GMOs in AgricultureGarrett Heidenreich

Andrea Klein

How GMOs are Created

https://info4gmo.wordpress.com/gmo-facts/

GMO history● Norman Borlaug

● Crops

○ Flavr-Savr® Tomato

○ Bacillus thuringiensis

○ RoundUp Ready® Crops

http://www.monsanto.com/SiteCollectionImages/roundup-ready-2-extend-soybeans-banner.jpg

http://usgseed.com/products/soybeans/roundup-ready/

Norman Borlaug● Father of the Green Revolution

● Nobel Peace Prize, Congressional Gold

Medal, Padma Vibhushan.

● 1937- Received BS in

○ Biology

○ Plant Pathology

○ Genetics

● 1965 developed Semi Dwarf wheat variety

○ Mexico

○ Pakistan

○ India

○ Africa

○ Asiahttp://static01.nyt.com/images/2009/09/14/business/14borlaug01-190.jpg

http://www.achievement.org/achievers/bor0/large/bor0-008.jpg

GMO history● Norman Borlaug

● Crops

○ Flavr-Savr® Tomato

○ Bacillus thuringiensis

○ RoundUp Ready® Crops

https://www.pioneer.com/CMRoot/pioneer/canada_en/images/Round_Up_Ready_Logo_JPEG.jpg

GMO history● Norman Borlaug

● Crops

○ Flavr-Savr® Tomato

○ Bacillus thuringiensis

○ RoundUp Ready® Crops

http://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/K-12/TeachersGuide/PlantBiotechnology/Article%20Images/fig37.jpg

GMO history● Norman Borlaug

● Crops

○ Flavr-Savr® Tomato

○ Bacillus thuringiensis

○ RoundUp Ready® Crops

http://usgseed.com/products/soybeans/roundup-ready/

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mz4_TwdaYeI

GMOs in Agriculture● RoundUp Ready®

○ RoundUp Ready 2 Xtend®

● Sugar Beets

● Golden Rice®

● GM Salmon

http://www.vnews.com/csp/mediapool/sites/dt.common.streams.StreamServer.cls?STREAMOID=ydFvmU4CyURspCh$6dFq6c$daE2N3K4ZzOUsqbU5sYsPDHlsutfA0WfMg5f_7jkBWCsjLu883Ygn4B49Lvm9bPe2QeMKQdVeZmXF$9l$4uCZ8QDXhaHEp3rvzXRJFdy0KqPHLoMevcTLo3h8xh70Y6N_U_CryOsw6FTOdKL_jpQ-&CONTENTTYPE=image/jpeg

GMOs In Agriculture● RoundUp Ready® crops, what are

they?

○ Patented by Monsanto

■ Expired in March 2015

(Miller 2014)

http://brahmanjournal.com/brahman/wp-content/media/DW-RR-alfalfa-1_w500.jpghttp://www.biofuelsjournal.com/articles/D_PL_Showcasing_Bollgard_II__Roundup_Ready_Flex__Other_Varieties_at_Field_Days-27334.html

GMOs in Agriculture● RoundUp Ready®

○ RoundUp Ready 2 Xtend®

● Sugar Beets

● Golden Rice®

● GM Salmon

http://www.monsanto.com/SiteCollectionImages/roundup-ready-2-extend-soybeans-banner.jpg

Sugar Beets & Golden RiceSugar Beets→ Increased amounts of sugars

produced

● Alternative form of sugar

○ Sugarcane

● Growing seasons to mature

Golden Rice→ β-carotene production

● Increase Vitamin A

○ Nutrient deficiency

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-k5fdm9UH5uM/VThjj0WFoRI/AAAAAAAAOcI/2twm7O0-NWM/s1600/07lineofsugarbeet.jpg http://static1.businessinsider.com/image/53a04b2669beddcd552e6b7d-1200-858/rtx12n8e.jpg

Genetically Modified Salmon

Chinook (King) Salmon

Ocean Pout http://animalia-life.com/image.php?pic=/data_images/ocean-pout/ocean-pout3.jpg http://vignette3.wikia.nocookie.net/endlessocean/images/f/f8/ChinookSalmon.jpg/revision/latest?cb=20110725235343http://media.npr.org/assets/img/2015/06/18/hres-aquadvantage-salmon-vs-non-transgenic-sibling-aquabounty-technologies_custom-dab83824d097156693ec3233cb0c7d0469badecd-s900-c85.jpg

Benefits of GMO Crops● Klümper and Qaim (2014)

○ Decreased Herbicide Use

○ Increased Yield

○ Increased Farmer Profit

● Decreased Resource Use (Syngenta 2010)

Drawbacks of GMO● Non-GM field contamination

● Liabilities from field contamination

● Gene Patenting

● Unknown health effects

Ethics of GMO● Utilitarianism

○ Benefits the most people

● Kantian Ethics

○ Must use reason

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wZ2TF8-PGQ4

Conclusions● GMOs are rigorously tested and regulated

● Patent reform needs to be addressed

● GMOs have been shown to have more benefits than drawbacks

○ There are benefits in both the short and long term

Literature CitedKlümper W and Qaim M. 2014. A Meta-Analysis of the Impacts of Genetically Modified Crops. PLoS ONE. 9(11): 1-7.

Hiz, MM Aki C. 2014. The Nightmare: Genetically Modified Organisms as Alien Species. Transylvanian Review of Systematic and Ecological Research. 16(1): 135-148.

Kariyawasam K. 2010. Legal Liability, Intellectual Property and Genetically Modified Crops: Their Impact on World Agriculture. Pacific Rim Law and Policy Journal. 19(3):459-485.

Klümper W and Qaim M. 2014. A Meta-Analysis of the Impacts of Genetically Modified Crops. PLoS ONE. 9(11): 1-7.

Lundquist K. 2015. Unapproved Genetically Modified Corn: It’s What’s for Dinner. Iowa Law Review. 100(2);825-851.

Milavec M, Dobnik D et al. 2014. GMO quantification: Valuable experience and insights for the future. Analytical and Bioanalytical

Chemistry. 406(26): 6485-6497.

Syngenta. 2010. Syngenta Seeds, Inc. Launches Agrisure Artesian™ Technology, First Water-Optimized Technology for Corn Hybrids. Syngenta.com [Internet]. [updated 26 July 2010; cited 20

November 2015]

Winter G. 2008. NAture Protection and the Introduction into the Environment of Genetically Modified Organisms: Risk Analysis in EC Multilevel Governance. Review of European Community and

International Environmental Law. 17(2): 205-220.

Discussion Questions1. Factoring in the economic benefits, should more farmers plant GMO crops?

2. Is there an issue with the way that GMO crops are tested before they are allowed to be grown or sold in the United States?

3. Should there be more testing and quantification of GMO crops?

4. In your opinion, what is the greatest issue surrounding the use and introduction of GMO crops into modern agriculture? Why?

5. If there is contamination of a non-GMO field, who should take the responsibility? The seed company or the grower who planted the GMO seeds.

6. Regarding patenting of genes, should patent reform at the federal level change, or should companies developing GMOs be specifically targeted for patenting genes according to current legal standards?