going to extremes how like minds unite and divide 极端的人群 群体行为的心理学

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GOING TO EXTREMES How Like Minds Unite and Divide 极极极极极 群群群群群群 2012.04.03- 群群群 Cass R. Sunstein 群群 ·R. 群群群

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GOING TO EXTREMES How Like Minds Unite and Divide 极端的人群 群体行为的心理学. 2012.04.03 -丘海雅 Cass R. Sunstein 凯斯 ·R. 桑斯坦. Contents 目录. Chapter 1 Polarization 极化 Chapter 2 Extremism: Why and When 极端主义:为什么会发生,什么时候发生 Chapter 3 Movements 各种运动 Chapter 4 Preventing Extremism 预防极端主义 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: GOING TO EXTREMES  How Like Minds Unite and Divide 极端的人群 群体行为的心理学

GOING TO EXTREMES How Like Minds Unite and Divide

极端的人群群体行为的心理学

2012.04.03- 丘海雅Cass R. Sunstein 凯斯 ·R. 桑斯坦

Page 2: GOING TO EXTREMES  How Like Minds Unite and Divide 极端的人群 群体行为的心理学

Chapter 1 Polarization 极化

Chapter 2 Extremism: Why and When

极端主义:为什么会发生,什么时候发生

Chapter 3 Movements 各种运动

Chapter 4 Preventing Extremism 预防极端主义

Chapter 5 Good Extremism 好的极端主义

Contents 目录

Page 3: GOING TO EXTREMES  How Like Minds Unite and Divide 极端的人群 群体行为的心理学

Chapter 1 Polarization 极化

群体会走向极端。Groups goto extremes.

普遍的事实:许多时候,一群人最终考虑和做的事情是群体的成员在单独的情况下本来绝不会考虑和做的。This tale reveals a general fact of social life: Much of the time, groups of people end up thinking and doing things that group members would never think or do on their own.

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Chapter 1 Polarization 极化

原因:当人们身处由持相同观点的人组成的群体当中的时候,他们尤其可能会走极端。The unifying theme is simple: When people find themselves in groups of like-minded types, they are especially likely to move to extremes.

规律:由具有反叛甚至暴力倾向的人组成的与其他社会群体隔离的孤立的小群体会因为它们的自我隔离而更加急剧地走向暴力方向。Suppose in this light that enclaves of people are inclined to rebellion or even violence and that they are separated from other groups. They might move sharply in the direction of violence as a consequence of their self-segregation.

Page 5: GOING TO EXTREMES  How Like Minds Unite and Divide 极端的人群 群体行为的心理学

Chapter 1 Polarization 极化

社会隔离是造成极化的一项有用的工具。In fact, a good way to create an extremist group, or a cult of any kind, is to separate members from the rest of society 。

进一步的极端主义More Extremism

内部的多样性大大减少Much Less Internal Diversity

更大的分歧Greater Rifts

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CHAPTER 2 Extremism : Why and When

本章主要目标是回答两个问题:

为什么志趣相投的人们会走极端 ? 他们在什么时候会这样做?

In this chapter, my major goal is to answer two questions: Why do like-minded people go to extremes? And when do they do so?

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CHAPTER 2 Extremism : Why and When

关键因素——新的信息的交流The most important reason for group polarization, and a key to extremism in all its forms, involves the exchange of new information.

实际上,某种形式的“环境部落习性”是现代政治生活的一个重要部分。And indeed, a form of “environmental tribalism” is an important part of modern political life.

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CHAPTER 2 Extremism : Why and When

进一步证据 CORROBORATION

社交网络之所以能够作为极化机器运转,是因为它们有助于证实,从而放大人们以前就持有的观点。Social networks can operate as polarization machines because they help to confirm and thus amplify people’s antecedent views. 在日常生活中,我们所相信、喜欢和厌恶的很多事情都受到信息的交流与互相佐证的影响。With respect to daily life, a great deal of what we believe, like, and dislike is influenced by the exchange of information and by corroboration.

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CHAPTER 2 Extremism : Why and When

名誉感:极化的推手 REPUTATION

追求名誉感的十分强烈的压力势必造成极端主义、自信心和单纯一种观点的状况。Reputational pressures, of a particularly acute form, ensured extremism, confidence, and uniformity.

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CHAPTER 2 Extremism : Why and When

极化的两个作用: TWO FUNCTIONS OF POLARIZATION

极化揭示了隐藏的信念与欲望 polarization reveals hidden beliefs and desires.极化创造了新的信念与欲望 polarization creates new beliefs and desires.

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CHAPTER 2 Extremism : Why and When

“ 舌战优势”和抱有偏见的辩论“ RHETORICAL ADVANTAGE” AND SKEWED DEBATES

一个观点与其它观点相比,具有巨大的舌战优势,从而对思想和行为都造成可以预测的结果。The intriguing possibility is that in many domains, one point of view has such a rhetorical advantage over other points of view, with predictable results for both thought and behavior.

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CHAPTER 2 Extremism : Why and When

团结一致与情绪造成的联系会使极化加重Solidarity and Affective Ties Increase Polarization

一种“群体归属感”影响着极化的程度。A sense of “group belongingness” affects the extent of polarization.

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CHAPTER 2 Extremism : Why and When

退出 Exit

随时间的推移,群体极化可能会得到“退出”的加强。Over time, group polarization can be fortified by “exit,”

“ 只有真正的信仰者留了下来”。“only the true believers remain.”

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CHAPTER 2 Extremism : Why and When

势均力敌的亚群体 Equally Opposed Subgroups

混合的效应会产生温和立场The effect of mixing will be to produce moderation.

但是:“人们的信仰、偏好和价值观十分固定,因而社会影响力无法触及他们。”There is a large lesson here for domains in which people’s beliefs, preferences, and values are so fixed that social life can hardly change it.

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CHAPTER 2 Extremism : Why and When

抱有偏见的同化 他们阅读一系列论点,但是对与自己不同的观点不屑一顾,视之为愚蠢的观点,却认为与自己相同的观点很明智,而且十分关心。原先的信念就得到加强。 抱有强烈动机的同化 Motivated Assimilations人们所采取的处理信息的方式看来由于自己的情绪和动机而扭曲。 事先的信念和偏见 Prior Convictions and Biases

 自我失败的矫正 Self-Defeating Corrections没有充分证据的矫正从某种意义上来说是自取失败的。这种矫正的主要作用是使人们感到愤怒。

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CHAPTER 2 Extremism : Why and When

较长时间段中的群体:“极化博弈” GROUPS OVER TIME: “POLARIZATION GAMES”

人们最终所持有的立场要比这一系列讨论开始前,任何单个成员所持有的观点更为偏激。 In these repeated polarization games, deliberation over time might well produce a situation in which people eventually come to hold positions more extreme than those of any individual member before the series of deliberations began.

但是,人们是理智的。 

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CHAPTER 2 Extremism : Why and When

人们在临界点何转折点上是不同的PEOPLE ARE DIFFERENT: OF THRESHOLDS AND TIPPING POINTS

由于获得新的信息或者受到社会的压力,不同的人在转变方面具有不同的“临界点”。Different people have different “thresholds” for moving as a result of new information or social pressure.

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CHAPTER 2 Extremism : Why and When

权威与服从 AUTHORITY AND OBEDIENCE

如果一位权威要求你做某件显然有害或者残酷的事情,你可能会完全照办,要么因为你认为应当这样做,要么因为你不想冒损害自己名誉的风险。

境遇主义、虐囚何斯坦福大学的监狱实验SITUATIONISM, PRISON ABUSE, AND THE STANFORD PRISON EXPERIMENT

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CHAPTER 2 Extremism : Why and When

互联网与极端主义A NOTE ON THE INTERNET—AND THE ARCHITECTURE OF SERENDIPITY

如果互联网上的人们主要是同自己志趣相投的人进行讨论,他们的观点就会仅仅得到加强,因而朝着更为极端的方向移动。

同嗜性与好奇心 HOMOPHILY AND CURIOSITY

互联网能够帮助避免极化,如果人们利用它来寻找新的观点。

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CHAPTER 2 Extremism : Why and When

流瀑效应 CASCADES

 信息流瀑 Informational Cascades名誉流瀑 Reputational Cascades

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CHAPTER 3 Movements

反对派运动与地理上的孤立OPPOSITIONAL MOVEMENTS AND GEOGRAPHIC ISOLATION 泡沫、投资不利与 2008年的次贷危机BUBBLES, BAD INVESTMENTS, AND THE SUBPRIME CRISIS OF 2008

民族运动与“民族化” ETHNIC MOVEMENTS AND “ETHNIFICATION” They are often a product of a kind of rapid “ethnification,” spurred by group polarization.

阴谋论 CONSPIRACY THEORIES

义愤、社会影响何恐怖主义OUTRAGE, SOCIAL INFLUENCES, AND TERRORISM

具有理性的极端主义? RATIONAL EXTREMISM?

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CHAPTER 4 Preventing Extremism

传统主义 TRADITIONALISM

任何人都应当抱着极其谨慎的态度,来冒险拆除这样一座大厦,因为它多年来在可以容忍的程度上,满足了社会的普遍目标。 

从前世代的人们具有一种超人的智慧。

美国人们完成了人类社会历史上无可比拟的一场革命。他们所培养的政府品质在地球上是毫无先例的。

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CHAPTER 4 Preventing Extremism

后果 CONSEQUENCES

后果主义有希望约束极端的变化

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CHAPTER 4 Preventing Extremism

制约与均衡 CHECKS AND BALANCES

一部宪法若能确保“各派发出不和谐的声音”和“意见的分歧”,就能提供防范措施,以防止意见变得偏激。

温和派必须走上舞台,参加讨论,以影响和制止朝着更加激进化的下滑。

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CHAPTER 4 Preventing Extremism

制约与均衡 CHECKS AND BALANCES

一部宪法若能确保“各派发出不和谐的声音”和“意见的分歧”,就能提供防范措施,以防止意见变得偏激。

温和派必须走上舞台,参加讨论,以影响和制止朝着更加激进化的下滑。

协商式民主和群众的智慧

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CHAPTER 4 Preventing Extremism

群体极化与战争 A NOTE ON GROUP POLARIZATION AND WAR

如果制度能够迫使领导人接受批评与严格审查,能够确保行动方针受到外界人士的持续监督与审议——简言之,如果制度能够利用多样性与不同意见来降低群体极化所造成的失误风险——其获得成功的可能性就比较大。

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CHAPTER 4 Preventing Extremism

多样性与平衡 DIVERSITY AND BALANCE

运作良好的董事会包含“相互交锋的观点和富于挑战性的问题”。

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CHAPTER 5 Good Extremism

多样性 DIVERSITY

有时,走极端是很好的,甚至是了不起的。

当人们在贫困和犯罪等当地问题上从冷淡转为强烈关注,群体极化就是一项成就,而不是一个问题。

群体极化可以推动人们走向参与解决严重的问题,分析就必须修改。

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CHAPTER 5 Good Extremism

小圈子和自我沉默 ENCLAVES AND SELF-SILENCING

小圈子中的讨论促进了在其他情况下本来会看不到、保持沉默或者在一般性的辩论中被封口的立场的形成。

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CHAPTER 5 Good Extremism

言论自由、公众论坛和意外发现的结构FREE SPEECH, PUBLIC FORUMS, AND THE ARCHITECTURE OF SERENDIPITY

公众论坛理论反映了一种社会结构,它起到一种抗衡的作用。

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CHAPTER 5 Good Extremism

无所不在的制约与抗衡CHECKS AND BALANCES EVERYWHERE

最出色的公司和最出色的投资者得益于内部的制约与抗衡。