR ;r$I 9 ! tw iiV (Besford) (1980)

50

00TN 23 vWfIu W~t t t;Rft Wd ftwrI4 * fkq qtM. 9F l Rtp

(Poidevin and Robinson) (1964) a3N tltj (Poidevin) (1964) -

n (aP'zit Poidevin & Robinson, 1964 4HP t;gMit Poidevin,

1964; aRn) I

itifl tl ?WER% ftAmh MR t

17 WRTrg 24 WflI

>2.0 0 t-. >1.7 0

1.8-2.0 25 <1.7 25<1.8 50 -

Wm. >0.18 0 ( wtai) R. >0.15 0 (tA,)0.15-0.18 50 <0.15 50<0.15 75 - -

qiz. >1.2 0 (2aft) t- > 1.0 0 (#2 ftA)

1.0-1.2 75 <1.0 75<1.0 100 - -

------------------------

>2.0 0 3. >1.8 0

1.8-2.0 25 1.6-1.8 25<1.8 50 <1.6 50

t-- >0.2 0 (,MAs) wm. >0.17 0 (t2A5)0.16-0.2 50 ) < 1.17 50 C)<0.16 75 (') - -

r-- >1.20 0 (tz) i. > 1.1 0 (taft)1.0-1.2 75 () <1.1 75 ()<1.0 150 C)

51

V//

9' INTO

,0

(8.10 I) (# ? 1977 2 a )

7. 3- n :

i5kV q5T z51 t 'RT5 3N zt * q 3RR

('N) u4-q = [TIM (N&qTww~ - tf) Z1

qrm i =rt V' gd Q T umnr Iw = 4lt Ti fR WRw u ? ttr4r'tmtPwm hm , N0-d t nrT wt52 d U k-f 9 u .T AW f

qai zT[ mdNo qwqwrA t I i ni? Dmr wtwi w t'i im vfm; jg

7.1 wm atf lit?

At-I7n pmh f (Alvarez et al) (1991) Z 1U7 ?'9 'w 9 t

- i m I Di gh' qPt ZIT * a m = 99.6-26.8 1 -4m + 1.62

Io0 ZA4O ! ./ u4R** t ut , • f -4Aq •u

., - -.- f"

80 *0..O0 y I I0 -

40

;A, , T W9Q jA g t,3 K -M#5R t i14q - 1

20 40 60 80 '00 l20 Nm P

( t qhi 3 q % =-------w4-- - 't. q- qm 4- - - o)

q -l. * I~ -i153

100

so

oog(i0O-RY)* log 00-0.0122k

60 r-OT

40

20 F

0 so0 120 I0 200 240 280 320 mm I

Rfl 17: sivttr TFA Et q'w'rT 3W31, ?131 ii qj,> zi1 p t I

70 I

I

ppm Cu

%~f I , K'- = 6 11I Th T~ A i-,' (eTi nl-' -t)- a =-. - Wn

and Li) (1992) A ' hi f n li r w lh - '

54

UqjRW Pq7WiVW E# 4 A"IMO FORT WWT t.

1) amP:fm 0.05 9 kN'Mw + 0.025 7l7tZ, MM, (ftfrE); 0.02T-M-W+0.03 7'r 3 00F in 0.17 V-f#"+ 0.03 7 3TIPMtA s

(t I 4Ft t H Wni:); 2) uiti 0.5 "m A ftwi c Atit (3-em Olsen)

3) 4hMA SiTf zI P1Ws h PtIm q)-a 0.54 '5 31417N I - 0.7 " #'%4-1tf Z tIM 4.8 (*;NMm) I om -A t i Tqf (Raij et al) (1986) w4I A

(eiAt1 f t AfN ft, (Orlando Filho & Radella 1983): vN RFOIbi,\ 30 *t-,t !U -6 ?h 90% 2A T,-F T --R9R 4z qr41 vnt

t-.o t 23 A*F/fK.M. A -d) Wr1 9o% kn fM vut

7ff~ mi N-4 'ira Tot~ t~r tdtt t

W th rfbnrjr b I! Ff(WTIp :ffifeIt ftft) RVMA rfi-7 t, NRM t, t.M,

4NR 90% fka I T t (fth daf #W Santos and Sobrals, 1980) 1tirc 24 -\W -fi A w -tiff n&T Uc; cR -G ffk J A A 3

iA WW t w f W t I M1-R TM (1992) A 3- -51

fti ft-tr6f -;$ -d : W*- - R1"l q (1982); OWIN?4n - IUMM

AW10 (1991); AWiR - tPr IA' 3TFqit (Chaves & Alvarado)

(1994); 4V- $R)TY (Villegas) (1994); Tcg -aT- r (Amores)

(1992); Aii iv-,-af f (Palacios) (1990)- Vz9?I IIM iTM *Arim

(Villegas) (1994) Km' I55

M -24 U4VWW u

T-z100 "F 1W ---

T I 56 25-80 75-150 i tul t

78 -- -

- 120 85 110

U WN 60-80 80-180 30-120 9-2/3 WIM iT

60-80 20-100 40-140 t 2q31 5 3I

W" 50-90 50-110 20-120 td U"i50-90 25-50 10-80

*-14 qtfi Wur 30-40 30-120 30-120 vi40-60 15-60 20-90

qR 4I 40-100 0-120 30-120

20-40 20-60 0-60MP- 65-90 50-100 60-150Z e ql 4 50-70 50-100 60-150 9r-3 -49 ff,

50-100 60-120 60-150 We& t WI

AIWI 80-200 60-200 80-200100-250 50-200 80-250

iINT 0 0-50 0-120

35-150 0-50 0-150 Z"R W

56

?rftr 24 -4T i "

T4_W Wfi 120 75-135 75-195 w5L-1/3 W.UI? A lRm hilT I

90 - - it2A5 9 R

zI* 100-250 60 80 ,I3.-- 150-300 80-120 - Wl-? # WTI- 120 M $ N

- 80-160 A- 100-125 (2-1-1 M5u)

- 120-180 0-150 0-150 i ) ";Z:

120;'3it -60,

* 2 A -60

90-160 - -

*tzq4 f i - 125 120 180- 120-140 - -

- 135-200 62 112

TcrmI w1 m 100-120 40 100 '73. att *it4

140 20 150 w

tW gl- w'' 80 60 125T 120 40 175

t qi Tim w -am 120 30 125

100 10 175

t"O 400 280 4oo-45o '1. z Ar,

ww 300 280 400-450

57

WRjtR cR f Et,-m A tn t Irrf~rI 25 ijpM A W4R-,5 i- ZM wi4M Athnf

4I31Ti- *,bN * t ZTq (Adsorption) Tft l U2 4 TG A Rb

o I D chi26 (4*TI- Cabrera 1994) A W t I

c ~l[M5 25: 'wU 4 A f4TM w 'wlmz~ (tSA) i4t ft~zt f~W4m

RfIMr <25 IK.t./. t 200-500

Q 25-45 -ifl 50-100>45 % 9 z 70

'rqld 0-6 thwrp f ki 100-170

3kW;19 7-14 3T 60-100

>15 T 7 - -

T1!T26: # *?I nft fT (feralsols) * ftrt? "rfl#N (4t2Af y) i ft

Rt.ffmrt Qcwl A #F R(fctw. t-l'V)

W,5 fTq5 <0.016 100

" <0.016-0.025 50

" 0.025-0.038 25

" >0.038 0

7.2 q-? (wih ;rm)

8 f flw 6 A Wzft t A 4 , w. tqiz, itt M i

58

t O mqA 3# ;i * WM# wi' ftm S z u wftq I -,tA ~Ri

uc -t -\5q A i ft~ -Th ff~ vh Tr tnf -q Otmi 4; m tur

- SFR zmi f, ItF IE7PI Nf5,ft Vrf~i (cation exchange capacity)

ftm afNE t. i SIW! V R 4,- af If z ~T3g , tt

w3ft I, Nfl- q 1 WTaI? A ; ftN 4 *1 t~i ~R i~ I ff128 TA A.~

%fn j\413f WI 1 #'&I 1 ftjm tAqM ' OeIN4 C6 V-YNZ

Ai 4 (ftR m0 ; 39 70 -4 90 f t.. 95. 4R 30 - 60 %.

Wq 120 -0 140 f 5.m. 9U 30 60 tff.-. ItA 3 ; 4 zfrg zf 50 -4 60

f%.n. 193H UM t IR, WtW 34 lt-. A 60 ftf. t . 9yj~( 7. jf-T. 4t; ;g-, Woc cbft. 1994)1I

ft-/JWftZT (Split) 'r3fiR afh m 4 qim

;gii R1 ? 18 z" W-t '-RI R gqld'i W t (Z)t 31R ?tf- Toledo

& Novaes 1962); ?ifrf 28 '4i] tfuni W dT t 24 Au WWi6 'W'-w

(AU- Geus 1973)

1T -qTh wfA M~r Crtz %I) ZI w TAm ftlzqv ?h r uw , t n 4 A~

(Alvarez and Freire) (1962) A T -m A? tq nr (0.04 At;/it.

ti (jl- -19)59

00

TO

0O w IS 270

%RniTT.*"' -t,A~

RM19:4mWFF it3 1A i z wf i mualRqZmz fN I

%1Mf:p 27 : N:-Hi: -- t T-A- 4 9-q- jt N (18 li- -4f Wf-ra)(1)

1. fW- Zqn- 44 .-

2. WM. liI . 49

3. 9W qm . + 1/2 7M tEM t TIM+ 1/2 W 7 J 4 624. WMl. qT. + 1/3 WS ). TMo -q Wff + 1/3 WI ct

13T A + 1/3 ; f* f VT'r g 65

5. T r. 41kZ. + 1/4 W:. t*rm ; '-,mm1 + -/4 W t

g-,3TM 4 + 1/4 ;1. t "I 4 31,. 1/4 -. 5 i" ATe 61

(1) 1-. - 120 f%.. t.- ; t2,3As -120; aAT -80

60

VAfPf 28 : qt q;f1T tTA A 951W11Thawf 24 qt A w~A(1)

1. WL . 135 22.5

2. 9iM. t±-+ 56 itu.T. m 139 23.0

3. WM. tit. + 56 h.m. 9 T 172 29.1

4. Wntqt- + 56 f.Vi. -W-I3I 147 23.6

lc WiF A q~ c 12 Tb"-4

(1) Awn (Geus, 1973)

7.3 (RnY? ()

"T (Barber) (1966) TF1 34- -IZfR (Barber & Olson) (1968)'A

lmTi ftv Z 1 , WV TwNM (Mass flow) MWu1 fm! (diffusion)

;41 zN-it'#gpr Z -l Wm ?T45 qTlMA 4 Wm: ft-i le t:ml 99,

0; 'urn. -2,4, 94 4R qW4.-2, 20,78 I 'n uT 95-i $ ftw, Wg Z

9 V'zbl 3TM W1ffl ' UP I '& T ftTFM (94%) 'Win. ITZ (78%) 9)z.

?R mg fR1W ITU9 A 3Th tot I

Th- (Golden) (1967) 1 RT4 f4TM f45 ZIW f2t (Vertical roots)

A m un (Lateral roots) #1 TUrq1 TfEF -#GM vffkt t AR

'uipkqi 'Tgt 9A i 4t 4 rA -z Nwmn urtf t i 'wzm a ZAt Term A i

(optimnum) Wt-,5 -qTzwil jim -4)3Tx~ tii *4 $I~ v" 9, -u. qT z

61

"Y ? tr f~i # t4 A ;51 i t (ARM Nelson, 1980)1 ThT w 'Tr79'# WA fR 4t 4 z v f4Tm urmif t (MfN(ii 29 3&t 30)

0M'IitT 29 : ?1 Zl t c Utz i iT- ;lm q--m w *4TA

1Weiwq 103wz m~ 90

* W. T f 1979)

0TTI 30: '$TWgR E cA ffj - - -- (3Ft jLbI t-Vq 4) cM RiM 4t WUan w-,, qThfat i A (lf Geus 1973)

1. qmsOq4\' ftftq 37.5

2.f ft 81.03. 'q, 10-15 A.t. ft it I R;T¢ 75.04. TRr-U TfWR (22.5 At. 311 Zt 10-15 At. 73.0

5. 4 ;wa A 109.2

4 waRTin -,t~ fr ijti-. t itb - um -it-oft~i amtm umt~ zjt r zt wi-,i foyhv t

4a T t I tAsMrft (Denmead et al) (1990) 'I Wftfrii fT pii

W5Z(trash) A IM -b) I " -UR 13 M.A. t Nf4 T V

-Tfl 7fl ?f )f ~t 11 I -U I 4 -

;9Ti EfM q4itfi fI# ct R-I'I fl 1 V (Osmotic pressure)

Z [;EFI WRF MIIF ie WW t MRN*- Tf (Morelli

et al) (1991) A Tc f4Tr I "i A AfWPJ-uI q Wft iCr m\40'H

* W ZTW R q " 9-W1TI I454T : AlfT 4 T[ftf ;M 1 I 200 F.M.Ift2 A 5

62

qft t. Rizqii + 100 ft.i. M2T 5 ft t. t gF -IT - q- mi VM-49

2 fbz MNZF M TIgTI qqT liT -I# ZITZP 9MUCf fk 27.3 U9 sft ,.

AZ T-M IM 25.0 Z9 sft t. 4iT4TR f )a" t 1 4 I

M19 f M t 1968)I

wfa A, EA ftfrm (Canopy) f wM ft cf,..N f 3?N tTT

-,[M I U4 T- " W INF tl I WTqI (Samuels)

ill CT&ITfmff Wf4 t r if Ep W~h t R 1-n 3Nqhft t uiRt 9; 75-80%

R 4r8tvi PvNw* (100-200 fRO-. t.-') -4mr ATFt-T' ZTf W A

cmT 3ATff iv WMn xra WfCI t I mwiiN UM~ fthwr tnt ug rq zM~

f #u T 200 tU.. *.-, t Tn f 3TER tffj ft-u1

7.4 -Oi - 4vw ?

Orf201 31 TFH--f #RiR A $ sit it wT cf -T s~it WTt

a IWZR4ff < ' 9z 1u mm imt wi wn'b1* ±wdTt'w A

trzh M iu t ur ItWR M %M izwn ftifr 4 wTh1 t h

(Suspension) W9 I EO I f jMw" u (mf A) U1 9F Wf A n9 : 3-15-10,12-4-12,12-6-18,10-0-18,15-0-15 I Tm " ui1E51

rm 31t t wf iTa4 (1991) U24T irmdslc (1993) # *M tsN f I

4tMPR TnIft (1992) t 3 9 ; 'T WPM W

m~mWAntk tA9 I WlT~WT SfN ft (1956) Wt' 9 Ri . LT~ff f Ai9r 1910

;A fZiT4 TO, mff ;E *M--t 1iV T ) w * (snf -33) I M f~i dn-33

63

A T4 *T ' (Tankage: slaughterhouse residue) (m -f UrnT4)ft*m'wm WzRti dls" WVTER Mmt t I z4'T

WA Th 4 41 M t I 23 Tt rcift (Alvarez et al) (1957, 1958) A

(#r-n-34). *M tRM 'nGm j% -40 4 W TMT ItrA Tonft (Brinholietal) (1980) A1 rnui arfth IfN 3T Mfq lr

(1980) A OV n . t qRtu14i -aMft foT Uh It Tfnu; # wqn

- T; W;Rm A: W'-dM 21T I 7T" f ,T Nw(R 1 ' ww N "f. Sriasav

wis;z w34R-,5,~ AiK 3TR k ~rsw Ri- Y TtqAR~i Atmtf q-A < LbMrn 's i it wq (Iq~z kwicz. s3Tht wnc) 443R

t. 7q WA fft A MWdkFM f 71?t t, mqt Z9 EMq4Rf RF!A;j--d I 4M IgdRd-F 3T 41 Atfftlb ftf it f~rq Mim

WT gfltT4 -, -t t f' f~Rt fthi zm~I I{UR f\gjg zmzTim, (Srivastavaet al 1992) 1

120, 1 (1982) t ftM TMT I mwg W ff W t f45f -;i5f

M qiinr cTh t (Apatites) 7#1 u --i, T W m M 1

9Wrfl T Rjt ff'i T--mum -,t 31Twi &wli; eT~ftRz wTc*) ziwiz mzfVra k A t Ifl ;- Th A ~ffuiP wM# t i *ft~ Trf(lPerrtira ctal) (1989) !t f4t 4;071F T) NMT siim f~ti -g wwlflir -, ffA -- 9iw ct \wrftMf(ffm-tqipi' ff14MOff -\q 9 RAFs i 4)MnC) I WA'1 WtNA 4r 7T WM

7,7t39f4R~ Wr- ti f 7rrA " riT K rmAs vi lzp ti64 mfte-z 4 U 1 R T-R Z - t I

64

3 82 - "-1.5 4716-25 - - -0.3-0.5 ?

31 T ' l 33 - - -0.6 105-" 27 - - 3 2 - -0.3 61

it-PzF WFtz 21 - - - - 24 -1.1 69

i 15 - - 26 - 0.2 65

qyum TF 21-49 - - - - - -0.4-0.9 78"

45 - - - - - -0.8 759i Z (NrfzM-) 16 - - - - - +0.3 100tfz bomr 16 48 - - - - -0.7 34

"#4t3Tq4-rzm RI# 10 50 - - - - -0.6 30

t wfflEt 14-22 10-22 - 6-8 - - -0.1-0.3 ?

StT t 4t 15 - 14 - - - +275 92

R t f- 20 18 - 12 0 8f f f- 45 10 - 1 0 10

- 19- 20 9 - +500 -

,mmmmI# - 26-37 - 25-28 - +100 -

- - 60 - - 0 116

- - e50 18 0 46

14 4 - +260 74

a (1) *tafrfl W i w-P : + WMI 9 NZ/i A-, t: t8 t i 't T il

m[ rW' 32 : TrTT' W: r ct TU VM

7t? (Na2B4O 7-10H 2O) 11

TRi(Na2B407.5H20+Na2B,,O . 10H 20) 4. 20tf 'f (H 3 BO 3) 4). 17

W-z $ (CuSo4 .5H 20) -4i. 25

Wqji 3wi (CuO) TM. 75

Roz iCF:. 5-13

ff- (FeSo4.7H 2 0) W4,t 25

3T Ewi-z 5-14

47M '~t* (MnSo 4. H20) Th 26-28

3WRMR (MnO) T 41-68

r 1Jtc T. 8-12

#fti TT~h? (Na 2MoO 4.2H20) #m. 39

AM llft e (NH4) 6Mo7 O24H2O) witt. 54

t W/I . 66

R #Z (ZnSo4.7H 20) f 23

NT1FTO (ZnO) fz 30-78

Nf 5-13

OTPfI- 33 r 4in cm- g r" 1 Th , g*W' " I

,N~ftm ff-c~z1003{tftN;1Trz 94

$ , 98" ;ft " 104

Aftqq ~ijtz100(W*f 4I- q Nt) 99

96

94

66

0 50 100

fR3 20: f q\4it9 ; W A ~Ta , jqWj)RI I

0T1frm 34 '13F3Ti -n -ci Zmrc g~frm An~ MTM wum C i 4 1

N1.tl1 wF3,m 1 ?I

tt tt-,T ot91

x~f ?4 j899191

8288

(Freire et al (1968) ifiiT I ZT tf~lf1lTI W~rfft~Z?1 ~Tim A'I R ur4f

t-cit,-b mi nT t 4 v-~ g LbFtjtI t 'fRP i wm1 'lT! I

67

00t1iTl 35 :~wi f w rmn'n §R wnitc~ (=100) ZkP 3TM wrt\4Th D

ziti i 4 105

3 107

q 5 91

A 4 63

W 6 61

AE *M Z 2 57I ~1Rfg IT 3 40

t tI (nfTri 36)CI-W 36 : qI.IT. -41 wqM tft 4)14;e i ftHF tR ( J Lh-r 100o)

5.0 5.5112 102

-i;ipi t1 116 9793 8876 49

7.5 "Uunri r mt 4:

IM \i4id 9 f45 t4t t W f t t 4 "Sugar ismade in the field, not in the factory" I rt;I q UM #TM &m ftn fi

alPff q) Tht : w ? Rz w~m4 Ti q-~q i (gift g~

'fRP-The sink source relationship) 4 4T RK Ori ft419 t W t-wi ' i ft I9WR: 4Uf (GeuO) (1973) ct 3Tff 9-5- cM xr -qft

a& 8 t -f 'it ft tiiw W ft; lT~ ' R ?IW 168

I &z7 (Hodnett) (1956) tT - Th-tft iWIq A 1930 - fDT Tit 767

q' 0.04.0.33% fffi)3I A Wtmtt tIz9- A t0f tzm --TO

IThf Tif (Valdivia etal) (1978) A wffif lti m i vrm

TTftz (Vegetative growth) ; %\qWM A ftM M-M t. Wdi Wz

cR 4)1 RIT -fin r P: 300 f4JTT. t.-IT Ta~ zi 3 uTT5 TjWU tJ

uqIW TI 4t i MTTm w w -PVW -il1-'.l- (Chwan-Chau)

(1976) t ZMi Rt-4ti t; 4 10 *TIM t f t t 11 4M

31R t 14t TMA (Marinho et al) (1975) A RFits A A t T

Rt Wu nMiMhi A, f9 ;A fki 50 fti3Tt1 9:A 'm9 ?iM thq&m

nt(1968) -A 354 MW q 14P-ug9). W l n iT-.,ht -1940-1954 ;Y hl @ c 4M W4T AI $ T-I

(Hodnett) (1956) 4 56 I4t.. t-' ItA 5 2t N i -A WR

win fk I #i Wmi (1975) ti fti 7 100 it.ur. #.-I t'eA t

Uif Wl i ti~z A t~ ftirp alP rqjff A~, 4 t g N 50-ffl

Ttf (Serra et al) (1974) A WU f4ti rT# pn W-cl 4 mn

69

;A A 9 t ft R)iti 4Z t-,, - W (Samuels and Landrau Jr.)(1956)A W1171 I qff vir, A : ,t it q T jf w-qt t sFIT Ntql;T AiP , r4A f[Ei % Wd t I iM WT3 cf Th (Trend) PAZ?(1956)

f. .4 0 i 100 200 00 00i100 69 "T18.3 t't 17. 16.3 16.M MI 4 17.0ffviWTT

N 8.1 7tft .4 17.7q A amt '*&;r (W17.i 7tqpnfi %) t:

$4 7~ffd At arm'rM 4il wfTrP $4 m 4 iirfh wtwt t ~p q~

001,01m 37: nF siP t ;5T JiviR W Pn

orI~. 100 200 300 400 ZNiP1

0 17.3 16.6 16.2 15.8 15.7 16.3100 16.9 18.3 17.3 16.3 16.4 17.0200 17.3 17.2 17.6 17.2 17.6 17.4300 18.1 17.4 17.7 17.7 17.1 17.6400 17.4 17.6 17.1 17.0 17.4 17.3t\rn 17.4 17.4 17.2 16.8 16.8 17.1

AR& TMk (Marinhoet al) (1975) KM fkT PIN V A rt oiwqiwIn TM Thm 1 15% xqieM A Wmfw WM l I *T(t#t fthiw (1985) c

3IffFcra g tf4$4 q)8Iflo Mjl T Wmm WUPflI w10 wwM 'nt ft- wTai

fwtt I

&45bns Z # r ft sahi FlN t -f (Syrup)-, w f~'nn W 1 -ClMdft F~rw 'f#ti $4 iqu w;Ai uauu ztF A ;- vwFt ft i tfrMtpp vqi

ftdtPW (Mellassigenic) egQf ft cw~ft M 7M V A-& (Mol) 74

70

IL

06 09 ca1060

II

o1-

%100

lp I4 -P

IKIiftian I* 1 - PAJ~ k* kS 1 (1(UWtKIP aP hul

I (z86t 12 4tiEQ± 1 g~~

JZtj kPna~h1-'lthk L * k

7.6 -mmrn R wmN:

(Rosseto) (1987) ,3N ,T41 U I A *1 l (Cabrera) (1994) rll *TAutf 0t (1994) gR id'ug -TT I

fqWt n (Ripoli'et al) (1991)A s fit 4- f45 78 ri t. T'P z n qW 22 e-r -pr 3N#N utt 8*14 t -fl WItb 29 TR

r ' TI WrMri 3TYm, 4T A TfWU siirm -j1 -4)m tT -IWRi A 4g swim wm 8qq -zfit Tf# w r mm w Rn1

q"tW wNIT *- rm ~t2 '19T t~ -AI4 it 37x106 ?9P zr q zm;

wt * Tr p (I? qT1 Weng et al, 1993) -,t wzrq t N'f 8$1 e uvnm5 fzRr ~i w* 8F-T"- wri Wiq 37x 10 Z--T Af Zimi Wgf u

wmI im t hftv Z m ftw aqR mm 9 Z 10 'it ZW t1 I

q., 3. kq aN 3T. . . 983) I

*r efi A * imm (- mr Wegt al*93 "wf 4ir #.~w tlI

t3Tf uun - (ainvn) 3- -tn~a r fit wzrF wn Tr it"Ar uq-ifrw

W k i tq A V -1 o50 AT .. -. 85 ft.ug . aT r 200-250 fTrr. 3N (Bagasse), 25-40.3.1. 83 T1 3 5 7

72

ft.r rT- (R i zT -Boilers A 7l.0@ ) * W t I K3T

k Affm vrm t Tf w -4 -wt 12 -,?In llz * tn (Distillery

slops) ;I 3q M/?-f-? (Vinasse). 4M -ft. t I t 4 ViM 'QT

,,,,,m Im,t (By-Products) RR,, RFcz' Ri# 4fh UW 4U A .Fq

ain (4 i m) ckin i ~v wm.wtnT~~

7.7 w a R

tlgw ir wdi 3 A mirt I ini zF hzl Tk~rz A wZi t 0\r0NTmT t 38 4 -,R) , Tlft'(Wutke etal) (1960 4R 3- aN

q1ii (Wutke & Alvarez) (1968) - *Vt A AR f Trt I 3i

mflt 3qjN qj ~ w fl I 9an &\ . aT A MR, 3 Z9 iij iWw - ;T-m1 Tl I _

U&f5 38: ij 4 m Pw W -T.* f (r./i.) Tn Rin

w eTff ft 17 3fM tql 3IRfTi 1958-61

1954-56 1956-58 _4 44M

52 31 36 26

9l-. Mf.AZ. 79 69 84 64

9-. MwM.r)Z.+±-i1 88 94 128 73

fdt fl tia 3T~~Iz Th1 W fiblf3 39 A U ~Im till t3'

f T A (Wood) (1993) * aTpIR nlT'm T" z rIq I

tfl f q fll6 'PR Itli '5rt ti irm tifm 3I m twite t I rri;

3TIql' ti fTiTl 3' -\ t 'rftiP VmQ TT Al I% 3' w~A iu

-T fia- rgi Rf ! t.ftt . 5.5 - Uin Mu (T't aR Vi 1956)1

-,t RT T -i I (Threshold values) 150 t..*-. 4Rl 25 tt"73

A4tti(0.75,3tR 0.20 fial *qMA- wr-:) z am R q Trf t 1 -4

Kl-tN 'lu 39: ft c 'r W qfvjjim jr- qi [ -i- V -

I.gif. 4.7 5.8*f ( .i./t. .) 0.33#I~qf ( ... )0.02 -

4.5 5.9*~iftppi(' #/%AmfL) 0.26 2.66

( .. .)0.12 1.59

f F: (trft~ Wz CaSO 42H 2 O) wfra n tr A" t-iThrd WZ, W t N 4f-i fr -. -4iT mWr; 3wTh7T fM*1n'm a3N 3u: i ZA

aR bI r 3jfl 2jJI (Sodic Soil) 45 Tw T; f4t9T uR wt ft ffrirtt, 3ai: A qi&Nqi y (hardpans) AR VA tw aifr wa)--& V'kjmfthw(Hardsetting clay soils) W ;gwm I

260

240 22

220

2MO 476

466

mo 10

9 91609

40 50 so 5

f45uT. 17.

9it Wift OThttzi k, 10 twu~ Tl 4 (4t~t 1994)1

74

m0 'Wtn Wft i M- iim t #~7qT , r - *7zm Twmft(Shainberg et al) (1989) efr 3r -dnr 4t4Pid (Alcordo &Recheig]

1993)! 1 ]1f (Morelli et a) (1992) ct KRI qzaM l TX" #1ml W4 f

ftqt nrift~ jw -u QUIi aN it t~m -WIN qTNi

fA 4 3T4tz -iff~i 75% IN tfCOPTH WjfR TT11lRA TF

ftj wwpq -qR fair - 50 AA. ) t ROftd f4T' I fti" lj4fAr 1 uf (0-125 At) A *OPImq 4R flP&49 mI Zff tr

#r i tM t ?rrfrWT 40)1 U-lWM UW A -I (4E4 TT~ Uhr : 77 in

00I~M. 40: TA 4NN 4zR wy cfl rNQ tP1P1#-ftR qi m 4NciT

xpt wn'r 4N~l t~ zm (ri T

mlf weR ffvRm /)(i/k.) 0 2 4 6

0 99 .106 111 111

2 110 113 117 114

4 112 121 117 118

6 110 117 113 118

9v- -a-'f fR (1944) #; 3 A1fR M ri # WcT N

1Ma fF lR 22 A s~ft t, 6T,0c qw~ # -1 Ufi A 97;5M zfm WI

A ft 3Nt 'ri rt w * A q fid- - t Wrf tm t I m t R

'rwr' mr W z& -i A l (f-*fj- mMAf Trivelin et al,

75

1988) Ai Tfl-\r ff (u"it)AsimitI i& 4l

C151 U tr f 44-143 f~i.ir. Mfr t. ft t (f- 1973) 1

.tI-it-- : A-C-t9i (Nelson) (1980) c; 3TTEIR f A aft m' 9 ± 1 ftj i.

tm4 T I ufrmr 41 , f$M lRA t M44R4 t M $nI, Uf 392 ,4,t-4 WfR W t~Tm (7F~4w-- 1980) 1 z1? tin zfH t 'wmmP'n f

Th1 muTrc 4 (31mi141W) t 89 ?9- Pt tm ft ZnuM NlT-WR (Frequency)

WER fl1etWic Tt~ (1989) - t tTti1 fRh ftR1 3EfN 4 WPa (1

40000,255 to 20 40

ff 23 :Uffl f "ita 4 I TT;WiM q T U T-

76

qf t w wfa4 zq !~r ! 4U4qi giT itt~ t~ I tl fR1

It 1/ n Tc 3T ~ WT1 lflj 'IW 1 1 ft11111 1111 ffN *{15

oA mqR frt ZRW~ ThT 15 &ftq4 tm fi~i.TT eq ' AT af d

Swfa A vi Wm t it m 1T loo li.m. -2 f ,n t t I

wlT-5 41 :bIQflhA wT i t sitr q wmuf 4lTf t

z 268 124 392

- 170 71 241

% 63 57 61W +4 ' 6-35 5-36 -

202 73 275

% ZF z 75 59 70

puq(+vr/) 4-86 8-89 -

206 86 292

% W a 77 69 74

wqm (+ZT/. 1-38 3-31 -

!W *M , Tr Wrff : tR *4 (1956) " URU Z A 12 OfWl A 4

A~c -,t wz ; ?r,- Mzti4-T zm wm T -iiz f ,;

-mdI1k-mT: # TP1 rf (Mogilner et al) (1960) A Ru ft

TFM W A7 fI w It fi-'i c -ff 0.005% A. tU- fb- PWi

;mmwylT tipm wm~ Z7

77

0.1 I . 7 f 'J ; T ; - t . 4 1 l q p * rM A it f R U q y- TtTZ 'Ml t, IRI' !A# T # (Annon rn 1990)1

IAAlii: ui ftf t lRt 6.8-7.4 Z ; k c#t (Cochrane)

. t1 5' 43 ..Vww 'm I

WTW 'E W41, Wg? ?E 1- (3Tti ,SR ,l963) I

dr.Wtl.k. 124 109+ ± . 146 111

± Ti. 132 107

+ 3q1{ 136 111

+ 1127 110± zi. 136 115

+ 4 128 110

(1) 136 115f -

ft 23 &R W m TMT ARP 3N M (Marinho andAlbuquerque (1981) t - 1 i T &)-- 3[ 4- A ) W 9TTlZ w

UM W i5Mft 'A hhifd PFi 'mi #dtM 1 (Mehlich 1) (0-05 -Z.±Aqm + 0.025 '-9- IM' 2IRW'h 4) f tmi qM gm cft T M 0.25 .

78

t.". fr I Th fkn. Mft t. -4TM ZI# ER ZT - TR" 0.63 It.".

60 -100

y :48 13I 1599x -0648X240 8

120 60

y,2681*0 44" 0,16X2

1oc 40

80 20

0 5 10 15

Ib' 24 : Th91-f t cm W qAjf fiZi ('~t") 4qi -frqq fttt ftri it T

,W gf I 4 ,oT OTF AWT I

fzpri Ni ifriti t 1N Pi1m um tr A ~TeT ;RR 0.5 t&P{. -A 4m

TrzD, ff.# 4MRM A Af 9.8 efN 20 Z-- g1fr t'- WTMr: Wrwi WUF, 5TZM At

10 f.n. f t.-, ffT z q ur-m (fit ) ffvrz ft A 0.45 t.t.

120 f t # W) 3 aN #hR*0A, (Azeredo and Bolsanello)

(1981) 9M Twl 4N t fiRi A qTri 'D :Tl V WH

79

t MT?1TZ Th'jM: 28 ?9/t-' 3-R 20 ?9/* -A Iiti R 4 5

( ; t ;7q 4) T 3 V4 ft-n Tm I f"i N11 f[rf 0.29 -... Td-3.5 &.t.tT. it TM WTqf WkYt -T NIN 11 tt".. ;A t 44 t .t.

01 + 1.77 TM - 0.07 VcTR fZR4 IT = vi mr t.-' AR i = f.n/tfrlT i w qrm-ilf fRti tt z 11 f 5. u. *.-I -,i i T , ?zfl9(Derivative) 71 tru/;M M1 = 1.77-0.14 tZM A fth5.. f iT N1 iV1 30

f t 1988 a fnn ,m fii. (1991) 'i 4 n f- . i fr *2 vn1W?

('Tq 7 " 5 1993 4; -3T * ZF (1991) ; 8.-N 10m 1 9.1.frm.

:* R'r zt (Saee Ita)(92 ~

0.5% T4I f Ri- l M l tTz? (lfWin. t-1)1 cm M ~m A EFqc wi m

: 1988)1 ft ta f eta, (1991) A al ; Tn Mim 4 mr - 25-

25 f' m k-2 f. t, -4 - m qT r - n -,TiT a 74 2iiqi

80mTir fli &Ii su~tii tt flDRUII UFM R'ii I mm t mt WPITzM -*m (em ) tflqAq'l~ 7trs arR 'am*wn tj # w~im ;A

Pifflm f47m ui -wm t i 3mm, mm,449n 3Pnn 7-i ftna iifr r4 qpml)iA tqv z 9 m' W n xi 48saft19 mA7 m v O qcztTnh17nTr(3nmr -iif 1993)1 It~t af'P fi- (1991) A4 8. 10 aftR 12 t41w . f~cff

-A iw A d F 4TE Aih fh I (ftt ah- R119 1991)lqlft ~ ER~i : UvfM if (Saleem et at) (1992) *t SPJ ifR qfPj-4 W f.

tETUT tr,*ka13r. qw. tkcr. zm pitr) arrrj t wrr t zzTT' uvitiM #c fr

WV4M 1 TJTf (Juang et at, 1978)-4 3T;Y1 Wih g144 4 ftltl ;4 25-

awln tr 25 it.M. t.- fuiw -mii c Rf ml #I~ -?h 3Tftz - Tftz 23 Uvi

80

k- 1 TAiT z7Tl mi ftrl 24 q4dInnn WT t~ eRi 4WUq tnrz tw ftA~uRa ftP, q fZ (ftO R TT 0.1 9. -..A ) WN 12 t.A

". 3f E il 60 4 .".i. MD I

ARW : Rnk (Anderson, 1978) Aw i It fti - 7

q" 3- TMrt znw/T4 (#m7 Aq ut ~i wt P t tu #c; fMr'z

317 fti -11711 A ft. fg1fbI tI wiim W1IZ aN (Assimilation) 51

tI R-4 t1 =1 1965 VA 1 ft.T[/T.lTai 2 (Mn/SiO2 ) 3

M./ pt '-i A (I 2 RTI1 fa q)I i1A -,i 3- tZ A ft fTm t z

q ffc (Frecking disease) #T M"Ol u1 ft- Tr 0 79.

(Fox et at) (19678) A t. ft * t 'ri/ m 4.5

tif., V AA $- 1brra /tt it-f A t t 1. i .- ') a m ITm A fiuitr v ufl- fti ini ;tRAvt TtZ ft) *Tb2 t -

(rFo x it I t w (Deren et a ) (1993) A fM. V z A4E4winft A t9 1WA ftm~ w4 vAi1i 1h (W~MqI M~t-I fh u

ITRTN TI4V ft I

7.8 Ndam wr. %AR a A e

'FH fTrd -,IT 5E71 gffn t.' -cflfr1 9- t ,cr A

(Maximum economic yield-MEY) TT i t I zr A f - i 4T

Quvr) A 3lzi~1 it 7iT", 3u1?N twpt -, f~riti w<6R -,t5~ frR, d i fc q1 43.

Iet ft~zkzM (TM. 3&W ft. #' f~rtz) 4NW lt aTh T i T

(40f3) a1 ft .m. Uvq (t) #t ffi1 # #rt-qt 4I/-t wm' (dRAfrtt r1981 ,W Af ; dl 3 , 1978)1

81

8. *q za wit~pt zstu

TT) A Wffqr PTr A qfb3T - vA. q~ft, %,l y Z ~

!IlfrITDT 43 :4t A Z4 ir 41;* zb j c RUt t/ir 3Ty

4f/if Rr.i. t.-, -

13 12815 141

17 15119 16221 171

cirftn 44 : WN1 WU A thq i rim i t l td Th- ' t/AN rei m

,ft/R *ft,t 7tf (A * -, q -)- fq5.. t.- -'t2,A

3Tt1 <0.12 0.12-0.23 0.24-0.40 0.41-0.8 >0.8

30 160 140 100 70 50.0

40 170 150 110 80 50.0

50 118 160 120 90 50.0

* f)-Oftm f4TM TIr 0.5 " wEiA F M

00ifrmn 45 : 31N$M5 -fqRD oTsr t1RTF c f Ni\4 1 W-1N * vIft

f, rmqft./*. 'Mt5(4 -4tp)* 3T;JMf/' : 8 14 20 26 32

>5 120 150 170 180 1906-9 50 80 100 120 14010-16 10 40 60 80 10017-34 - 10 30 50 70

>34 - - 10 30 40

82

tft fA w ~ 9 ffr r 2mT "~'q4Th ffI-c'

Z aF ZtR WRW %EF (Distillery slops) in i4t cDN Iqi (5q )

T M (Vinasse) I Mq -M 4mrpq- i T (W-T) q -m WIM M ,-ff '-T

A ifqTd - w- jn t f tTrf &N Wr- (Pimentel Gomes &

Cardoso) (1958) 3T - V' #A tW it z z ,i4ntz

(1) jq Vi (Leguminosae family) * irA vw rf f-m# fi WtFFt -im Aji flg!tt (Symbiotic) tInj t; * ' t t

W41 (2) It WO- 0 t4 infR- 4 wnTw r-i 4 fn A - 9 g- 4 RT (3) lzj Wa zA 4M4 3T r 10 Wr. ft./7-9 N IW

(C/NRatio) t TIM,,flft Nnt# ji *h MA <W t i (4)

* ,k M I flfiol 46 4 i TI UT - 0 (Crotalaiajuncea) U qf .

AT3m43r wiF A ftm -uum t ti -Mf 4i01 (inoculated) tII irfblf' 34

zA mpm ;4 z- 9 1 vi ft A %-a wm vjTF t 15er t v -d) w-A ziu -

f I W-, WRI-c A ar -qZ z f; ft4 -A i& t I (t3-3 Souza,

1953; E~igI Cardoso, 1956; Mci$IWT jM, 1959)l IIt419 a7 TWA

83

!Mn f45 001f,01 48 A fthpn'TM 9. -ap aWiT fia Wrqf f4Zt

W;TM 7 (Net) jTT - (-4p - - nzu r -i. nlm), qf witwh '3-1 (-i,) T i V-O U i t m tt IClIMIT 46 :m ~ini q-q T -41) 3 T, qU fl-U - qM- g

um - wff6P 8R """"i14 (W94) 28-54

T- 16-,Ft . 6A-. w'ffrn 37-42A. tfk-rl 22

"zIfrTi nw-n -T (I T1) 1040Vr 17-35

16-43t 4 20

4Thf (3wl ) 15-35* r wftqrfr 23-33

#iA (mrqif) 15-19

tRAit *fWiq (t mift) 24tffft -t~qc 5

VA-'T 47 : --) Z kc- ZU Af-i Ufv - - H UM i- t'

'r--qr wr-,i Z99:

P 7AvT 52 31 30 38±,50.-wm. + - 88 75 67 77

13 i.ni. +~rAi-ei +i 86 100 90 9280 69 67 71

TW.4l.Z. + TIT 88 95 97 93

84

8.2 Mrin M Mii 9 mf~ We $h*I (Uw)

ft-if-- Nm j MTn e te Z11 mz'i UMVuqu j-a- Z x r qig -4 TtM r 1/3 -'T ftii T- 9 (Tv

Halliday, 1956)l ITRW ftRld b w4i Ulf f?$ 49 A ln TiM t I aTil

1) qt 9A Rw -A 50-100 Z-9 I.- 'cM fR -A

2) R'Tq W A 5-20 Z9 .- tklia-m 48 : z f W- ma m q) o-zmu (1)

qtqu mq WtZTl (2) F (3)

------------------------------------ 1 .T[./t.

75-. 13.6 151.2 165 13.4 69.1 82

WRI. 1.7 11.9 13 1.9 4.2 6

q4. 20.8 85.3 106 86 42.4 51

4 R 6.6 74.5 81 8.2 31.9 40

fm. 4.1 19.4 13 2.9 5.9 9

T -eW. 3.8 12.9 17 4.4 3.3 8------------------------

107 497 604 52 112 164

T'4. 26 54 80 36 11 47

ai$. 8650 24807 33457 6944 1635 8579

T[ 487 982 "1469 746 299 1063

38 97 135 48 36 84

(1) tR. (f* iN ;i -c-ff 1994)

(2) rF- --T "lCR : 5 6. Wqt IT[ 32

(3) UFuU 4M T 9F A : ;51 4, ZIT qm' 13

85

. tqq -Slops 7ll qru1T w NTm - Vinasse # Ij 1 gf)l T). TfftW

VWmn fTw rr4 t~Yjrr f; i -e) wqfftmwii WA+ i# -

# 'f f A gP UMh (UFW t t aff t Gloria et al, 1973)1 U

!.A~ Tqff mfn 50 Ar ftmTrTt

f~T -I aNiN (Vinasse) A ft~Tn A j wrc -mqn mwl -,T, TitMh5i

3. 1.4

- ( 0.9qinL (n ;) 0.4

t-z. 0.3t-a. 3.0

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flid ,i ur. 2.tu. TT,9 ff-C-M, 7CR. . (1972) : Ofr fl -ir iiti r

N Aq n I t19 r .Z# WFMACk : Aittn 44 (2) : 349-352.k--O. "-Vc-- 7;9 , .' (1978) : 4 4- 3T Z)tc

fl~t f r T 'PTWR ffR fl U; 3T4F# 1 iimA. ft. 16 Wi#M. wntR. tWM (mit tnWh) 21:1283-1292.

At& tin. 'z-.., -,t. "7. 7"; tg, 7.iTrFi.. (1975) uqqtwrr

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"- I 113-119. t.l3iT. $\t RAh. #R t Tq t

- 4Nii~n 249 UI'.#iSYh R a., &fi'ai '- v.. % 7, t. 7;9 f&i# t, ;M. vIZ. (1960):

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'irt t~tf rq,14 #rq A whnw (frt1(3) : 245-247.

98

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(4' 'q) 16, 187-194.

fiA-. *A, A.&Kr.. L1- . 3". gug 4 . . R-aua (1991):c~c )-i *44tf~l wrm aNww rm' qWt iti qftiNqi

tr 4h tu q- --- i amn. r. -i ($ ):15. 57-61.

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,3.O.M, ffm FT-; #Me . 3T ff, TWI UT-f W-m.wy "b-, Aftf-1. 910 ku.

fth--, 7-R.h. (1977): TRl I P: tD tftlzill 3ThM f wRi 4f4.80-11 t. ft qf EM 7Ztt. *r0,4R7,A, w,7. t #4Thqi tre/Tzw#

'fl T~h*! ?19,502 kai.8OUl V,'. A. t u t.t. z eA n (1981): -t- fH -/ -I

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4 -4M w it w441.7 F k;'w Wti 44 tr *(f4 4tm

154 MIaIR*Ag ft-e* (1985) : qtpjifq~~4 Rg MT§'I# qI j: tqN114H 4

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ieft -ft]nI 115m c4 wf;i Rw Tft I (zT4Ca1i'r$) -a. 7,1395-

405.

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*. tA tmqrw. *rafc-, 04FA4r 1' 368 k,7.NYCAT ftZ-e, *A. t "r u tt-d . -(1983) : 44-67* W)31A ;9.

AAt~ ziN w - 44-anrn -41 wftm, p : vj- gTdc zi wrnat, 0 N i-, -in , t. 41-73 FA *Tfu-g T. ZAZTcn , RM9 E,

4Vro-iEl, 368 O-.

99

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ATV#- 1--. -. 7 T4 -R. 7; ftm' %r .7. (1981) : irt

( U' ) 97 (1) :18-24.

*T - M T, li t# , Z Pt 'Tt . (1978) : T 311

7zRW U r 3fl9. jtff Sip 3TEP-T lWTqI ft. 16Wi 0~ Fhf R. ffq~f yr# k. (ttfr. ITi) 9T&

2, 1165-1174.AiTf ftci, -A, O. ) -. , t 7 IA AS (1979) :

7. 1: (1):3-24.

Aft tM', I., Tq t. WM, I V. (1975) : t 'A 0ift1 Ut 'swiftpi Tf NF n (#th) mRn, --tg t 85(4): 23-29.

3h'(,AtftZ;, . P. N . i. 7Z 4tii r., 4. (1980) : A MT-It 4 r1-T it 7in RtGt -\Ml. 41-76 7 I-flzi T-P-t izz ;H)A\ ;M T -t t -T q--. t.t-5. t--(tUAT -MiT) 2 (1) : 3-128.

w ht' 'q- (1990) cTT 'ffalr A r r- -A 3U " A t.f. I Wit. T aTIW ($.) : 499-508.

1 N14n, t.. (1991) wcg r-ri T w w" I '9. s,-fcRr 633. i),.

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ql#4i '-:. (1964) : Ae)Afl 514';Nt qftli-t iftAlA~Y -M

Rflee- Ifl. T15t (4-' 21:12-17.O '" g&tftfrIT-. 73 -R--, V.. (1964) :*fklr I A

TtMNi iw '~~NN t gir' TO mT4;T tq r i NfftqT: 4 a t WtA - 4i5A\4 (ft) 21 :3-11.

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100

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-IT 4A. 473 0-1.

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;ti j ch)(#414 4"R-F Wf I 1521 -44 W-i fpI { -\q ~W- "S-) I 4FF. 7V: 382-394.

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qM.-M.k. (ft&,F) 10 (1) : 22-28.

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qlf T I VR..-t. (MURrFMi) 7 (1) 49-54.

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7zU f4;q\-9 1 Z wr 90 tu *c- TF9 RIT,-; I WF Ut1lTi#. 108, 275-279.

W ,gTT t. (1959) : t 3 tAGIq MM V,7 311W *i ITR tvm wf-(T,-t- ct) 5;-Z I ft. T-. #-M. JT4 N-t.1o 508-514.WT it,~ (1969): qjOfrpq4 51*,j fN4 qj; fff~ I T tMxf ~f. tsrir 362

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wmi -t 7EgwR zm.'a. R%. -rE? (FlFmT )17, 371-375.

- 9 v7 ,3M& 4 Tc -,9 W9 -A Tg 9) Wfr ft 317-332 ;S.Ah- t, Rw. ;A3w4. Rff-q ;r, INA 368 47,

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