goldenrod galls

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Goldenrod Gall Fly Larva Parasite – Predator Guild

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Page 1: Goldenrod galls

Goldenrod Gall Fly LarvaParasite – Predator Guild

Page 2: Goldenrod galls

Canada Goldenrod

Solidago canadensis

Page 3: Goldenrod galls

Ball GallBall Gall

Page 4: Goldenrod galls

Ball gall formation is initiated by a goldenrod gall fly larva.

Page 5: Goldenrod galls

Ball gall formation is initiated by a goldenrod gall fly larva.

The larva produces the plant growth hormone Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) and “spits” it into the stem.

Page 6: Goldenrod galls

Ball gall formation is initiated by a goldenrod gall fly larva.

The larva produces the plant growth hormone Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) and “spits” it into the stem.

IAA initiates lateral growth (girth) in plant stems.

Page 7: Goldenrod galls

Ball gall formation is initiated by a goldenrod gall fly larva.

The larva produces the plant growth hormone Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) and “spits” it into the stem.

IAA initiates lateral growth (girth) in plant stems.

The dose of IAA into the stem causes the stem tissue around the larva to swell causing the gall to grow.

Page 8: Goldenrod galls

Ball gall formation is initiated by a goldenrod gall fly larva.

The larva produces the plant growth hormone Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) and “spits” it into the stem.

IAA initiates lateral growth (girth) in plant stems.

The dose of IAA into the stem causes the stem tissue around the larva to swell causing the gall to grow.

The gall provides a supply of food and shelter for the growing larvae.

Page 9: Goldenrod galls

Ball gall formation is initiated by a goldenrod gall fly larva.

The larva produces the plant growth hormone Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) and “spits” it into the stem.

IAA initiates lateral growth (girth) in plant stems.

The dose of IAA into the stem causes the stem tissue around the larva to swell causing the gall to grow.

The gall provides a supply of food and shelter for the growing larvae.

The larva will spend one year in the gall.

Page 10: Goldenrod galls

The goldenrod gall fly larva is barrel-shaped and cream-colored.

Page 11: Goldenrod galls

The goldenrod gall fly larva is barrel-shaped and cream-colored.

Compared to the other insect larvae that can be found in a ball gall it is the largest.

Page 12: Goldenrod galls

The goldenrod gall fly larva is barrel-shaped and cream-colored.

Compared to the other insect larvae that can be found in a ball gall it is the largest.

The gall fly larva is a herbivorous parasite.

Page 13: Goldenrod galls

Because they will overwinter inside the gall, gall fly larvae must have a survival strategy for enduring the subfreezing temperatures they will face in temperate zones.

Page 14: Goldenrod galls

Because they will overwinter inside the gall, gall fly larvae must have a survival strategy for enduring the subfreezing temperatures they will face in temperate zones.

They produce antifreeze agents that prevent the formation of ice crystals inside their cells.

Page 15: Goldenrod galls

Because they will overwinter inside the gall, gall fly larvae must have a survival strategy for enduring the subfreezing temperatures they will face in temperate zones.

They produce antifreeze agents that prevent the formation of ice crystals inside their cells.

Although the strategy is the same as that of some frogs, the chemicals they produce are different. The strategy is called freeze tolerance.

Page 16: Goldenrod galls

The larvae of two wasp species are parasites of the goldenrod gall fly larva.

Page 17: Goldenrod galls

The larvae of two wasp species are parasites of the goldenrod gall fly larva.

The female wasps lay their eggs directly into the gall tissue.

Page 18: Goldenrod galls

Some gall fly larvae are invaded by the larva of the obtuse wasp.

Page 19: Goldenrod galls

Some gall fly larvae are invaded by the larva of the obtuse wasp.

It is an endoparasite.

Page 20: Goldenrod galls

Some gall fly larvae are invaded by the larva of the obtuse wasp.

It is an endoparasite.

However, unlike typical parasites, this wasp larva eventually kills the fly larva. Such a parasite is called a parasitoid.

Page 21: Goldenrod galls

Some gall fly larvae are invaded by the larva of the obtuse wasp.

It is an endoparasite.

However, unlike typical parasites, this wasp larva eventually kills the fly larva. Such a parasite is called a parasitoid.

The obtuse wasp larva causes the fly to pupate in September. Any fly larvae that go unparasitized don’t pupate until March after overwintering in the gall.

Page 22: Goldenrod galls

Some gall fly larvae are invaded by the larva of the obtuse wasp.

It is an endoparasite.

However, unlike typical parasites, this wasp larva eventually kills the fly larva. Such a parasite is called a parasitoid.

The obtuse wasp larva causes the fly to pupate in September. Any fly larvae that go unparasitized don’t pupate until March after overwintering in the gall.

This puparium was This puparium was made by the fly larva made by the fly larva before it was before it was consumed by the consumed by the obtuse wasp larva. obtuse wasp larva. The wasp larva is The wasp larva is inside and will remain inside and will remain there until spring.there until spring.

Page 23: Goldenrod galls

The giant goldenrod wasp larva is pear-shaped, and cream-colored.

Page 24: Goldenrod galls

The giant goldenrod wasp larva is pear-shaped, and cream-colored.

It parasitizes the fly larva and eventually completely consumes it (it too is a parasitoid).

Page 25: Goldenrod galls

The giant goldenrod wasp larva is pear-shaped, and cream-colored.

It parasitizes the fly larva and eventually completely consumes it (it too is a parasitoid).

It is an ectoparasite.

Page 26: Goldenrod galls

The giant goldenrod wasp larva is pear-shaped, and cream-colored.

It parasitizes the fly larva and eventually completely consumes it (it too is a parasitoid).

It is an ectoparasite.

After finishing the fly larva, the giant goldenrod wasp larva begins consuming the gall tissue.

Page 27: Goldenrod galls

The giant goldenrod wasp larva is pear-shaped, and cream-colored.

It parasitizes the fly larva and eventually completely consumes it (it too is a parasitoid).

It is an ectoparasite.

After finishing the fly larva, the giant goldenrod wasp larva begins consuming the gall tissue.

It is always found with frass (brown powdery feces) inside the gall. There is so much frass because plant tissue’s cellulose does not digest completely.

Page 28: Goldenrod galls

Another insect larva, that of the tumbling flower beetle, also can be found in the ball gall.

Page 29: Goldenrod galls

Another insect larva, that of the tumbling flower beetle, also can be found in the ball gall.

Page 30: Goldenrod galls

Another insect larva, that of the tumbling flower beetle, also can be found in the ball gall.

The adult female beetle lays her eggs on the ground at the base of a goldenrod stem. After hatching the larva crawls up the stem and invades its tissues. If it happens to invade a gall it will eat the gall tissue.

Page 31: Goldenrod galls

Another insect larva, that of the tumbling flower beetle, also can be found in the ball gall.

The adult female beetle lays her eggs on the ground at the base of a goldenrod stem. After hatching the larva crawls up the stem and invades its tissues. If it happens to invade a gall it will eat the gall tissue.

If it enters the gall fly larva’s chamber it will eat the gall fly larva.

Page 32: Goldenrod galls

Another insect larva, that of the tumbling flower beetle, also can be found in the ball gall.

The adult female beetle lays her eggs on the ground at the base of a goldenrod stem. After hatching the larva crawls up the stem and invades its tissues. If it happens to invade a gall it will eat the gall tissue.

If it enters the gall fly larva’s chamber it will eat the gall fly larva.

If the gall fly larva has been eaten by a giant goldenrod wasp larva and the wasp larva is inside the gall, the beetle larva will eat it.

Page 33: Goldenrod galls

Another insect larva, that of the tumbling flower beetle, also can be found in the ball gall.

The adult female beetle lays her eggs on the ground at the base of a goldenrod stem. After hatching the larva crawls up the stem and invades its tissues. If it happens to invade a gall it will eat the gall tissue.

If it enters the gall fly larva’s chamber it will eat the gall fly larva.

If the gall fly larva has been eaten by a giant goldenrod wasp larva and the wasp larva is inside the gall, the beetle larva will eat it.

The tumbling flower beetle larva does not chew through the puparium which contains an obtuse wasp larva.

Page 34: Goldenrod galls

The goldenrod gall fly larva is not the only insect that The goldenrod gall fly larva is not the only insect that causes galls to form on goldenrod stems.causes galls to form on goldenrod stems.

Page 35: Goldenrod galls

The goldenrod gall fly larva is not the only insect that causes galls to form on goldenrod stems.

The goldenrod gall moth is responsible for the The goldenrod gall moth is responsible for the development of the spindle gall (an oblong gall).development of the spindle gall (an oblong gall).

Page 36: Goldenrod galls

The goldenrod gall fly larva is not the only insect that causes galls to form on goldenrod stems.

The goldenrod gall moth is responsible for the development of the spindle gall (an oblong gall).

The moth The moth larva is larva is parasitic on parasitic on the the goldenrod goldenrod but it does but it does not attack not attack any insects.any insects.

Page 37: Goldenrod galls

The goldenrod gall fly larva is not the only insect that causes galls to form on goldenrod stems.

The goldenrod gall moth is responsible for the development of the spindle gall (an oblong gall).

The moth larva is parasitic on the goldenrod but it does not attack any insects.

The moth’s The moth’s chrysalis can be chrysalis can be seen inside the seen inside the spindle gall.spindle gall.

Page 38: Goldenrod galls

The bunch gall occurs at the very top of the goldenrod stem.

Page 39: Goldenrod galls

The bunch gall occurs at the very top of the goldenrod stem.

Page 40: Goldenrod galls

The bunch gall occurs at the very top of the goldenrod stem.

Page 41: Goldenrod galls

The bunch gall occurs at the very top of the goldenrod stem.

It consists of a bunch of tightly clumped leaves that form a mass that is similar to a head of lettuce or cabbage.

Page 42: Goldenrod galls

The bunch gall occurs at the very top of the goldenrod stem.

It consists of a bunch of tightly clumped leaves that form a mass that is similar to a head of lettuce or cabbage.

The bunch gall is caused by the larva of a goldenrod gall midge, a tiny gnat-sized fly.

Page 43: Goldenrod galls

The bunch gall occurs at the very top of the goldenrod stem.

It consists of a bunch of tightly clumped leaves that form a mass that is similar to a head of lettuce or cabbage.

The bunch gall is caused by the larva of a goldenrod gall midge, a tiny gnat-sized fly.

The midge larva eats only the plant tissue.

Page 44: Goldenrod galls

A group of orgnanisms that are so tightly linked to each other, and cannot survive outside their sybiotic relationships form a guild.

Page 45: Goldenrod galls

A group of orgnanisms that are so tightly linked to each other, and cannot survive outside their sybiotic relationships form a guild.

This one is referred to as the Goldenrod – Parasite – Predator Guild.